TECHNIQUES:

 A skilful or efficient way of doing or achieving something

 A technique is a particular method of doing an activity,
usually a method that involves practical skills.
 A way of carrying out a particular task, especially the
execution or performance of an artistic work or a scientific
procedure.
ARCHITECTURAL TECHNIQUES:
• It is considered simply methods to structure the forms by
particular materials.
• These methods are influenced not only by the materials
but also by the total technological development of
society, an organized labour force, the tools, skills,
secure, manufacture, transport, and work durable
materials.
The evolution of techniques is conditioned by two forces:
• One is economic—the search for a maximum of stability and durability in building with
a minimum of materials and labour.
• The other is expressive—the desire to produce meaningful form.
MATERIAL AND METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION AND STRUCTURE:

• Architecture is Materials
• Materials and methods of
construction manifest the
forms
• Forms are languages of
Architecture.
METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION AND STRUCTURE
Principally there are two types of constructional
methods of structures:
1) Frame structure construction:
• Frame structures are a very common - or
perhaps the most common- type of modern Concrete frame structure
building internationally.
• As the name suggests, this type of building
consists of a frame or skeleton of
concrete. Horizontal members of this frame
are called beams, and vertical members are
called columns. and slab that can withstand
lateral and gravitational loads.
Steel Frame Structure
• These structures are often used to overcome
large moments that result from the applied
loading.
1.1) Concrete frame structure
1.2) Steel Frame Structure
1.3) Wooden frame Structure Wooden frame Structure
METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION AND STRUCTURE
2) Load bearing masonry structure construction:
• Load bearing masonry construction was the
most widely used form of construction for large
buildings from the 1700s to the mid-1900s. Colosseum in Rome
• It is very rarely used today for large buildings,
but smaller residential-scale structures are being
built.
• It essentially consists of thick, heavy
masonry walls of brick or stone that support the
entire structure, including the horizontal floor
slabs, which could be made of reinforced Taj Mahal India
concrete, wood, or steel members.
• The key idea with this construction is that every
wall acts as a load carrying element. The
immense weight of the walls actually helps to
hold the building together and stabilise it
against external forces such as wind and
earthquake. IIM Ahmedabad, India, by architect Louis Kahn
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES:
The term construction techniques covers a wide range of methods
and practices that encompass the latest developments in materials technology,
design procedures, quantity surveying, facilities
management, services, structural analysis and design, and management
studies. Wide range of modern building materials construction techniques are
developed more precise methods and practices. Structure of buildings
constructed generally cast in situ and precast systems, but in these systems,
there wide range of methods and practices, they are:
1) 3D Volumetric Construction 5) Pre-cast Foundation Technique
2) Precast Flat Panel Modules 6) Hybrid Concrete Building Technique
3) Tunnel Formwork System 7) Thin Joint Masonry Technique
4) Flat Slab Technology 8) Insulating Concrete Formwork (ICF) Technique
1) 3D Volumetric Construction :
Using this modular construction technology, 3D
units are produced in controlled factory settings
using needful construction and building
materials.
Finished units are transported to site in various
modules, basic structural blocks or final touched
up units with all amenities installed, for
assembly. Blocks can be erected rapidly at site
and properties of concrete like fire retardant,
sound resistivity, thermal mass etc. are retained.
2) Precast Flat Panel Modules:
These are primarily wall and floor modules which are manufactured away from the
actual site and then transported to site for erection. Load bearing components like
decorative cladding and insulation panels can also be produced.
Also called cross-wall construction, the
technology has gained momentum due
to seamless adherence to specifications
and ease as well as swiftness of
construction.
3) Tunnel Formwork System
With this tunnel technique,
construction is paced up for cellular
structures of repetitive patterns
through the building of monolithic
walls or units in a single operation
per day.
Expeditious work is achieved by
deploying formwork and readily
mixed concrete with the
convenience and agility of factory
conditions. Formworks in tunnel
form are stacked and used at the site
with cranes.
4) Flat Slabbing Technology
This technique utilizes the
simplicity of contemporary
formwork for quickly building flat
slabs to facilitate easy and swift
placing of horizontal amenities
and for partitioning.
5) Pre-cast Foundation Technique
Foundations can be built swiftly with
precast concrete units which are
produced in a factory and are high on
quality quotient. Strength is imparted
to foundation related building
construction materials through
interconnected concrete piles.
This technique allows construction
work to progress even in inclement
weather and minimizes excavation
activity.
6) Hybrid Concrete Building Technique
This technique expedites
construction turnaround time by
blending the advantages of concrete
pre-casting with the in-situ building.
Quality improves, whereas the cost of
construction plummets.
Hybrid concrete structures are easy
to build, competitive in nature and
perform consistently.
7) Thin Joint Masonry Technique
Utilization of this technique leads to
the reduction of the quantum of
mortar applied by slashing it depth
from 10mm to lesser than 3mm.
Consequently, mortar can be laid
swiftly with enhanced productivity on
the longer wall panels.

8) Insulating Concrete Formwork (ICF)

Technique
ICF technique employs polystyrene
blocks that feature twin walls and can
be rapidly put together for creating
building wall formwork. The formwork
is then pumped in with high quality,
ready mixed, factory-made concrete.
The building construction process
becomes fool-proof and the resultant
structure has a high level of sound and
thermal insulation.
1. Self-healing concrete
2. Transparent aluminium
3. Aerogel insulation
4. Robotic swarm construction
5. 3D printed houses
6. Smart roads
7. Bamboo cities Bamboo cities
8. Smart bricks Smart roads
9. Pollution fighting buildings

Self-healing concrete
Smart bricks
3D printed houses

Transparent aluminium

Aerogel insulation Robotic swarm construction Pollution fighting buildings

Building Services:
Building services play a crucial role in ensuring that modern buildings are
functional, comfortable, and efficient. They encompass a wide range of systems
and technologies that are essential for the operation and maintenance of
structures.
Electrical Systems
Electrical systems are fundamental building services that provide power and
lighting to buildings. They include:
• Power Distribution: This involves the distribution of electricity from the
main supply to various parts of the building.
• Lighting: Lighting systems illuminate indoor and outdoor spaces, ensuring
safety and comfort.
• Fire Alarm Systems: These systems are critical for fire detection and
notification to protect occupants.
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
HVAC systems are essential for maintaining indoor comfort. They consist of:
• Heating Systems: These provide warmth during cold seasons, typically using
boilers or furnaces.
• Ventilation Systems: Ventilation ensures fresh air circulation, improving
indoor air quality.
• Air Conditioning: Cooling systems maintain a comfortable temperature
during hot weather.
Plumbing and Water Supply
Plumbing services manage water distribution within buildings. Key components
include:
• Water Supply: Systems provide potable water for various purposes, such as
drinking and sanitation.
• Sanitary Systems: These manage wastewater disposal, preventing
contamination and health hazards.
• Drainage Systems: Drainage services ensure the proper removal of rainwater
and wastewater from the building.

Security Systems
Security is a paramount concern in modern buildings. Examples of security systems
include:
• Access Control: Access control systems regulate entry and exit points,
enhancing building security.
• Surveillance Cameras: CCTV systems monitor and record activities within
and around the building.
• Intrusion Detection: Intrusion detection systems alert authorities in case of
unauthorized access.
Fire Protection Systems
Fire protection services are vital for safeguarding lives and property. These include:
• Fire Suppression: Fire suppression systems, such as sprinklers, suppress fires
in their early stages.
• Smoke Detection: Smoke detectors activate alarms when they detect smoke,
alerting occupants.
• Fire Extinguishers: Portable fire extinguishers provide a means to control
small fires.
Communication and Networking
Communication systems enable connectivity and information exchange.
Examples include:
• Structured Cabling: This provides a network infrastructure for data
and voice communication.
• Telecommunication Systems: Phone lines and data networks
facilitate communication within the building.
• Wireless Networking: Wi-Fi networks offer wireless connectivity for
mobile devices.
Elevators and Escalators
Mechanical systems like elevators and escalators ensure vertical transportation
within tall buildings, enhancing accessibility and convenience.
“Building services are the unsung heroes of the built environment, making modern
living and working spaces comfortable, safe, and functional.”
• The energy consumption of Domestic and
non-domestic, Industrial Buildings, Transport
and Agriculture varies over a wide range.
• Energy cost in a well-designed daylight and
naturally ventilated office building with
efficient and well-controlled plant, will have
an annual energy cost less than Rs 500/per
m² yr. On the other hand, an air-conditioned,
deep-plan, over glazed building, with poor
services design and control, could cost more
than Rs 7430/per m² yr.
• More energy used more Environmental
effects.
• As buildings have become more dependent
upon services, and services have grown in
complexity, Services design has become
more and more related to the energy used.
• The choice of energy source for
environmental systems has a considerable
influence on cost. It also has a significant
impact on environmental pollution, in
particular CO2
Sources of energies:
1) Conventional Energies:
Conventional sources of energy (e.g. coal,
petroleum and natural gas) are non-renewable
sources of energy.
2) Non Conventional Energies:
Non-conventional sources of energy are
renewable sources of energy. They have been
in use since a long time. Solar Energy, Wind
Energy, Bio Energy, Hydro Energy, Tidal Energy,
Ocean Energy are the examples of
non-conventional energy resources
Energies for Building and its environmental impact:
• Most of the energy used in buildings is used to maintain a
comfortable indoor environment in terms of thermal
comfort (heating or cooling) and air quality (ventilation).
Other energy uses are electric light, domestic hot water
and household appliances or other electrical equipment
(refrigerators, computers, TVs etc.)
• Energy consumption in dwellings contributes significantly
to their total negative environmental impact.
• A 23% reduction in gas consumption leads to up to 13%
less overall environmental impacts.
• 47% less electricity consumption leads to a 9–45%
reduction in the total environmental impact.
• Theoretically, when electricity consumption remains the
same, over 90% less environmental impact could be
reached by using 100% wind power to generate
electricity.
• Humans impact the physical environment in many
ways: overpopulation, pollution, burning fossil fuels, and
deforestation. Changes like these have triggered climate
change, soil erosion, poor air quality, and undrinkable
water.
Control of Energy in Building:
• Effective controls are essential to obtain the best
possible performance from low-energy design
features.
• Control of Energy in Building there are a number of
Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) on the
market which can be customised to control all
aspects of the building’s environment.
Control in
Heating and cooling:
1 appropriate target temperatures, bearing in mind
the typical activity level and clothing of building
occupants —a building which is 1°C too warm The LT Method (LT standing for L lighting
may cost 5–10% more to heat; and T thermal) is an energy design tool for
2 zoning—areas with different use patterns should be non-domestic buildings which has been
developed expressly for this purpose. The LT
independently controllable; so should the spaces
Method uses the concept of passive and
behind façades of different orientation in non-passive zones. Passive zones can be
buildings with large solar gains; daylight and naturally ventilated and may
3 optimum start controls to adjust warm-up periods make use of solar gains for heating in winter,
but may also suffer overheating by solar
for intermittently occupied spaces according to gains in summer. Non-passive zones have to
internal and external temperatures—intelligent be artificially lit and ventilated, and in many
controls are capable of learning from patterns of cases cooled to prevent overheating due to
internal gains.
previous use.
Control of Energy in Building:
Lighting
1 zoning—correct levels of lighting for different
areas;
2 use of dimmers to reduce artificial light levels
gradually in response to increasing daylight
controlled by a photocell operated automatic
system;
3 provision of task lighting to enable background
lighting levels to be reduced;
4 group switching of lights, so that (for example)
perimeter lights can be turned off as daylight
levels rise;
5 time control to ensure that all lights are switched
off at lunchtime and the end of the working day;
pull cords or I. R. controllers should be available
as manual overrides;
6 use of occupancy detecting switches using infra-
red detectors are particularly useful during times
when the building is very lightly occupied—e.g.
for cleaning.
Control of Energy in Building:
Heating in buildings may be necessary to:
• Create comfortable conditions for occupants.
• To prevent condensation.
• For activities such as drying and cooking.
• For industrial processes.
In commercial buildings, heating for comfort might be
provided alongside other building services in heating,
ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.
Heat sources
Examples of fuels and heat sources include:
Solid fuel – timber, coal, peat, biomass.
Liquid – oil, liquid petroleum gas (LPG).
Gas - natural gas, biogas.
Electricity - grid, wind
turbines, hydroelectricity, photovoltaics.
Water – solar
thermal, geothermal, ground source, water source.
Air source.
Heat recovery.
Passive – solar gain, thermal mass.
Internal heat loads - heat generated by people
and equipment.