Physical Education (Athletics and Sports)

Assignment-Activity-3
TOPIC-"Hockey: Passing:"
Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science Engineering

Submitted by

Sl. No. Student Name USN Semester

1 S N Varshith 4AD21CS083 V

2 Shashank B C 4AD21CS086 V

3 Shivaprasad H M 4AD21CS089 V

4 Tejas S 4AD21CS105 V

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Muralidhar M P
Director of Physical Education
ATMECE, Mysuru.
ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
13 KM STONE, MYSURU-KANAKAPURA-BENGALURU ROAD.
MYSURU-570028

2023-24
 Physical Education (Sports and Athletics) 2023-24

HOCKEY

Hockey is a fast-paced and dynamic team sport played on a field or ice, where players use sticks to hit
a ball or puck into the opposing team's goal. The sport is known for its speed, skill, teamwork, and
strategy. There are two main types of hockey: field hockey, typically played on grass or turf with a
ball, and ice hockey, played on ice with a puck. Hockey is popular around the world, especially in
countries like India, the Netherlands, Australia (for field hockey), and Canada, Russia, and the United
States (for ice hockey). The objective of the game is to score more goals than the opposing team by
skillfully passing, dribbling, and shooting while adhering to the rules of fair play.

Hockey is a sport that emphasizes agility, coordination, and tactical awareness. Played between two
teams, each consisting of forwards, midfielders, defenders, and a goalkeeper, the game requires
players to work together to control possession and create scoring opportunities. Success in hockey
depends not only on individual skill but also on teamwork and precise passing. With a rich history and
presence in international tournaments like the Olympics and the World Cup, hockey continues to
inspire athletes and fans across generations. Whether on a field or frozen surface, the spirit of hockey
lies in its blend of speed, skill, and sportsmanship.

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A. Fundamental Skills

Hockey: Passing
1. Short pass
The short pass is one of the most fundamental and widely used passing techniques in hockey. It
involves transferring the puck a short distance—typically between 1 to 5 meters—from one
player to a nearby teammate. This type of pass is quick, controlled, and essential for maintaining
possession, especially in tight spaces and under defensive pressure. Despite its simplicity, the
short pass requires precise timing, communication, and stick handling.

Technique and Execution

To execute a successful short pass, the player must have strong puck control and awareness of
their teammate’s positioning. The typical process includes:
• Grip and Body Position: Players use a firm but flexible grip on the stick, with knees bent
and body low for stability.
• Puck Control: The puck is handled with the forehand of the stick, and the blade remains flat
on the ice to ensure accuracy.
• Passing Motion: A gentle push or flick motion sends the puck toward the target. The pass
should be smooth, fast, and along the ice to ensure easy reception.
• Targeting: Players aim for the blade or front of the teammate’s stick, ideally leading them
into space or away from defenders.

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Situational Use
Short passes are commonly used in various game situations:
• Breakouts: During defensive zone exits, defenders use short passes to reach nearby forwards
and begin the transition up the ice.
• Cycle Plays: In the offensive zone, players use short passes along the boards or behind the
net to create movement and confuse defenders.
• Power Plays: Short passes are effective in power play setups to maintain puck control and
open up shooting lanes.
• Under Pressure: When forechecked aggressively, players use short, quick passes to avoid
turnovers.
The key to a successful short pass is quick decision-making and clear communication, often
done non-verbally through eye contact and stick signals.

Advantages and Challenges

Advantages:
• Quick and Efficient: Maintains puck movement without risking long-distance interceptions.
• Supports Possession: Helps teams control the tempo of the game, especially under pressure.
• Promotes Team Play: Encourages player cooperation and spacing.
Challenges:
• Timing is Crucial: A delayed pass can result in turnovers or missed opportunities.
• Defensive Awareness: Defenders anticipate short passes in crowded zones and may try to
intercept.
• Accuracy Under Pressure: Executing a clean short pass while being checked requires
composure and skill.

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2. Long pass
The long pass is a powerful and strategic tool in hockey, used to move the puck across longer
distances—often from one zone to another. This pass helps teams transition quickly from defense
to offense and can catch opposing players off guard. While more risky than a short pass, the long
pass is essential for fast-paced breakouts and creating offensive opportunities in open ice.

Technique and Execution

A long pass requires strength, precision, and vision. Players must be able to read the ice and
deliver an accurate puck to a teammate potentially far away and often in motion. The key
steps include:
• Preparation: The player scans the ice to locate an open teammate.
• Weight Transfer: To generate power, the player shifts weight from the back foot to the front
foot.
• Stick Movement: A sweeping motion, either forehand or backhand, is used to send the puck
with speed and accuracy.
• Aerial or Ice Pass: Depending on the situation, the pass may travel flat along the ice or be
lifted (saucer pass) over defenders’ sticks.
Players must avoid icing, which occurs if a long pass crosses both the center red line and the
opponent’s goal line untouched. Communication and timing are essential for success.

Situational Use
Long passes are used strategically in several scenarios:
• Breakouts: Defensemen use long passes to reach wingers or centermen streaking up the ice

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during a quick transition.

• Stretch Plays: Designed to "stretch" the defense by sending a forward ahead to receive a
pass behind the defensemen.
• Power Plays and Penalty Kills: Used to clear the puck or set up a quick attack when the
opposing team is out of position.
• Neutral Zone Transitions: Long passes help bypass mid-ice congestion to reach an open
man.
A well-timed long pass can lead to a breakaway or odd-man rush, making it a dangerous
offensive weapon.

Advantages and Challenges

Advantages:
• Quick Zone Transitions: Helps move the puck rapidly from defense to offense.
• Creates Scoring Chances: Can break defensive formations and lead to fast-break
opportunities.
• Stretches the Ice: Forces the defense to cover more space and opens up the game.
Challenges:
• Higher Risk of Turnover: A misjudged or intercepted long pass can give the opposing team
possession.
• Timing Must Be Perfect: Requires precise coordination between passer and receiver.
• Icing Violations: If the pass isn’t touched or aimed poorly, it can result in a stoppage and
faceoff in the defensive zone.

Training and Practice

Developing effective long passes involves practicing:
• Blue Line to Blue Line Drills: Players pass across zones to develop range and accuracy.
• Breakout Simulations: Helps players learn when and how to make long outlet passes.
• Timing Runs: Teammates practice receiving long passes while skating at speed.
Players must also develop puck vision, the ability to read the entire rink and anticipate where
teammates and defenders will be in the next moment.

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Physical Education (Sports and Athletics) 2023-24

3. Push Pass
The push pass is a highly controlled and accurate type of pass used in both field hockey and ice
hockey (more commonly in field hockey). It is characterized by a smooth, pushing motion of the
stick along the ice or turf, without a backswing or slap. This technique is especially effective for
short- to medium-distance passes where precision and quick execution are more important than
power. The push pass is ideal in tight spaces and is commonly used during build-up play or
passing around defenders.

Technique and Execution

The push pass is all about smoothness, control, and proper body mechanics. Below is the
standard technique:
• Body Position: The player stands in a low, stable stance with knees bent and weight evenly
distributed.
• Stick Handling: The stick blade stays close to the puck or ball, with the face open slightly in
the direction of the target.
• Puck/Ball Placement: Positioned slightly in front of the body and to the side of the stick for
leverage.
• Push Motion: Instead of swinging, the player pushes the puck/ball forward using a smooth,
continuous motion, generating force from the legs and arms.
• Follow-Through: The stick follows the direction of the pass, and eyes remain on the target
until the pass is released.
Because it avoids a backswing, the push pass is very discreet and less likely to be intercepted by
alert defenders.

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Situational Use
The push pass is frequently used in these game scenarios:
• In Tight Spaces: Especially effective near the boards or in crowded zones.
• During Quick Give-and-Gos: Useful in quick two-player exchanges to outmaneuver
defenders.
• In Youth and Skill Development: Often taught early because it builds core passing
mechanics.
• When Speed Isn’t the Priority: Used when control and precision outweigh the need for a
fast pass.
In field hockey, the push pass is even more dominant than slap or hit passes in modern play, due
to speed and precision.

Advantages and Challenges

Advantages:
• Highly Accurate: The smooth push ensures greater control.
• Quick Execution: Ideal for fast, fluid play in tight zones.
• Safe: Lower risk of turnovers compared to hard or lifted passes.
• Builds Good Technique: Emphasizes body control and balance.
Challenges:
• Limited Range and Speed: Not suitable for long passes or high-speed play.
• Easier to Defend at Distance: Because of slower travel, defenders may have time to
intercept.
• Requires Clean Ice/Turf: Bumpy surfaces can affect smooth puck/ball motion.

Training and Practice

To master the push pass, players engage in drills that focus on coordination, timing, and vision:
• Cone Drills: Push passes between cones or targets to develop accuracy.
• Wall Passing: Solo drills to practice form and follow-through.
• Partner Push-Back Drills: Players work in pairs, passing back and forth while moving.
Proper stick blade angle, weight transfer, and follow-through are emphasized during training
to ensure consistency.

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Physical Education (Sports and Athletics) 2023-24

4. Hit Pass
The hit pass is one of the most powerful and long-range passing techniques in hockey. It is
typically used to cover large distances quickly, often to send the puck from one zone to another
or to set up a teammate for a breakaway. Unlike the push pass, the hit pass involves a more
aggressive, forceful motion of the stick to propel the puck with significant speed and distance.
This type of pass is essential for transitioning the play quickly, especially when a team is looking
to create offensive opportunities or break out of their defensive zone.

Technique and Execution

To execute a hit pass effectively, players must have both strength and precision, as this pass
requires a controlled but powerful motion. Below is the breakdown of the typical steps
involved:
• Body Position: Players typically adopt a low stance to generate power from their legs and
hips. The knees are bent, and the weight is placed on the back foot, ready to transfer forward.
• Stick Handling: The player grips the stick firmly with both hands, holding it at about waist
height or lower, preparing for a full wind-up.
• Wind-Up and Swing: The player pulls the stick back (similar to a slap shot) before
delivering a strong forward motion. The stick blade must strike the puck cleanly and squarely
to ensure maximum distance and accuracy.
• Follow-Through: After the hit, the player’s stick continues its forward motion, helping to
direct the puck to the target and ensuring accuracy. The body follows through with the pass,

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allowing for better control.

The hit pass is typically used when a fast, long-distance pass is needed, and it requires both
strength and coordination to deliver it accurately.

Situational Use
The hit pass is commonly used in the following situations:
• Zone Exits: Defensemen use hit passes to clear the puck from the defensive zone or send it
quickly up the ice to forwards.
• Stretching the Ice: Teams use the hit pass to stretch the defense and create offensive rushes
by sending the puck deep into the offensive zone for wingers to chase.
• Neutral Zone Transitions: Hit passes are effective in the neutral zone to bypass defensive
pressure and find teammates in open spaces.
• Power Play Breakouts: During power play situations, the hit pass can be used to clear the
puck from the defensive zone or start a fast transition when opponents are out of position.
It’s a vital tool for high-speed hockey, enabling quick transitions and effective offensive plays.

Advantages and Challenges

Advantages:
• Speed and Distance: Hit passes cover large areas quickly, often leading to breakaways or
odd-man rushes.
• Puck Placement: The strong, direct nature of the hit pass ensures that the puck reaches its
target with minimal chance of interception.
• Offensive Advantage: The hit pass is great for creating scoring opportunities and
maintaining pressure on the opponent.
Challenges:
• Risk of Inaccuracy: Due to the power and speed, the hit pass is more susceptible to
inaccuracies. A poorly timed or misdirected hit can lead to turnovers.
• Difficulty Under Pressure: Executing a successful hit pass while being closely guarded or
checked is challenging.
• Requires Precision: Despite its power, it still needs precise execution to ensure that the puck
reaches the target cleanly.

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Training and Practice

To become proficient in the hit pass, players typically focus on:
• Strength Training: Building the strength required for the powerful motion of the hit pass.
• Stick Handling Drills: Improving puck control while preparing for a strong, accurate strike.
• Passing and Movement Drills: Practicing hit passes while skating at high speed, simulating
game scenarios.
• Accuracy Work: Repetition of the hit pass in drills to enhance precision despite the power.

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B. Rules and Their Interpretation and Duties of Officials

1. Introduction to Rules of Basketball
In any sport, the rules serve as the foundation for fair play, providing a structure for how the game
is played. In hockey, the rules are designed not only to maintain order but also to ensure the safety
of players while promoting a fast-paced, exciting game. The role of the officials is paramount in
ensuring that these rules are followed, maintaining the integrity of the sport. Officials must
interpret and enforce the rules in real-time, often in high-pressure situations, and their decisions
directly impact the flow and outcome of the game.

2. Overview of Hockey Rules

Hockey rules are divided into several categories that address various aspects of the game:
2.1 Basic Rules
• Game Duration: A standard hockey game consists of three periods of 20 minutes each, with a
break between periods. Overtime may occur if the game is tied, and it is usually played in a 5-
minute sudden death format.
• Offside: A player is considered offside if they enter the offensive zone before the puck does.
This results in a stoppage and a faceoff outside the attacking zone.
• Icing: A player is called for icing if they shoot the puck from their side of the red center line
past the opponent's goal line, and the puck is not touched by another player before crossing the
line. This leads to a faceoff in the defensive zone.
• Penalties: There are various penalties in hockey, such as slashing, hooking, holding,
interference, and tripping. A player who commits a penalty is sent to the penalty box for a
designated time, depending on the severity of the infraction.
2.2 Specialized Rules
• Power Plays and Penalty Kills: When a team commits a penalty, they play short-handed for
the duration of the penalty. This creates an opportunity for the opposing team, often referred
to as a "power play."
• Fighting: While fighting is not allowed, it occasionally occurs, and the officials must determine
if both players should be penalized or ejected based on the severity of the altercation.
• Shootouts: If a game is tied after overtime, a shootout occurs, where players take turns
attempting to score one-on-one against the opposing goaltender.

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2.3 Rule Interpretation

Officials must have a deep understanding of the interpretation of these rules. While the rules are
written clearly, how they are applied in live action can vary depending on context:
• Subjectivity in Penalty Calls: For example, determining whether a hit is “clean” or “charging”
often depends on the official's judgment regarding the force and angle of the contact.
• Discretion in Faceoffs: The positioning of players during faceoffs is a critical moment.
Officials must decide if a player is cheating by moving their stick or feet prematurely.

3. Duties and Responsibilities of Officials

3.1 Overview of Officials
In hockey, there are typically four officials on the ice:
• Referees (2): The primary decision-makers. They have the authority to call penalties and
enforce the rules of the game.
• Linesmen (2): They assist with offside and icing calls, manage faceoffs, and help enforce the
flow of the game.
Together, the referees and linesmen ensure that the game is conducted fairly and in accordance
with the rules.
3.2 Duties of Referees
• Enforcing Rules: The referees are responsible for enforcing all the rules of the game. They call
penalties for infractions like slashing, hooking, interference, and tripping. They must be
familiar with the rules’ nuances to ensure consistency.
• Penalty Calls: Referees assess the severity of infractions and determine appropriate penalties.
For example, minor penalties result in 2-minute power plays, while major penalties can last 5
minutes.
• Time Management: Referees ensure that the game is played within the appropriate time frame,
including monitoring periods, timeouts, and overtime scenarios. They also manage stoppages
in play and maintain a smooth flow of the game.
• Game Flow and Communication: Referees are in constant communication with players,
coaches, and other officials to ensure that the game runs smoothly. They maintain control over
the game, calling play stoppages when necessary, especially in instances of injuries or
misconduct.

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3.3 Duties of Linesmen

• Offside and Icing Calls: Linesmen are primarily responsible for determining offside and icing
infractions. They observe whether players enter the offensive zone before the puck or if a puck
is shot past the goal line without being touched.
• Faceoff Responsibilities: Linesmen conduct faceoffs, positioning players correctly and
ensuring that the puck drops fairly.
• Assisting with Penalty Calls: While linesmen do not typically call penalties, they assist referees
by providing feedback on situations and player conduct.

4. Interpretation of Penalties
Penalties are an integral part of hockey, and their interpretation requires great attention to detail.
The officials’ ability to discern between minor infractions and serious violations is critical to
maintaining fairness in the game. Some common penalty interpretations include:
4.1 Minor Penalties
• Tripping: A player uses their stick or body to trip an opponent, causing them to fall.
• Holding: When a player grabs onto an opponent or their equipment to impede their movement.
• Slashing: A player swings their stick forcefully at an opponent, whether it makes contact or
not.
4.2 Major Penalties
• Fighting: If players engage in physical fighting, both are typically penalized with a major
penalty.
• High-Sticking: When a player strikes an opponent with the blade of their stick above the
opponent’s shoulders.
4.3 Misconduct Penalties
• Unsportsmanlike Conduct: A penalty for players who demonstrate inappropriate behavior,
including verbal abuse or physical altercations with officials.
• Game Misconduct: A player who is ejected from the game for serious infractions, such as a
dangerous hit or persistent misconduct.

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5. Challenges in Officiating and Conclusion

5.1 Challenges in Officiating
Officiating hockey is one of the most difficult tasks in sports due to the speed, physicality, and
unpredictable nature of the game. Some of the key challenges faced by officials include:
• Speed of the Game: Hockey is a fast-paced sport, requiring officials to make decisions in real-
time while moving at high speeds.
• Physical Play: With frequent body checks and aggressive play, officials must determine when
contact is legal and when it constitutes a penalty.
• Player Behavior: Managing player emotions and conduct, particularly during tense moments,
can be difficult, especially when tempers flare.

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Conclusion
In the fast-paced and physically demanding game of hockey, rules are essential for maintaining
structure, safety, and fairness. These rules not only guide the flow of play but also set the standards
for sportsmanship and player conduct. However, rules are not always straightforward—they
require accurate interpretation, especially in high-pressure moments. This is where the role of
officials becomes critical.

Referees and linesmen serve as the guardians of the game, ensuring that every match is played
within the spirit and letter of the rules. Their duties extend beyond simply calling penalties; they
manage the pace of the game, oversee fair competition, and maintain order on the ice. Despite the
challenges they face—ranging from rapid gameplay to emotional player interactions—officials are
trained to make quick, objective decisions that uphold the integrity of the sport.

In conclusion, understanding the rules and respecting the role of officials is vital for all players,
coaches, and fans. A well-officiated game not only reflects fairness but also enhances the
excitement and competitive spirit of hockey. The synergy between clear rules, proper
interpretation, and the professionalism of officials ensures that hockey remains a respected and
thrilling sport at every level…

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