WEEK 1

CRIME PREVENTION
Definition of Crime

A crime is an unlawful act that is punishable by a state or other authority. In simple terms, crime refers to any
action or omission that is forbidden by law and is considered harmful to individuals, society, or the state. Crimes
are acts that violate the law and are subject to punishment such as fines, imprisonment, or other penalties.

Key Points:
 Crime is an act or behavior that is against the law.
 It is considered harmful to individuals, the community, or the state.
 Crimes are punishable by law.
 Not every violation of the law is a crime; some are civil wrongs (like breach of contract), but crimes are
specifically acts that the government punishes.

Different Perspectives on Crime

 Legal Perspective: Crime is defined by laws made by the government. If an action is banned by law and
punishable, it is a crime.
 Sociological Perspective: Crime is seen as behavior that violates social norms and harms society.
 Psychological Perspective: Crime can be viewed as actions resulting from an individual's state of mind and
their relationship with their environment.

Types of Crime

Crimes can be grouped into several categories based on their nature and the people they affect. The main types are:

1. Personal Crime

Personal crimes are offenses that directly harm or threaten individuals. These include:

 Murder: Unlawful killing of another person.

 Assault: Intentionally causing physical harm to another person.
 Kidnapping: Taking someone away by force, often for ransom.
 Rape: Forcing someone into sexual activity without their consent.

2. Property Crime

Property crimes are offenses that involve the theft or destruction of someone else's property. Examples include:

 Theft: Taking someone else's property without permission.

 Burglary: Breaking into a building to commit theft or another crime.
 Arson: Intentionally setting fire to property.
 Vandalism: Deliberate destruction or damage to property.

3. Organized Crime

Organized crime refers to criminal activities carried out by structured groups or organizations. These groups often
engage in:

 Drug trafficking: Selling illegal drugs.

 Human trafficking: Illegally transporting people for forced labor or sexual exploitation.
 Weapons trafficking: Selling illegal weapons.
 Money laundering: Concealing the origins of illegally obtained money.
4. White Collar Crime

White collar crimes are non-violent crimes committed by individuals in professional or business settings for
financial gain. Examples include:

 Fraud: Deceiving others to gain money or property.

 Embezzlement: Stealing money from an employer or organization.
 Bribery: Offering or accepting money or gifts to influence decisions.
 Tax evasion: Illegally avoiding paying taxes.

5. Victimless Crime

Victimless crimes are offenses that do not directly harm another individual but are still considered illegal. Examples
include:

 Prostitution: Engaging in sexual activity for money.

 Gambling: Betting money on games of chance.
 Drug use: Using illegal drugs.
 Public drunkenness: Being drunk in public places.

Common Crimes in Our Societies

Crime rates and types can vary from one society to another, but some crimes are common in many communities.
Here are 12 common crimes:

1. Theft – Stealing someone else's property.

2. Burglary – Breaking into homes or buildings to steal.
3. Fraud – Deceiving people to gain money or property.
4. Robbery – Taking property from someone by force or threat.
5. Embezzlement – Stealing money entrusted to you, often at work.
6. Vandalism – Damaging or destroying property.
7. Assault – Physically attacking someone.
8. Drug abuse and trafficking – Using or selling illegal drugs.
9. DUI/DWI – Driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
10. Stalking – Repeatedly following or harassing someone.
11. Kidnapping – Taking someone by force.
12. Homicide – Killing another person.

Other common crimes include arson, human trafficking, trespassing, and cybercrime.

Crime Prevention

Crime prevention refers to strategies and measures that are put in place to reduce crime and protect people and
property. While it may not be possible to eliminate crime entirely, there are many practical steps individuals and
communities can take to reduce the risk of crime.

Practical Strategies for Crime Prevention

1. Lock Your Doors

 Always lock the doors to your home, office, and car. Most property crimes are crimes of opportunity-
locking doors removes that opportunity.

2. Mark and List Your Property

  Keep a record of the serial numbers of your valuable items.
 Mark items with a unique number or signature to identify them if stolen.

3. Report Crimes Promptly

 If you notice a crime or your property is stolen, report it immediately to the police. The sooner you report,
the better the chance of recovering your property.

4. Be Aware of Your Surroundings

 Pay attention to what is happening around you.

 Know the locations of exits and emergency phones.
 Report suspicious activity to authorities.

5. Don’t Talk to Strangers

 Be cautious when approached by strangers, especially in unfamiliar places.

6. Be a Keen Observer

 Practice observing details like height, weight, clothing, and vehicle descriptions. This information is helpful
to police in solving crimes.

7. Stay in Groups

 Walking in groups is safer, especially at night or in unfamiliar areas.

8. Stay in Public Places

 Avoid walking alone in deserted areas or staying late in empty buildings.

9. Protect Yourself

 Carry your keys in your hand when walking to your car.

 Carry a whistle or small flashlight for emergencies.

10. Protect Others

 Look out for your friends, family, and neighbors. Report anything unusual to the authorities.

11. Make Your Home Look Occupied

 Use timers to turn on lights or radios when you are away to make it seem like someone is home. This
discourages burglars.

Role of the Community and Police in Crime Prevention

Crime prevention is not just the responsibility of the police; everyone in the community has a role to play.

 Community Policing: Police work closely with the community to identify and solve problems. This
includes sharing information about suspicious activities and working together to prevent crime.
 Neighborhood Watch: Residents form groups to watch out for each other and report suspicious activities.
 Education: Teaching people about crime prevention and the consequences of crime helps reduce criminal
behavior.
  Targeted Enforcement: Police use arrest warrants and increased patrols to target known offenders and
prevent further crimes.

Consequences of Crime

Committing a crime can have serious consequences, including:

 Legal Punishment: Fines, imprisonment, or even death in some cases.

 Social Consequences: Loss of reputation, relationships, and trust.
 Economic Consequences: Loss of property, money, or job.
 Emotional Consequences: Fear, trauma, and stress for victims and their families.

Summary Table: Types of Crime

Type of Crime Examples Who is Affected

Personal Crime Murder, assault, kidnapping, rape Individuals
Property Crime Theft, burglary, arson, vandalism Individuals, businesses
Organized Crime Drug trafficking, human trafficking Society, individuals
White Collar Crime Fraud, embezzlement, bribery, tax evasion Businesses, government
Victimless Crime Prostitution, gambling, drug use Society, self

20 SAT-Style Questions

1. Define crime in your own words.

2. List and explain any three types of crime.
3. What is the difference between personal crime and property crime?
4. Give two examples each of white collar crime and organized crime.
5. Why is theft considered a property crime?
6. Explain what is meant by victimless crime, with two examples.
7. List four practical steps individuals can take to prevent crime.
8. What role does the community play in crime prevention?
9. Why is it important to report crimes promptly to the police?
10. How can marking your property help in crime prevention?
11. What is community policing and why is it effective?
12. Describe the consequences of committing a crime.
13. How does staying in groups help prevent crime?
14. What should you do if you notice suspicious activity in your neighborhood?
15. Explain the term “organized crime” and give two examples.
16. Why is awareness of your surroundings important in crime prevention?
17. What is the main aim of crime prevention strategies?
18. How can education help reduce crime in society?
19. List any five common crimes in your society.
20. Discuss the importance of making your home look occupied when you are away.

10 Objective Questions

1. Which of the following is a personal crime?

o a) Burglary
o b) Assault
o c) Fraud
o d) Embezzlement
2. Property crime includes all except:
o a) Theft
 o b) Arson
o c) Murder
o d) Vandalism
3. Which of these is an example of white collar crime?
o a) Robbery
o b) Kidnapping
o c) Embezzlement
o d) Assault
4. The act of breaking into a building to steal is called:
o a) Fraud
o b) Burglary
o c) Robbery
o d) Stalking
5. Victimless crimes include:
o a) Murder
o b) Gambling
o c) Theft
o d) Arson
6. Which of the following is NOT a crime prevention strategy?
o a) Locking your doors
o b) Reporting crimes promptly
o c) Ignoring suspicious activities
o d) Marking your property
7. Community policing involves:
o a) Only the police
o b) Only the community
o c) Both police and community working together
o d) None of the above
8. Which crime involves intentionally setting fire to property?
o a) Arson
o b) Fraud
o c) Theft
o d) Vandalism
9. The unlawful taking of property by force is:
o a) Theft
o b) Burglary
o c) Robbery
o d) Embezzlement
10. Which of the following is a consequence of crime?
o a) Legal punishment
o b) Social acceptance
o c) Increased trust
o d) None of the above

Conclusion

Crime prevention is a shared responsibility. By understanding what crime is, the types of crime, and practical steps
for prevention, individuals and communities can work together to create safer environments. Always remember to
stay alert, report suspicious activities, and cooperate with law enforcement. Education and awareness are powerful
tools in reducing crime and building a better society.

References:1 Wikipedia – Crime2 Slideshare – Crime and its types3 Husker Law – Top 20 Most Common
Crimes4 SUNY Old Westbury – Crime Prevention Tips5 Testbook – Crime Control MCQ
WEEK 2

Prevention of Crime in the School

Introduction

Schools are meant to be safe spaces where students learn, grow, and develop into responsible citizens. However,
just like any other part of society, schools can face challenges related to crime and insecurity. Preventing crime in
schools is crucial to ensure a safe and conducive learning environment for everyone. This comprehensive note
explores the meaning of school crime, types of crimes that can occur in schools, and practical strategies for
preventing crime, with detailed explanations suitable for Basic 7 students.

Table of Contents

1. Meaning of Crime in the School

2. Types of Crimes in Schools
3. Causes of Crime in Schools
4. Effects of Crime in Schools
5. Prevention of Crime in the School
o Role of Students
o Role of Teachers and School Authorities
o Role of Parents
o Role of the Community
o Physical and Technological Measures
o Student-Led Crime Prevention Programs
6. Safety Measures and Best Practices
7. Conclusion
8. 20 SAT Questions
9. 10 Objective Questions

1. Meaning of Crime in the School

Crime in the school refers to any unlawful, harmful, or antisocial behavior that takes place within the school
environment. This includes actions that break school rules or laws and negatively affect students, teachers, or
school property. Examples range from stealing and bullying to vandalism and bringing weapons to school.

2. Types of Crimes in Schools

Some common crimes and misconducts that can occur in schools include:

 Theft: Stealing other students’ belongings or school property.

 Bullying: Intimidating, threatening, or hurting other students physically or emotionally.
 Vandalism: Damaging or destroying school property, such as writing on walls or breaking furniture.
 Assault: Physically attacking another student or staff member.
 Cheating and Examination Malpractice: Breaking rules during tests or exams.
 Drug Abuse: Using or selling illegal drugs or substances.
 Bringing Weapons: Carrying dangerous items like knives or guns to school.
 Truancy: Skipping school without permission.
 Cyberbullying: Using phones or the internet to harass or threaten others.
 Sexual Harassment: Unwanted or inappropriate behavior of a sexual nature.
 Cultism: Belonging to secret groups that promote violence or illegal activities.
  Extortion: Forcing others to give money or gifts through threats.

3. Causes of Crime in Schools

Understanding why crimes happen in schools helps in finding ways to prevent them. Causes include:

 Lack of proper supervision

 Peer pressure
 Poor discipline
 Broken homes or family problems
 Influence of media and internet
 Poverty or lack of basic needs
 Inadequate security measures
 Lack of awareness about consequences

4. Effects of Crime in Schools

Crime in schools can have serious consequences:

 Fear and anxiety among students and staff

 Poor academic performance
 Damage to school property
 Loss of trust in the school system
 Injuries or even loss of life
 Legal consequences for offenders
 Negative reputation for the school

5. Prevention of Crime in the School

A. Role of Students

 Settle Arguments Peacefully: Use words and positive dialogue to resolve conflicts instead of fighting.
 Do Not Carry Weapons: Never bring dangerous items like knives or guns to school.
 Report Suspicious Activities: Inform teachers, school resource officers, or parents about any crime,
suspicious activity, or if you see someone with a weapon.
 Avoid Drugs and Alcohol: Stay away from substances and people who use them.
 Participate in Anti-Violence Activities: Join school clubs or programs that promote peace and safety.
 Do Not Talk to Strangers: Be cautious of unknown people in or around the school.
 Learn Emergency Contacts: Memorize your parents’ phone numbers and know who to contact in an
emergency.

B. Role of Teachers and School Authorities

 Vigilance: Teachers must be alert, watchful, and quick to notice unusual behavior or strangers on campus.
 Screening Visitors: Only allow authorized persons to pick up students. Verify their identity and
relationship with the student.
 Install Security Systems: Use CCTV cameras, alarms, and security guards to monitor and protect the
school premises.
 Form Security Clubs: Establish safety or security clubs to educate students about crime prevention.
 Conduct Safety Drills: Regularly practice emergency procedures, such as fire drills and lockdowns.
 Maintain Discipline: Enforce school rules strictly and fairly to discourage misconduct.
 Encourage Reporting: Create a safe environment where students feel comfortable reporting concerns.

C. Role of Parents
  Monitor Children: Know your child’s whereabouts and activities at all times.
 Set Clear Rules: Establish guidelines about acceptable behavior and activities.
 Teach Safety: Educate children on how to avoid becoming victims of crime.
 Stay Involved: Participate in school activities and maintain communication with teachers.
 Listen and Support: Take your child’s concerns seriously and help them handle conflicts non-violently.

D. Role of the Community

 Partnerships: Work with the school to provide resources and support for safety programs.
 Neighborhood Watch: Community members can help monitor school surroundings and report suspicious
activities.
 Law Enforcement Collaboration: Police can provide security, conduct safety talks, and respond to
emergencies.

E. Physical and Technological Measures

 Access Control: Limit entry points to the school, require visitors to sign in, and use ID badges.
 Surveillance: Install cameras in key areas to monitor activities and deter crime.
 Territorial Reinforcement: Use fences, gates, and clear boundaries to define school property and
discourage trespassing.
 Maintenance: Keep the school clean and well-maintained to promote pride and discourage vandalism.
 Security Guards: Employ trained security personnel to patrol and protect the school.

F. Student-Led Crime Prevention Programs

 Peer Mediation: Train students to help resolve conflicts among their peers peacefully.
 Awareness Campaigns: Students can organize talks, posters, and events to educate others about crime
prevention.
 Leadership Opportunities: Encourage students to take active roles in promoting safety and reporting
problems.
 Collaboration: Work with teachers, parents, and community leaders to design and implement safety
initiatives.

6. Safety Measures and Best Practices

 Do not write students' names visibly on school bags to avoid identification by strangers.
 Teachers should always confirm with students before releasing them to adults, even if the adult claims
to know them.
 Install mirrors in secluded areas and trim bushes to remove hiding places.
 Use alarm systems that alert law enforcement if doors are opened outside regular hours.
 Define and label different areas of the school to promote a sense of ownership and pride.
 Encourage students to walk in groups, especially after school or during events.
 Promote a culture of respect, kindness, and inclusion to reduce bullying and violence.
 Regularly review and update school safety policies and procedures.
 Provide support for students’ mental health and well-being.

7. Conclusion

Preventing crime in schools is a shared responsibility. Students, teachers, parents, and the community must work
together to create a safe and supportive environment. By being vigilant, following safety procedures, and promoting
positive behaviors, we can all contribute to reducing crime and making our schools safer for everyone.

8. 20 SAT Questions
 1. What is school crime?
2. Name three common crimes that can occur in schools.
3. List two causes of crime in schools.
4. Explain one effect of crime in schools.
5. Why is it important for students not to talk to strangers in school?
6. How can surveillance cameras help prevent crime in schools?
7. What should you do if you see someone with a weapon in school?
8. Mention two roles of teachers in preventing crime in schools.
9. How can parents help prevent crime in schools?
10. What is access control in the context of school security?
11. Why is it important to maintain a clean and well-kept school environment?
12. Explain the role of security guards in school crime prevention.
13. What is the benefit of forming security clubs in schools?
14. How can peer mediation reduce conflicts in school?
15. What should a student do if they are being bullied?
16. Why should schools avoid writing students’ names on school bags?
17. How can the community support school safety?
18. What is the importance of reporting suspicious activities in school?
19. Give two examples of technological measures used in school security.
20. Explain how student-led crime prevention programs work.

9. 10 Objective Questions

1. Which of the following is a common crime in schools?

a) Theft
b) Farming
c) Painting
d) Singing
2. Who should students report suspicious activities to?
a) Friends only
b) Teachers or school resource officers
c) Strangers
d) No one
3. What is the purpose of access control in schools?
a) To keep students inside
b) To limit and monitor who enters the school
c) To make the school look beautiful
d) To help students find their classes
4. Which of these is NOT a role of parents in school crime prevention?
a) Setting clear rules
b) Ignoring their children
c) Monitoring their children’s activities
d) Teaching safety
5. What is one effect of crime in schools?
a) Improved learning
b) Fear and anxiety
c) More playtime
d) Free books
6. Why should teachers confirm the identity of anyone picking up a student?
a) To avoid giving the child to a stranger
b) To make friends
c) To give gifts
d) To take photos
 7. Which of the following is a technological measure for school security?
a) Planting flowers
b) Installing CCTV cameras
c) Painting walls
d) Buying books
8. What should students do if they are bullied?
a) Keep quiet
b) Report to a trusted adult
c) Bully back
d) Run away
9. What is the role of security guards in schools?
a) Teach classes
b) Patrol and protect the school
c) Sell food
d) Organize sports
10. How can students help prevent crime in school?
a) By fighting
b) By reporting crimes and participating in safety clubs
c) By ignoring rules
d) By skipping classes

10. Sample Essay for Students

"How I Can Help Prevent Crime in My School"

As a student, I have an important role to play in making my school a safe place. I can help prevent crime by always
following school rules and respecting others. If I see something wrong, like someone being bullied or a stranger on
campus, I will report it to my teacher or a trusted adult. I will also avoid talking to strangers and never bring
dangerous items to school. By joining the school’s safety club, I can learn more about how to stay safe and help my
friends do the same. Together, we can make our school a better and safer place for everyone.

WEEK 4

Curbing Examination Malpractice in School

1. Introduction

Examinations are essential in schools. They measure how much students have learned and help teachers know how
well they are teaching. However, the value of examinations is threatened by a serious problem called examination
malpractice. This note will help you understand what examination malpractice is, why it happens, its dangers, and
practical ways to stop it. By learning about this topic, you will be better prepared to avoid malpractice and help
make your school a place of honesty and integrity.

2. Meaning of Examination Malpractice

Examination malpractice is any deliberate act of wrongdoing that violates the rules and regulations of an
examination. It is an illegal or dishonest behavior by students, teachers, or anyone involved in the conduct of
exams, before, during, or after the examination, with the aim of gaining unfair advantage or passing the exam
dishonestly.

Forms of Examination Malpractice

Examination malpractice takes many forms, including:

  Cheating: Copying from textbooks, notes, or another student during an exam.
 Collusion: Two or more students working together to cheat, either by sharing answers or using signals.
 Impersonation: Sending someone else to sit for an exam on your behalf.
 Leakage: Getting access to exam questions or answers before the exam.
 Bringing Foreign Materials: Carrying unauthorized materials such as notes, textbooks, or electronic
devices into the exam hall.
 Assistance by Invigilators: Teachers or invigilators helping students answer questions during the exam.
 Substitution of Scripts: Replacing the original answer script with another one after the exam.
 Mass Cheating: When a large group of students cheat together, sometimes with the help of teachers or
invigilators.
 Verbal or Physical Assault: Threatening or attacking exam supervisors to allow cheating.
 Non-Submission or Illegal Removal of Scripts: Not submitting answer scripts or taking them out of the
exam hall illegally.
 Use of Electronic Devices: Using phones, smartwatches, or calculators not allowed in the exam.

Definition by Experts

 The University of Port Harcourt Academic Policies defines examination malpractice as all forms of cheating
which directly or indirectly falsify the ability of the students.
 Malpractice also includes any behavior that gives a student an unfair advantage in the exam or influences
another candidate’s performance.

3. Causes of Examination Malpractice

Understanding why students and others engage in examination malpractice is key to finding solutions. The causes
can be grouped into student-related, school-related, family-related, and societal factors.

A. Student-Related Causes

 Fear of Failure: Many students cheat because they are afraid of failing or disappointing their parents and
teachers.
 Laziness: Some students do not study enough and look for shortcuts to pass exams.
 Lack of Self-Confidence: Students who doubt their abilities may cheat because they do not believe they
can pass on their own.
 Peer Pressure: Friends or classmates may encourage or pressure students to cheat.
 Desire for High Grades: The obsession with getting good grades or certificates can push students to cheat.

B. School-Related Causes

 Poor Teaching and Learning: When teaching is ineffective, students may not understand the material and
resort to cheating.
 Inadequate Preparation: Lack of revision, incomplete syllabus coverage, or poor study habits can lead to
malpractice.
 Bad School Management: Weak supervision, poor invigilation, and lack of strict rules make it easier for
malpractice to occur.
 Overcrowded Exam Halls: Poor sitting arrangements and crowded rooms make it easier for students to
cheat.
 Availability of Exam Materials: Easy access to question papers or answer scripts before the exam
encourages malpractice.

C. Family-Related Causes

 Poor Parental Upbringing: When parents do not teach children the value of honesty, students may not see
anything wrong with cheating.
  Pressure from Parents: Some parents pressure their children to get high grades at any cost, even if it
means cheating.
 Lack of Support: Students who do not get enough support or encouragement from home may feel the need
to cheat.

D. Societal Causes

 Wrong Value System: Society often values certificates and grades more than actual knowledge and skills,
leading to a “certificate syndrome”.
 Poverty: Lack of resources, such as textbooks or study materials, can push students to cheat.
 Corruption: When students see adults getting away with dishonest acts, they may feel justified in cheating.
 Commercialization of Education: When education is treated as a business, the focus shifts from learning
to passing exams at all costs.

E. Other Causes

 Inadequate Punishment: When those caught cheating are not punished, others are encouraged to do the
same.
 Technological Advances: The use of mobile phones and the internet has made it easier for students to
access answers or share information during exams.

4. Solutions to Examination Malpractice

Curbing examination malpractice requires a combined effort from students, teachers, parents, school authorities,
and society. Here are practical solutions:

A. For Students

 Proper Preparation: Study regularly and revise all topics before the exam. Do not wait until the last
minute.
 Build Self-Confidence: Believe in your abilities and work hard to improve your knowledge and skills.
 Avoid Peer Pressure: Choose friends who value honesty and discourage cheating.
 Understand the Consequences: Know that cheating can lead to severe punishments, including cancellation
of results, suspension, or expulsion.
 Report Malpractice: If you see someone cheating, report it to the authorities. This helps protect the
integrity of your results.

B. For Teachers and School Authorities

 Effective Teaching: Cover the syllabus thoroughly and use different teaching methods to help all students
understand.
 Continuous Assessment: Use regular tests, assignments, and quizzes to measure students’ progress and
reduce exam pressure.
 Strict Supervision: Ensure that enough invigilators are present during exams. Invigilators should be alert
and vigilant.
 Good Sitting Arrangements: Arrange exam halls to prevent students from sitting too close to each other.
 Use of Technology: Employ CCTV cameras and other monitoring devices to discourage cheating.
 Randomized Question Papers: Use different versions of question papers to make it difficult for students to
copy from each other.
 Prompt Punishment: Enforce strict penalties for anyone caught cheating to serve as a deterrent to others.
 Ethical Training: Organize workshops and seminars on the importance of academic honesty and the
dangers of malpractice.

C. For Parents
  Support and Encourage: Help your children with their studies and encourage them to work hard.
 Teach Values: Instill the importance of honesty, integrity, and hard work in your children.
 Do Not Pressure: Avoid putting too much pressure on your children to get high grades at any cost
 Monitor Activities: Be aware of your children’s academic progress and activities, especially during exam
periods.

D. For Society and Government

 Promote the Right Values: Encourage a culture that values knowledge and skills over certificates.
 Reduce Corruption: Fight corruption in all areas of society, including education.
 Provide Resources: Ensure that schools have adequate facilities, teaching materials, and qualified teachers.
 Implement and Enforce Laws: Government should enforce laws against examination malpractice and
punish offenders appropriately.

5. Practical Strategies for Students, Teachers, and Schools

A. Before the Examination

 Complete Syllabus: Teachers should cover the entire syllabus and revise with students
 Mock Exams: Organize practice exams to prepare students for the real exam.
 Counseling: Provide guidance and counseling to students on exam ethics and stress management.
 Awareness Campaigns: Educate students about the dangers and consequences of malpractice.

B. During the Examination

 Adequate Invigilation: Ensure enough supervisors are present and alert.

 Proper Identification: Check that only registered students are allowed into the exam hall.
 No Unauthorized Materials: Strictly prohibit phones, notes, or any unauthorized items in the exam hall.
 Clear Instructions: Remind students of the rules and consequences before the exam starts.

C. After the Examination

 Secure Scripts: Collect and count all answer scripts before leaving the exam hall.
 Safe Handling: Store scripts securely to prevent tampering or substitution.
 Prompt Marking: Mark and record results quickly to reduce opportunities for malpractice.

6. The Role of Parents and Society

Parents and society play a vital role in curbing examination malpractice:

 Be Role Models: Show honesty in your own actions. Children learn by example.
 Support Education: Provide the necessary materials and a good environment for studying.
 Participate in School Activities: Attend meetings and stay informed about your child’s progress.
 Advocate for Change: Support policies and programs that promote integrity in education.

7. Effects of Examination Malpractice

Examination malpractice has many negative effects:

 Loss of Integrity: It destroys the credibility of the education system.

 Unqualified Graduates: Students who cheat may pass exams but lack the knowledge and skills needed in
real life.
 Punishment: Those caught may face suspension, expulsion, or cancellation of results.
 Poor Reputation: Schools known for malpractice lose respect and trust.
  Wider Corruption: It encourages dishonesty in other areas of life and work.
 Wasted Resources: Time and money spent on education are wasted if students do not learn honestly.

8. Conclusion

Curbing examination malpractice is everyone’s responsibility. Students must work hard and be honest. Teachers
and schools must teach well and supervise exams strictly. Parents must support and guide their children. Society
must value integrity and punish dishonesty. Only by working together can we build a better, more honest education
system where everyone can succeed through hard work and merit.

9. 20 SAT Questions

1. Define examination malpractice in your own words.

2. List three forms of examination malpractice.
3. Why do some students cheat during exams?
4. Explain how peer pressure can lead to examination malpractice.
5. Mention two ways teachers can help prevent examination malpractice.
6. What are the dangers of using mobile phones during exams?
7. How can parents help curb examination malpractice?
8. Describe the role of society in promoting academic honesty.
9. What does it mean to “impersonate” in an exam?
10. Give two examples of post-examination malpractice.
11. Why is proper preparation important before exams?
12. How can strict supervision reduce cheating?
13. What is mass cheating?
14. Why should schools punish students who cheat?
15. How can continuous assessment help reduce exam malpractice?
16. What is the effect of examination malpractice on the reputation of a school?
17. Why is it wrong to bring unauthorized materials into the exam hall?
18. Explain how government can help stop examination malpractice.
19. What is the importance of covering the syllabus before exams?
20. How can students build self-confidence to avoid cheating?

10. 10 Objective Questions

1. Which of the following is a form of examination malpractice?

a) Studying hard
b) Copying from another student
c) Asking questions in class
d) Doing homework
2. The act of sending someone else to write an exam for you is called:
a) Impersonation
b) Supervision
c) Revision
d) Assessment
3. Which of these can help prevent examination malpractice?
a) Poor supervision
b) Strict invigilation
c) Overcrowded exam halls
d) Lack of rules
4. A major cause of examination malpractice is:
a) Hard work
b) Fear of failure
 c) Good teaching
d) Regular revision
5. Bringing unauthorized notes into the exam hall is known as:
a) Hard work
b) Foreign material
c) Assessment
d) Revision
6. Who is responsible for curbing examination malpractice?
a) Only students
b) Only teachers
c) Everyone
d) Only parents
7. One effect of examination malpractice is:
a) Improved learning
b) Loss of integrity
c) Better skills
d) Good reputation
8. Which of the following is NOT a solution to examination malpractice?
a) Proper preparation
b) Peer pressure
c) Strict supervision
d) Parental support
9. Which of these is a technological tool used to prevent malpractice?
a) CCTV cameras
b) Textbooks
c) Notebooks
d) Pens
10. The best way for students to avoid cheating is to:
a) Study regularly
b) Wait until exam day
c) Copy from friends
d) Use mobile phones in exams

WEEK 5

Curbing Cultism in the School

Cultism in schools is a serious challenge that threatens the safety, academic progress, and moral fabric of
educational institutions. This note provides a comprehensive, practical, and self-explanatory overview suitable for
Basic 7 students, covering the causes, effects, consequences, and strategies for curbing cultism in schools.

Understanding Cultism in Schools

Cultism refers to the activities of secret groups or societies within schools whose membership, rituals, and
operations are shrouded in secrecy. These groups often engage in harmful, illegal, and violent activities,
undermining the peace and order necessary for effective learning.

Causes of Cultism in Schools

Cultism does not arise in a vacuum. Several interrelated factors contribute to its spread within educational
institutions:

1. Parental and Home Background

  Parental Influence: Children whose parents are members of secret cults may see nothing wrong with
joining such groups themselves. In some cases, parents even encourage their children to join to maintain
family traditions or social status.
 Broken Homes: Lack of parental care, love, and supervision-especially in broken homes-can lead children
to seek belonging and protection in cult groups.

2. Societal Decay and Corruption

 Quest for Wealth and Power: The desire to acquire wealth and power by any means, often modeled by
corrupt societal figures, can lure students into cultism. Some are recruited by influential people to perpetrate
crimes and escape legal consequences.
 Impunity: When cultists are not punished for their actions, it encourages others to join, believing they too
can act with impunity.

3. Emotional and Psychological Factors

 Emotional Sickness: Students suffering from depression, frustration, or neglect may join cults as an outlet
for their anger and as a way to get back at a society they feel has failed them.
 Search for Protection: Some students join cults for protection from bullying or harassment, believing
membership offers safety and confidence.

4. Peer Group Influence

 Peer Pressure: Friends and classmates can strongly influence students to join cults, either through
persuasion or coercion. The desire to fit in or avoid being ostracized can be a powerful motivator.

5. Poor Parental Training and Lack of Moral Guidance

 Lack of Communication: When parents are too busy or fail to instill values, discipline, and morals in their
children, students may turn to cults for guidance and identity.
 Absence of Role Models: Without positive adult role models, students may look up to cultists who appear
powerful or respected.

6. Support from School Staff

 Complicity of School Authorities: In some cases, teachers or school officials are members or sponsors of
cults, using student cultists to further their own interests and undermining discipline in the school.

7. Economic Hardship and Inadequate School Facilities

 Poverty: Economic hardship can push students to join cults in hopes of financial gain or social
advancement.
 Lack of Recreational Activities: When schools lack sports and recreational facilities, students may seek
excitement and belonging in cult groups.

8. Misconceptions and False Promises

 Deception: Senior cult members may mislead students by promising them power, academic success, or
social prestige if they join the cult.

Effects and Consequences of Cultism in Schools

The impact of cultism is far-reaching, affecting not only the individuals involved but also the entire school
community and society at large.
1. Breakdown of Law and Order

 Cultism disrupts the peace and order of schools, making it difficult for teaching and learning to take place.
Frequent clashes between rival groups can lead to chaos and violence

2. Violence and Loss of Lives

 Cult groups often engage in violent activities, including fighting with dangerous weapons, leading to
injuries and deaths among students and staff

3. Academic Disruption

 Cult activities can force schools to shut down temporarily, disrupt academic calendars, and cause students to
drop out due to fear or involvement in cult-related incidents

4. Psychological Trauma

 Non-cult members often live in fear of harassment or attack, leading to anxiety, lack of concentration, and
poor academic performance

5. Moral Decay and Indiscipline

 Cultism promotes immoral behaviors such as drug abuse, sexual assault, and disregard for school rules and
authority

6. Bad Image and Social Stigma

 Students involved in cultism tarnish their reputation and that of their families, often facing embarrassment
and social rejection

7. Spiritual and Mental Health Problems

 Initiation rituals and exposure to drugs or violence can lead to spiritual problems, mental disorders, or
insanity among cult members

8. Destruction of Future Prospects

 Cultism destroys the future of young people by leading them into criminal activities, expulsion from school,
and even imprisonment or death

Strategies for Curbing Cultism in Schools

To effectively curb cultism, a multi-pronged approach involving students, parents, schools, communities, and
government is necessary.

1. Parental Involvement and Good Upbringing

 Parents should pay close attention to their children's upbringing, instilling values, discipline, and moral
guidance from an early age
 Open communication and emotional support help prevent children from seeking belonging in cults

2. Effective School Counseling and Monitoring

  Schools should establish strong counseling units to provide guidance, support, and intervention for at-risk
students
 Teachers and school authorities must monitor student behavior and respond promptly to signs of cult
activities

3. Positive Role Modeling

 Parents, teachers, and community leaders should set good examples for young people, demonstrating
integrity, respect for the law, and non-violent conflict resolution

4. Engaging Students in Positive Activities

 Schools should provide engaging sports, recreational, and extracurricular activities to channel students'
energy positively and foster a sense of belonging

5. Community and Government Action

 Communities should work closely with schools to monitor and report cult-related activities.
 Government should ensure adequate funding for schools, provide security, and enforce strict penalties for
cultism

6. Public Awareness and Sensitization

 Intensive public awareness campaigns should educate students and the wider community about the dangers
and consequences of cultism
 The media can play a vital role in projecting positive values and exposing the harms of cultism

7. Protection and Rehabilitation for Repentant Cultists

 Students who renounce cultism should be protected from retaliation and supported in reintegrating into
school life

8. Encouraging Religious and Moral Education

 Participation in religious groups and moral education can help students develop strong values and resist
negative influences

Conclusion

Cultism is a destructive force that undermines the safety, progress, and moral standards of schools. Its causes are
rooted in family background, societal decay, peer influence, and lack of proper guidance. The effects are
devastating, ranging from violence and academic disruption to psychological trauma and loss of future prospects.
Curbing cultism requires the collective effort of parents, teachers, students, communities, and government through
preventive education, effective monitoring, positive engagement, and strict enforcement of laws. By working
together, we can create a safe and conducive environment for learning and personal development.

This note is designed to be practical, detailed, and self-explanatory for Basic 7 students, helping them understand
the dangers of cultism and the importance of saying no to such negative influences in school and society.

TASK QUESTION

1. What is cultism?
A) A type of academic club
B) Secret groups involved in harmful activities in schools
 C) A government program for students
D) A sports team
2. Which of the following is a common cause of cultism?
A) Good parental care
B) Broken homes
C) Positive peer influence
D) Abundant school facilities
3. One effect of cultism on schools is:
A) Improved discipline
B) Frequent violence and disruption
C) Better academic results
D) Increased student participation
4. How can parents help prevent cultism?
A) By ignoring their children
B) By encouraging cult membership
C) By providing moral guidance and supervision
D) By sending children to different schools
5. What role do school counselors play in curbing cultism?
A) Ignoring students' problems
B) Providing guidance and support to at-risk students
C) Encouraging cult activities
D) Punishing all students equally
6. Which of the following is NOT a strategy to curb cultism?
A) Engaging students in sports and recreational activities
B) Providing security and enforcing laws
C) Encouraging cult initiation rituals
D) Sensitizing the public about dangers of cultism
7. Cultism can lead to:
A) Better friendships
B) Moral decay and indiscipline
C) Increased school funding
D) Improved mental health
8. What is a common reason students join cults?
A) To improve academic performance
B) To seek protection and belonging
C) To avoid school activities
D) To get scholarships
9. Which group is responsible for enforcing laws against cultism?
A) Students
B) Parents
C) Government and school authorities
D) Cult leaders
10. What should be done for students who leave cults?
A) They should be punished
B) They should be ignored
C) They should be protected and helped to reintegrate
D) They should be expelled

WEEK 6

Roles of the Police in Curbing Crime

The police play a crucial role in maintaining law and order, preventing crime, and ensuring the safety and security
of citizens. Their work is multifaceted, involving crime prevention, investigation, maintaining public order, and
community engagement. This comprehensive note explores the various roles of the police, with a focus on their
contribution to national security, public order, crime prevention, and community policing, providing practical
insights suitable for Basic 7 learners.

1. Roles of Police in National Security

National security refers to the protection of a country from threats that can harm its citizens, government, or
institutions. The police contribute significantly to national security in the following ways:

 Maintaining Domestic Security: The police are primarily responsible for protecting the lives and property
of citizens within the country. They enforce laws that prevent internal threats such as terrorism, organized
crime, and civil unrest. Unlike the military or Self-Defense Forces (SDF), whose main role is to defend the
country from external threats, the police focus on internal security and crime control79.
 Supporting Other Security Agencies: While the military handles external defense, the police support
national security by addressing issues that could destabilize society from within. This includes monitoring
and controlling activities that threaten public safety and collaborating with intelligence agencies to prevent
crimes that could impact national security9.
 Crisis and Emergency Response: During disasters, accidents, or large-scale emergencies, police forces
work alongside other agencies, including the SDF, to maintain order and assist in rescue and relief
operations. Their training prepares them to manage crises effectively, ensuring public safety during
turbulent times
 Preventing Corruption and Misconduct: The police must uphold high ethical standards to maintain public
trust, which is essential for effective national security. Corruption within the police force can undermine
security efforts and public confidence, making oversight and accountability mechanisms vital
 Community Awareness and Self-Protection: Recognizing that police cannot guarantee absolute safety,
citizens are encouraged to take responsibility for their own security by learning self-defense, crime
prevention techniques, and using security devices. This shared responsibility enhances national security at
the grassroots level

2. Maintaining Public Order

Public order is the condition where society functions peacefully and safely without disturbances. The police play a
vital role in maintaining this order through:

 Responding to Public Disturbances: Police officers are trained to handle protests, riots, and other events
that may disrupt peace. They use de-escalation techniques to resolve conflicts peacefully and restore calm7.
 Proactive Measures: Beyond reacting to incidents, police patrol neighborhoods, monitor public events, and
engage with community members to identify and address potential sources of conflict before they escalate7.
 Visible Presence: A strong police presence in communities acts as a deterrent to crime and reassures
citizens of their safety. Regular patrols and community interactions help build a secure environment7.
 Law Enforcement: Enforcing laws consistently ensures that rules are respected, and violations are dealt
with promptly, which helps maintain order and prevents chaos9.

3. Crime Prevention

Preventing crime before it happens is one of the most important roles of the police. Their strategies include:

 Patrolling High-Risk Areas: Police regularly patrol neighborhoods prone to criminal activity to deter
offenders and provide quick response to incidents.
 Community Outreach and Education: Police conduct workshops, distribute information on crime
prevention, and work with local organizations to raise awareness and empower citizens to protect
themselves
  Collaboration with Other Agencies: By working with social services, schools, and government bodies,
police address underlying social issues such as poverty and drug abuse that contribute to crime
 Use of Technology and Data: Modern policing uses crime data analysis to identify trends and hotspots,
enabling targeted interventions that prevent crime effectively.
 Encouraging Community Vigilance: Police encourage citizens to report suspicious activities and
participate in neighborhood watch programs, fostering a collaborative approach to crime prevention8.

4. Investigation of Crimes

When crimes occur, the police are responsible for investigating and bringing perpetrators to justice. This involves:

 Gathering Evidence: Police collect physical evidence from crime scenes, such as fingerprints, DNA, and
other forensic data, which are crucial for solving cases.
 Interviewing Witnesses and Suspects: Obtaining statements helps build a clear picture of the crime and
identify those responsible
 Use of Forensic Techniques: Modern police forces employ specialists and technology to analyze evidence
scientifically, increasing the accuracy of investigations.
 Identifying Crime Patterns: Police analyze crime data to detect patterns, which helps in preventing future
crimes and apprehending repeat offenders
 Collaboration with Other Law Enforcement: Sharing information and resources with other police
departments and agencies enhances the effectiveness of investigations.

5. Community Policing

Community policing is an approach that emphasizes partnership and collaboration between the police and the
community to enhance safety and solve local problems:

 Building Trust: Police officers engage with community members to build positive relationships, which
encourages cooperation and openness7.
 Addressing Quality of Life Issues: Beyond crime, police work with communities to tackle issues such as
noise complaints, vandalism, and drug abuse that affect residents’ daily lives.
 Collaborative Problem Solving: Police, residents, businesses, and local organizations work together to
identify problems and develop solutions tailored to the community’s needs.
 Holistic Approach: Community policing involves coordination with schools, social services, and local
government to address social factors contributing to crime78.
 Enhancing Accountability: Through ongoing dialogue and transparency, community policing helps hold
police accountable and improves public confidence in law enforcement7.

6. Challenges and Accountability in Policing

While police play a vital role, they face challenges that can impact their effectiveness:

 Corruption and Misconduct: Incidents of police corruption undermine public trust and the legitimacy of
law enforcement. Strong oversight and whistleblowing mechanisms are necessary to prevent and address
such issues7.
 Use of Force: Police must use force judiciously and within legal frameworks to protect citizens’ rights
while maintaining safety. Training and accountability are crucial to prevent abuse7.
 Adapting to Societal Changes: Police must continuously modernize, improve management, and adopt new
technologies to meet evolving security challenges9.
 Balancing Security and Freedom: Police must respect human rights and civil liberties while enforcing
laws and maintaining order7.

7. Practical Tips for Citizens on Crime Prevention and Safety

Since police cannot guarantee absolute safety, citizens should also take proactive steps:

 Stay Informed: Learn about crime prevention techniques and stay aware of local crime trends.
 Secure Property: Use locks, alarms, and surveillance cameras to protect homes and belongings.
 Practice Self-Defense: Acquire basic self-defense skills to enhance personal safety.
 Report Suspicious Activities: Cooperate with police by providing information that can prevent or solve
crimes.
 Participate in Community Programs: Join neighborhood watch groups and attend community policing
meetings.

Conclusion

The police are essential to curbing crime and maintaining national security by enforcing laws, preventing crime,
investigating offenses, and engaging with communities. Their role extends beyond law enforcement to include
emergency response and supporting other security agencies. While challenges such as corruption and misconduct
exist, ongoing reforms, community partnerships, and citizen involvement strengthen the effectiveness of policing.
Ultimately, a safe and secure society is a shared responsibility between the police and the public.

This comprehensive overview provides a detailed understanding of the police's roles in curbing crime and
maintaining security, suitable for learners at Basic 7 level. It emphasizes practical knowledge, community
cooperation, and the importance of accountability in law enforcement.

References:

 The role of police in national security and public safety79.

 Crime prevention strategies and community policing78.
 Challenges in policing and the importance of accountability7.

WEEK 7

Roles of Nigeria Civil Defence in Preventing Crime

The Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC) is a vital paramilitary agency established to complement
the efforts of other security agencies in maintaining law and order, preventing crime, and protecting lives and
properties in Nigeria. Since its formal establishment by the NSCDC Act of 2003 (amended in 2007), the Corps has
played a significant role in crime prevention, peacekeeping, and security management across the country. This note
provides a comprehensive, detailed, and practical overview of the roles of the Nigeria Civil Defence in preventing
crime, suitable for Basic 7 students.

Introduction to Nigeria Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC)

 The NSCDC was initially formed in May 1967 as the Lagos Civil Defence Committee during the Nigerian
Civil War to enlighten the public on safety precautions.
 It became a statutory security agency in 2003 under the NSCDC Act and was empowered to bear arms and
perform security functions.
 The Corps operates under the Federal Ministry of Interior and collaborates with other security agencies such
as the Nigerian Police Force and the Department of State Services.
 The primary mandate of NSCDC is to protect lives and properties, maintain peace, prevent crime, and
safeguard critical national infrastructure.

Roles of Nigeria Civil Defence in Preventing Crime

1. Maintenance of Law and Order

  NSCDC helps maintain peace and order in society by enforcing laws and regulations.
 It works to prevent violence, riots, and disturbances that could lead to crime or social unrest.
 The Corps acts as a deterrent to criminals by its visible presence and patrols in communities.

2. Protection of Lives and Properties

 One of the core roles of the NSCDC is to protect citizens' lives and properties from criminal activities such
as armed robbery, kidnapping, and vandalism.
 The Corps is equipped with weapons, vehicles, and communication gadgets to respond effectively to
security threats.
 It protects public and private properties, including critical infrastructure like pipelines, power plants, and
government facilities.

3. Crime Prevention and Control

 NSCDC complements the Nigerian Police Force by assisting in crime prevention efforts.
 It is empowered to arrest suspects involved in criminal activities and hand them over for prosecution.
 The Corps conducts surveillance, patrols, and intelligence gathering to detect and prevent crimes before they
occur.
 It also regulates and supervises private security companies to ensure they operate within the law and
contribute to crime prevention.

4. Protection of Critical National Infrastructure

 The Corps is responsible for the protection of critical infrastructure such as oil pipelines, electricity
installations, and communication networks.
 It maintains 24-hour surveillance over these sites to prevent vandalism and sabotage that could lead to
economic loss or insecurity.

5. Public Enlightenment and Community Engagement

 NSCDC organizes seminars, workshops, and public awareness campaigns to educate citizens on crime
prevention and security measures.
 It encourages community participation in security matters, fostering cooperation between the public and
security agencies.
 This role helps reduce crime by promoting vigilance and reporting of suspicious activities.

6. Emergency Response and Rescue Operations

 During emergencies such as natural disasters, terrorist attacks, or civil unrest, the Corps assists in rescue
operations and provides humanitarian support.
 This role helps maintain public safety and order during crises, preventing opportunistic crimes and chaos.

7. Conflict Resolution and Peacekeeping

 NSCDC plays a role in mediating conflicts and resolving disputes at the community level to prevent
escalation into violence or criminal acts.
 It collaborates with traditional rulers and local authorities to maintain peace and security.

8. Regulation of Private Security Companies

 The Corps registers, trains, and supervises private security outfits to ensure they adhere to legal standards.
 This regulation helps professionalize private security services and reduces the risk of abuse or criminality
within these outfits.
Practical Examples of NSCDC Crime Prevention Activities

 Arresting pipeline vandals and preventing oil theft, which is a major source of crime and economic sabotage
in Nigeria.
 Conducting patrols in vulnerable communities to deter armed robbery and kidnapping.
 Collaborating with police and other agencies in joint operations to dismantle criminal gangs.
 Organizing community policing initiatives to encourage neighborhood watch programs.
 Providing security during elections to prevent violence and electoral fraud.

Challenges Faced by NSCDC in Crime Prevention

 Inadequate funding and logistics limit the Corps' ability to operate effectively nationwide.
 Overlapping roles with other security agencies sometimes cause inter-agency rivalry.
 Insufficient training and equipment for personnel to handle complex security threats.
 The vastness of Nigeria and diverse security challenges require more manpower and resources.

Recommendations for Enhancing NSCDC Effectiveness

 Increase government funding to improve logistics, training, and operational capacity.

 Clarify and differentiate the roles of NSCDC and other security agencies to avoid duplication and rivalry.
 Equip personnel with modern technology and weapons to respond to emerging security threats.
 Strengthen community engagement to foster cooperation and intelligence sharing.

Summary

The Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps plays a crucial role in preventing crime through maintaining law and
order, protecting lives and properties, regulating private security, and safeguarding critical infrastructure. Its
activities are essential for ensuring peace and security, which are foundational for national development. Despite
challenges, the Corps continues to contribute significantly to crime prevention in Nigeria.

Self-Assessment Theory Questions (SAT)

1. What is the Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC)?

2. When was the NSCDC formally established as a statutory agency?
3. List three primary roles of the NSCDC in crime prevention.
4. How does the NSCDC complement the Nigerian Police Force?
5. What types of crimes does the NSCDC help to prevent?
6. Explain the role of NSCDC in protecting critical national infrastructure.
7. How does public enlightenment by NSCDC contribute to crime prevention?
8. What powers does the NSCDC have under the NSCDC Act of 2007?
9. Describe how the NSCDC regulates private security companies.
10. What are some challenges faced by the NSCDC in performing its duties?
11. How does the NSCDC assist during emergencies and disasters?
12. Why is community engagement important for the NSCDC’s crime prevention efforts?
13. What is the significance of NSCDC’s role in conflict resolution?
14. How does the NSCDC’s patrol and surveillance activities help reduce crime?
15. What recommendations can improve the effectiveness of the NSCDC?
16. Describe the historical origin of the NSCDC.
17. In what ways does the NSCDC collaborate with other security agencies?
18. How does the NSCDC contribute to maintaining peace during elections?
19. What is the impact of pipeline vandalism on Nigeria, and how does NSCDC address it?
20. Explain the importance of training and equipping NSCDC personnel.

Objective Questions (Multiple Choice)

 1. When was the Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC) established as a statutory agency?
a) 1967
b) 1970
c) 2003
d) 1984
2. The NSCDC is primarily responsible for:
a) Education
b) Crime prevention and protection of lives and properties
c) Health services
d) Economic planning
3. Which of the following is a function of the NSCDC?
a) Conducting elections
b) Regulating private security companies
c) Managing schools
d) Running hospitals
4. The NSCDC Act was amended in which year?
a) 2005
b) 2007
c) 2010
d) 2012
5. NSCDC collaborates with which security agency?
a) Nigerian Police Force
b) Ministry of Education
c) Nigerian Customs
d) Ministry of Health
6. The NSCDC was first known as:
a) Lagos Civil Defence Committee
b) Nigerian Police Force
c) National Security Agency
d) Federal Fire Service
7. One of the major crimes NSCDC helps prevent is:
a) Tax evasion
b) Pipeline vandalism
c) Traffic violations
d) Noise pollution
8. NSCDC is under the supervision of:
a) Ministry of Defence
b) Ministry of Interior
c) Ministry of Finance
d) Ministry of Education
9. Which of the following is NOT a role of the NSCDC?
a) Rescue operations during emergencies
b) Protecting critical infrastructure
c) Running private businesses
d) Maintaining law and order
10. The umbrella body of all civil defence organizations worldwide is called:
a) United Nations
b) International Civil Defence Organization (ICDO)
c) African Union
d) World Health Organization

This comprehensive note covers the essential roles, functions, challenges, and practical aspects of the Nigeria Civil
Defence Corps in preventing crime, along with theory and objective questions for assessment. It is designed to be
self-explanatory and practical for Basic 7 students.
WEEK 8-10

Roles of Nigeria Civil Defence, Armed Forces, Air Force, and Navy in Preventing Crime

This comprehensive note is designed for Basic 7 students to understand the important roles played by Nigeria’s
security agencies-Civil Defence, Armed Forces, Air Force, and Navy-in preventing crime and maintaining peace in
the country. It explains their functions in detail, practical examples of their work, and includes theory and objective
questions for assessment.

Introduction

Crime prevention is a critical aspect of national security. In Nigeria, several agencies work together to ensure the
safety of lives and properties and to maintain law and order. Among these agencies are the Nigeria Security and
Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC), the Nigerian Army, the Nigerian Air Force (NAF), and the Nigerian Navy. Each
has specific roles and responsibilities in fighting crime and protecting the nation.

1. Roles of Nigeria Civil Defence in Preventing Crime

The Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC) is a paramilitary agency established to protect lives,
properties, and critical national infrastructure. It complements other security agencies in crime prevention.

Key Roles:

 Maintaining Law and Order: NSCDC patrols communities, preventing riots, violence, and criminal acts.
 Protecting Lives and Properties: Guards public and private properties, including oil pipelines and
government buildings.
 Crime Prevention and Control: Arrests suspects, gathers intelligence, and conducts surveillance.
 Regulating Private Security Companies: Registers and supervises private security outfits to ensure lawful
operations.
 Public Enlightenment: Educates citizens on crime prevention and encourages community participation.
 Emergency Response: Assists in rescue operations during disasters and crises.
 Conflict Resolution: Mediates local disputes to prevent escalation into crime.

2. Roles of the Armed Forces in Preventing Crime

The Nigerian Armed Forces consist of the Army, Air Force, and Navy. They primarily defend the country against
external aggression but also play vital roles in internal security and crime prevention.

Nigerian Army

 Maintaining Territorial Integrity: Protects Nigeria’s land borders from illegal crossings and incursions.
 Counter-Terrorism Operations: Fights terrorism, banditry, and violent extremism, especially in the
Northeast.
 Restoring Peace: Intervenes in areas affected by communal clashes, kidnappings, and criminal gangs.
 Innovative Strategies: Uses modern technology, including unmanned aerial systems (drones), for
surveillance and intelligence gathering.
 Supporting Law Enforcement: Assists police in difficult security situations and enforces military laws
within its jurisdiction.

Practical Example:
  The Army’s deployment in troubled regions has helped reduce kidnapping and banditry by conducting
patrols, raids, and intelligence-driven operations.

3. Roles of the Nigerian Air Force in Preventing Crime

The Nigerian Air Force (NAF) provides air support to ground forces and plays a crucial role in crime prevention
and law enforcement.

Key Contributions:

 Crime Scene Investigation: The NAF trains personnel in forensic science to investigate crime scenes,
collect evidence, and support prosecutions.
 Air Support in Counter-Terrorism: Conducts reconnaissance, surveillance, and airstrikes against terrorist
hideouts, especially in the Northeast.
 Rapid Response: Uses helicopters and aircraft to quickly reach remote or dangerous areas inaccessible by
land.
 Forensic Crime Laboratory: Operates a forensic lab to analyze evidence scientifically, aiding law
enforcement.
 Intelligence Gathering: Conducts aerial surveillance to monitor criminal activities such as smuggling and
insurgency.

Practical Example:

 The NAF’s airstrikes have destroyed terrorist camps and food depots, crippling their operations and
preventing further attacks.

4. Roles of the Nigerian Navy in Preventing Crime

The Nigerian Navy is responsible for securing Nigeria’s territorial waters, creeks, and maritime borders.

Key Roles:

 Surveillance and Patrol: Conducts continuous patrols on waterways to deter piracy, illegal bunkering,
crude oil theft, and smuggling.
 Intelligence Gathering: Collects information to target patrols effectively and disrupt maritime criminal
networks.
 Arrest and Seizure: Arrests suspects involved in maritime crimes and seizes illegal vessels and materials.
 Protecting Maritime Infrastructure: Guards oil platforms, ports, and shipping lanes critical to Nigeria’s
economy.
 Collaboration: Works with other agencies to ensure comprehensive maritime security.

Practical Example:

 Naval vessels spent thousands of hours patrolling Lagos waters, preventing piracy and illegal oil bunkering,
thereby protecting economic assets.

Summary of Roles in Crime Prevention

 Security Agency Main Roles in Crime Prevention
Nigeria Civil Law enforcement support, public education, protecting infrastructure,
Defence arresting criminals, conflict resolution
Land border security, counter-terrorism, peacekeeping, use of technology,
Nigerian Army
supporting police
Nigerian Air Air support, forensic investigation, rapid response, intelligence gathering,
Force airstrikes on criminal targets
Maritime patrols, anti-piracy, anti-smuggling, arrest and seizure, protecting
Nigerian Navy
maritime infrastructure

Challenges Faced by Security Agencies

 Insufficient funding and equipment.

 Overlapping roles causing inter-agency rivalry.
 Vast and difficult terrain to cover.
 Emerging and sophisticated criminal tactics.
 Need for continuous training and modernization.

Recommendations for Improvement

 Increase funding for training and equipment.

 Enhance inter-agency cooperation and clear role definitions.
 Invest in modern technology like drones and forensic labs.
 Strengthen community policing and intelligence sharing.
 Expand public awareness campaigns on crime prevention.

Self-Assessment Theory Questions (SAT)

1. What is the Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC)?

2. When was the NSCDC established as a statutory agency?
3. List three roles of the NSCDC in crime prevention.
4. How does the NSCDC regulate private security companies?
5. What is the primary role of the Nigerian Army in crime prevention?
6. How does the Nigerian Army help in counter-terrorism?
7. What modern technologies is the Nigerian Army adopting for crime prevention?
8. Describe the role of the Nigerian Air Force in crime scene investigation.
9. How does the Nigerian Air Force support ground troops during counter-terrorism operations?
10. What is the importance of the NAF forensic crime laboratory?
11. How does the Nigerian Navy contribute to preventing maritime crimes?
12. What types of maritime crimes does the Nigerian Navy fight?
13. Explain how intelligence gathering improves the effectiveness of the Navy’s patrols.
14. What are some challenges faced by the Nigerian security agencies in crime prevention?
15. How does public enlightenment by the NSCDC help in crime prevention?
16. What is the significance of inter-agency collaboration in security?
17. How does the Nigerian Army restore peace in conflict areas?
18. Describe the role of airpower in Nigeria’s counterinsurgency operations.
19. What are the consequences of pipeline vandalism, and how does NSCDC address it?
20. Explain how the Nigerian Navy protects critical maritime infrastructure.
21. What role does the Nigerian Air Force play in rapid response to crime?
22. How does the Nigerian Army maintain Nigeria’s territorial integrity?
 23. What are the benefits of training Air Force personnel in forensic investigation?
24. How does the Nigerian Navy’s patrol help reduce piracy?
25. What is the role of unmanned aerial systems in the Nigerian Army’s operations?
26. How does the NSCDC assist during emergencies?
27. What is the importance of community engagement in crime prevention?
28. How does the Nigerian Air Force conduct reconnaissance missions?
29. What role does the Nigerian Navy play in anti-smuggling operations?
30. How does the Nigerian Army support the police in law enforcement?
31. What is the role of the NSCDC in conflict resolution?
32. How does the Nigerian Air Force contribute to evidence preservation?
33. What are the effects of maritime crimes on Nigeria’s economy?
34. How does the Nigerian Navy collaborate with other security agencies?
35. What is the importance of patrols in crime prevention?
36. How do modern technologies improve the Nigerian Army’s effectiveness?
37. Describe the relationship between airpower and ground operations.
38. What is the role of the NSCDC in protecting critical national infrastructure?
39. How does the Nigerian Navy ensure full coverage of Nigeria’s waterways?
40. What strategies are being used by the Nigerian Army to defeat violent extremism?

Objective Questions

1. The Nigeria Security and Civil Defense Corps was established as a statutory agency in:
a) 1967
b) 2003
c) 2010
d) 1980
2. The Nigerian Army’s main role includes:
a) Running schools
b) Maintaining territorial integrity and counter-terrorism
c) Managing hospitals
d) Conducting elections
3. The Nigerian Air Force forensic crime laboratory helps in:
a) Cooking food
b) Analyzing evidence scientifically
c) Training pilots only
d) Running schools
4. The Nigerian Navy primarily fights:
a) Land crimes
b) Maritime crimes such as piracy and smuggling
c) Cybercrimes
d) Traffic violations
5. Which agency regulates private security companies in Nigeria?
a) Nigerian Police
b) NSCDC
c) Nigerian Navy
d) Nigerian Air Force
6. The Nigerian Army uses which technology to enhance operations?
a) Drones (unmanned aerial systems)
b) Tractors
c) Bicycles
d) None of the above
7. The Nigerian Air Force supports ground troops by:
a) Providing airstrikes and reconnaissance
b) Cooking meals
 c) Driving cars
d) None of the above
8. Which agency is responsible for protecting oil pipelines?
a) Nigerian Navy
b) NSCDC
c) Nigerian Air Force
d) Nigerian Police
9. Maritime patrols by the Nigerian Navy help to:
a) Increase piracy
b) Reduce maritime crimes
c) Increase smuggling
d) None of the above
10. The NSCDC assists during emergencies by:
a) Providing rescue operations
b) Selling goods
c) Teaching in schools
d) None of the above
11. Which of the following is NOT a role of the Nigerian Army?
a) Counter-terrorism
b) Maintaining peace
c) Running hospitals
d) Protecting borders
12. The Nigerian Air Force trains personnel in:
a) Forensic investigation
b) Farming
c) Teaching
d) None of the above
13. The Nigerian Navy’s area of operation is:
a) Land borders
b) Territorial waters and creeks
c) Airspace
d) None of the above
14. The NSCDC was first known as:
a) Lagos Civil Defence Committee
b) Nigerian Police
c) Nigerian Army
d) Nigerian Navy
15. The Nigerian Army’s Chief of Army Staff announced plans to:
a) Invest in modern technology and training
b) Reduce patrols
c) Close bases
d) None of the above
16. The Nigerian Air Force uses which helicopter in counter-terrorism?
a) T-129 ATAK
b) Bell 206
c) Mi-8
d) None of the above
17. Which agency conducts surveillance on Nigeria’s waterways?
a) Nigerian Army
b) Nigerian Navy
c) Nigerian Air Force
d) NSCDC
18. The NSCDC helps prevent crime by:
a) Educating the public
 b) Ignoring crime
c) Encouraging crime
d) None of the above
19. The Nigerian Navy’s patrols have led to:
a) Arrest of suspects and seizure of illegal materials
b) Increase in crime
c) No change in crime
d) None of the above
20. The Nigerian Air Force’s forensic training includes:
a) Fingerprinting and DNA evidence preservation
b) Cooking
c) Driving
d) None of the above