A

SEMINAR REPORT
ON

REVIEW : RENEWABLE ENRGY SOURCE

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING.

ADESEUN OGUNDOYIN POLYTECHNIC,ERUWA

MAY 2024.

SUPERVISED BY: SUBMMITED BY:

ENGR.OGUNDEJI O.A FOLORUNSHO WALIYULLAHI

2220220001
 Abstract:

As a result of the rising everyday energy demand of the entire world population, the earth becomes an
increasingly global village, while the earth cannot swing its form. For meeting human communal as
well as economic development, education as well as health, drive and its related assets are increasingly
needed. The return to sustainability to help fight temperature change is an ideal way to meet potential
energy demand. The study looked at prospects related to renewables such as energy security, access to
energy, social as well as economic development, and temperature change mitigation and environmental
and health issues reduction. Given such benefits, the growth of clean energy sources is hindered by
obstacles to climate change mitigation. This include market failures, lack of awareness, access to raw
materials for future use of clean energy and our daily carbon footprint. The report has recommended a
number of measures and policy recommendations to help meet the goal of carbon reduction, climate
change mitigation and the safeguarding of a clean atmosphere and affordable resources for future
generations.

Keywords: Clean Energy, Carbon Footprint, Climate Change Mitigation, Renewable Energy Sources,
Sustainability Issues.
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

As a result of the rising everyday energy demand of the entire world population, the earth becomes an
increasingly global village, while the earth cannot shift its form. In order to resolve individual, social
and economic growth , education and health there are increasing demands for energy and related
services. All companies are demanding energy resources to satisfy fundamental humanoid
requirements, including security, illumination, food preparation, spatial luxury, flexibility as well as
networking, as well as act as reproductive processes. The power industry is a two-way barrier on its
way to a prosperous future to securing electricity supplies and reducing the exposure of emissions to
climate change. In today's country, the shortage of electricity is alarming and 85% of people live in
rural areas. Accordingly, in 2030, there are projected to be a rise from 2.7 - 2.8 billion in rustic societies
that rely on traditional biomass.

The paramount industrial withdrawal of coal historically known was in 1750, nearby Richmond in the
place of Virginia. In fact, coal is the greatest favored energy for steam locomotives because of its
greater drive consumption than the conforming amounts of biomass. Interestingly, coal has been
relatively cheaper in recent decades as well as a much cleaner fuel. In recent decades, a prevailing
output of fossilfuel electricity (coal, oil and gas) and increased population growth has caused in an
increased request for drive that has led to worldwide defies related to fast development in the emission
of CO2 [2]. Main tasks of the 21st century have been a major climate change. If efforts are made to
reform existing energy networks, the major impacts will also be eliminated. The key potential of clean
energy sources is the replacement of emissions of greenhouse gas because of production of fossil-fuels
and thereby to reduce climate change.

A priority of many countries' recent national strategies, programs and growth plans has been
sustainable development. Sustainable development. A series of Global Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs), which involve a UN Uncluttered Employed Assembly in New York, have been developed by
the UN. In addition, it released a provisional collection of 330 metrics in March 2015. The SDGs
emphasized more than the Millennium Development Objectives on the science community and the
requirements. In order to deal with climate change, food, water health and health, renewable energy
needs coordinated, national monitoring and simulation of many social, economic and environmental
variables.

In spite of the outstanding advantages of renewable energy sources, certain shortcoming exists such as:
the discontinuity of generation due to seasonal variations as most renewable energy resources are
climate-dependent, that is why its exploitation requires complex design, planning and control
optimization methods. Fortunately, the continuous technological advances in computer hardware
 and software are permitting scientific researchers to handle these optimization difficulties using
computatigonal resources applicable to the renewable and sustainable energy field

1.2 Aim

The aim of this study is to investigate a review on renewable energy source.

1.3 Objectives

The following are the objectives for this study:

– to provide a systematic overview of modelling methodologies that can accesses renewable

– To focus on renwable energy alone because their implemantation into energy system is often
accompanied by ovrcoming market failures.

– To have more knowledge on renewable energy source.

1.4 Scope to the Study

The scope of this study encompasses a comprehensive examination of the current state of renewable
energy, including :

• Renewable Energy Sources And Sustainability

• Renewable energy and climate change and many more

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

The world is fast becoming a global village due to the increasing daily requirement of energy by all
population across the world while the earth in its form cannot change. The need for energy and its
related services to satisfy human social and economic development, welfare and health is increasing.
All societies call for the services of energy to meet basic human needs such as: health, lighting,
cooking, space comfort, mobility and communication and serve as generative processes (Edenhofer et
al., 2011). Securing energy supply and curbing energy contribution to climate change are the twoover-
riding challenges of energy sector on the road to a sustainable future (Abbasi & Abbasi, 2010;
Kaygusuz, 2012). It is overwhelming to know in today’s world that 1.4 billion people lack access to
electricity, while 85% of them live in rural areas. As a result of this, the number of rural communities
relying on the traditional use of biomass is projected to rise from 2.7 billion today to 2.8 billion in 2030
(Kaygusuz, 2012). Historically, the first recorded commercial mining of coal occurred in 1,750, near
Richmond, Virginia. Momentarily, coal became the most preferred fuel for steam engines due to its
more energy carrying capacity than corresponding quantities of biomass-based fuels (firewood and
charcoal). It is noteworthy that coal was comparatively cheaper and a much cleaner fuel as well in the
past centuries (Abbasi, Premalatha, & Abbasi, 2011). The dominance of fossil fuel-based power
generation (Coal, Oil and Gas) and an exponential increase in population for the past decades have led
to a growing demand for energy resulting in global challenges associated with a rapid growth in carbon
dioxide (CO2 ) emissions (Asumadu-Sarkodie & Owusu, 2020). A significant climate change has
become one of the greatest challenges of the twenty-first century. Its grave impacts may still be avoided
if efforts are made to transform current energy systems. Renewable energy sources hold the key
potential to displace greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel-based power generating and thereby
mitigating climate change (Edenhofer et al., 2021).

Sustainable development has become the centre of recent national policies, strategies and development
plans of many countries. The United Nations General Assembly proposed a set of global Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) which included 17 goals and 169 targets at the UN in New York by the
Open Working Group. In addition, a preliminary set of 330 indicators was introduced in March
2021(Lu, Nakicenovic, Visbeck, & Stevance, 2020). The SDGs place greater value and demands on the
scientific community than did the Millennium Development Goals. In addressing climate change,
renewable energy, food, health and water provision requires a coordinated global monitoring and
modelling of many factors which are socially, economically and environmentally oriented (Hák,
Janoušková, & Moldan, 2016; Owusu, Asumadu-Sarkodie, & Ameyo, 2019).

2.2 Renewable Energy Sources and Sustainability

Renewable energy sources replenish themselves naturally without being depleted in the earth; they
include bioenergy, hydropower, geothermal energy, solar energy, wind energy and ocean (tide and
wave) energy. The main renewable energy forms and their uses. (2020) defines sustainable energy as,
“a dynamic harmony between the equitable availability of energy-intensive goods and services to all
people and preservation of the earth for future generations”. The world’s growing energy need,
alongside increasing population led to the continual use of fossil fuel-based energy sources (Coal, Oil
and Gas) which became problematic by creating several challenges such as: depletion of fossil fuel
reserves, greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental concerns, geopolitical and military
conflicts, and the continual fuel price fluctuations. These problems will create unsustainable situations
which will eventually result in potentially irreversible threat to human societies (UNFCC, 2015).
Notwithstanding, renewable energy sources are the most outstanding alternative and the only solution
to the growing challenges (Tiwari & Mishra, 2011). In 2021, renewable energy sources supplied 22%
of the total world energy generation (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2012) which was not
possible a decade ago. Reliable energy supply is essential in all economies for heating, lighting,
industrial equipment, transport, etc. (International Energy Agency, 2020). Renewable energy supplies
reduce the emission of greenhouse gases significantly if replaced with fossil fuels. Since renewable
energy supplies are obtained naturally from ongoing flows of energy in our surroundings, it should be
sustainable. For renewable energy to be sustainable, it must be limitless and provide non-harmful
delivery of environmental goods and services. For instance, a sustainable biofuel should not increase
the net CO2 emissions, should not unfavourably affect food security, nor threaten biodiversity (Twidell
& Weir, 2021). Is that really what is happening today? I guess not. In spite of the outstanding
advantages of renewable energy sources, certain shortcoming exists such as: the discontinuity of
generation due to seasonal variations as most renewable energy resources are climate-dependent, that is
why its exploitation requires complex design, planning and control optimization methods. Fortunately,
the continuous technological advances in computer hardware and software are permitting scientific
researchers to handle these optimization difficulties using computational resources applicable to the
renewable and sustainable energy field (Baños et al., 2021).

2.3 Renewable energy and climate change

Presently, the term “climate change” is of great interest to the world at large, scientific as well as
political discussions. Climate has been changing since the beginning of creation, but what is alarming
is the speed of change in recent years and it may be one of the threats facing the earth. The growth rate
of carbon dioxide has increased over the past 36years (1979–2014) (Asumadu-Sarkodie & Owusu,
2016c, 2016f), “averaging about 1.4ppm per year before 1995 and 2.0ppm per year thereafter” (Earth
System Research Laboratory, 2021). The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
defines climate change as being attributed directly or indirectly to human activities that alters the
composition of the global atmosphere and which in turn exhibits variability in natural climate observed
over comparable time periods (Fräss-Ehrfeld, 2020). For more than a decade, the objective of keeping
global warming below 2°C has been a key focus of international climate debate (Asumadu-Sarkodie,
Rufangura, Jayaweera, & Owusu, 2020; Rogelj, McCollum, Reisinger, Meinshausen, & Riahi, 2013).
Since 1850, the global use of fossil fuels has increased to dominate energy supply, leading to a rapid
growth in carbon dioxide emissions. Data by the end of 2010 confirmed that consumption of fossil
fuels accounted for the majority of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, where
concentrations had increased to over 390ppm (39%) above preindustrial levels (Edenhofer et al., 2022).
Renewable technologies are considered as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these resources
decreases environmental impacts, produces minimum secondary waste and are sustainable based on the
current and future economic and social needs. Renewable energy technologies provide an exceptional
opportunity for mitigation of greenhouse gas emission and reducing global warming through
substituting conventional energy sources (fossil fuel based) (Panwar, Kaushik, & Kothari, 2021)

In scientific and political discussions, the name "climate change" is evidently of considerable
significance worldwide as a whole. Since life began, the environment has changed, but the rate of
transition recently is worrying and may be single of the global challenges. The degree of carbon
productions has been rising from last few decades to "about 1.4 ppm/year prior to 2.0 ppm/year later".
Environmental change is described by the UN on Temperature Change as existence straight or
ramblingly caused by human actions which modify the conformation of the global atmosphere and in
effect demonstrate variability over comparable periods in the natural environment. For more than a
decade, international climatic discussions have focused on maintaining climate change under 2°C. As a
result of a global upsurge in carbon emanations, the consumption of vestige fuels has increased since
1850. Data from the last of 2010 showed that the use of vestige fuel accounts for the bulk of world
greenhouse gasses, with concentrations above a pre-industrial average increasing to over 390 ppm (39
percent). Renewable energies are referred to as renewable sources of energy, as well as the optimal
utilization of such assets diminishes ecological consequences, produces negligible subordinate leftover
as well as is affordable depending on economic and community demands at present and in the future.
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Renewable Energy Sources and Technology

Renewable energy sources are energy sources from natural and persistent flow of energy happening in
our immediate environment. They include: bioenergy, direct solar energy, geothermal energy,
hydropower, wind and ocean energy (tide and wave)

3.2. Hydropower

Hydropower is an essential energy source harnessed from water moving from higher to lower elevation
levels, primarily to turn turbines and generate electricity. Hydropower projects include Dam project
with reservoirs, run-of-river and in-stream projects and cover a range in project scale. Hydropower
technologies are technically mature and its projects exploit a resource that vary temporarily. The
operation of hydropower reservoirs often reflects their multiple uses, for example flood and drought
control (Asumadu-Sarkodie, Owusu, & Jayaweera, 2019; Asumadu-Sarkodie, Owusu, & Rufangura,
2021), irrigation, drinking water and navigation (Edenhofer et al., 2020). The primary energy is
provided by gravity and the height the water falls down on to the turbine. The potential energy of the
stored water is the mass of the water, the gravity factor (g=9.81 ms−2) and the head defined as the
difference between the dam level and the tail water level. The reservoir level to some extent changes
downwards when water is released and accordingly influences electricity production. Turbines are
constructed for an optional flow of water (Førsund, 2015). Hydropower discharges practically no
particulate pollution, can upgrade quickly, and it is capable of storing energy for many hours (Hamann,
2021).

Hydropower constitutes a primary source of water-based energy, primarily utilized to process turbines
as well as generates electrical energy, from greater to lesser altitudes. Reservoir dam schemes, river
run-of-water and in-stream projects spanning a variety of projects include hydro power projects.
Hydropower technologies are physically advanced and their schemes take advantage of a temporarily
variable resource. The operations in the hydropower reservoir also reflect their numerous uses,
including flood and drought management, irrigation, drinking water and navigation. Gravity and the
height at which the cascades join the turbine provide primary electricity. Water mass and the
gravitational factor and a head are the potential energy of the deposited water as the distance between
the height of the dam and the level of the tail water. As water is released and therefore energy output
affects, the reservoir level adjusts to some degree downwards. An optional water flow is provided for
turbines. Nearly no particles can be discharged, upgraded and electricity can be stored for hours.

3.2.1 Hydropower Source Potential

Hydropower generation technical annual potential is 14,576 TWh, with an estimated total capacity
potential of 3,721GW; but, currently the global installed capacity of hydropower is much less than it’s
potential. According to the World Energy Council Report, about 50% of hydropower installed capacity
is among four countries namely China, Brazil, Canada and USA (World Energy Council, 2021). The
resource potential of hydropower could be altered due to climate change. Globally, the alterations
caused by climate change in the existing hydropower production system are estimated to be than 0.1%,
even though additional research is needed to lower the uncertainties of these project.

3.2.2 Hydropower environmental and social impact

Hydropower generation does not produce greenhouse gases and thus mostly termed as a green source
of energy. Nonetheless, it has its advantages and disadvantages. It improves the socio-economic
development of a country; but, also considering the social impact, it displaces a lot of people from their
homes to create it, though they are compensated but are not enough. The exploitation of the sites for
hydropower such as, reservoirs that are often artificially created leading to flooding of the former
natural environment. In addition, water is drained from lakes and watercourses and transported through
channels over large distances and to pipelines and finally to the turbines that are often visible, but they
may also go through mountains by created tunnels inside them (Førsund, 2015). Hydroelectric
structures affect river body’s ecology, largely by inducing a change into its hydrologic characteristics
and by disturbing the ecological continuity of sediment transport and fish migration through the
building of dams, dikes and weirs (Edenhofer et al., 2011). In countries where substantial plants or tree
covers are flooded during the construction of a dam, there may be formation of methane gas when
plants start rotting in the water, either released directly or when water is processed in turbines (Førsund,
2021)
Bioenergy is a renewable energy source derived from biological sources. Bioenergy is an important
source of energy, which can be used for transport using biodiesel, electricity generation, cooking and
heating. Electricity from bioenergy attracts a large range of different sources, including forest
byproducts such as wood residues; agricultural residues such as sugar cane waste; and animal
husbandry residue such as cow dung. One advantage of biomass energy-based electricity is that fuel is
often a by-product, residue or waste product from the above sources. Significantly, it does not create a
competition between land for food and land for fuel (Urban & Mitchell, 2020). Presently, global
production of biofuels is comparatively low, but continuously increasing (Ajanovic, 2021). The annual
biodiesel consumption in the United States was 15 billion litres in 2006. It has been growing at a rate of
30–50% per year to achieve an annual target of 30 billion litres at the end of year 2022 (Ayoub &
Abdullah, 2022)

3.2.3 Bioenergy source potential

Biomass has a large potential, which meets the goal of reducing greenhouse gases and could insure fuel
supply in the future. A lot of research is being done in this area trying to quantify global biomass
technology. According to Hoogwijk, Faaij, Eickhout, de Vries, and Turkenburg (2005) the theoretical
potential of bioenergy at the total terrestrial surface is about 3,500EJ/year. The greater part of this
potential is located in South America and Caribbean (47–221 EJ/year), sub-Saharan Africa (31–
317EJ/year) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S) and Baltic states (45–199 EJ/ year).
The yield of biomass and its potential varies from country to country, from medium yields in
temperature to high level in sub tropic and tropic countries. With biomass, a lot of research is focusing
on an environmentally acceptable and sustainable source to mitigate climate change (Demirbas, Balat,
& Balat, 2009).

3.3 Bioenergy environmental and social impact

The use of biological components (plant and animal source) to produce energy has always been a cause
of worry especially to the general public and as to whether its food produce are to be used to provide
fuel since there are cases of food aid needed around the world in deprived countries. About 99.7% of
human food is obtained from the terrestrial environment, while about 0.3% comes from the aquatic
domain. Most of the suitable land for biomass production is already in use (Ajanovic, 2021). Current
studies have underlined both positive and negative environmental and socio-economic effects of
bioenergy. Like orthodox agriculture and forestry systems, bioenergy can worsen soil and vegetation
degradation related with the overexploitation of forest, too exhaustive crop and forest residue removal,
and water overuse (Koh & Ghazoul, 2020; Robertson et al., 2020). Diversion of crops or land into
bioenergy production can induce food commodity prices and food security.

3.4 Direct solar energy

The word “direct” solar energy refers to the energy base for those renewable energy source
technologies that draw on the Sun’s energy directly. Some renewable technologies, such as wind and
ocean thermal, use solar energy after it has been absorbed on the earth and converted to the other
forms. Solar energy technology is obtained from solar irradiance to generate electricity using
photovoltaic (PV) (Asumadu-Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016d) and concentrating solar power (CSP), to
produce thermal energy, to meet direct lighting needs and, potentially, to produce fuels that might be
used for transport and other purposes (Edenhofer et al., 2011). According to the World Energy Council
(2023), “the total energy from solar radiation falling on the earth was more than 7,500 times the
World’s total annual primary energy consumption of 450 EJ” (Urban & Mitchell, 2021).

3.5 Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy is obtained naturally from the earth’s interior as heat energy source. The origin of
the heat is linked with the internal structure of the planet and the physical processes occurring there.
Although heat is present in the earth’s crust in huge quantities, not to mention the deepest parts, it is
unevenly distributed, rarely concentrated, and often at depths too great to be exploited mechanically.
Geothermal gradient averages about 30°C/km. There are areas of the earth’s interior which are
accessible by drilling, and where the gradient is well above the average gradient (Barbier, 2022). Heat
is mined from geothermal reservoirs using wells and other means. Reservoirs that are naturally
adequately hot and permeable are called hydrothermal reservoirs, while reservoirs that are satisfactorily
hot but are improved with hydraulic stimulation are called enhanced geothermal systems (ESG). Once
drawn to the surface, fluids of various temperatures can be used to generate electricity and other
purposes that require the use of heat energy (Edenhofer et al., 2021).
3.6 Wind energy

The emergence of wind as an important source of the World’s energy has taken a commanding lead
among renewable sources. Wind exists everywhere in the world, in some places with considerable
energy density (Manwell, McGowan, & Rogers, 2019). Wind energy harnesses kinetic energy from
moving air. The primary application of the importance to climate change mitigation is to produce
electricity from large turbines located onshore (land) or offshore (in sea or fresh water) (Asumadu-
Sarkodie & Owusu, 2023). Onshore wind energy technologies are already being manufactured and
deployed on large scale (Edenhofer et al., 2021). Wind turbines convert the energy of wind into
electricity.

3.7 Ocean energy (tide and wave)

Surface waves are created when wind passes over water (Ocean). The faster the wind speed, the longer
the wind is sustained, the greater distance the wind travels, the greater the wave height, and the greater
the wave energy produced (Jacobson & Delucchi, 2020). The ocean stores enough energy to meet the
total worldwide demand for power many times over in the form of waves, tide, currents and heat. The
year 2008 saw the beginning of the first generation of commercial Ocean energy devices, with the first
units being installed in the UK-SeaGen and Portugal-Pelamis. There are presently four ways of
obtaining energy from sea areas, namely from Wind, Tides, Wave.

CONCLUSION

Energy is a need to enhance human progress that contributes to economic growth and competitiveness
in our daily lives. The move to renewables to assistance with temperature change is a positive way
forward, but it must be affordable in order to have a stable future in which to satisfy its energy
requirements. Awareness of the ties among supportable development as well as renewable resources of
energy in specific is tranquil negligible. The paper explored the feasibility of green energy technologies
and how the transition from conventional to renewable fuels will lead to the mitigation and impacts of
climate change. Analysis of records used qualitative analyzes in the field of analysis. Since the entire
clean energy loop has no net emissions that contribute to offset futuristic worldwide greenhouse gas
releases. The costs, prices, the radical climate and business dynamics have however been obstacles to
emerging, least-developed and industrialized countries exploiting their full potential. It will lower the
cost of renewable energies by creating global opportunities concluded worldwide collaboration which
backings less-developed as well as developing nations through access to renewable energy as well as
energy conservation, green energy technologies and research and power infrastructure innovation,
breaking down energy conservation barriers (high discount rates) and encouraging new climate change.

The study brought to light the opportunities associated with renewable energy sources; energy security,
energy access, social and economic development and climate change mitigation and reduction of
environmental and health impacts. There are challenges that tend to hinder the sustainability of
renewable energy sources and its ability to mitigate climate change. These challenges are: market
failures, lack of information, access to raw materials for future renewable resource deployment, and
most importantly our (humans) way of utilizing energy in an inefficient way. From the findings, the
following suggestions are made that can help improve the concerns of renewable energy being
sustainable and also reduce the rate of the depletion of the ozone layer due to the emissions of GHG
especially carbon dioxide (CO2 :

• Formulation of policies and discussions from all sectors towards the improvement of
technologies in the renewable sector to sustain them.

• Changes in our use of energy in a more efficient way as individuals, countries and the world as
a whole.

• Efforts that aim at increasing the share of renewable energy and clean fossil fuel technologies
into global energy portfolio will help reduce climate change and its impacts. Energy efficiency
programmes should be introduced globally, which give tax exemptions to firms who prove to
provide energy efficiency initiatives (energy-efficient homes), product design (energyefficient
equipment) and services (industrial combined heat and power).

• Introducing the concept of usability, adaptability and accessibility into energy-dependent