1. Define muscle tone in physiological terms.

Answer: 1. Muscle tone is the continuous and passive partial contraction of muscles, which helps

maintain posture.

2. Distinguish between spasticity and rigidity (types of hypertonia). Mention in which

condition each occurs.

Answer: 2. Spasticity is velocity-dependent increased muscle tone with exaggerated tendon jerks,

seen in upper motor neuron lesions (e.g., stroke). Rigidity is increased muscle tone that is not

velocity-dependent, often seen in Parkinson's disease.

3. Define: Hemiparesis, hemiplegia, paraplegia, quadriplegia.

Answer: 3. Hemiparesis: Weakness on one side of the body. Hemiplegia: Paralysis on one side of

the body. Paraplegia: Paralysis of both lower limbs. Quadriplegia: Paralysis of all four limbs.

4. Describe two tests of coordination (other than those mentioned in your record).

Answer: 4. Finger-to-nose test and heel-to-shin test are coordination tests.

5. What is hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and atrophy of muscles?

Answer: 5. Hypertrophy is the increase in muscle size due to enlargement of existing cells.

Hyperplasia is the increase in muscle size due to an increase in the number of muscle cells. Atrophy

is the decrease in muscle size due to loss of muscle tissue.

6. What is rigidity? Give an example.

Answer: 6. Rigidity is uniform resistance to passive movement throughout the range of motion.

Example: Parkinson's disease.

7. How do you grade the power of muscles?

Answer: 7. Muscle power is graded from 0 to 5. 0 = No contraction, 1 = Flicker, 2 = Movement with

gravity eliminated, 3 = Movement against gravity, 4 = Movement against resistance, 5 = Normal

power.

8. What is the normal grade?

9. Which is the major descending motor tract?

Answer: 9. The major descending motor tract is the corticospinal tract.

10. Name some extrapyramidal tracts.

Answer: 10. Extrapyramidal tracts include reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, rubrospinal, and tectospinal

tracts.

11. Which is the primary motor area of the cortex?

Answer: 11. The primary motor area of the cortex is the precentral gyrus (Brodmann area 4).

12. What is paralysis and paresis?

Answer: 12. Paralysis is complete loss of muscle function; paresis is partial loss of strength.

13. When does winging of the scapula occur?

Answer: 13. Winging of the scapula occurs due to paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle (long

thoracic nerve injury).

14. What is 'Saturday night' palsy?

Answer: 14. 'Saturday night palsy' is radial nerve palsy due to compression of the nerve, often from

prolonged pressure on the arm.

15. What is chorea? Give examples.

Answer: 15. Chorea is rapid, involuntary, jerky movements. Examples: Huntington's disease,

Sydenham's chorea.

16. What is athetosis? Give examples.

Answer: 16. Athetosis is slow, writhing involuntary movements. Example: Cerebral palsy.

17. What is hemiballismus? Give examples.

Answer: 17. Hemiballismus is violent, flinging movements on one side of the body. Example: Lesion

in the subthalamic nucleus.

18. What is Parkinsonism?

postural instability.

19. What is tremor? Classify with examples.

Answer: 19. A tremor is an involuntary rhythmic muscle contraction. Types: Resting (Parkinson's),

Intention (cerebellar disease), Postural (essential tremor).

20. What happens when the radial and ulnar nerves are paralyzed?

Answer: 20. Radial nerve paralysis: Wrist drop. Ulnar nerve paralysis: Claw hand.

21. Name some abnormal gaits and mention the conditions where they occur.

Answer: 21. Abnormal gaits: Ataxic gait (cerebellar disease), Spastic gait (stroke), Festinating gait

(Parkinsonism), Waddling gait (muscular dystrophy).

22. What is a stretch reflex?

Answer: 22. A stretch reflex is a muscle contraction in response to stretching within the muscle.

23. What is Jendrassik's maneuver?

Answer: 23. Jendrassik's maneuver involves clenching teeth or interlocking fingers and pulling, used

to enhance reflexes.

24. What are the different aspects of motor functions that are assessed while examining the

motor system.

Answer: 24. Motor function aspects: Muscle bulk, tone, power, coordination, gait, and reflexes.

25. How do you measure the bulk of the muscles in the upper and lower limbs? Name four

bony landmarks.

Answer: 25. Measure bulk using tape measure at mid-arm, mid-thigh, calf, and forearm. Bony

landmarks: Olecranon, patella, medial malleolus, greater trochanter.

26. How do you estimate the strength of the intrinsic muscles of the hand?

Answer: 26. Estimate hand muscle strength via opposition test, paper grip test, and finger

abduction/adduction.
27. How do you assess the strength of the trunk muscles?

Answer: 27. Assess trunk muscles by observing posture, sit-up test, and resistance tests in different

planes.

28. How do you assess the strength of extensors and flexors of the knee and thigh?

Answer: 28. Knee extensors: Ask to extend leg against resistance. Knee flexors: Ask to flex knee

against resistance. Thigh flexors/extensors assessed by raising leg while prone or supine.

29. Define a reflex.

Answer: 29. A reflex is an involuntary, instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus.

30. Draw and label a reflex arc.

Answer: 30. (Reflex Arc) - Components: Receptor, Sensory neuron, Integration center, Motor

neuron, Effector.

31. How will you grade a reflex?

Answer: 31. Reflex grading: 0 = Absent, 1+ = Hypoactive, 2+ = Normal, 3+ = Brisk, 4+ = Hyperactive

with clonus.

32. List the differences between upper motor neuron lesions and lower motor neuron lesions.

Answer: 32. UMN vs LMN lesions: UMN - Increased tone, brisk reflexes, Babinski positive. LMN -

Decreased tone, absent reflexes, muscle wasting.

33. What is clonus?

Answer: 33. Clonus is rhythmic, involuntary muscle contractions due to sudden stretch, often seen in

UMN lesions.

34. What is the Babinski sign?

Answer: 34. Babinski sign is dorsiflexion of the big toe on stroking the sole, indicating UMN lesion.

35. Give the different classifications of reflexes.

Answer: 35. Reflexes classified into superficial (abdominal), deep (knee jerk), and visceral

(pupillary).
36. What is the Jendrassik maneuver? Give its importance.

Answer: 36. Jendrassik maneuver: Used to enhance weak reflexes by engaging other muscles and

distracting the patient.

37. What is the root value of knee jerk, biceps jerk, and ankle jerk?

Answer: 37. Root values: Knee jerk - L3, L4; Biceps jerk - C5, C6; Ankle jerk - S1, S2.

38. What is the crossed extensor reflex?

Answer: 38. Crossed extensor reflex: When one limb withdraws from a stimulus, the opposite limb

extends to support the body.

39. What is the root value of abdominal and plantar reflex?

Answer: 39. Abdominal reflex - T7-T12, Plantar reflex - L5, S1.