Hiking

A hike is a long, vigorous walk, usually on

trails or footpaths in the countryside. Walking
for pleasure developed in Europe during the
eighteenth century.[1] Long hikes as part of a
religious pilgrimage have existed for a much
longer time. "Hiking" is the preferred term in
Canada and the United States; the term
"walking" is used in these regions for shorter,
particularly urban walks. In the United
Kingdom and Ireland, the word "walking"
describes all forms of walking, whether it is a
walk in the park or backpacking in the Alps. Hiking in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado
The word hiking is also often used in the UK,
along with rambling, hillwalking, and fell
walking (a term mostly used for hillwalking in
northern England). The term bushwalking is
endemic to Australia, having been adopted by
the Sydney Bush Walkers Club in 1927.[2] In
New Zealand a long, vigorous walk or hike is
called tramping.[3] It is a popular activity with
numerous hiking organizations worldwide, and
studies suggest that all forms of walking have
health benefits.[4][5]

Related terms A hiker enjoying the view of the Alps

In the United States, Canada, Ireland, and the

United Kingdom, hiking means walking outdoors on a trail,
or off trail, for recreational purposes.[6] A day hike refers to a
hike that can be completed in a single day. However, in the
United Kingdom, the word walking is also used, as well as
rambling, while walking in mountainous areas is called
hillwalking. In Northern England, Including the Lake District
and Yorkshire Dales, fell walking describes hill or mountain
walks, as fell is the common word for both features there.

Hiking sometimes involves bushwhacking and is sometimes The Karhunkierros ("Bear's Round"), an
80 km (50 mi) long hiking trail through the
referred to as such. This specifically refers to difficult
Oulanka National Park in Kuusamo,
walking through dense forest, undergrowth, or bushes where Finland
forward progress requires pushing vegetation aside. In
extreme cases of bushwhacking, where the vegetation is so
dense that human passage is impeded, a machete is used to clear a pathway. The Australian term
bushwalking refers to both on and off-trail hiking.[7] Common terms for hiking used by New Zealanders
are tramping (particularly for overnight and longer trips),[8] walking or bushwalking. Trekking is the
preferred word used to describe multi-day hiking in the mountainous regions of India, Pakistan, Nepal,
North America, South America, Iran, and the highlands of East Africa. Hiking a long-distance trail from
end-to-end is also referred to as trekking and as thru-hiking in some places.[9] In North America, multi-
day hikes, usually with camping, are referred to as backpacking.[6]

History
The poet Petrarch is frequently mentioned as an early example of
someone hiking. Petrarch recounts that on April 26, 1336, with his
brother and two servants, he climbed to the top of Mont Ventoux
(1,912 meters (6,273 ft)), a feat which he undertook for recreation
rather than necessity.[10] The exploit is described in a celebrated letter
addressed to his friend and confessor, the monk Dionigi di Borgo San
Sepolcro, composed some time after the fact. However, some have
suggested that Petrarch's climb was fictional.[11][12]

Jakob Burckhardt, in The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (in

German in 1860) declared Petrarch "a truly modern man", because of
the significance of nature for his "receptive spirit"; even if he did not
yet have the skill to describe nature.[13] Petrarch's implication that he
was the first to climb mountains for pleasure, and Burckhardt's
Hiking fashion, 11 July 1932 insistence on Petrarch's sensitivity to nature have been often repeated
since. There are also numerous references to Petrarch as an
"alpinist",[14] although Mont Ventoux is not a hard climb, and is not
usually considered part of the Alps.[15] This implicit claim of Petrarch and Burckhardt, that Petrarch was
the first to climb a mountain for pleasure since antiquity, was disproven by Lynn Thorndike in
1943.[16]: 69–74 Mount Ventoux was climbed by Jean Buridan, on his way to the papal court in Avignon
before the year 1334, "in order to make some meteorological observations".[17][18] There were ascents
accomplished during the Middle Ages;[19][16]: 69–74 Lynn Thorndike mentions that "a book on feeling for
nature in Germany in the tenth and eleventh centuries, noted various ascents and descriptions of
mountains from that period", and that "in the closing years of his life archbishop Anno II, Archbishop of
Cologne (c. 1010 – 1075) climbed his beloved mountain oftener than usual".[16]: 71–72

Other early examples of individuals hiking or climbing mountains for pleasure include the Roman
Emperor, Hadrian, who ascended Mount Etna during a return trip from Greece in 125 CE. In 1275, Peter
III of Aragon claimed to have reached the summit of Pic du Canigou, a 9134-foot mountain located near
the southern tip of France. The first ascent of any technical difficulty to be officially verified took place
on June 26, 1492, when Antoine de Ville, a chamberlain and military engineer for Charles VIII, King of
France, was ordered to ascend Mont Aiguille. Because ropes, ladders and iron hooks were used during the
ascent, this event is widely recognized as being the birth of mountaineering. Conrad Gessner, a 16th
Century physician, botanist and naturalist from Switzerland, is widely recognized as being the first person
to hike and climb for sheer pleasure.[20]
However, the idea of taking a walk in the countryside only really developed during the 18th century in
Europe, and arose because of changing attitudes to the landscape and nature associated with the Romantic
movement.[21] In 1790 William Wordsworth set off on an extended tour of France, Switzerland, and
Germany, which he describes in his autobiographical poem The Prelude (1850). Walking tours were
popular in the 19th century, In earlier times walking generally indicated poverty and was also associated
with vagrancy.[22]: 83, 297 In previous centuries long walks were undertaken as part of religious
pilgrimages and this tradition continues throughout the world.

Pilgrimages
In earlier times people mainly hiked for practical reasons, or on religious pilgrimages. Numerous modern
hiking trail follow such ancient routes. The British National Trail the North Downs Way closely follows
that of the Pilgrims' Way to Canterbury.[23]

The ancient pilgrimage, the Camino de Santiago, or Way of

St. James, has become more recently the source for a number
of long-distance hiking routes. This is a network of pilgrims'
ways leading to the shrine of the apostle Saint James the
Great in the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia in
northwestern Spain. Many follow its routes as a form of
spiritual path or retreat for their spiritual growth.

The French Way is the most popular of the routes and runs
from Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port on the French side of the
The Cathedral of Santiago de Pyrenees to Roncesvalles on the Spanish side and then
Compostela
another 780 kilometres (480 mi) on to Santiago de
Compostela through the major cities of Pamplona, Logroño,
Burgos and León. A typical walk on the Camino francés takes at least four weeks, allowing for one or
two rest days on the way. Some travel the Camino on bicycle or on horseback. Paths from the cities of
Tours, Vézelay, and Le Puy-en-Velay meet at Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port.[24] The French long-distance path
GR 65 (of the Grande Randonnée network), is an important variant route of the old Christian pilgrimage
way.

The Abraham Path is a cultural route believed to have been the path of Islamic, Christian, and Jewish
patriarch Abraham's ancient journey across the Ancient Near East.[25] The path was established in 2007 as
a pilgrimage route between Urfa, Turkey, possibly his birthplace, and his final destination of the desert of
Negev.

German-speaking world
The Swiss scientist and poet Albrecht von Haller's poem Die Alpen (1732) is an historically important
early sign of an awakening appreciation of the mountains, though it is chiefly designed to contrast the
simple and idyllic life of the inhabitants of the Alps with the corrupt and decadent existence of the
dwellers in the plains.[26]
Numerous travellers explored Europe on foot in the last third of the 18th century and recorded their
experiences. A significant example is Johann Gottfried Seume, who set out on foot from Leipzig to Sicily
in 1801, and returned to Leipzig via Paris after nine months.[27]

United Kingdom
Thomas West, a Scottish priest, popularized the idea of
walking for pleasure in his guide to the Lake District of 1778.
In the introduction he wrote that he aimed

to encourage the taste of visiting the lakes by

furnishing the traveller with a Guide; and for that
purpose, the writer has here collected and laid
before him, all the select stations and points of
view, noticed by those authors who have last
made the tour of the lakes, verified by his own Claife Station, built at one of Thomas
repeated observations.[28] West's 'viewing stations', to allow visiting
tourists and artists to better appreciate
the picturesque Lake District, Cumbria,
To this end he included various 'stations' or viewpoints England.
around the lakes, from which tourists would be encouraged to
enjoy the views in terms of their aesthetic qualities.[29]
Published in 1778 the book was a major success.[30]

Another famous early exponent of walking for pleasure was the

English poet William Wordsworth. His famous poem Tintern Abbey
was inspired by a visit to the Wye Valley made during a walking tour
of Wales in 1798 with his sister Dorothy Wordsworth. Wordsworth's
friend Coleridge was another keen walker and in the autumn of 1799,
he and Wordsworth undertook a three-week tour of the Lake District.
John Keats, who belonged to the next generation of Romantic poets
began, in June 1818, a walking tour of Scotland, Ireland, and the Lake
District with his friend Charles Armitage Brown.

More and more people undertook walking tours through the 19th
century, of which the most famous is probably Robert Louis
Stevenson's journey through the Cévennes in France with a donkey,
recorded in his Travels with a Donkey (1879). Stevenson also
published in 1876 his famous essay "Walking Tours". The subgenre of
Map of Robert Louis travel writing produced many classics in the subsequent 20th century.
Stevenson's walking route in An early American example of a book that describes an extended
the Cévennes, France, taken walking tour is naturalist John Muir's A Thousand Mile Walk to the
from Travels with a Donkey in
Gulf (1916), a posthumously published account of a long botanizing
the Cévennes (1879), a
walk, undertaken in 1867.
pioneering classic of outdoor
literature.
Due to industrialisation in England, people began to migrate to the
cities where living standards were often cramped and unsanitary. They
would escape the confines of the city by rambling about in the countryside. However, the land in
England, particularly around the urban areas of Manchester and Sheffield, was privately owned and
trespass was illegal. Rambling clubs soon sprang up in the north and began politically campaigning for
the legal 'right to roam'. One of the first such clubs was 'Sunday Tramps' founded by Leslie White in
1879. The first national grouping, the Federation of Rambling Clubs, was formed in London in 1905 and
was heavily patronized by the peerage.[31]

Access to Mountains bills, that would have legislated the public's 'right to roam' across some private land,
were periodically presented to Parliament from 1884 to 1932 without success. Finally, in 1932, the
Rambler's Right Movement organized a mass trespass on Kinder Scout in Derbyshire. Despite attempts
on the part of the police to prevent the trespass from going ahead, it was successfully achieved due to
massive publicity. However, the Mountain Access Bill that was passed in 1939 was opposed by many
walkers' organizations, including The Ramblers, who felt that it did not sufficiently protect their rights,
and it was eventually repealed.[32]

The effort to improve access led after World War II to the National Parks and Access to the Countryside
Act 1949, and in 1951 to the creation of the first national park in the UK, the Peak District National
Park.[33] The establishment of this and similar national parks helped to improve access for all outdoors
enthusiasts.[34] The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 considerably extended the right to roam in
England and Wales.[35][36]

United States
An early example of an interest in hiking in the United States
is Abel Crawford and his son Ethan's clearing of a trail to the
summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire in 1819.[37]
This 8.5-mile path is the oldest continually used hiking trail in
the United States. The influence of British and European
Romanticism reached North America through the
transcendentalist movement, and both Ralph Waldo Emerson
(1803–82) and Henry David Thoreau (1817–62) were
important influences on the outdoors movement in North
America. Thoreau's writing on nature and on walking include Thoreau walked 34 miles (55 km) to
the posthumously published "Walking" (1862)". [38] His Mount Wachusett, shown here.
earlier essay "A Walk to Wachusett" (1842) describes a four-
day walking tour Thoreau took with a companion from
Concord, Massachusetts to the summit of Mount Wachusett, Princeton, Massachusetts and back.
Established in 1876, the Appalachian Mountain Club has the distinction of being the oldest hiking club in
America. It was founded to protect the trails and mountains in the northeastern United States. Prior to its
founding, four other hiking clubs had already been established in America. This included the very short-
lived (first) Rocky Mountain Club in 1875, the White Mountain Club of Portland in 1873, the Alpine
Club of Williamstown in 1863, and the Exploring Circle, which was established by four men from Lynn,
Massachusetts in 1850. Although not a hiking club in the same sense as the clubs that would emerge later,
the National Park Service recognizes the Exploring Circle as being "the first hiking club in New
England."[39] All four of these clubs would disband within a few years of their founding.[20]
Despite clubs such as the Appalachian Mountain Club, hiking during the early twentieth century was still
primarily in New England, San Francisco, and the Pacific Northwest. Eventually, there were similar clubs
formed in the Midwest and following the Appalachian range. As interest grew hiking culture was spread
throughout the nation.[1]

The Scottish-born, American naturalist John Muir (1838 –1914), was another important early advocate of
the preservation of wilderness in the United States. He petitioned the U.S. Congress for the National Park
bill that was passed in 1890, establishing Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks. The Sierra Club, which
he founded, is now one of the most important conservation organizations in the United States. The
spiritual quality and enthusiasm toward nature expressed in his writings inspired others, including
presidents and congressmen, to take action to help preserve large areas of undeveloped countryside.[40]
He is today referred to as the "Father of the National Parks".[41] In 1916, the National Park Service was
created to protect national parks and monuments.[42][43][44]

In 1921, Benton MacKaye, a forester, conceived the idea of what would become America's first National
Scenic Trail, the Appalachian trail (AT). The AT was completed in August 1937, running from Maine to
Georgia. The Pacific Crest Trail ("PCT") was first explored in the 1930s by the YMCA hiking groups and
was eventually registered as a complete border to border trail from Mexico to Canada.[45]

Destinations
National parks are often important hiking destinations, such
as National Parks of England and Wales; of Canada; of New
Zealand, of South Africa, etc.

Frequently, nowadays long-distance hikes (walking tours) are

undertaken along long-distance paths, including the National
Trails in England and Wales, the Kungsleden (Sweden) and
the National Trail System in the United States. The Grande
Randonnée (France), Grote Routepaden, or Lange-afstand-
wandelpaden (The Netherlands), Grande Rota (Portugal),
Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Gran Recorrido (Spain) is a network of long-distance
footpaths in Europe, mostly in France, Belgium, the
Netherlands and Spain. There are extensive networks in other European countries of long-distance trails,
as well as in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Nepal, and to a lesser extent other Asiatic countries, like
Turkey, Israel, and Jordan. In the mountains of Norway, Sweden, Austria, Slovenia, Switzerland,
Germany, France, and Italy walking tours can be made from 'hut-to-hut', using an extensive system of
mountain huts.

In the late 20th-century, there has been a proliferation of official and unofficial long-distance routes,
which mean that hikers now are more likely to refer to using a long-distance way (Britain), trail (US), The
Grande Randonnée (France), etc., than setting out on a walking tour. Early examples of long-distance
paths include the Appalachian Trail in the US and the Pennine Way in Britain.

Organized hiking clubs emerged in Europe at approximately the same time as official hiking trails. These
clubs established and upheld their own paths during the 19th and 20th centuries, prioritizing the
development of extended hiking routes. In 1938, one of the first long-distance hiking trails in Europe, the
Hungarian National Blue Trail, was established, stretching
approximately 62 miles (100 km).

Asia
In the Middle East, the Jordan Trail is a 650 km (400 miles) long
hiking trail in Jordan established in 2015 by the Jordan Trail
Association. And Israel has been described as "a trekker's paradise"
with over 9,656 km (6,000 miles) of trails.[46]

In southwestern Turkey the Lycian Way is a marked long-distance trail

around part of the coast of ancient Lycia.[47] It is over 500 km (310 mi)
in length and stretches from Hisarönü (Ovacık), near Fethiye, to
Geyikbayırı in Konyaaltı about 20 km (12 mi) from Antalya. It was The King Talal Dam in Jerash
lies along the Jordan Trail in
conceived by Briton Kate Clow, who lives in Turkey. It takes its name
Jordan
from the ancient civilization, which once ruled the area.[47]

The Great Himalaya Trail

is a route across the
Himalayas. The original
concept of the trail was to
establish a single long
distance trekking trail from
A hiker at the Goecha La Trek, in West the east end to the west end
Sikkim district of Sikkim. of Nepal that includes a
Youth hiking in Israel
total of roughly 1,700
kilometres (1,100 mi) of
path. The proposed trail will link together a range of the less explored tourism destinations of Nepal's
mountain region.[48]

Latin America
In Latin America, Peru and Chile are important hiking destinations. The Inca Trail to Machu Picchu in
Peru is very popular and a permit is required. The longest hiking trail in Chile is the informal 3,000 km
(1,850 mi) Greater Patagonia Trail that was created by a non-governmental initiative.[49]

Africa
In Africa a major trekking destination[50] is Mount Kilimanjaro, a dormant volcano in Tanzania, which is
the highest mountain in Africa and the highest single free-standing mountain in the world: 5,895 metres
(19,341 ft) above sea level and about 4,900 metres (16,100 ft) above its plateau base.[51]

According to the Kilimanjaro National Park Authority, 467,190 travelers visited Mount Kilimanjaro
between 2013 and 2022, with over 45,000 climbers recorded in 2023. [52]
Equipment
The equipment required depends on a variety of factors, such
as terrain, climate and time of year. Hikers have traditionally
worn sturdy hiking boots[6] for stability, however, in recent
decades this has become less common.[53] Boots, however,
are still common in mountainous terrain. The Mountaineers
club recommends a list of "Ten Essentials" equipment for
hiking, including a compass, sunglasses, sunscreen, a head
lamp, a first aid kit, a fire starter, and a knife.[54] Other
recommend items are a hat, gloves, and an emergency
blanket.[55] A GPS navigation device can also be helpful and Backpacks are commonly used on hikes
trekking poles are also recommended, especially when
carrying a heavy backpack.[56]

Environmental impact
Natural environments are often fragile and may be
accidentally damaged[57] and some species are very sensitive
to the presence of humans, especially around mating season.
Many hikers adopt the philosophy of Leave No Trace,
following strict practices on dealing with food waste, and
other impacts on the environment.[58] Fire is a particular
source of danger.

Parts of many hiking trails around Lake

Etiquette Mohonk, New York State, US, include
stairways which can prevent erosion
Because hikers may come into conflict with other users of the
land or may harm the natural environment, hiking etiquette
has developed.

When two groups of hikers meet on a steep trail, a custom has developed in some areas
whereby the group moving uphill has the right-of-way.[59]
Various organizations recommend that hikers generally avoid making loud sounds, such as
shouting or loud conversation, playing music, or the use of mobile phones.[59] However, in
bear country, hikers use intentional noise-making as a safety precaution to avoid startling
bears.
The Leave No Trace movement offers a set of guidelines for low-impact hiking: "Leave
nothing but footprints. Take nothing but photos. Kill nothing but time. Keep nothing but
memories".[60]
Hikers are advised not to feed wild animals, because they will become a danger to other
hikers if they become habituated to human food, and may have to be killed, or relocated.[61]
Hikers are advised to verify whether tour operators adhere to fair treatment practices for
their support crews, including providing proper wages and working conditions for porters.[62]
Hazards
Hiking can be hazardous because of terrain, inclement
weather, potential to get lost, or pre-existing medical
conditions. The dangerous[63] circumstances hikers can face
include specific accidents or physical ailments. It is especially
hazardous in high mountains, crossing rivers and glaciers, and
when there is snow and ice. At times hiking may involve
scrambling, as well as the use of ropes, ice axes and crampons
and the skill to properly use them.
Hiking on an arête, Ötztal Alps, Austria;
Potential hazards involving physical ailments may include
an example of a hiking route that involves
dehydration, frostbite, hypothermia, sunburn, sunstroke, or sure-footedness, and a head for heights
diarrhea,[64] and such injuries as ankle sprains, or broken
bones.[65] Hypothermia is a danger for all hikers and
especially inexperienced hikers. Weather does not need to be very cold to be dangerous since ordinary
rain or mist has a strong cooling effect. In high mountains a further danger is altitude sickness. This
typically occurs only above 2,500 metres (8,000 ft), though some are affected at lower altitudes.[66][67]
Risk factors include a prior episode of altitude sickness, a high degree of activity, and a rapid increase in
elevation.[66]

Other threats include attacks by animals (e.g., bears, snakes, and insects such as ticks that carry Lyme) or
contact with noxious plants (e.g., poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac. Lightning is also a threat,
especially on high ground.

Walkers in high mountains may encounter hazardous snow and ice conditions.[68] Year round glaciers are
potentially hazardous.[69] The crossing of rivers may be dangerous and requires special techniques.[70]

Border crossings
Borders can be poorly marked and in 2009, Iran imprisoned three Americans for hiking across the Iran-
Iraq border.[71] It is illegal to cross into the US on the Pacific Crest Trail from Canada. Going south to
north it is more straightforward and a crossing can be made, if advanced arrangements are made with
Canada Border Services. Within the Schengen Area, which includes most of the E.U., and associated
nations like Switzerland and Norway, there are no impediments to crossing by path, and borders are not
always obvious.[72]

Winter hiking
Hiking in winter offers additional opportunities, challenges and hazards. Crampons may be needed in icy
conditions, and an ice ax is recommended on steep, snow covered paths. Snowshoes and hiking poles, or
cross country skis are useful aid for those hiking in deep snow.[73]
Cross country skiing is a form of winter hiking and in
Norway the Norwegian Trekking Association maintains over
400 huts stretching across thousands of kilometres of trails
which hikers can use in the summer and skiers in the
winter.[74] For longer routes in snowy conditions, hikers may
resort to ski touring, using special skis and boots.[75]

See also
Snowshoers in Bryce Canyon, Utah, U.S.
American Hiking Society
Historic roads and trails
Outdoor literature
Trail difficulty rating system

Types
Backpacking (hiking). And, in winter, Ski touring
Dog hiking – hiking where a dog carries a pack
Fastpacking – fast hiking with light gear
Glacier hiking – hiking on a glacier that has affinities
to mountaineering Cross-country skiing (including Ski
touring) gives access to hiking trails in
Llama hiking – hiking where llamas accompany
winter
people
Nordic Walking – fitness walking with trekking poles
Swimhiking – a sport that combines hiking and swimming
Ultralight backpacking – carrying the least amount of gear necessary
Waterfalling – hiking that explores waterfalls

Related activities
Cross-country skiing – hiking snow with the aid of skis
Fell running – the sport of running over rough mountainous ground, often off-trail
Geocaching – an outdoor treasure-hunting game
Orienteering – a sport that involves navigation with a map and compass
Peak bagging – ticking-off a list of mountain peaks climbed
Pilgrimage – a journey of moral or spiritual significance
River trekking – a combination of trekking and climbing and sometimes swimming along a
river
Rogaining – a sport of long-distance cross-country navigation
Snow shoeing – walking across deep snow on snow shoes
Thru-hiking – hiking an established long-distance hiking trail continuously in one direction
Trail blazing – using signages to mark a hiking route (known as way-marking in Europe)
Trail running – running on trails
References
1. Amato, Joseph A. (2004). On Foot: A History of Walking (https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg
056). NYU Press. pp. 101–24. ISBN 978-0-8147-0502-5. JSTOR j.ctt9qg056 (https://www.jst
or.org/stable/j.ctt9qg056). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190518232107/https://w
ww.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg056) from the original on 2019-05-18. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
2. "Sydney Bush Walkers Club's history" (http://www.sbw.org.au/About-Us). Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20170222070309/http://www.sbw.org.au/About-Us) from the original on
2017-02-22. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
3. Orsman, HW (1999). The Dictionary of New Zealand English. Auckland: Oxford University
Press. ISBN 0-19-558347-7.
4. McKinney, John (2009-03-22). "For Good Health: Take a Hike!" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20110429134930/http://www.miller-mccune.com/health/for-good-health-take-a-hike-386
2/). Miller-McCune. Archived from the original (http://www.miller-mccune.com/health/for-goo
d-health-take-a-hike-3862) on 2011-04-29.
5. "A Step in the Right Direction: The health benefits of hiking and trails" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20110911214046/http://atfiles.org/files/pdf/AHShealthben.pdf) (PDF). American
Hiking Society. Archived from the original (http://atfiles.org/files/pdf/AHShealthben.pdf)
(PDF) on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
6. Keller, Kristin T. (2007). Hiking (https://archive.org/details/hikingkkell00thoe). Capstone
Press. ISBN 978-0-7368-0916-0.
7. "Bushwalking Australia home" (http://www.bushwalkingaustralia.org/). Bushwalking
Australia. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160322213952/http://www.bushwalkinga
ustralia.org/) from the original on 2016-03-22. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
8. Orsman, HW (1999). The Dictionary of New Zealand English. Auckland: Oxford University
Press. ISBN 9780195583472.
9. Mueser, Roland (1997). Long-Distance Hiking: Lessons from the Appalachian Trail (https://a
rchive.org/details/longdistancehiki00mues). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-044458-7.
10. Nicolson, Marjorie Hope. Mountain Gloom and Mountain Hlory; The Development of the
Aesthetics of the Infinite (http://worldcat.org/oclc/1031245016). W.W. Norton & Co., Inc.
[1963, c1959]. p. 49. OCLC 1031245016 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1031245016).
11. Cassirer, Ernst (January 1943). "Some Remarks on the Question of the Originality of the
Renaissance". Journal of the History of Ideas. 4 (1). University of Pennsylvania Press: 49–
74. doi:10.2307/2707236 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2707236). JSTOR 2707236 (https://w
ww.jstor.org/stable/2707236).
12. Halsall, Paul (August 1998). "Petrarch: The Ascent of Mount Ventoux" (http://www.fordham.e
du/halsall/source/petrarch-ventoux.asp). fordham.edu. Fordham University. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20140108135452/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/petrarch-vent
oux.asp) from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
13. "Civilization, Part IV §3, beginning" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070203015126/http://ww
w.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/4-3.html). Archived from the original (http://
www.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/4-3.html) on February 3, 2007.
14. Cassirer, Ernst; Kristeller, Paul Oskar; Randall, John Herman (1956). The Renaissance
Philosophy of Man (https://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226149790.001.0001).
University of Chicago Press. p. 28. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226149790.001.0001 (https://d
oi.org/10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226149790.001.0001). ISBN 978-0-226-09604-9.
15. Bishop, p.102,104
16. Thorndike, Lynn (Jan 1943). "Renaissance or Prenaissance" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/27
07236). Journal of the History of Ideas. 4 (1). JSTOR 2707236 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/
2707236). JSTOR link to a collection of several letters in the same issue.
17. Moody, Ernest A. "Jean Buridan" (http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/scholastic/Dictionary%2
0of%20Scientific%20Biography/08.%20Buridan%20b.%20ca.%201295%20(Moody).pdf)
(PDF). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202102131
73420/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/scholastic/Dictionary%20of%20Scientific%20Biogr
aphy/08.%20Buridan%20b.%20ca.%201295%20(Moody).pdf) (PDF) from the original on
2021-02-13. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
18. Kimmelman, Michael (1999-06-06). "NOT Because it's There" (https://www.nytimes.com/199
9/06/06/magazine/not-because-it-s-there.html). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 (http
s://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023010202
1248/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/06/magazine/not-because-it-s-there.html) from the
original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
19. Burckhardt, Jacob (1904) [1860]. The Civilisation of the Period of the Renaissance in Italy (h
ttps://archive.org/details/civilisationren02middgoog). Translated by Middlemore, SGC. Swan
Sonnenschein. pp. 301–302.
20. Doran, Jeffrey J. (2023). Ramble On: How Hiking Became One of the Most Popular Outdoor
Activities in the World. Amazon Digital Services LLC – Kdp. ISBN 979-8373963923.
21. Abrams, MH, ed. (2000). The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Vol. 2 (7th ed.). pp. 9–
10. ISBN 9780393963380.
22. Solnit, Rebecca (2000). Wanderlust: A History of Walking. New York: Penguin Books.
ISBN 0670882097.
23. "North Downs Way National Trail | Paths by name | Ramblers, Britain's Walking Charity" (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20120728131235/http://www.ramblers.org.uk/info/paths/name/n/n
orthdowns). 2012-07-28. Archived from the original (http://www.ramblers.org.uk/info/paths/n
ame/n/northdowns) on 2012-07-28. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
24. Starkie, Walter (1965) [1957]. The Roads to Santiago: Pilgrims of St. James (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=9xJGrnvuNW4C). University of California Press.
25. "Abraham Path | a cultural route connecting the storied places associated with Abraham's
ancient journey" (http://abrahampath.org/). abrahampath.org. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20170517044116/http://abrahampath.org/) from the original on 2017-05-17.
Retrieved 2017-05-16.
26. Chisholm 1911, p. 855.
27. Krüger, Arnd (2010). Menzel, Anne; Endress, Martin; Hedorfer, Petra; Antz, Christian (eds.).
Wandertourismus: Kundengruppen, Destinationsmarketing, Gesundheitsaspekte (https://ww
w.worldcat.org/oclc/889248430). München. ISBN 978-3-486-70469-3. OCLC 889248430 (htt
ps://search.worldcat.org/oclc/889248430).
28. West, Thomas (1780). A Guide to the Lakes. HardPress. p. 2. ISBN 9780371947258.
29. "Development of tourism in the Lake District National Park" (https://web.archive.org/web/200
81011064752/http://www.lakedistrict.uk7.net/tourist_development.html). Lake District UK.
Archived from the original (http://www.lakedistrict.uk7.net/tourist_development.html) on
October 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
30. "Understanding the National Park — Viewing Stations" (https://web.archive.org/web/201401
04212541/http://www.lakedistrict.gov.uk/learning/lakedistrictfacts/archaeologyhistory/archae
ologydiscoveryzone/archaeologyindepth/archaeologyviewing-stations-2). Lake District
National Park Authority. Archived from the original (http://www.lakedistrict.gov.uk/learning/lak
edistrictfacts/archaeologyhistory/archaeologydiscoveryzone/archaeologyindepth/archaeolog
yviewing-stations-2) on 2014-01-04. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
31. Stephenson, Tom (1989). Forbidden Land: The Struggle for Access to Mountain and
Moorland (https://archive.org/details/forbiddenlandstr0000step). Manchester University
Press. p. 78 (https://archive.org/details/forbiddenlandstr0000step/page/78).
ISBN 9780719028915. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
32. Stephenson, T.; Holt, A.; Harding, M. (1989). "The 1939 Access to Mountains Act".
Forbidden Land: The Struggle for Access to Mountain and Moorland (https://archive.org/det
ails/forbiddenlandstr0000step). Manchester University Press. p. 165 (https://archive.org/deta
ils/forbiddenlandstr0000step/page/165). ISBN 978-0-7190-2966-0.
33. "Quarrying and mineral extraction in the Peak District National Park" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20120127055057/http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/79227/fa
ctsheet4-quarrying.pdf) (PDF). Peak District National Park Authority. 2011. Archived from
the original (http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/79227/factsheet4-qu
arrying.pdf) (PDF) on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
34. "Kinder Trespass. A history of rambling" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120708235247/htt
p://nowthenmagazine.com/issue-52/kinder-trespass/). Archived from the original (http://nowt
henmagazine.com/issue-52/kinder-trespass/) on 2012-07-08. Retrieved 2013-12-17.
35. "Open access land: management, rights and responsibilities" (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/
open-access-land-management-rights-and-responsibilities). GOV.UK. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20210310131952/https://www.gov.uk/guidance/open-access-land-manage
ment-rights-and-responsibilities) from the original on 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
36. "Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000" (https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/37/co
ntents). legislation.gov.uk. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230424163854/https://w
ww.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/37/contents) from the original on 2023-04-24. Retrieved
2023-05-09.
37. Condensed Facts About Mount Washington. Atkinson News Co. 1912.
38. Thoreau, Henry David. "Walking" (https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1862/06/w
alking/304674/). The Atlantic. No. June 1862. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201710
13223718/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1862/06/walking/304674/) from the
original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
39. "Lynn Woods Historic District" (https://www.nps.gov/places/lynn-woods-historic-district.htm).
NPS. 7 July 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
40. "The Life and Contributions of John Muir" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140331043927/htt
p://sierraclub.org/john_muir_exhibit/life/). Sierra Club. Archived from the original (http://www.
sierraclub.org/john_muir_exhibit/life/) on March 31, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
41. Miller, Barbara Kiely (2008). John Muir. Gareth Stevens. p. 10. ISBN 978-0836883183.
42. "Quick History of the National Park Service (U.S. National Park Service)" (https://www.nps.g
ov/articles/quick-nps-history.htm). www.nps.gov. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021
0309170544/https://www.nps.gov/articles/quick-nps-history.htm) from the original on 2021-
03-09. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
43. "National Park Service" (https://www.history.com/topics/us-government/national-park-servic
e). HISTORY. 21 August 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210305201515/http
s://www.history.com/topics/us-government/national-park-service) from the original on 2021-
03-05. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
44. "Congress Creates the National Park Service" (https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/
national-park-service). National Archives. 2016-08-25. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20210326020016/https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/national-park-service) from
the original on 2021-03-26. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
45. "The Top 10 Hiking Trails in the US" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140223095352/http://w
ww.e2e.com/featured/the-top-10-hiking-trails-in-the-us). e2e.com. Archived from the original
(http://www.e2e.com/featured/the-top-10-hiking-trails-in-the-us/) on 2014-02-23. Retrieved
2014-02-12.
46. "Hiking in Israel – a trekkers paradise" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140525030122/http://
mfa.gov.il/MFA/IsraelExperience/Pages/Hiking-in-Israel%E2%80%93a-trekkers-paradise-4-J
ul-2011.aspx). 2012-08-15. Archived from the original (http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/IsraelExperienc
e/Pages/Hiking-in-Israel%E2%80%93a-trekkers-paradise-4-Jul-2011.aspx) on 2014-05-25.
47. "Lycian Way" (https://cultureroutesinturkey.com/the-lycian-way/). Culture Routes Society.
Retrieved 2024-06-16.
48. "Great Himalaya Trails :: Trekking, hiking and walking in Nepal" (https://www.greathimalayatr
ails.com/). Great Himalaya Trails. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201116182132/ht
tps://www.greathimalayatrails.com/) from the original on 2020-11-16. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
49. Dudeck, Jan. "Greater Patagonian Trail" (http://www.wikiexplora.com/index.php/Greater_Pat
agonian_Trail). Wikiexplora. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140828165237/http://w
ww.wikiexplora.com/index.php/Greater_Patagonian_Trail) from the original on 28 August
2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
50. Trimble, Morgan (2016-11-15). "How to climb Kilimanjaro without the crowds" (https://www.t
heguardian.com/travel/2016/nov/15/how-to-climb-kilimanjaro-without-crowds-tanzania). The
Guardian. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230102021245/https://www.theguardian.
com/travel/2016/nov/15/how-to-climb-kilimanjaro-without-crowds-tanzania) from the original
on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
51. Sharaf, Yasir (24 March 2016). "Mount Kilimanjaro Volcanic Cones: Shira, Kibo And
Mawenzi Peaks" (https://xpatsinternational.com/mount-kilimanjaro-volcanic-cones-shira-kibo
-and-mawenzi-peaks/). XPATS International. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021110
5075701/https://xpatsinternational.com/mount-kilimanjaro-volcanic-cones-shira-kibo-and-ma
wenzi-peaks/) from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
52. Kilimanjaro National Park Authority. "Kilimanjaro National Park: Celebrating the Golden
Anniversary in Biodiversity Conservation and Tourism" (https://www.tanzaniaparks.go.tz/uplo
ads/publications/en-1678818900-KNPMGZNE.pdf) (PDF). Tanzania National Parks
Authority. Retrieved 25 December 2024.
53. O'Grady, Kyle (4 December 2015). "The Footwear Debate: Are Trail Runners Superior to
Boots?" (https://thetrek.co/trail-runners-or-boots/). The Trek. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20200728114034/https://thetrek.co/trail-runners-or-boots/) from the original on 28
July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
54. Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills (6th ed.). The Mountaineers. 1997. pp. 35–40.
ISBN 0-89886-427-5.
55. "Ten Essential Groups Article" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110602140202/http://texas.sie
rraclub.org/dallas/page.asp?10essentialgroups). Texas Sierra Club. Archived from the
original (http://texas.sierraclub.org/dallas/page.asp?10essentialgroups) on 2011-06-02.
Retrieved 2011-01-19.
56. "Trekking Poles" (https://americanhiking.org/resources/trekking-poles/). American Hiking
Association. 10 April 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201113163127/https://a
mericanhiking.org/resources/trekking-poles/) from the original on 2020-11-13. Retrieved
2020-11-13.
57. Cole, David. "Impacts of Hiking and Camping on Soils and Vegetation: A Review" (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20100706020403/http://leopold.wilderness.net/research/fprojects/docs12/
Ecotourism.pdf) (PDF). Wilderness. Archived from the original (http://leopold.wilderness.net/
research/fprojects/docs12/Ecotourism.pdf) (PDF) on 2010-07-06.
58. "About Our Mission" (https://lnt.org/about/). Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200916232658/https://lnt.org/about/) from the
original on 2020-09-16. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
59. Devaughn, Melissa (April 1997). "Trail Etiquette" (https://books.google.com/books?id=cd4D
AAAAMBAJ&pg=PA40). Backpacker Magazine. Active Interest Media, Inc. p. 40.
ISSN 0277-867X (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-867X). Retrieved 22 January 2011.
60. "Leave No Trace Seven Principles (U.S. National Park Service)" (https://www.nps.gov/article
s/leave-no-trace-seven-principles.htm). www.nps.gov. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20210318090644/https://www.nps.gov/articles/leave-no-trace-seven-principles.htm) from
the original on 2021-03-18. Retrieved 2021-03-18.
61. "Do Not Feed Wildlife" (https://thamesriver.on.ca/watershed-health/native-species/dont-feed
-wildlife/). Upper Thames River Conservation Authority. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20230102021246/https://thamesriver.on.ca/watershed-health/native-species/dont-feed-wil
dlife/) from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
62. "KPAP: protecting the rights of porters on Kilimanjaro" (https://altezzatravel.com/articles/abo
ut-kpap). Altezza Travel. Retrieved 2024-12-25.
63. "Is Hiking Dangerous?" (https://trekkearth.com/is-hiking-dangerous/). Trekkearth. 17
December 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211218070220/https://trekkearth.
com/is-hiking-dangerous/) from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December
2021.
64. Boulware, D.R.; et al. (2003). "Medical Risks of Wilderness Hiking". American Journal of
Medicine. 114 (4): 288–93. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01494-8 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2
FS0002-9343%2802%2901494-8). PMID 12681456 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12681
456).
65. Goldenberg, Marni; Martin, Bruce (2007). Hiking and Backpacking. Wilderness Education
Association. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-7360-6801-7.
66. "Altitude Diseases – Injuries; Poisoning" (https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuri
es-poisoning/altitude-diseases/altitude-diseases). Merck Manuals Professional Edition. May
2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180627041200/https://www.merckmanuals.c
om/professional/injuries-poisoning/altitude-diseases/altitude-diseases) from the original on
27 June 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
67. Simancas-Racines, D; Arevalo-Rodriguez, I; Osorio, D; Franco, JV; Xu, Y; Hidalgo, R (30
June 2018). "Interventions for treating acute high altitude illness" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.g
ov/pmc/articles/PMC6513207). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (12):
CD009567. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009567.pub2 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.
CD009567.pub2). PMC 6513207 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6513207).
PMID 29959871 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29959871).
68. "Avalanche danger" (https://www.pcta.org/discover-the-trail/backcountry-basics/snow/avalan
che/). Pacific Crest Trails Association. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202011120044
23/https://www.pcta.org/discover-the-trail/backcountry-basics/snow/avalanche/) from the
original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
69. "How to cross a glacier" (https://www.wta.org/go-outside/trail-smarts/how-to/how-to-cross-a-
glacier). Washington Trails Association. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210512102
839/https://www.wta.org/go-outside/trail-smarts/how-to/how-to-cross-a-glacier) from the
original on 2021-05-12. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
70. "Stream crossing safety while hiking and backpacking" (https://www.pcta.org/discover-the-tr
ail/backcountry-basics/water/stream-crossing-safety/). Pacific Crest Trail Association.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201108110247/https://www.pcta.org/discover-the-tr
ail/backcountry-basics/water/stream-crossing-safety/) from the original on 2020-11-08.
Retrieved 2020-11-12.
71. Gordon, Michael R.; Lehren, Andrew W. (2010-10-23). "Iran Seized U.S. Hikers in Iraq, U.S.
Report Asserts" (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/23/world/middleeast/23hikers.html?_r=
1). The New York Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180424140831/https://ww
w.nytimes.com/2010/10/23/world/middleeast/23hikers.html?_r=1) from the original on 2018-
04-24. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
72. "Hiking the Via Alpina – Questions / Answers" (http://www.via-alpina.org/en/page/771/questi
ons-answers#And_what_else_should_I_know_about_walking_in_the_Alps_). www.via-
alpina.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200805111026/http://via-alpina.org/en/p
age/771/questions-answers#And_what_else_should_I_know_about_walking_in_the_Alps_)
from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
73. "Winter Hiking: What to Know Before You Go" (https://appalachiantrail.org/explore/what-to-k
now-before-you-go/). Appalachian Trail Conservancy. 2019-01-21. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20230131203606/https://appalachiantrail.org/explore/what-to-know-before-you
-go/) from the original on 2023-01-31. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
74. Volken, Martin; Schnell, Scott; Wheeler, Margaret (2007). Backcountry Skiing: Skills for Ski
Touring and Ski Mountaineering (https://archive.org/details/backcountryskiin00volk/page/1
2). Mountaineers Books. p. 12 (https://archive.org/details/backcountryskiin00volk/page/12).
ISBN 978-1-59485-038-7. Retrieved 2014-07-12.
75. "Transport in, to and out of the backcountry – Snow Safety information" (http://mountainacad
emy.salomon.com/en/demo/175/transport-in-to-and-out-of-the-backcountry).
mountainacademy.salomon.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201129135011/ht
tp://mountainacademy.salomon.com/en/demo/175/transport-in-to-and-out-of-the-backcountr
y) from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.

Bibliography
Amata, Joseph (2004). On Foot, A History of Walking. New York: New York University Press.
ISBN 9780814705025. See summary of contents (https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg056)
Berger, Karen (2017). Great Hiking Trails of the World. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-847-
86093-7.
Chamberlin, Silas (2016). On the Trail : A History of American Hiking. Yale University Press.
Doran, Jeffrey J. (2023). Ramble On: How Hiking Became One of the Most Popular Outdoor
Activities in the World. Amazon Digital Services LLC – Kdp. ISBN 979-8373963923.
Gros, Frédéric (2014). A Philosophy of Walking. Translated by Howe, John. London, New
York: Verso. ISBN 9781781682708.
Solnit, Rebecca (2000). Wanderlust: a history of walking. New York: Viking.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
"Haller, Albrecht von". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

External links
Explained: how to start with hiking (https://hiking-trails.com/blog/how-to-start-hiking/)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiking&oldid=1290448594"