PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
TOPIC: DIPLOMATIC FUNCTIONS AND DUTIES – AN ANALYSIS
SYNOPSIS
1. Introduction
2. Concept of Diplomacy
3. Classification of Diplomats
4. Functions of Diplomats
5. Duties of Diplomats
6. Comparative study of rights and duties of Diplomats before and
after Vienna convention
7. Challenges in Diplomacy
8. Indian Diplomatic Relations
9. Conclusion
10. End Notes
INTRODUCTION:
Diplomacy plays a crucial role in managing relationships between nations,
and diplomats serve as the key instruments in this process. Diplomatic
functions and duties encompass a broad range of responsibilities aimed
at maintaining peaceful relations, protecting national interests, and
promoting cooperation between countries. Diplomats act as official
representatives of their home country in foreign nations, and their work is
essential for handling international conflicts, trade negotiations, cultural
exchanges, and global challenges.
Diplomatic functions generally include representation, negotiation,
communication, and reporting on the developments in the host
country. Meanwhile, diplomatic duties may involve ensuring the welfare of
citizens abroad, protecting human rights, facilitating trade and cultural
exchanges, and providing consular assistance. This analysis will explore
the various functions and duties of diplomats, the principles guiding their
work, and their impact on international relations.
CONCEPT OF DIPLOMACY
Meaning of Diplomacy:
Diplomacy is the practice of managing international relations between
countries through negotiation, communication, and peaceful interaction. It
involves the conduct of foreign affairs, the negotiation of agreements, and
the representation of a nation's interests in the global arena. Diplomacy is
primarily carried out by official representatives, known as diplomats, who
are appointed by governments to manage relations and affairs in foreign
nations.
At its core, diplomacy seeks to promote peace, cooperation, and
understanding between nations, prevent conflicts, resolve disputes, and
protect a country's interests. It plays a critical role in creating alliances,
facilitating trade agreements, and ensuring national security.
History Of Diplomacy:
The history of diplomacy can be traced back to the ancient times, when
the first civilizations and empires emerged and interacted with each other,
and when the first forms of diplomacy, such as envoys, treaties, and
alliances, were practiced.
Diplomacy also developed and diversified in the medieval and modern
times, when the rise and fall of various states and empires, the
emergence and spread of various religions and ideologies, and the
discovery and colonization of various regions and continents, shaped and
reshaped the international system
Importance Of Diplomacy
Diplomacy plays a critical role in international relations and the conduct of
foreign affairs. It is the art and practice of managing relations between
countries, shaping policy, and resolving conflicts through peaceful means.
Diplomacy is a multifaceted tool used by governments to protect national
interests, maintain peaceful relationships, and engage in global
governance.
Here are the key reasons why diplomacy is crucial:
1. Conflict Resolution and Peacekeeping
Diplomacy is essential in resolving disputes between nations without
resorting to violence or war. It provides a structured approach to
discuss disagreements, prevent conflicts, and negotiate peaceful
settlements. Diplomatic efforts, such as peace treaties, ceasefires,
and multilateral talks, are often the best way to address territorial
disputes, ideological differences, and other international conflicts.
2. Maintaining International Relations
Through diplomacy, countries establish and maintain formal
relationships with each other, which are critical for cooperation on
various issues such as trade, security, and environmental concerns.
Diplomatic engagements help prevent misunderstandings and foster
mutual understanding, creating a conducive environment for
collaboration.
3. Promoting National Interests
One of the primary functions of diplomacy is to protect and promote
a country's national interests on the global stage. Diplomats
negotiate trade agreements, security alliances, and economic
partnerships that benefit their home country. Through diplomatic
channels, nations can secure favorable deals and ensure that their
rights and interests are respected in the international arena.
4. Building Alliances
Diplomacy is key to building and maintaining international alliances,
whether for strategic, economic, or military purposes. Through
diplomatic dialogue, countries can form coalitions, share resources,
and support one another in times of crisis. These alliances are often
formalized in defense treaties, trade agreements, or international
organizations like the United Nations and the World Trade
Organization.
5. Global Governance
Diplomacy is instrumental in shaping international law and global
governance systems. It allows countries to collaborate on issues
such as climate change, human rights, arms control, and global
health. Through diplomatic negotiation, countries establish treaties,
conventions, and policies that create a framework for collective
action and address global challenges.
6. Cultural Exchange and Soft Power
Diplomacy also plays a role in soft power – the ability to influence
others through attraction and persuasion rather than coercion.
Cultural diplomacy, educational exchanges, and public diplomacy
contribute to positive international perceptions and strengthen
relationships between countries. This helps in enhancing a nation's
image, promoting tourism, and fostering cross-cultural
understanding.
7. Economic Growth and Trade
Through diplomatic channels, countries can negotiate trade
agreements that open up new markets for their products and
services. Diplomacy helps secure favorable trade terms, remove
barriers, and create a favorable environment for investment.
Economic diplomacy is essential for securing investments,
promoting exports, and enhancing economic growth.
8. Preventing Humanitarian Crises
Diplomacy plays a crucial role in managing international
humanitarian crises by coordinating aid, ensuring that humanitarian
law is upheld, and facilitating interventions when necessary.
Through diplomatic negotiations, countries can provide assistance
to countries facing natural disasters, conflicts, or human rights
violations, and work to prevent such crises from escalating.
9. Enhancing Security and Defense
Diplomacy is central to promoting security and defense through
disarmament treaties, military alliances, and intelligence-
sharing agreements. It also involves arms control agreements like
the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) or the Comprehensive
Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). These diplomatic efforts reduce
the potential for armed conflict and ensure that international
security is maintained.
10. Managing Global Issues
Diplomacy is the vehicle through which countries engage with
international organizations (e.g., United Nations, World Health
Organization, World Trade Organization)S to address pressing global
issues. Issues like climate change, pandemics, terrorism, and
poverty require diplomatic cooperation to create effective solutions
that have global impact.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIPLOMATS
The diplomatic agents have been categorized in accordance with their
status and functions. The first classification of diplomatic agents was
made in the Congress of Vienna, 1815. The Congress of Vienna, classified
the diplomatic agents as follows: Firstly, Ambassadors and legates;
Secondly, Ministers Plenipotentiary and Envoys extraordinary; and Thirdly,
Charge-d'affaires. In the Vienna Congress fourth category of diplomatic
agents namely Ministers Resident was added and kept in the third place in
order of priority, but was dropped by the 1961 Convention on Diplomatic
Relations. Thus, at present, the classification of diplomatic envoys is as
follows:
1. Ambassadors, High Commissioners and Legates: They are
diplomatic agents of the first category. They are the representatives
of the completely sovereign states. They are either appointed as
Ambassadors or Permanent Representatives of their countries in the
United Nations. The representatives appointed by the
commonwealth countries are known as High Commissioners and
when appointed by the Pope are known as Legates.
2. Ministers Plenipotentiary and Envoys Extraordinary: They are
diplomatic agents of the second category and as compared to the
diplomatic agents of the first category; they enjoy less privileges
and immunities.
3. Charge-d' Affaires: They are diplomatic agents of the last
category. The main reason for this is that they are not appointed by
the head of the State. But they are appointed by the Foreign
Ministers of States. In rights and status, they are considered below
the Minister resident
FUNCTIONS OF DIPLOMATS
The functions of diplomacy include the state’s representation and
negotiation, the gathering of information, and the promotion of peaceful
ties between nations.
1) Negotiation and State Representation
The most crucial functions of diplomats are negotiations and state
representation. Representing the interests of a state and leading
negotiations or discussions that aim to highlight areas of agreement and
disagreement between the parties in order to achieve the state’s
objectives and prevent conflict is the major purpose of diplomacy. In order
to reach successful negotiation, finding a common interest between states
is also a vital part of diplomacy.
2) Gathering and Evaluation of Information
The gathering of information to identify and access the objectives of the
foreign policy of receiving state by all lawful means constitutes an
important function of diplomat. When the data is sent back to their home
nation, the Foreign Ministry evaluates it and decides what foreign policy
should be implemented. Diplomatic missions are concerned with obtaining
information. Then, political leaders decide which course of action is best
for their country.
3) Economic, Political, and Cultural Relations
Another important function of diplomat is the development of economic,
political, and cultural relations between two nations to promote friendly
relations among nations. For instance, after World War Two, the United
States and Britain focused their foreign policy on containing communism.
4) Facilitates the Implementation of International Law
Diplomats play an important role in enforcing or facilitating the
implementation of international law. The role of the diplomat is to advance
the nation’s interests and maintain friendly relations with foreign nations.
DUTIES OF DIPLOMATS
1. Representation: Diplomats officially represent their country and
its policies to the government and people of the receiving state,
acting as the embodiment of their nation abroad.
2. Protection of Interests: A key duty is to safeguard the political,
economic, legal, and security interests of their sending state and its
citizens within the host country, intervening when necessary within
international law.
3. Negotiation: Diplomats are central to the process of negotiating
treaties, agreements, and resolving disputes with the receiving state
on a wide array of bilateral and multilateral issues.
4. Information Gathering and Analysis: Diplomats are tasked with
diligently observing, analyzing, and reporting on the political,
economic, social, and cultural conditions and developments in the
receiving state to inform their home government's foreign policy
decisions.
5. Promotion of Friendly Relations: Diplomats actively work to
cultivate positive relationships and mutual understanding between
their country and the host nation through various cultural,
educational, and public diplomacy initiatives.
6. Facilitation of Bilateral Engagement: Diplomats organize and
coordinate official visits, meetings, and exchanges between
government officials and other representatives to strengthen
diplomatic ties and cooperation.
7. Consular Services: Diplomats and specialized consular staff
provide a range of essential services to their citizens residing or
traveling abroad, including passport issuance, legal assistance, and
emergency support.
8. Economic and Commercial Promotion: Diplomats actively seek
to foster trade, investment, tourism, and other economic
opportunities between their country and the receiving state,
benefiting both economies.
9. Adherence to Diplomatic Protocol: Diplomats are responsible for
understanding and adhering to the established rules of diplomatic
protocol and etiquette to ensure smooth and respectful interactions
in the international arena.
10. Crisis Management: In times of emergency or crisis,
diplomats play a crucial role in coordinating responses, assisting
their nationals, and maintaining communication with both the host
government and their own.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF DIPLOMATS
BEFORE AND AFTER VIENNA CONVENTION
Before the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961), the rights
and duties of diplomats were largely governed by customary
international law, state practice, and bilateral agreements. While
certain core principles were recognized for centuries, the legal framework
was less codified and more subject to interpretation and potential
inconsistencies. The Vienna Convention brought a significant degree of
codification, clarity, and universality to this area of international law.
BEFORE AND AFTER THE VIENNA CONVENTION (Customary
Diplomacy Era)
Before the Vienna After the Vienna
Aspect Convention (Customary Convention, 1961
Law Era) (Codified Law)
Based on custom, Codified in a multilateral
Legal
bilateral treaties, and treaty ratified by most
Framework
state practice nations
Respected variably; Guaranteed under Article
Personal
subject to political 29 – diplomat cannot be
Inviolability
discretion detained or arrested
Immunity Full criminal and partial
Not uniform; dependent
from civil immunity under
on host country policy
Jurisdiction Article 31
Inviolability Full protection under
Often violated or
of Diplomatic Article 27, not subject to
restricted
Bag search or seizure
Freedom of Guaranteed under Article
Sometimes restricted by
Communicati 26, including use of code
the host state
on and couriers
Explicitly stated under
Non-
Moral expectation, not Article 41(1) – no
Interference
legally enforced interference in internal
Obligation
affairs
Respect for
Often disregarded under Required under Article
Host Country
immunity 41(1), despite immunity
Laws
Use of
Misuse common due to Protected and regulated
Mission
lack of regulation under Articles 22–25
Premises
Protection of Formally recognized as a
Inconsistent and
Citizens diplomatic and consular
informally conducted
Abroad duty
Case-by-case; could Mechanism for declaring
Resolution of
escalate to political persona non grata
Disputes
tension under Article 9
Recognized process
Expulsion No formal process; often
through persona non
Procedure created diplomatic rift
grata declaration
Host country may request
Abuse of No standard enforcement;
withdrawal or expel the
Privileges prone to manipulation
diplomat legally
Promotion of Expected, but not legally Mandated under Article 3
Peaceful – maintain friendly
defined
Relations relations
CHALLENGES IN DIPLOMACY
1. Changing Global Power Dynamics
The shift in global power structures has altered traditional diplomatic
balances. The emergence of new economic and political powers has
increased competition and introduced new strategic challenges, making
international relations more complex.
2. Impact of Technology and Digital Diplomacy
Technology has transformed diplomacy. While digital platforms improve
communication, they also bring challenges such as cybersecurity threats,
misinformation, and the risk of rapid public backlash, all of which can
destabilize diplomatic efforts.
3. Role of Non-State Actors
Modern diplomacy is no longer limited to interactions between nation-
states. Non-state actors—including multinational companies, NGOs, and
extremist groups—often influence global policies, complicating formal
diplomatic processes.
4. Cultural and Communication Barriers
Differences in language, customs, and ideologies can lead to
misunderstandings. These cultural gaps often slow down negotiations,
reduce mutual trust, and make international cooperation more difficult.
5. Legal Challenges and Diplomatic Immunity
The protections under the Vienna Convention, especially diplomatic
immunity, can be misused. When diplomats exploit these privileges, host
nations have limited legal recourse, leading to friction and controversy.
6. Decline of Multilateralism
Rising nationalism and unilateral actions have weakened the effectiveness
of global institutions. As countries increasingly act independently, it
becomes harder to achieve coordinated diplomatic solutions to global
problems.
7. Crisis Management and Emergency Diplomacy
In times of war, pandemics, or natural disasters, diplomacy is tested by
urgency and high stakes. Quick decision-making is required, often under
pressure and without complete information, which can lead to
misjudgements or strained relations.
8. Environmental and Climate Diplomacy
Climate change has become a major focus in diplomacy, but nations often
struggle to align on responsibilities, targets, and funding. Disagreements
over climate obligations and resource use hinder effective environmental
cooperation.
9. Public Opinion and Media Influence
Modern diplomacy is heavily influenced by media coverage and public
sentiment. Diplomats must be cautious, as public outcry or media
misinterpretation can derail sensitive negotiations or provoke political
backlash.
10. Inequality Between Nations
Diplomatic negotiations often reflect power imbalances between
developed and developing countries. Smaller or less powerful nations may
find it difficult to have their concerns heard or acted upon in international
forums.
11. Confidentiality vs. Transparency
Diplomacy requires discretion, but modern expectations of transparency
can conflict with this. Leaks, unauthorized disclosures, and whistleblowing
have made it harder to maintain confidential diplomatic channels.
12. Sanctions and Economic Pressures
The use of economic sanctions as a diplomatic tool can backfire, leading
to retaliation, suffering among civilians, or damaged diplomatic relations.
While intended to pressure governments, sanctions often complicate
diplomatic engagement.
INDIAN DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS
India's foreign policy evolved from the British Raj, with Jawaharlal Nehru
playing a key role in shaping its early principles, including non-alignment.
Today, Indian diplomacy stands at the crossroads of tradition and
technology. It combines soft power—through yoga, Bollywood, Ayurveda,
and cultural exchanges—with hard power, such as defense partnerships,
economic diplomacy, and strategic alliances.
India has one of the largest diplomatic networks globally, with over 200
resident missions (embassies, high commissions, consulates) as of March
2025. This network spans across Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, and
Oceania.
India's foreign policy is guided by principles such as:
Non-alignment (though its interpretation has evolved).
Peaceful coexistence (Panchsheel).
Mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity.
Non-interference in internal affairs.
Equality and mutual benefit
Key Relationships: India has significant diplomatic and strategic
relationships with various countries and regions, including:
Major Powers: The United States, Russia, China, France, the United
Kingdom, and Japan. Relationships are complex and involve
elements of cooperation and competition.
Neighbouring Countries: Relations with South Asian neighbours
(Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Maldives) are a
high priority, often with unique challenges and opportunities. The
"Neighborhood First" policy emphasizes strengthening these ties.
Southeast Asia: The "Act East" policy focuses on enhancing
economic and strategic ties with ASEAN countries.
West Asia: India has significant economic and energy interests in
the Middle East and maintains relations with countries across the
region.
Africa and Latin America: India is increasingly engaging with
countries in these regions, building on historical ties and shared
developmental goals.
Multilateral Engagement: India is a founding member of the United
Nations and actively participates in various international organizations,
including the G20, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO),
and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).
Economic Diplomacy: A significant focus is on promoting trade,
investment, and economic cooperation with other countries to support
India's economic growth.
Cultural Diplomacy: India leverages its rich cultural heritage to foster
understanding and build goodwill globally.
Diplomat Services: Providing assistance to Indian nationals abroad and
processing visas for foreign nationals are crucial aspects of India's
diplomatic functions.
Modern initiatives like "Act East Policy," "Neighbourhood First,"
"Vaccine Maitri," and the International Solar Alliance (ISA)
highlight India’s proactive and humanitarian approach in global affairs.
Whether it's responding to global crises with timely aid or playing a
leading role in climate action, India is increasingly seen as a bridge-
builder between the developed and developing worlds.
India’s participation in organizations like the UN, G20, BRICS, SCO,
QUAD, and its bid for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council
reflect its ambition to shape the future of global governance. With the
world’s largest democracy, a fast-growing economy, and a strong
diaspora, India continues to enhance its influence through diplomacy
rooted in dialogue, diversity, and development.
Recent Developments (as of April 2025):
India continues to navigate complex geopolitical dynamics, including
the war in Ukraine and tensions in the Middle East, often advocating
for peaceful resolutions and dialogue.
Efforts are ongoing to strengthen ties with key strategic partners like
the US, while also maintaining its relationship with Russia.
Focus on regional connectivity projects and strengthening
relationships with neighbouring countries remains a priority.
Economic diplomacy is geared towards attracting foreign investment
and boosting domestic manufacturing through initiatives like "Make
in India."
CONCLUSION
diplomacy plays a vital role in shaping international relations, fostering
peace, and ensuring global cooperation. The functions and duties of
diplomats are foundational to the smooth operation of international
affairs, ranging from representation and communication to negotiation
and conflict resolution. Diplomats serve as the bridge between their home
countries and foreign governments, navigating cultural differences,
political tensions, and economic challenges to promote national interests
and maintain peaceful relations.
While diplomatic functions evolve in response to global changes such as
technological advancements, regional conflicts, and shifting power
dynamics, the core principles of diplomacy—mutual respect,
confidentiality, and non-interference—remain unchanged. Diplomatic
duties are not limited to formal negotiations but extend to public
diplomacy, promoting a nation's culture, values, and policies on the global
stage.
The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961) has been
instrumental in defining the rights and responsibilities of diplomats,
ensuring that they can perform their duties without fear of interference.
However, challenges such as emerging global crises, cultural
misunderstandings, and the increasing influence of non-state actors
continue to complicate the diplomatic landscape.
Ultimately, the importance of diplomacy in contemporary international
relations cannot be overstated. Diplomats not only represent their
countries but also work tirelessly to build global partnerships, address
common challenges, and secure a peaceful and prosperous world for
future generations.
END NOTES
1. https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/
9_1_1961.pdf
2. https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation
3. https://www.mea.gov.in
4. https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?
chapter=3&clang=_en&mtdsg_no=III-3&src=TREATY
5. https://www.mea.gov.in/lok-sabha.htm?dtl
%2F120%2F41bi+Particulars+of+organizations+functions+and+dut
ies+of+the+MEA=
6. Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy, Simon & Schuster, New York, First
Edition, 1994
7. H. Jensen, The Role of Diplomacy in the 21st Century: Emerging
Trends and Innovations, Routledge, London, First Edition, 2017
8. V. P. Dutt, India’s Foreign Policy in a Changing World, Vikas
Publishing House, New Delhi, First Edition, 2009
