REPUBLIC ACT

R.A 53 - Press Freedom Law known as Sotto law

R.A 265 - Establishing The banko central of the Phil
R.A 1124 - Act prohibiting all beerhouse near school facilities
R.A 1524 - Act providing for enforcement of condition of pardon
R.A 3019 - Anti Graft and corrupt practice
R.A -3815 Penalizing Government official for receiving Bribes and malversation
of public funds R.A- 4136 Land transportation and traffic code
R.A- 4200 Anti wire taping law
R.A 5487 Private Security Agency law
R.A 5921 The pharmacy Law
R.A 6235 Anti Hijacking Law/Anti highway robbery law
R.A 6425 Dangerous drug act of 1972
R.A 6539 Anti carnapping Act of 1972
R.A 6713 Code of conduct and ethical standards for public official and employee
R.A 6975 The Dilg act of 1990
R.A 6981 Witness protection .Security and Benefit act
R.A 7080 Anti plunder Act
R.A 7160 Local government code
R.A 7394 Consumer Act or Right of Consumer
R.A 7438 An act defining Certain right of person arrested detained or otherwise
under custodial R.A 7610 Special protection of children against child abused
exploitation and discrimination act R.A 7658 An act prohibiting the employment
of children below 15 years of age in public or private Undertakings R.A 7659
Death penalty law
R.A 7877 Anti sexual Harassment act of 1995
R.A 8042 Migrant workers and overseas Filipino act of 1995
R.A 8043 Inter country adoption act of 1995
R.A 8049 Anti Hazing law
R.A 8177 Act designing death penalty by lethal injection
R.A 8203 Special law on counterfeit drugs
R.A 8239 Philippine passport act of 1995
R.A 8293 Intellectual property code of the Philippines
R.A 8353 Anti Rape law 1997
R.A 8493 Speedy trial on a criminal case
R.A 8505 Rape victim assistance and protection act
R.A 8551 PNP reform and reorganization act of 1996 (PNP modernization act)
R.A 8552 Domestic adoption act of 1996
R.A 8749 Clean air act
R.A 8961 PRC modernization act of 2000
R.A 9003 The ecological solid waste management act of 2000
R.A 9105 An forgery act of 2001
R.A 9147 Wildlife resources conservation act
R.A 9165 Comprehensive Drug act of 2002
R.A 9160 Anti Money laundering act of 2001
R.A 9208 Anti trafficking in person act
R.A 9231 Child Laboring act (Amending the provision of R.A 7610 on child labor)
R.A 9262 Anti Violence Against Women and their children act of 2004 R.A 9221
Tobacco Regulation Act
R.A 9263 Bureau of fire and Bureau of jail management and penology
professionalization act of 2004 R.A 9372 Human Security act of 2007 took effect
July 15 2007
R.A 9275 Clean water act
R.A 9344 Juvenile justice welfare act ( May 4 2006 )
R.A 9346 June 24 2006 An act prohibiting the imposition of death penalty in the
Phil R.A 9360 Amending the election modernization act
R.A 9406 known as the PAO law 2007
R.A 9514 Comprehensive Firecode of the Phil
R.A 9745 Anti torture law of 2009
R.A 9775 Anti child pornography act of 2009
R.A 9953 Phil coastguard law of 2009
R.A 9995 known as the ANTI PHOTO AND VIDEO VOYEURISM ACT OF
2007 FEB 2010 R.A 10071 Prosecution service act 2010
R.A 10070 Magnacarta for disable person
R.A 10121 Phil disaster risk reduction management act of 2010
R.A 10175 Cyber crime prevention act of 2012
R.A 10591 The comprehensive firearms and ammunition regulation act (Approve
May 29 2013)

SABERTOOTH CURRICULUM - responsive to the environment

SPIRALLED CURRICULUM - increasing level of difficulty
CURRICULUM - planning, design, development, implement, evaluation,
engineering
CURRICULUM PLANNING - aligned to mission, vision, goals
TYPES OF LESSON:
• development lesson
• review lesson
• drill lesson
• appreciation lesson
ENCULTURATION TYPOLOGIES
• pre-figurative
• post figurative
• co figurative
ACCULTURATION TYPOLOGIES
• adopted change
• free borrowing
SOCIETAL TRENDS - Alvin Teoffer
SOCIETAL TRENDS
• explosion
• implosion
• technoplosion
• dysplosion
PREFIGURATIVE - learn older generation
POST FIGURATIVE - learn younger generation
CO FIGURATIVE - learn same age
ADOPTED CHANGE - acculturation that is imposed
EXPLOSION - influx of people from rural to urban
INPLOSION - influx of information
TECHNOPLOSION - influx of ICT tools and gadgets
DYSPLOSION - deterioration of human values
KNOWLEDGE FOR PRACTICE – malaman | teacher preparation
KNOWLEDGE IN PRACTICE – maranasan | artistry of practice
KNOWLEDGE OF PRACTICE – maunawaan | systematic inquiries about
teaching
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT - decision making
TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
• content knowledge
• pedagogical knowledge
• technological knowledge
• context knowledge
LEE S. SHULMANS - PCK model
ELEMENT OF TIMELINESS – classic | transcends through generation
ELEMENT OF TIMELESSNESS - can withstand the test of time
TOTAL DEVELOPMENT
• beginner survival
• content survival
• mastery survival
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT
• social
• economic
• cultural
• political
• technological
• ethico moral
J. ABNER PEDDWELL (1939) - sabertooth curriculum
4 DOMAINS
1. planning and preparation
2. classroom environment
3. instruction
4. professional response
TRIVIUM - rhetoric (speech) | grammar (English) | logic
QUADRIVIUM – arithmetic | geometry | music |astronomy
ARITHMETIC - number itself
GEOMETRY - number in space
MUSIC - number in time
ASTRONOMY - number in time and space
HERACLITUS - one cannot bathe in the same river twice
CURRICULUM - sum total of all the experiences provided by the school to
students for optimum growth and development
HARD SKILLS - what do you want the students to learn?
SOFT SKILLS - why do you want them to learn it?
THEORY OF APPERCEPTION - familiar to unfamiliar
EDUCATIONAL DELIVERY SYSTEM
• instruction
• research & extension library
• communication school guidance
• physical facilities canteen
• curriculum
SERVICE LEARNING - teaching method that combines meaningful service to the
community with curriculum based learning and education in action
CLOZE TEST/ PROCEDURE - every 5th or 7th word is omitted
ARBORESCENT - growth is vertical
RHIZOMATIC - growth is horizontal
PROGRESSIVE LEARNING - in order
RETROGRESSIVE LEARNING - reverse order
ROTE LEARNING - not progressive or retro
5 MAJOR CLUSTERS OF STRATEGIES
• direct instruction
• indirect instruction
• experiential learning
• independent study
• interactive instruction
DIRECT INSTRUCTION - developing skills or providing information
INDIRECT INSTRUCTION - involvement
EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING - process not product
INDEPENDENT STUDY - student initiative
INTERACTIVE INSTRUCTION - social skills
PHILIPS 66 - students group by 6 | 6mins time
MUSIC TYPOLOGIES
• story music
• program music
• pure or absolute music
STORY MUSIC - tells a story
PROGRAM MUSIC - describes
PURE OR ABSOLUTE MUSIC - doesn’t tell or describe
GESSELSCHAFTLICH – market | perspective of schooling | (efficiency,
productivity, competition)
GEMEINSHAFT – community | cultural relationship
TECHNOLOGICAL FORCES OF CHANGE
• acceleration- mabilis
• novelty – new
• diversity
MAX SCHELLER - state of valuelessness | anomie
EDUCATION TYPOLOGIES
• formal
• non formal- alternative learning system
• informal - hidden curriculum
STRATIFICATION - divided grouping
PRIMARY GROUP – family |face to face | intimate and personal
SECONDARY GROUP – impersonal | business like | casual
IN GROUP – solidarity | camaraderie | sympathetic attitude
OUT GROUP – indifference | avoidance | hatred
PEER GROUP - same age | social and economic status including interest
CLIQUE - different age | same interest
INDIVIDUAL BENEFITS
• knowledge
• skills
• values
SOCIETAL BENEFITS
• social
• economic
• cultural
• technological
• political
• ethico moral
SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF CURRICULUM - belief will determine the
practice
CHARACTERS OF CULTURE
• diverse - environment
• gratifying – needs based
• learned - instruction
• adaptive – borrowed, imposed and invented
• social - contact
• transmitted - language
HOW IS CULTURE LEARNED
• enculturation – learning own culture
• acculturation – Knowing the culture of other people
• inculturation – adapt the culture of other people
CULTURAL COMPONENTS
1. means of living
2. ways of living
TYPOLOGIES OF CULTURE
1. material
2. non material
CULTURAL VIEWS
1. ethnocentrism – my culture is better
2. xenocentrism – your culture is better
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES OF CURRICULUM
• traditional – cultural heritage
• experiential – experience for the growth of individual
• structure of discipline – structure of discipline of knowledge
• behavioral -
• constructivist
SCHOOL - a privileged place where cultural transmission occurs
COLONIAL MENTALITY - preference for foreign
CURRICULUM ENGINEERING - comprises all process and activities that are
necessary to keep the school curriculum dynamic and functional
CURRICULUM PERSPECTIVES
1. ideal – represents what scholars say and advocate
2. formal – standards sets by the education agencies
3. instructional – represents the course syllabus / lecture notes used by the teachers
4. operational – represents the actual teaching learning process
5. experiential – more powerful / what the students think about the lesson delivered
by the teachers
6. hidden – students learned experiences outside the classroom
TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE - Robert Sternberg
ASSURE MODEL
• analyses learners
• state objectives
• select media and materials
• utilize media and materials
• require learner participation
SMITH AND NAGEL PPPF
• prepare yourself
• prepare your student
• present material
• follow up
CURRICULUM IMPLEMENTATION - process of ensuring that the curriculum
that has been planned or developed is one being actually implemented or taught by
the teacher
CURRICULUM EVALUATION - process of determining the EFFECTIVENESS
of a curriculum and the EFFICIENCY with which it is implemented
INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN
• used to create curricula
• individual learning areas
• instructional materials
CURRICULUM DESIGN -determining the building blocks of curriculum
• LEARNING CONTENT
• LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• LEARNING EXPERIENCES
• LEARNING EVALUATION
DESIGN BACKWARD and DELIVER FORWARD –
• learning outcomes and course outcomes
• program outcomes
• institutional outcomes
PHILOSOPHY -common belief
VISION - future
MISSION - task
STRATEGIES - core areas
SUCCESS FACTORS - metric system
STATEMENT OF PURPOSES
• aim - national level
• goal - school level
• objectives - classroom level
• target - individual
RSEP - revised sec education program
RBEC - restructured basic education curriculum
BEHAVIORIST - correct answer | stimulus response
COGNITIVIST - correct method
CONSTRUCTIVIST - correct meaning thru sense making

100 GREATEST WORK IN LITERATURE

1. The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan (1678)
A story of a man in search of truth told with the simple clarity and beauty of
Bunyan’s prose make this the ultimate English classic.
2. Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe (1719)
By the end of the 19th century, no book in English literary history had enjoyed
more editions, spin-offs and translations. Crusoe’s world-famous novel is a
complex literary confection, and it’s irresistible.
Sign up for the Bookmarks email
Read more
3. Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift (1726)
A satirical masterpiece that’s never been out of print, Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s
Travels comes third in our list of the best novels written in English
4. Clarissa by Samuel Richardson (1748)
Clarissa is a tragic heroine, pressured by her unscrupulous nouveau-riche family to
marry a wealthy man she detests, in the book that Samuel Johnson described as
“the first book in the world for the knowledge it displays of the human heart.”
5. Tom Jones by Henry Fielding (1749)
Tom Jones is a classic English novel that captures the spirit of its age and whose
famous characters have come to represent Augustan society in all its loquacious,
turbulent, comic variety.
6. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman by Laurence Sterne
(1759)
Laurence Sterne’s vivid novel caused delight and consternation when it first
appeared and has lost little of its original bite.
Advertisement
7. Emma by Jane Austen (1816)
Jane Austen’s Emma is her masterpiece, mixing the sparkle of her early books with
a deep sensibility.
8. Frankenstein by Mary Shelley (1818)
Mary Shelley’s first novel has been hailed as a masterpiece of horror and the
macabre.
9. Nightmare Abbey by Thomas Love Peacock (1818)
The great pleasure of Nightmare Abbey, which was inspired by Thomas Love
Peacock’s friendship with Shelley, lies in the delight the author takes in poking fun
at the romantic movement.
10. The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket by Edgar Allan Poe (1838)
Edgar Allan Poe’s only novel – a classic adventure story with supernatural
elements – has fascinated and influenced generations of writers.
11. Sybil by Benjamin Disraeli (1845)
The future prime minister displayed flashes of brilliance that equalled the greatest
Victorian novelists.
A whirlwind success … Jane Eyre
Facebook Twitter Pinterest
A whirlwind success … Jane Eyre.
12. Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë (1847)
Advertisement
Charlotte Brontë’s erotic, gothic masterpiece became the sensation of Victorian
England. Its great breakthrough was its intimate dialogue with the reader.
13. Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë (1847)
Emily Brontë’s windswept masterpiece is notable not just for its wild beauty but
for its daring reinvention of the novel form itself.
14. Vanity Fair by William Thackeray (1848)
William Thackeray’s masterpiece, set in Regency England, is a bravura
performance by a writer at the top of his game.
15. David Copperfield by Charles Dickens (1850)
David Copperfield marked the point at which Dickens became the great entertainer
and also laid the foundations for his later, darker masterpieces.
16. The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne (1850)
Nathaniel Hawthorne’s astounding book is full of intense symbolism and as
haunting as anything by Edgar Allan Poe.
17. Moby-Dick by Herman Melville (1851)
Wise, funny and gripping, Melville’s epic work continues to cast a long shadow
over American literature.
18. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll (1865)
Lewis Carroll’s brilliant nonsense tale is one of the most influential and best loved
in the English canon.
19. The Moonstone by Wilkie Collins (1868)
Wilkie Collins’s masterpiece, hailed by many as the greatest English detective
novel, is a brilliant marriage of the sensational and the realistic.
20. Little Women by Louisa May Alcott (1868-9)
Advertisement
Louisa May Alcott’s highly original tale aimed at a young female market has
iconic status in America and never been out of print.
21. Middlemarch by George Eliot (1871-2)
This cathedral of words stands today as perhaps the greatest of the great Victorian
fictions.
22. The Way We Live Now by Anthony Trollope (1875)
Inspired by the author’s fury at the corrupt state of England, and dismissed by
critics at the time, The Way We Live Now is recognised as Trollope’s masterpiece.
23. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain (1884/5)
Mark Twain’s tale of a rebel boy and a runaway slave seeking liberation upon the
waters of the Mississippi remains a defining classic of American literature.
24. Kidnapped by Robert Louis Stevenson (1886)
A thrilling adventure story, gripping history and fascinating study of the Scottish
character, Kidnapped has lost none of its power.
25. Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K Jerome (1889)
Jerome K Jerome’s accidental classic about messing about on the Thames remains
a comic gem.
26. The Sign of Four by Arthur Conan Doyle (1890)
Sherlock Holmes’s second outing sees Conan Doyle’s brilliant sleuth – and his
bluff sidekick Watson – come into their own.
Helmut Berger and Richard Todd in the 1970 adaptation of The Picture of Dorian
Gray.
Facebook Twitter Pinterest
Helmut Berger and Richard Todd in the 1970 adaptation of The Picture of Dorian
Gray.
27. The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde (1891)
Advertisement
Wilde’s brilliantly allusive moral tale of youth, beauty and corruption was greeted
with howls of protest on publication.
28. New Grub Street by George Gissing (1891)
George Gissing’s portrayal of the hard facts of a literary life remains as relevant
today as it was in the late 19th century.
29. Jude the Obscure by Thomas Hardy (1895)
Hardy exposed his deepest feelings in this bleak, angry novel and, stung by the
hostile response, he never wrote another.
30. The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane (1895)
Stephen Crane’s account of a young man’s passage to manhood through soldiery is
a blueprint for the great American war novel.
31. Dracula by Bram Stoker (1897)
Bram Stoker’s classic vampire story was very much of its time but still resonates
more than a century later.
32. Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad (1899)
Joseph Conrad’s masterpiece about a life-changing journey in search of Mr Kurtz
has the simplicity of great myth.
33. Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser (1900)
Theodore Dreiser was no stylist, but there’s a terrific momentum to his unflinching
novel about a country girl’s American dream.
34. Kim by Rudyard Kipling (1901)
In Kipling’s classic boy’s own spy story, an orphan in British India must make a
choice between east and west.
35. The Call of the Wild by Jack London (1903)
Jack London’s vivid adventures of a pet dog that goes back to nature reveal an
extraordinary style and consummate storytelling.
36. The Golden Bowl by Henry James (1904)
Advertisement
American literature contains nothing else quite like Henry James’s amazing,
labyrinthine and claustrophobic novel.
37. Hadrian the Seventh by Frederick Rolfe (1904)
This entertaining if contrived story of a hack writer and priest who becomes pope
sheds vivid light on its eccentric author – described by DH Lawrence as a “man-
demon”.
38. The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame (1908)
The evergreen tale from the riverbank and a powerful contribution to the
mythology of Edwardian England.
39. The History of Mr Polly by HG Wells (1910)
The choice is great, but Wells’s ironic portrait of a man very like himself is the
novel that stands out.
40. Zuleika Dobson by Max Beerbohm (1911)
The passage of time has conferred a dark power upon Beerbohm’s ostensibly light
and witty Edwardian satire.
41. The Good Soldier by Ford Madox Ford (1915)
Ford’s masterpiece is a searing study of moral dissolution behind the facade of an
English gentleman – and its stylistic influence lingers to this day.
42. The Thirty-Nine Steps by John Buchan (1915)
John Buchan’s espionage thriller, with its sparse, contemporary prose, is hard to
put down.
43. The Rainbow by DH Lawrence (1915)
The Rainbow is perhaps DH Lawrence’s finest work, showing him for the radical,
protean, thoroughly modern writer he was.
44. Of Human Bondage by W Somerset Maugham (1915)
Somerset Maugham’s semi-autobiographical novel shows the author’s savage
honesty and gift for storytelling at their best.
Advertisement
45. The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton (1920)
The story of a blighted New York marriage stands as a fierce indictment of a
society estranged from culture.
46. Ulysses by James Joyce (1922)
This portrait of a day in the lives of three Dubliners remains a towering work, in its
word play surpassing even Shakespeare.
47. Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis (1922)
What it lacks in structure and guile, this enthralling take on 20s America makes up
for in vivid satire and characterisation.
48. A Passage to India by EM Forster (1924)
EM Forster’s most successful work is eerily prescient on the subject of empire.
49. Gentlemen Prefer Blondes by Anita Loos (1925)
A guilty pleasure it may be, but it is impossible to overlook the enduring influence
of a tale that helped to define the jazz age.
50. Mrs Dalloway by Virginia Woolf (1925)
Woolf’s great novel makes a day of party preparations the canvas for themes of
lost love, life choices and mental illness.
Carey Mulligan and Leonardo DiCaprio in The Great Gatsby
Facebook Twitter Pinterest
Carey Mulligan and Leonardo DiCaprio in The Great Gatsby’s film adaptation by
Baz Luhrmann.
51. The Great Gatsby by F Scott Fitzgerald (1925)
Advertisement
Fitzgerald’s jazz age masterpiece has become a tantalising metaphor for the eternal
mystery of art.
52. Lolly Willowes by Sylvia Townsend Warner (1926)
A young woman escapes convention by becoming a witch in this original satire
about England after the first world war.
53. The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway (1926)
Hemingway’s first and best novel makes an escape to 1920s Spain to explore
courage, cowardice and manly authenticity.
54. The Maltese Falcon by Dashiell Hammett (1929)
Dashiell Hammett’s crime thriller and its hard-boiled hero Sam Spade influenced
everyone from Chandler to Le Carré.
55. As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner (1930)
The influence of William Faulkner’s immersive tale of raw Mississippi rural life
can be felt to this day.
56. Brave New World by Aldous Huxley (1932)
Aldous Huxley’s vision of a future human race controlled by global capitalism is
every bit as prescient as Orwell’s more famous dystopia.
57. Cold Comfort Farm by Stella Gibbons (1932)
The book for which Gibbons is best remembered was a satire of late-Victorian
pastoral fiction but went on to influence many subsequent generations.
58. Nineteen Nineteen by John Dos Passos (1932)
The middle volume of John Dos Passos’s USA trilogy is revolutionary in its intent,
techniques and lasting impact.
59. Tropic of Cancer by Henry Miller (1934)
The US novelist’s debut revelled in a Paris underworld of seedy sex and changed
the course of the novel – though not without a fight with the censors.
60. Scoop by Evelyn Waugh (1938)
Evelyn Waugh’s Fleet Street satire remains sharp, pertinent and memorable.
61. Murphy by Samuel Beckett (1938)
Samuel Beckett’s first published novel is an absurdist masterpiece, a showcase for
his uniquely comic voice.
Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall in The Big Sleep.
Facebook Twitter Pinterest
Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall in The Big Sleep.
62. The Big Sleep by Raymond Chandler (1939)
Advertisement
Raymond Chandler’s hardboiled debut brings to life the seedy LA underworld –
and Philip Marlowe, the archetypal fictional detective.
63. Party Going by Henry Green (1939)
Set on the eve of war, this neglected modernist masterpiece centres on a group of
bright young revellers delayed by fog.
64. At Swim-Two-Birds by Flann O’Brien (1939)
Labyrinthine and multilayered, Flann O’Brien’s humorous debut is both a
reflection on, and an exemplar of, the Irish novel.
65. The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck (1939)
One of the greatest of great American novels, this study of a family torn apart by
poverty and desperation in the Great Depression shocked US society.
66. Joy in the Morning by PG Wodehouse (1946)
PG Wodehouse’s elegiac Jeeves novel, written during his disastrous years in
wartime Germany, remains his masterpiece.
67. All the King’s Men by Robert Penn Warren (1946)
A compelling story of personal and political corruption, set in the 1930s in the
American south.
68. Under the Volcano by Malcolm Lowry (1947)
Malcolm Lowry’s masterpiece about the last hours of an alcoholic ex-diplomat in
Mexico is set to the drumbeat of coming conflict.
69. The Heat of the Day by Elizabeth Bowen (1948)
Elizabeth Bowen’s 1948 novel perfectly captures the atmosphere of London during
the blitz while providing brilliant insights into the human heart.
Richard Burton and John Hurt in Nineteen Eighty-four
Facebook Twitter Pinterest
Richard Burton and John Hurt in Nineteen Eighty-four.
70. Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell (1949)
Advertisement
George Orwell’s dystopian classic cost its author dear but is arguably the best-
known novel in English of the 20th century.
71. The End of the Affair by Graham Greene (1951)
Graham Greene’s moving tale of adultery and its aftermath ties together several
vital strands in his work.
72. The Catcher in the Rye by JD Salinger (1951)
JD Salinger’s study of teenage rebellion remains one of the most controversial and
best-loved American novels of the 20th century.
73. The Adventures of Augie March by Saul Bellow (1953)
In the long-running hunt to identify the great American novel, Saul Bellow’s
picaresque third book frequently hits the mark.
74. Lord of the Flies by William Golding (1954)
Dismissed at first as “rubbish & dull”, Golding’s brilliantly observed dystopian
desert island tale has since become a classic.
75. Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov (1955)
Nabokov’s tragicomic tour de force crosses the boundaries of good taste with glee.
76. On the Road by Jack Kerouac (1957)
The creative history of Kerouac’s beat-generation classic, fuelled by pea soup and
benzedrine, has become as famous as the novel itself.
77. Voss by Patrick White (1957)
A love story set against the disappearance of an explorer in the outback, Voss
paved the way for a generation of Australian writers to shrug off the colonial past.
78. To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee (1960)
Her second novel finally arrived this summer, but Harper Lee’s first did enough
alone to secure her lasting fame, and remains a truly popular classic.
79. The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie by Muriel Spark (1960)
Short and bittersweet, Muriel Spark’s tale of the downfall of a Scottish
schoolmistress is a masterpiece of narrative fiction.
80. Catch-22 by Joseph Heller (1961)
This acerbic anti-war novel was slow to fire the public imagination, but is rightly
regarded as a groundbreaking critique of military madness.
81. The Golden Notebook by Doris Lessing (1962)
Hailed as one of the key texts of the women’s movement of the 1960s, this study of
a divorced single mother’s search for personal and political identity remains a
defiant, ambitious tour de force.
Malcolm Macdowell in A Clockwork Orange
Facebook Twitter Pinterest
Malcolm Macdowell in Stanley Kubrick’s A Clockwork Orange film.
82. A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess (1962)
Advertisement
Anthony Burgess’s dystopian classic still continues to startle and provoke, refusing
to be outshone by Stanley Kubrick’s brilliant film adaptation.
83. A Single Man by Christopher Isherwood (1964)
Christopher Isherwood’s story of a gay Englishman struggling with bereavement in
LA is a work of compressed brilliance.
84. In Cold Blood by Truman Capote (1966)
Truman Capote’s non-fiction novel, a true story of bloody murder in rural Kansas,
opens a window on the dark underbelly of postwar America.
85. The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath (1966)
Sylvia Plath’s painfully graphic roman à clef, in which a woman struggles with her
identity in the face of social pressure, is a key text of Anglo-American feminism.
86. Portnoy’s Complaint by Philip Roth (1969)
This wickedly funny novel about a young Jewish American’s obsession with
masturbation caused outrage on publication, but remains his most dazzling work.
87. Mrs Palfrey at the Claremont by Elizabeth Taylor (1971)
Elizabeth Taylor’s exquisitely drawn character study of eccentricity in old age is a
sharp and witty portrait of genteel postwar English life facing the changes taking
shape in the 60s.
88. Rabbit Redux by John Updike (1971)
Harry “Rabbit” Angstrom, Updike’s lovably mediocre alter ego, is one of
America’s great literary protoganists, up there with Huck Finn and Jay Gatsby.
89. Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison (1977)
The novel with which the Nobel prize-winning author established her name is a
kaleidoscopic evocation of the African-American experience in the 20th century.
90. A Bend in the River by VS Naipaul (1979)
VS Naipaul’s hellish vision of an African nation’s path to independence saw him
accused of racism, but remains his masterpiece.
91. Midnight’s Children by Salman Rushdie (1981)
The personal and the historical merge in Salman Rushdie’s dazzling, game-
changing Indian English novel of a young man born at the very moment of Indian
independence.
92. Housekeeping by Marilynne Robinson (1981)
Marilynne Robinson’s tale of orphaned sisters and their oddball aunt in a remote
Idaho town is admired by everyone from Barack Obama to Bret Easton Ellis.
Nick Frost as John Self Martin Amis's Money.
Facebook Twitter Pinterest
Nick Frost as John Self Martin Amis’s Money.
93. Money: A Suicide Note by Martin Amis (1984)
Martin Amis’s era-defining ode to excess unleashed one of literature’s greatest
modern monsters in self-destructive antihero John Self.
94. An Artist of the Floating World by Kazuo Ishiguro (1986)
Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel about a retired artist in postwar Japan, reflecting on his
career during the country’s dark years, is a tour de force of unreliable narration.
95. The Beginning of Spring by Penelope Fitzgerald (1988)
Fitzgerald’s story, set in Russia just before the Bolshevik revolution, is her
masterpiece: a brilliant miniature whose peculiar magic almost defies analysis.
96. Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler (1988)
Anne Tyler’s portrayal of a middle-aged, mid-American marriage displays her
narrative clarity, comic timing and ear for American speech to perfection.
97. Amongst Women by John McGahern (1990)
This modern Irish masterpiece is both a study of the faultlines of Irish patriarchy
and an elegy for a lost world.
98. Underworld by Don DeLillo (1997)
A writer of “frightening perception”, Don DeLillo guides the reader in an epic
journey through America’s history and popular culture.
99. Disgrace by JM Coetzee (1999)
In his Booker-winning masterpiece, Coetzee’s intensely human vision infuses a
fictional world that both invites and confounds political interpretation.
100. True History of the Kelly Gang by Peter Carey (2000)
Peter Carey rounds off our list of literary milestones with a Booker prize-winning
tour-de-force examining the life and times of Australia’s infamous antihero, Ned
Kelly.

Uri ng panitikan noong panahon ng kastila:

1.Senakulo- dula tungkol sa buhay, pagpapasakit at pagdurusa ni Hesukristo
2.Komedya-naglalaraw an ng pakikipaglaban ng mga binyagan sa mga di
nabinyagan.Palaging nagwawakas sa pagwawagi ng mga Kristiyano.
3.Pasyon-tulang bini bigkas nang paawit tungkol sa buhay ni Hesukristo.Ginagawa
tuwing Kuwaresma.
4.Dalit-awit patungkol sa Birheng Maria
5.K0rido-tulang pasa laysay na may sukat na walong pantig bawat taludtod , may
paksang makababalaghan at maalamat. Hal. Ibong Adarna
6.Awit-may 12 pantig sa bawat taludtod, mas nakaugat sa reyalidad ang paksain.
Hal. Florante at Laura
7.Dung-aw -- binibigkas nang paawit ng isang naulila sa piling bangkay ng
yumaong mahal sa buhay
8.Karagatan-larong patula na ginagawa sa lamayan, nagpapaligsahan sa
pagandahan ng palaisipan at pataasan ng talinhaga
9.Tibag- pagtatanghal tuwing Mayo, paghahanap ng tunay na krus na kinamatayan
ni Kristo
10.Duplo- paligsahan sa pangangatwiran sa patulang pamamaraan
11.Balagtasan- tagisan ng talino sa pamamagitan ng palitan ng katwiran sa
pamamaraang patula
12.Soneto-14 taludtod at ang nilalaman ay tungkol sa damdamin at kaisipan at may
malinaw na kabatiran sa likas na pagkatao
13.Elehiya-may kinalaman sa alaala ng isang namatay, guniguni sa kamatayan,
pananangis, at pananaghoy
14.Oda- masigla ang nilalaman ,pumupuri sa pambihirang nagawa ng tao o grupo
ng tao. walang katiyakan ang bilang ng pantig at saknong sa bawat taludtod
15.Balad- may himig sa dahilang ito ay inaawit

Mix Gen.Ed
Tagalog - (Wikang Pambansa) Established as the National Language of the
Philippines September 15, 1804.
Filipino - Lingua Franca
Alpabetong Ingles - C, F, J ,Q ,V ,X ,Z = 7
Alpabetong Latin - Ñ
NSTP - RA# 9163
Timawa - Free and Independent
Dictatorial - First form of Government during Aguinaldo.
Antonio Pigafetta - First Person to Circumnavigate the globe.
PANAY - Isla De Los Pintados By the Spaniards.
Malayo - Polynesian - First group who DISCOVED PHILIPPINES.
Bicameralism - Senate & House of Representatives.
Sigunda Katikbak - First love of Rizal.
Right of Participation - Rights manifest rule of law and good governance.
Equity - Character of Education that manifest DEMOCRATIZATION of access &
industry.
Antonio Villegas - Initiated the festival of Outstanding Filipino Films.
June 12, 1898 - Independence Day
Jose Basco - Tabacco Monopoly
Lupang Hinirang - Chosen Land
NCR - 2nd most populous region in the Philippines.
Nitrogen - Abundant Element in Earth's Atmosphere.
Chlorophyll & Sunlight - Green plants make Glocose.
Pandaka Pygmaea - Smallest Fish
Paedocypris Progenetica
Primary Color - Yellow, Red, Blue.
Mesokurtic Distribution - most score are average , very few are high, and very few
are low.
206 Bones - Full grown human have.

Teorya ng Pinagmulan ng Wika

1. TEORYANG BOW -WOW Ginagaya nila ang tunog na nililikha ng mga hayop
gaya ng tahol ng aso, tilaok ng manok at huni ng ibon. Ginagaya naman daw ng tao
ang tunog ng kalikasan at paligid gaya ng ihip ng hangin, patak ng ulan at
langitngit ng kawayan.
2. TEORYANG DING DONG  Lahat ng bagay may sariling tunog na siyang
kumakatawan sa bawat isa at ang tunog niyon ang siyang ginagad ng mga
sinaunang tao na kalauna’y nagpabago-bago at nilapatan ng iba’t ibang kahulugan.
3. TEORYANG DING DONG  May sariling tunog na kumakatawan sa lahat ng
bagay sa kapaligiran. Tinawag din ito ni Max Muller na simbolismo ng tunog. 
Halimbawa: tsug- tsug ng tren, tik- tak ng orasan.
4. TEORYANG POOH -POOH Nakalilikha ng tunog sanhi ng bugso ng
damdamin. Gamit ang bibig, napabubulalas ang mga tunog ng pagdaing na dala ng
takot, lungkot, galit, saya at paglalaan ng lakas.
5. TEORYANG TA-RA-RA- BOOM DE AY- Ang wika ng tao ay nag –ugat sa
mga tunog na kanilang nilikha sa mga ritwal na kalauna’y nagpapabagu-bago at
nilapatan ng iba’t ibang kahulugan. Halimbawa: pagsayaw, pagsigaw at incantation
o mga bulong na ginagawa tuwing makikidigma, pagtatanim at iba pa.
6. TEORYANG SING-SONG- Iminungkahi ng linggwistang si Jesperson na ang
wika ay nagmula sa paglalaro, pagtawa, pagbulong sa sarili, panliligaw at iba pang
mga bulalas- emosyunal. Iminungkahi pa niya na taliwas sa iba pang teorya, ang
mga unang salita ay sadyang mahahaba at musikal, at hindi maiikling bulalas na
pinaniniwalaan ng marami.
7. TORE NG BABEL Teoryang nahalaw mula sa Banal na Kasulatan. Nagkaroon
ng panahon kungsaan ang wika ay iisa lamang. Napag-isipang magtayo ng isang
tore upang hindi na magkawatak-watak at nang mahigitan ang Panginoon. Nang
malaman ito ng Panginoon, bumababa Siya at sinira ng tore. Nang nawasak na ang
tore, nagkawatak-watak na ang tao dahil iba-iba na ang wikang kanilang binibigkas
kaya nagkanya-kanya na sila at kumalat sa mundo.
8. TEORYANG YOO HE YO- Pinaniniwalaan ng linggwistang si A.S Diamond
(2003) na ang tao ay natutong magsalita bunga diumano ng kanyang puwersang
pisikal.
9. TEORYANG TA -TA  Ayon sa teoryang ito, ang kumpas o galaw ng kamay
ng tao na kanyang ginagawa sa bawat partikular na okasyon ay ginaya ng dila at
naging sanhi ng pagkatuto ng taong lumikha ng tunog at kalauna’y nagsalita.
Tinatawag itong ta-tana sa wikang Pranses ay nangangahulugang paalam o
goodbye sapagkat kapag ang isang tao nga namang nagpapaalam ay kumakampay
ang kamay nang pababa at pataas katulad ng pagbaba at pagtaas na galaw ng dila
kapag binibigkas ang salitang ta-ta.
10. Teoryang Mama - Nagmula ang wika sa mga pinakamadadaling pantig ng
pinakamahahalagang bagay. Pansinin nga naman ang mga bata. Sa una’ y hindi
niya masasabi ang salitang mother ngunit dahil ang unang pantig ng nasabing salita
ang pinakamahalaga diumano, una niyang nasasabi ang mama bilang panumbas sa
salitang mother.
11. Teoryang Hey you - Iminungkahi ng linggwistang si Revesz na bunga ng
interpersonal na kontak ng tao sa kanyang kapwa tao ang wika. Ayon kay Revesz,
nagmula ang wika sa mga tunog na nagbabadya ng pagkakakilanlan (Ako!) at
pagkakabilang (Tayo!). Napapabulalas din tayo bilang pagbabadya ng takot, galit o
sakit (Saklolo!). Tinatawag din itong teoryang kontak.
12. Teoryang Coo Coo - Ang wika ay nagmula sa mga tunog na nalilikha ng mga
sanggol. Ang mga tunog daw na ito ang ginaya ng mga matatanda bilang
pagpapangalan sa mga bagay- bagay sa paligid, taliwas sa paniniwala ng marami
na ang mga bata ang nanggagaya ng tunog ng mga matatanda.
13. Teoryang Babble Lucky - Ang wika raw ay nagmula sa mga walang
kahulugang bulalas ng tao. Sa pagbubulalas ng tao, sinuwerte lamang daw siya
nang ang mga hindi sinasadya at walang kabuluhang tunog na kanyang nalikha ay
naiugnay sa mga bagay-bagay sa paligid na kalaunan ay naging pangalan ng mga
iyon.
14. Teoryang Hocus Pocus - Ayon kay Boeree (2003), maaaring ang
pinanggalingan ng wika ay tulad ng pinanggalingan ng mga mahikal o relihiyosong
aspeto ng pamumuhay ng ating mga ninuno. Maaari raw kasing noo’y tinatawag
ng mga unang tao ang mga hayop sa pamamagitan ng mga mahikal na tunog na
kalaunan ay naging pangalan ng bawat hayop.
15. Teoryang Eureka!  Sadyang inimbento/nilikha ang wika ayon sa teoryang ito
ayon kay (Boeree, 2003). Maaari raw na ang ating mga ninuno ay may ideya ng
pagtatakda ng mga arbitraryong tunog upang ipakahulugan sa mga tiyak na
bagay.Nang ang mga ideyang iyon ay nalikha, mabilis na iyong kumalat sa iba
pang tao at naging kalakaran sa pagpapangalan ng mga bagay- bagay.