CHAPTER 3

SCULPTURE
Sculpture
Sculpture is a three-dimensional art form
that involves shaping or altering solid
materials like clay, stone, or metal to create
works of art. It's a visual art that operates in
three dimensions, creating forms with
height, width, and depth.
 Mediums & Techniques
Wood
Commonly used materials are hardwood like
narra, molave, kamagong and bamboo, while
the "chisel through the reductive technique" is
the technique mainly used in wood.

Stone
Adobe is a common, hard, and enduring
material used in sculpture.
 Mediums & Techniques
Marble

Hard limestone with a smooth, veined texture,

often associated with classical sculpture and
used for ornaments and statuary.

Semi-precious stones

Jade and crystals are

used.
 Mediums & Techniques
Ceramics
Special clay is used and applied in pottery
making.

Terracotta

Figures are formed from baked clay fired at

low temperatures.
Mediums & Techniques
Metal
Strong material heated and hammered into
shape, with bronze being a preferred metal
for sculpture.
 Kinds of Sculpture
Free-Standing Relief Kinetic & Mobiles

A three-dimensional figure or Moving three-dimensional

sculpture in the round, which is figures, such as those
monumental. suspended to move like good
luck charms.

Sculpture characterized by
images embossed on a flat
background; carvings are
examples.
 Brief History of Sculpture
Sculpture is considered the most ancient art
form, with its earliest known examples being
carvings on cave rocks, believed to be linked
to spiritual practices and worship.

BRUH
 Prehistoric Sculpture

Prehistoric sculptures, such as the

Venus figurine, notably features Venus of Willendorf
fertility figures emphasizing female (Upper Paleolithic Period)
attributes like wide hips and large
breasts; these are interpreted as
symbols meant to encourage
procreation and show respect for
The Urfa Man (9,000 B.C)
women's role in continuing the
human species.
 Egyptian Sculpture

The Sphinx stands out as a

Great Sphinx of Giza
major sculptural achievement
(2500 B.C)
and tourist attraction. This
colossal statue combines a
human head, representing the
Pharaoh, with a lion's body,
Triads of Menkaure
(circa 2490-2472 B.C)
symbolizing Egypt's power and
majesty. Its immense scale also
classifies it as architecture.
 Mesopotamian Sculpture

Characterized by free-standing
figures often exhibiting a primitive
style and frontality (facing directly
forward). Artisans used techniques
like incised herringbone patterns
and worked with valuable
materials including gold, silver,
and semi-precious stones.
VOTIVE STATUES
 Greek Sculpture
Closely associated with the Golden
Age of Athens, early Greek works
often consisted of life-size or
larger individual figures created to
honor their gods. Frontality
remained significant in religious
sculptures, depicting gods facing
forward to convey divine power
and authority.
THE DISCOBOLUS, ATHENA PARTHENOS
MYRON PHIDIAS
( 450 B.C) (438 B.C)
 Roman Sculpture

MOTHER EARTH WITH AIR AND WATER

Roman portraiture set the early
standard of excellence for the
Western tradition influenced by
the Etruscan style of naturalism.
There are two classes of Roman
sculpture and these are
portraiture and historical relief.
AUGUSTUS OF PRIMA PORTA
 Early Christian Sculpture

Sarcophagi sculpture dominated the

early Christian sculpture derived
from sarcophagus which was a term
used to indicate certain type of
limestone for coffin making. Later on
Sarcophagi sculpture emerged to
refer to sepulchral chest.
SARCOPHAGUS OF JUNIUS BASSUS
 Renaissance Sculpture

This sculpture had some classical influences as seen in the pulpits of the
Cathedrals of Pisa and Sienna. Donatello was one of the greatest sculptor
of the Renaissance. The genius of the time was Michelangelo or
Michelangelo Buonarroti, born March 6, 1475 in Florence, Italy and
considered as the major sculptor of all time. He is also called the
Renaissance painter and architect par excellence.
 PIETA, MICHELANGELO

PERSEUS WITH THE HEAD OF

MEDUSA, CELLINI

DAVID, DONATELLO DAVID, MICHELANGELO

 Baroque Sculpture

This is a restless and dynamic style THE ECSTACY OF

ST. TERESA, BERNINI
with diagonals and floating
curved lines, as well as, a
striking treatment of light and
shade called chiaroscuro. The
baroque sculptor of the time was
Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
 Modern Sculpture

Modern sculpture, emerging in the

late 19th and evolving through the
20th century, represents a radical
break from the academic
traditions and representational
focus of earlier periods.

THE THINKER, RODIN

PHILIPPINE
SCULPTURE
 Brief History
Early Philippine sculpture before the coming
of the Spaniard had a striking similarity with
the early Egyptian sculpture characterized by
frontal nudity. The difference lies in the
symbolism behind the figure. In the
Philippines, particularly among the Ifugaos,
the "Bulul", wooden sculpture in human form,
also means fertility is considered as an Ifugao
granary god to assure bountiful harvest.
 Brief History
The carvings brought to the Philippines by
early Arab and Indian missionaries were of
beveled type as the slanting type called
“Okkil” (Okir). In 1380, the beginnings of this
sculpture started with the Islamization of Sulu
as seen in the carvings found in Koran cases,
trunks, canes, saddles, and jewelry boxes.
TOROGAN
Woodcarving
Comes in ornamental form in the
houses of the Maranao like that of the
"torogan" which features the
"panolong", an extended beam carved
with the Sarimanok or the Naga design.

PANOLONG
 Woodcarving
Paete, Laguna is renowned as the
home of excellent wood carving, with
artists known for their unique styles and
realistic depictions of people in daily
life. Recognized as "buen ebanistas"
since the Spanish era, Paeteños work
primarily in wood, creating a variety of
crafts including figurines, decorative
pieces, religious figures, and hand-
carved furniture.
 Modern Period

A familiar example of sculpture with

the integration of architecture is the
Art Deco Style of the Metropolitan
Theater at Liwasang Bonifacio which
was completed by Juan Arellano in 1931.
 Jewelry Making

Jewelry making in the Philippines can be

traced from the ancient beads which is of
many types such as glass and stone beads
which was excavated from burial caves in
Palawan and dated more that 2,000 years
ago.
 Bladed Weapons of the Philippines

KALIS

This multi-purpose blades come in

different materials and designs. They
were introduced to us from contacts
with Borneo, Indonesia, and Malaysia KAMPILAN
when these were thriving places.
 Ceramics

The Philippines possesses abundant

ceramic clay, leading early Filipinos to
utilize prehistoric earthenware pottery
for various purposes, including
religious rituals, burial vessels, and
household items.

THE MANUNGGUL JAR (890-710 BC)

 Brasscasting

A manufacturing process that involves

shaping molten brass into various objects
by pouring it into a mold and allowing it
to solidify. Brass, primarily an alloy of
copper and zinc, is heated to high
temperatures (typically between 900°C
and 940°C, or 1652°F and 1724°F,
depending on the specific alloy) in a
furnace until it becomes liquid.
 Maranao
Brasscasting

The primary technique employed in

Maranao brass casting is a form of the
lost-wax process. In this method, a model
of the desired object is first created in
wax, often a mixture of beeswax and
other materials. This wax model is then
covered with layers of clay or a mixture of
fine charcoal and mud, which hardens to
form a mold.
 Boat Building
The inhabitants of Sibutu Islands
have been known as Sulu's best
boatmakers. This island is
strategically located between Tawi-
Tawi and Sitangkai Island to the
South
 Monuments
After the First World War in 1896 when
stability was restored, the patriotic feelings
of reverence of Filipinos for the fallen
heroes were manifested in the form of
monumental sculptures. Dr. Jose Rizal,
being the National Hero, was the subject
of this art interpretation. Andres Bonifacio
had also his share of veneration among the
Filipino. His first full-figure monument
came in 1905 in the form of a reinforced
concrete by Ramon Martinez who was a
former student and later professor of
Academia de Pintura Escultura y Grabado.
 SOME NOTED Napoleon Abueva

FILIPINO SCULPTORS National Artist for Sculpture, is recognized as a pioneering modernist in the field
for revolutionizing the approach to materials by combining different mediums
such as wood, metal, and stone with techniques suited to each. Known for works
like "Allegorical Harpon" and "Kaganapan Rice Planters," Abueva also excelled in
furniture design, incorporating a functional aspect into his sculptures

Juan Arellano

Juan M. Arellano was a prominent Filipino architect who significantly contributed

to the Art Deco style in the Philippines. While initially recognized for his
neoclassical designs, he embraced the Art Deco movement after a study leave in
the United States in 1927

Eduardo Castrillo

a major sculptor from the NCR prominent in the early 1970s, is known for his strong
figurative style, often executed in metal on a larger scale, with significant works including
"Pieta" and "Last Supper." Castrillo began his artistic career as a jeweler before moving
into religious art and creating large stationary abstract sculptures; his powerful works
frequently conveyed social significance, exemplified by pieces like "Boat Refugees."
 SOME NOTED Julie Lluch

FILIPINO SCULPTORS She works on portraits in glazed terracotta, which is highly personal and feminist
in significance.

Ramon Martinez

He is attributed with the first sculpture of the Bonifacio Monument in polychrome,

depicting the hero raising his arms, holding the Katipunan flag in his left hand and
a bolo in his right.

Ramon Orlina

Known for glass sculpture, his works are derived from blocks of glass.
 SOME NOTED Jose Rizal

FILIPINO SCULPTORS recognized for creating what is considered the best portrait of the Jesuit priest,
Father Guerrico, an artwork specifically noted for its strong characterization of
the subject.
Jose Rizal, a multifaceted national hero, is also recognized for his artistic talents,
including sculpture. Among his notable works is a bust of the Jesuit priest Father
Jose Guerrico.

Francisco Verano

Attributed for having invented artwork or a sculpture made out of fine wood
shavings, acrylic polymer, and fiberglass

Luin "Junyee" Yee Jr.

He is noted for using indigenous materials in his works and these are
organic materials from everywhere like banana pulp, coconut shells,
dried kapok pods, acacia barks which are utilized for their texture,
color, and tone
THANK
YOU!