Moulay Ismail University Department of English Studies

School of Arts and Humanities Semester 1: Grammar 1

Meknes S. Kerouad
M . M’rabti

Chapter 1: TENSES

I. The simple present tense

We use the present tense in different situations

a. To describe habitual actions
- Fatima goes to university on foot.
-Jane reads books before going to bed.
-Kamal listens to music in the evenings.
b. For repeated actions in the present, especially with adverbs of frequency and
expressions like once a week, on Mondays, etc.
-He goes to the steam bath on Sundays.
-Ali plays soccer once a week.
-This man usually goes to the mosque.
c. For states, facts and things that are true for all the time or for a long time. (for
permanent situations).
-Jane lives in a beautiful house in Paris.
-Ahmed and his wife work in a travel agency.
-This book belongs to Ann.

d. In newspaper headlines.
-QUAKE HITS Pakistan and more than 40000 people are dead.
- PEACE TALKS BETWEEN THE ARABS AND THE ISRAELIS FAIL
e. With performative verbs.
-I declare you husband and wife
-I name this ship “Marrakech”
-I admit that I can’t work as long as I used to.
Other verbs: acknowledge, accept, advise, apologize, assume, deny, hope, inform, predict,
recommend, suggest, suppose, and warn.
f. In time clauses.
-As soon as he earns any money, he spends it.
-Before Ann goes to bed, she watches the news.
-After they finish work, they go to the cafe.

g. For the future. (e.g. events that are part of some arrangement such as timetable or
programme.)
-The train to Rabat leaves at 8 a.m. tomorrow.
-The meeting of the cultural association board is on November 21st.

h. For reporting what we have heard, seen, or read.

-This newspaper article explains why unemployment has been rising so quickly.
-The movie talks about the of the white house.

i. To talk about scientific facts.

-Hydrogen is the lightest element
-Two and two make four
-Water boils at 200 C.

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II. The present continuous tense.

1. The present progressive is used in the following:

a. To describe something that is happening right now.

-It’s a gray day today. The sun isn’t shining.
-The kids are playing video games in their room.
-Listen. Someone is knocking at the door.
b. For changing and developing situations.
-The weather is getting colder.
-That building is collapsing day after day.
-The universe is expanding and has been since its beginning.
c. To describe something that is happening these days, even if it’s not happening right

now.
-John is studying Spanish this semester.
-Ann is watching an exciting soap opera these weeks.
d. For a definite arrangement in the near future (expressing one’s immediate plans)
-I am meeting Peter tonight. He is taking me to the theater.
-The Smiths are going on a picnic tomorrow.
e. To imply that a situation is or may be temporary.
-She’s staying with us just for some months.
-Tom is living in a hotel in Casa.
f. With always to mean ‘very often’, usually with the added meaning of ‘too often’ and

it is unplanned.
-Ali is always playing video games. It’s not good for his studies.
-Some students are always late for class.
g. For an action which appears to be persistent or continuous.
-Fatima is always surfing on the Internet in her free time. (She surfs on the net the whole

time)
-He’s always working on his computer. (He works the whole time).

2. Verbs which does not allow the progressive aspect.

The present continuous is used only with verbs of dynamic use (actions). State verbs or non-action
verbs disallow the progressive tense.
Non-action verbs are usually verbs that:
a. describe a state of being. (be, feel)
-Ahmed is a nice and generous person.
-Fatima feels happy today.
b. express emotions and feelings. (hate, like, love, adore, dislike)
-I like your new hairstyle?
-I love the new Bryan Adams album.
c. describe mental states. (know, remember, believe, think, suppose, understand,
expect, assume, realize, see …)
-Ann knows a lot of good ways of cooking.
-Tom can remember phone numbers easily.
-I think they’re studying well.

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 d. show possession. (have, own, possess, belong, owe)
-Kamal has a beautiful car.
-Mr. Smith owns a lot of stores.
e. describe perceptions and senses. (hear, see, smell, taste, feel, notice, observe, seem,
look (seem), appear, sound)
-Ali looks nervous.
-It all sounds interesting.
-This couscous tastes delicious.
f. describe needs and preferences. (need, want, prefer)
-I need a computer to do all this work.
-She prefers love stories to action movies

g. describe measurements. (weigh, cost, contain)

-This car costs a hand and a leg?
-Bill weighs 95 kg.

Notice that some verbs can have non-action and action meanings.
-Jane is at the market. Right now she is looking at the apples.
-The apples look fresh.
-I think all of my answers to the questions are correct. (I believe)
-I’m thinking about the verbs in this grammar practice right now.
-Tim has a car. (own)
-Tim is having trouble with his car. So he has to take the bus to work these days.
-I see what you mean. (understand)
-Mark is seeing his boss. (meeting)
other verbs are look, appear, weigh, like, love, enjoy, cost, feel, smell, hear.

Practice: The simple present and the present progressive

I. Put the verbs between brackets into the present simple or progressive.

1. Dennis usually ( drink) …………. coffee with his breakfast, but this morning he (drink)
………….. tea instead.

2. Jane (take) …………... the bus to work every day. She (wait) …………. for the bus at the
corner of 5th and Pine.

3. This morning it (rain) ………….. I can see Janet from my windows. She (stand) ……………. at

the corner of 5th and Pine. She (hold) …………… her umbrella over her head. She (wait)
………….. for the bus.

4. Mike (take) …………. three classes this trimester. Every morning he (study) …………..
for two hours before he (go) …………. to school. He (have) ……………. French class at 9
o’clock. He also (take) ……………… chemistry and accounting. He (like) ………………
chemistry best of all.

5. A: Susie! Get your fingers out of the dessert! What (you, do)…………………….?
B: I (taste) ……………… the cake. It (taste) ………………good.

6. A: What (you, write) ……………………… in your notebook?

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 B: I (make) …………………. notes about the questions I want to ask the teacher.
A: (you, prepare, always) ……………………………… so thoroughly for every class?
B: I (try, usually) ………………………. To.
7. She has an important project to finish by next week, so she ……………… (work) in the
evening at present.

8. Philip is an excellent linguist. He ………………… (speak) six languages fluently.

9. “How are you getting on with the book?” “At the moment I ……………… (read) chapter
four.

10. Here we are in Switzerland again. We ………………… (stay) in a very comfortable

hotel.

II. Read Tessa’s letter to Angela and put the verbs between brackets into the present simple or
progressive.

We (have) 1…………… a great time here. It’s beautiful, and the sun (shine) 2………….. Yesterday
I went water-skiing! What (think) 3……………… of that?
I (sit) 4 …………… at a table in our hotel room and writing a few postcards. The room is fine, but
we (not like) 5…………………… the food very much. But it ( not do) 6………………… matter
because we (go) 7…………. out to a restaurant every evening.
We (be) 8………… both very lazy at the moment. I (wake) 9…………… up quite late in the
morning, and Nigel (get) 10…………… up even later. You know of course how much Nigel work
(mean) 11……………… to him. Well, the holiday is so good that he’s forgotten all about work. So
it’s the perfect holiday. The only problem is that it (cost) 12…………… us a lot of money. But
we’ll worry about that later.

III. Complete the conversations. Put the correct form of each verb. Use the present continuous or
the present simple.

1. A: Why isn’t Richard here ?

B: I ……………………. (imagine) he’ll be here soon. Don’t worry about him.
2. A: Are you happy with the school you want to send your daughter to?
B: Yes, but it’s pretty expensive. It …………………. (cost) is an arm and a leg to send her
there, but we ……………………. (think) it’s worth it.
3. A: Juan! What’s the matter with your hand? It ………………….. (bleed)
B: I just cut it when I was using a knife. It’s not serious.
4. A: What …………………(you/ do)?
B: I ………………… (weigh) this letter. I ………………… (need) to know how many

stamps to put on it.

5. A: I ……………… (think) this road is really dangerous. Look how fast that lorry
…………… (go).
B: I ………………(agree). People shouldn’t go so fast.
6. A: What’s that?
B: It’s a needle. I …………………… (prepare) to give you a shot.
7. A: What …………………. (do) this evening?
B: I ………………… (studying) at the library.
8. A: What’s the price on that lamp? I really like it.

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 B: Let me see. Well, it …………………… (cost) three times as much as the other one.
You certainly …………………… (have) expensive tastes.

III. The Simple past tense.

We use the simple past in the following:
a. For actions finished in the past at a definite time.
*when time is given.
-We had a wonderful dinner last night to celebrate our 25th wedding anniversary.
-I saw an interesting movie last week.
*When the time is asked about.
-When did you last visit Rabat?
*When an action took place at a definite time even if time is not mentioned.
-I knew what the problem was.
-I bought this book in Paris.
-She told me all what happened.
*When time becomes definite as a result of a question and answer in the present perfect.
-A: Where have you been? B: I’ve been to the movies.
A: What did you see? B: I saw ‘Titanic’
b. For a past habit.
-When I was young, I always went with my father shopping.
-When he was in Paris, he used to go to the Louver very often.
c. To talk about two or more past completed events that follow each other.
-He had his breakfast, got dressed, and went to work.
-Jane got up when someone rang the bell.
d. To talk about a permanent or long-term situation that existed in the past but now is
terminated.
-Amal taught in a school in Rabat for six years. (but she does not teach there now)
-I worked in a language school for a long time.
e. To express hypothetical meaning.
-If you had enough money, you would buy the latest computer.
-It’s time we had an exam.
f. For politeness.
-I wondered if you could lend me your computer just for a day.

IV. The past progressive tense.

We use the past continuous tense in the following:

a. To describe actions that were in progress for some time but whose limits are not
known or not important.
-Amina was watching television. She wasn’t doing her homework.
-He was talking on the phone with his mother. (Indicates uncertainty about times of starting
or finishing)
b. To indicate a gradual development.
-The building was collapsing day after day.
-The weather was getting colder.
c. With a point in time. It expresses an action which began before the specific time and
may or may not continue after the specific time.
-At eight o’clock she was cooking dinner.
-At 12.00 a.m. I was working on my computer.

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 d. With a verb in the simple past replacing the time expression.
-When the phone rang, she was taking a shower.
-They were playing football when Amine broke his leg.
-While they were playing football, Amine broke his leg.
Notice the difference.
-When the light changed, I was crossing the street.
-When the light changed, I crossed the street.

e. With while to talk about tow actions in progress at the same time in the past.
-Samira was cleaning her room while her mother was preparing lunch.
-The students weren’t paying attention while the teacher was explaining the lesson.
f. In descriptions.
-He was having a shower and (was) singing to himself.
g. In reported speech.
-Ali told me that he was doing his homework and listening to music.
h. With always for frequently repeated actions.
-She was always drinking coffee.
- I was always working in the library.

Practice: The simple past and the past progressive

I. Put the verbs in the simple past or the past progressive.

1. Yesterday David ……………………. (cross) a street when a truck ………………… (turn)
the corner very fast and almost ………………….. (hit) him.

2. All the witnesses …………………. (swear) to tell the truth in the court of law last week.

3. When I spilled rice on the floor, I …………….. (get) broom and ………………… (sweep)
it up.

4. We …………………… (have) our anniversary dinner at home last night when my uncle
…………………. (call) to congratulate us.

5. When Carlos was on vacation, a thief …………………..(break) into his apartment and
………………… (steal) his TV and his stereo set.

6. When we …………………. (look) in on the baby last night, he …………………. (sleep). I

think he …………………….. (dream) about something nice because he
……………………. (smile) .

7. last Saturday while Sandy ……………………. (clean) out the attic, she …………………..
(find) her grandmother’s wedding dress.
8. We both …………………. (quit) smoking three months ago and we already feel much
better.

9. I …………………. (weep) when I heard the tragic news. Everyone else ………………
(cry) too.

10. Two days ago Peter …………………….. (withdraw) all his money from the band and
……………………… (buy) a car. Yesterday while he ………………… (drive) to work,
he lost control of his steering and ……………………… (hit) another car.

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11. When I was a child, my mother always …………………… (serve) cookies and milk to
my friends and me when we ……………………… (go) home after school.

12. As she …………………… (stand), she ………………… (weep) the table and everything
on top of it ………………….. (fall) to the floor.

13. When they were playing, Rita ………………… (throw) the ball high in the air. Daniel
……………………… (catch) it when it came down.

14. Last night we suddenly …………………… (wake) up from a sound sleep when we
…………………… (hear) a noise about 3:00 A. M. I thought it was a burglar, but it was
only a cat that ………………………. (walk) along the window still.

15. A: So how ……………… you and Bob …………….. (get) along at work today?
B: Same old stuff. While I ……………………….. (try) to explain something to him, he
………………………(interrupt) me, not just once but repeatedly. And once again he
……………….(ask) me to write a report that the boss had asked him to write. I
…………………… (refuse).

II. Read this part of a diary of a long-distance walker describing a morning’s walk along the
coast. Put the verbs in the simple past or the past progressive.
It was a fine day when I (1)…………… (start) out on the last part of my walk around the coast of
Britain. The sun (2)………………(shine) and a light wind (3)………………(blow) from the south-
west. I was pleased that it (4)…………………. (not/ rain)
I (5)………………(walk) along the cliff top and then down into the lovely little fishing village of
Wellbern, past a café where people (6)……………… (have) morning coffee. Three miles past
Wellburn I (7)…………… (sit) down for five minutes and (8)……………… (have) a drink. It (9)
……………… (get) warmer, so I (10)……………… (take) off one of my sweaters. I (11)
………………… (not/ stop) for long because I (12)……………… (have) to reach Seabury by
lunch-time. I finally got there, it (13)……………… (be) just half past twelve.

V. The present perfect tense.

The present perfect tense is used in the following:
a. with time adverbs that connect the present to the past.
-Don’t disturb Amy. She’s just gone to sleep. (recent action)
-The kids have just finished playing football.
-Have you gone to Fes lately?
Other time adverbs like these include already, so far, still, up to now, yet, etc.
-This movie isn’t interesting. Most people have already left.
-It’s 9: 30 p. m. and you haven’t finished your homework yet.
-Have you started your preparation yet?
b. to talk about things that happened at an indefinite time in the past. (when we don’t know
when something happened or when the specific time is not important.)
-She has been in a Hollywood movie.
-The have interviewed the whole class.
-I’ve read that novel and I think it’s not easy to understand.
c. for an action or event that has been repeated a number of times up to now. (it could be
repeated again in the present)
-Jane has been to France three times.
-He has composed many songs and I think his latest is the best.
-I’ve read this play twice and I don’t really understand it
d. for actions that happen in the past but have a result in the present.

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 -She has cleaned the windows. (They are clean now.)
-The children have eaten all the oranges. (There aren’t any left)
-The airplane has landed. (It’s on the ground now)
e. for situations up to the present.
*with adverbs such as today, this morning/ week/ month, etc.
-I haven’t drunk any coffee today. (today is not finished)
-Bill has sent two e-mails this morning. (it is still morning)
*ever, never, always, occasionally, etc.
-Have you ever gone to Agadir?
-I’ve never traveled by plain in my life.
-This is the most expensive hotel we’ve ever stayed in.
-A: Have you ever gone skiing?
B: Yes, I’ve gone occasionally/ quite often.
-Souad has always wanted to study engineering, but she’s never had the opportunity.
*for habitual actions. (started in the past but are true up to now)
-These students have never made noise in class.
-Ali has always phoned me at night.
f. with for and since. (denote a period of time extending into the present).
*For is used with a period of time (to say how long this period is).
-Amina has lived in Rabat for five years.
-I haven’t seen my brother for six months.
*Since is used to say when the period begun or when something started. (to talk about
something that begun in the past and continues into the present)
-He has been a teacher at the university since 1994.
-Tom and Jane have been in Morocco since July.
-They have worked in this company since 1998.
Since can also introduce a time clause.
-Tom and his wife have moved three times since they got married.
-She has won many tennis tournaments since she moved from Paris. (She doesn’t live
there anymore).
When the action in the time clause ended in the past, we use the simple past.
-She has become extremely successful since she has been in Paris. (She still lives in
Paris).
When the action in the time clause began in the past but continuous into the present, we use the
present perfect.

VI. The present perfect continuous.

The present perfect continuous tense is used in the following.
a. We use the present perfect continuous for an action over a period of time leading up to the
present and the action is still going on.
-They’ve been watching TV for more than an hour. (they are watching now)
-She’s been living in New Zealand for over a year now.
-I have been studying chemistry for two years.

b. To describe things that has stopped very recently. The action is not happening right now,
but you can still see the result of the action.
-A: You look well. B: I’ve been playing a lot of sports to lose weight.
-It’s been snowing. The trees are still covered with snow.
Present perfect continuous and the present perfect.
-Mark and Helena have arrived –they’re in the sitting room.
-We have driven all the way here without a break.

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The present perfect often shows that something is finished. It focuses on the result of the action.
-The guests have been arriving since about 6 o’ clock.
-She’s been driving for 3 years now.
The present perfect progressive often shows that an activity is unfinished. It focuses on the
continuation of an action.
-Ann has been working for this agency for the last few weeks. (temporary)
-Bill has worked for this company since his graduated. (permanent)
We prefer the simple perfect to talk about permanent or very long-lasting situations.
We use the present perfect to talk about: *how much someone has done. *how many times someone
has done something. *how many things someone has done.
-I’ve come across Ali 3 times this week. -He has played for the national team in 65
matches so far.
We use the present perfect progressive to talk about how long something has been happening.
-I’ve been working on this project for three months.

VII. The past perfect.

a. The past perfect is the past equivalent of the present perfect.
-My wallet isn’t here. I’ve left it behind. -My wallet wasn’t there. I’d left it behind.
-The match is over. United have won. -The match was over. United had won.
-The movie has just started if you want -When I got home, the movie had just
to watch it. started.
(before now) (before then)
b. We use the past perfect to talk about a past situation or activity that took place before
another past situation, or before a particular time in the past.
-John discovered that he had lost his passport.
-As Mary shook Mr. Morgan’s hand, she realized that she had seen him before.
Notice the difference in meaning with the past simple and the present perfect.
-When he stopped laughing, everyone left. (they left after he stopped laughing)
-When he stopped laughing, everyone had left. (they left before he stopped laughing)
-I got up when the phone rang. (the phone rang and then I got up)
-I had gone to bed when the phone rang. (I went to bed and then the phone rang)
c. We use the past perfect when we say what we wanted or hoped (etc.) to do, but didn’t:
-He had wanted to visit the gallery before he left to Florence, but it’s closed on Sundays.
-Bill had hoped to retire at 60, but they persuaded him to stay on for a few more years.
Other verbs used like this include expect (to), meant (to), think (about + ing).
d. When we use a time expression (eg. after, as soon as, before, by the time, when) to say
that one event happened after another, we use the simple past or past perfect for the event that
happened first and the past simple for the event that happened second.
-After Fatima (had) finished eating dinner, she did her homework.
-When Carol (had) brushed her teeth, she went to bed.
e. We use the past perfect with already and just (=a very short time before)
-The film had already begun by the time we got to the cinema.
-She had just went into the bathroom when someone knocked at the door.

f. We often use the past perfect with by (a certain time)

-By 1997 Kamal had begun his career as a teacher.

VIII. The Past perfect continuous.

Compare how the past perfect continuous and the past perfect are used:

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 -She had been suffering form the flue -She had suffered from asthma
when she was very young. when she was interviewed.

-I’d been finishing some work in the -I’d finished all my work, so I
garden and hadn’t seen Sue come home. had very little to do.

-Bill had been saving since Christmas to -Bill had saved enough money to buy
buy a new bike. the bike he wanted.

We use the past perfect continuous when we talk about the continuity or duration of a situation or
activity, and the past perfect to talk about the completion of a situation or activity or its effects.

If we talk about how long something went on up to a particular past time, we prefer the past perfect
continuous. If we talk about how many times something happened in a period up to a particular past
time, we use the past perfect.
-They had been traveling for about 36 hours.
-We had been looking at the painting for about ten minutes before we realized who the
artist was.
-I’d heard the symphony many times before.
-The teacher had let them get away with their behavior too often.

Exercises: Past and perfect tenses.

I. Put in the present perfect or past simple of the verbs in brackets.

1. I ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (know) Jim since I was a child, but I …………………… (not see) him
for many years.

2. The company and the union finally ………………… (agree) on salary raises two days ago.

3. Ivan ………………… (play) the violin with the London Symphony since 1990. last year he
………………… (retire).

4. when she was in college, Julia ……………… (write) home at least once a week. Now she
has a job and is living in Chicago. In the last six months she …………………… (e-mail)
her parents only three times.

5. Mark ……………… (miss) his physics examination this morning because he

……………… (oversleep).

6. Tom ……………… (go) on a trip to Asia last September. He ………………… (take)

many trips to Asia since he ……………….. (start) his own import-export business.

7. Martin …………… (be) to Greece five times. He loves the place.

8. ………………………… you (ever, swim) in the Atlantic ocean?

9. Let’s stop at the next motel. We …………………… (drive) 500 miles so far today, and
that’s enough.

10. My sister’s husband ………………… (get) a job on a fishing boat in Agadir. He

……………… (be) there for more than two years.
11. Overall, Bill ………………… (not, learn) very much since the term ………………
(begin). He needs to study harder.

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12. Argentina ……………… (win) the World Cup in 1986 for the second time.

13. Alex ……………… (speak) Arabic when he ……………… (live) in Lebanon as a young
child, but now he …………………. (forget) almost all of his Arabic. He remembers only a
few words.

14. I ………………… (never, ride) on the subways since I ……………… (move) from Paris.

15. The world ………………… (enjoy) Beethoven’s music for nearly 200 years.

II. Choose the right tenses: present perfect, past or past perfect; simple or progressive.
1. The children are at the park. They …………………… (play) soccer for the last two hours,
but they don’t seem tired yet.

2. By the time Jason arrived to help, we …………………… (already, finish) moving

everything.

3. Yesterday I ………………… (go) to my daughter’s dance recital. I ……………………

(never, be) to a dance recital before. I …………………… (not, take) dancing lessons when
I ……….. (be) a child.

4. I …………… (lie) in bed thinking about getting up when the doorbell …………… (ring).

5. Janice………………… (sleep) for almost eleven hours. Don’t you think we should wake
her up?

6. Last night, I ………………… (eat) four servings of food at the “all-you-can-eat” special
dinner at the Village Restaurant. Until that time, I …………………… (never, eat) so much
in one meal. I ………………………… (feel) miserable all day today.

7. A: How much longer until we arrive at the Singapore airport.

B: Let me see. It’s about 9:15. We ………………… (fly) for almost six hours. We should
be there in another couple of hours.

8. Two day ago I …………………. (visit) my friends Ann and Andy at their apartment. They
…………………… (wash) the dishes when I ………………… (arrive). They ……………
(finish ) quickly and we all …………(sit) down and ……………… (chat) about old times.

9. Marrakech ……………...(change) a lot since they first ……………… (come) to live here.

10. When I first ………………… (travel) abroad to study, I ………………… (never, live) in
a dormitory before.

11. The farmer’s barn ………………….. (catch) on fire some time during the night. By the
time firefighters arrived, the building …………………… (burn) to the ground. It was a
total loss.

12. Karl ……………… (raise) three children to adulthood. Now they are educated and
working in productive careers.

IX. The future

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There are many different ways of talking about the future, depending on how we see a future event.
It may be something that is fairly sure to happen, but on the other hand it may be just a plan or
intention, or it may be something that you think will happen but you can’t be sure about.

Will.
A. We use will to say what we know or think about the future. Will here has a neutral
meaning. It does not express the idea that we have already decided to do something or that we
are planning something.
-I imagine the movie theater will be full for the new movie.
-Why not come over at the weekend? The kids will enjoy seeing you again.

B. We use will for an instant decision, when we decided on something or agree to do it more or
less at the moment of speaking.
-I’m hungry. I think I’ll make a sandwich.
-I don’t think I’ll go to work this afternoon. I don’t feel well.
C. We can use will for prediction about the future.
-I think Barcelona will win the next match.
-One day there will be a shortage of water on earth.
Notice that we can use shall for the future, but only in the first person after I and we.
-I will/ I shall go to Rabat in March.
-We will/ We shall know the results soon. (Shall is a little formal)

Be going to.
A. We use be going to to talk about something or an intention we have already decided to do.
-I’m going to spend my next vacation in Marrakech.
-Fatima is going to give a speech this afternoon.
-The children are going to spend this weekend at their grandparents’ house.
(The present continuous can have a very similar meaning to be going to.)

B. We also use be going to for a prediction based on the present situation, when we can see
that something is going to happen. (There is something in the present that leads to the future.)
-My sister is going to have a baby in March.
-It’s nearly nine now. We’re going to be late.
-Look at those dark clouds! It’s going to rain.

Predictions.
a. Be going to implies that there are signs that something will happen.
Will implies that the speaker thinks/ believes that it will happen.
b. Be going to is normally used about the immediate/ fairly immediate future.
Will doesn’t imply any particular time and could refer to the remote future.
c. We often use be going to for an intention and will for the details and comments.
-We’re going to have a meal. There’ll be about ten of us.

The present continuous.

A. We use the present continuous for arrangements.
-I’m seeing the doctor at 4: 30 this afternoon.
-We’re going to Casa nest month.
Notice that the present continuous and be going to have similar meanings here.
-We’re having a party next week. (we have made the arrangement)
-We’re going to have a party next week. (We intend/ we have decided to have one)

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B. The present continuous is also used to talk about future intentions and plans. (activities or
events that are intended.)
-She’s making a speech at the conference next week.
-I’m tired. I’m not going to work any more tonight.

The simple present.

A. We use the simple present when we talk about future events that are part of some official
arrangement such as a timetable or programme.
-The train to Rabat leaves at 7: 30 tomorrow.
-I’m away on holiday next week. Can we meet the week after?
Will can also be used in these examples but the use of simple present suggests that the arrangement
is fixed and definite.

Notice that when we talk about personal plans or predictions, we don’t use the present simple.
Instead, we use will, be going to, or the present continuous.
-I’m really exhausted. I’m just staying in to watch TV tonight.

X. The future continuous.

A. We use will + ing (the future continuous) to talk about an activity or event going on at a
particular time or over a particular period in that future:
-Next week, at this time the students will be sitting for the test.
-After the operation you won’t be doing any sport for a while.
-The plane will be traveling at twice the speed of sound when it passes overhead.
With the future continuous we normally mention the future time (next Friday, etc.).

We also use the future continuous when the future activity or event is the result of a previous
decision or arrangement:
-He will be taking up his place at university in July. (the result of a previous decision).
-She will be performing every day until the end of the month. (part of a schedule)
or of a routine activity:
-We’ll be going to my brother’s house again for Christmas. (we always go there)
-I’ll be seeing Tony on Tuesday. That’s when we usually meet.

B. We can often use either the future continuous or the present continuous when we talk
about planned activities or events in the future:
-I will be leaving/ am leaving for the conference at 9.00 next Monday.
-Professor Smith will be giving/ is giving a presentation on gender tomorrow afternoon.

C. Compare the use of will and the future continuous in these sentences.
-Ann will help us organize the party.-Ann will be helping us organize the party.
(she is willing to help) (a previous arrangement)
-Will you come to the concert. -Will you be coming to the concert.
(an invitation) (asking about a possible previous arrang.)

When we use the future continuous, we are often referring simply to some future event or action
that has been previously arranged. However, we use will to talk about such things as decisions that
people have made, willingness to do things, inviting, promising, etc.

IX. Future perfect and Future perfect continuous.

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A. We use the future perfect to say that something will be ended, completed, or achieved by a
particular point in the future.
-Let’s hope the volcano eruption will have finished before we arrive on the island.
-By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house form top to bottom.
Notice that we can use other model verbs instead of will to talk about the future in a less certain
way.
-By the time you get home I will/ may/ should have cleaned the house.

B. We can use the future perfect continuous to emphasize how long something has been going
on by a particular point in the future.
-On Saturday, we will have been living in this house for a year.
-Next year I will have been working in the company for 30 years.
In sentences with the future perfect continuous we usually mention both the particular point in the
future (‘On Saturday …’, ‘Next year …’) and the period of time until this point (‘… for a year’, ‘…
for 20 years’). Notice that we don’t usually use the future perfect continuous with verbs describing
states.

TENSES : Exercises .

I. Choose the right tenses: present, past, future, perfect; simple or progressive.
1. You know, she ………………… (stand) looking at the mirror for the last twenty minutes.
2. After he ………………… (finish) breakfast, he ………………… (sit) down to write some
letters.
3. When I ……………… (meet) him he ………………… (work) as a waiter for a year or so.
4. When I ……………… (live) in Paris, I ……………… (spend) three hours a day traveling
to and from work.
5. All day, the police ………………… (stop) the motorists to question them about the
accident.
6. Alice ……………… (see) her mother in London most weekends.
7. The Moroccan airline ………………… (currently, offer) half price tickets to France, but
just this month.
8. Since I …………… (win) the lottery, my telephone ………………… (not stop) ringing.
People ……………… (phone) to ask how ………………… (spend) the money.
9. Next year, I bet, more people …………………(enter) the competition as the prize money
increases.
10. Until she …………… (retire) last month, she ……………… (work) in the customer
complaints department.
11.The situation continuous to be serious, and troops ………………… (risk) their lives to
rescue people from the floods.
12. I ……………… (spend) a lot of time traveling since I ………………(get) this new job.
13. When I …………… (get) to the car park, I ……………… (realized) that I ………………
(lose) my keys.
14. A recent UN report ……………… (suggest) that by the year 2040, 15 percent of the
world’s population ………………… (suffer) from malaria.
15. This time yesterday, I ……………… (watch) a movie on TV.
16. It ……………… (cost) us a fortune at the moment to send our daughter to dance classes.

II. Complete the passage below with the correct forms of the verbs between parentheses.

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It (1) (be) ……….. June. Nice weather (2) (arrive) ……………. And along with it, thoughts of
barbecues. (3) (you think) …………………… of having one? (4) (you ever wonder)
……………………….. about the origin of the term? According to Jeff Smith, author of The Frugal
Gourmet Cooks American, the term barbecue (5) (be) ……………….. not strictly an American one,
but only Americans “… (6) (barbecue) ……………………. The rest of the world simply (7) (cook)
……………………….. meals over a fire.” People (8) (dispute) …………………… the origin of
the name. Smith (9) (continue) …………………………: “Some researchers (10) (claim)
……………………..that the word (11)………………………. (come) from Spanish and Haitian
origin, and barbaco (12) (refer) ……………………… to a framework of sticks set upon posts.” In
the past, people (13) (use) ………………………………. this rack to roast meat or simply dry it.
Other researchers (14)……………………… (believe) that the origin of the term is the French
phrase barbe à queue, which (15) (mean) ……………………. “from whisker barbe to tail (queue).”
In the eighteenth century, people (16) (roast) ……………………….. whole animals outdoors as
well as indoors. Native Americans, too, (17) (use)…………………….. this method of cooking
outdoors. Whatever the origin of the term, a barbecue (18) (be) ………………… now not only a
means of cooking, but an event. According to Smith, by 1733, the process (19) (become)
……………………… a party. People (20) (stand) ………………………. around a fire and (21)
(drink) ……………….. until the food (22) (be) ………………………. ready. That, with the
addition of the barbecue sauce, (23) (sound) …………………… pretty much like what a barbecue
(24) (be)…………………… today.

III. Put the verbs between brackets in their correct forms.

1. Bill asked me to go over to his apartment, but I (not, want) ……………………… to leave
the house because I (wait) ……………………. for a phone call.
2. Susan (look) ……………………… at some people across the street, but she (not, see)
………………………… anyone he knows.
3. Professor Owen is working on two articles fro National Wildlife Magazine. She (write)
…………………………. these articles since Monday.
4. By the time we (get) ………………………. Home, the Oprah Winfrey show (finish)
………………………….
5. Since 1994, when Martina Hingis (turn) ……………………… 18, she (be)
…………………. a professional tennis player.
6. Look at those black clouds. It (rain) …………………….. this afternoon.
7. (you/ have) ………………………… a nice weekend in Casa?
8. This time yesterday I (study) ………………………… for my grammar exam.
9. The couple (save) ……………………….. every penny so that by 2010 they (buy)
……………………….. a new apartment.
10. A: What a lovely clock!
B: It (not, work) …………………I’m afraid. It (break) ……………………for years.

IV. Complete the passage below with the correct forms of the verbs between parentheses.

Boris Becker (1) …………………. (pick up) his first tennis racket at the age of two. Since then, he
(2) …………………… (become) one of the greatest tennis players in the world. Born in Germany,
he (3) …………………… (live) there for many years. He (4) ………………….. (become) the
outdoor German champion at the age of eleven. Since then he (5) …………………… (win) many

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international competitions including Wimbledon, the U.S. Open, and the Australian Open. For
young stars like Boris, life (6) …………………… (have) its difficulties. They (7)
……………………… (be) under constant pressure (8) …………………… (win), and they (9)
……………………… (not/ have) time to just hang out with classmates. In fact, Boris (10)
………………………….. (not/ attend) school since 1990, and he (11) …………………… (not/ be)
in the public spotlight for years. But he (12) …………………(seem) to be handling his success
well. Since he (13) ……………………… (turn) professional, he (14) …………………… (play)
tennis all over the world and (15) …………………… (earn) millions of dollars. He (16)
……………………… (see) his life as normal because tennis (17) …………………… (be) the most
important thing to him since he (18) ……………………… (be) a little boy.

V. Put the verbs between brackets in their correct forms.

1. “What’s that delicious smell?” “My husband (cook) ………………………”

2. I (walk) …………………. along the street when I suddenly (feel) ……………………
something hit me in the back. I (not/ know) ……………………. what it was.
3. Professor Owen (give) …………………… many talks about wildlife presentation in
lectures series.
4. Normally I (start) ………………… work at eight o’clock, but this week I (start)
…………………… at seven. We’re very busy.
5. By June, she (save) ………………………… enough money to buy a new car.

6. I (see) ………………… The Color Purple last night. I (have/ never/ see)
…………………… it before.
7. Thirteen- year- old Ronnie Segal (love) …………………. math since he (be)
………………. a little boy.
8. The train to Marrakech (leave) ……………………at eight a. m. tomorrow.
9. Listen. That burglar alarm (ring) …………………… since eight o’clock this morning.
10. “Doctor Smith (give) …………… a lecture tomorrow.” “oh! Maybe I (go) ………………

Moulay Ismail University Department of English Studies

School of Arts and Humanities Semester 1: Grammar 1
Meknes S. Kerouad

Chapter two: NOUNS

I. Classification and types of nouns.

1. Proper nouns and common nouns.

A proper noun is a noun which has a unique reference. It may refer to a person, place, country,
holiday, day, month, etc. and it always starts with a capital letter. A common noun does not have
these characteristics. Proper nouns may be, then, classified into five classes.
a. Personal names: Ahmed, Mr. Simpson, Dr. Filali, King Mohammed the Sixth
b. Geographical names: continents, countries, cities, towns, lakes, mountains, rivers, oceans,
seas, etc.
c. Calendar items: festivals, months and days of the week, holidays and special occasions.
d. Religions and nationalities: Islam, Christianity, Moroccan, American, etc.
2. Countable and uncountable nouns.

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Consider these examples:
- She bought a necklace. Ana bought two necklaces.
- They bought some jewelry.
Necklace is a count noun; necklaces are items that can be counted. Jewelry is a noncount noun. In
grammar, jewelry cannot be counted. Thus, countable nouns are those which can have the word a/an
before them or be used in the plural. Uncountable nouns are not preceded by a/an and has no plural
form.

A. Some common noncount nouns.

a.Whole groups made up of similar items: baggage, clothing, equipment, food, fruit,
furniture, garbage, jewelry, junk, luggage, machinery, mail, money/cash/ change, traffic, etc.
b. Fluids: water, coffee, tea, milk, soup, oil, blood, etc.
c. Solids: ice, bread, butter, cheese, meat, gold, iron, silver, glass, paper, wood, cotton,etc.
d. Gases: steam, air, smoke, pollution, smog, nitrogen, oxygen, etc.
f.Abstractions: beauty, confidence, courage, education, fun, happiness, health, help, honesty,
justice, knowledge, luck, music, peace, pride, progress, sleep, etc. advice, information, news, proof,
evidence, etc. time, space, energy, etc.
g. Languages: Arabic, French, Chinese, English, etc.
h. Fields of study: chemistry, history, engineering, literature, mathematics, etc.
i. Recreation: baseball, soccer, tennis, chess, poker, etc.
j. Activities: driving, swimming, jogging, walking, etc.
B. Some special uses of count and noncount nouns.

a. Sometimes a noun is used uncountably when we are talking about the whole substance or
idea, but countably when we are talking about:
* recognized containers for things. Compare:
- I prefer tea to coffee. and - Three teas (= cups of tea), please.
* a type, brand or make of thing. Compare:
- There’s cheese in the fridge. and -There were dozens of cheeses (= kinds of
cheese) to choose from.
* a particular example of a physical or concrete thing. Compare:
- She has blonde hair. and - There’s a hair in my soup!
* a particular instance of a substance or an idea. Compare:
- The statue was made of stone. and - I has a stone in my shoe.
- She was always good at sport. and - Football in mainly a winter sport in Britain.

There are many nouns like this, including beer, coffee, water; fruit, shampoo, toothpaste, washing
powder; cake, chicken, land, noise, rain, snow, sound, space; abuse, business, difficulty, dislike,
fear, improvement, protest, success.
b. Some nouns that are usually used uncountably can be used countably, but only in the
singular, including education, importance, knowledge, resistance, traffic:
- She has an extensive knowledge of property prices in this area.
- The decision to build the bridge later took on an unexpected strategic importance.
The noun damage can be used countably, but only in the plural
- Sue is claiming damages (= money paid as compensation) for the injuries caused.
c. Some nouns have different meanings when they are used countably and uncountably.
Compare:
- Bolivia is one of the world’s largest producers of tin. (= metal) and
- The cupboard was full of tins. (= metal containers)
- I bought a paper. (= a newspaper) and - I need some paper to write on.
- Have you got an iron? (for clothes) and - The bridge is made of iron.

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Other nouns like this include accommodation, competition, glass, grammar, iron, jam, lace, paper,
property, room, sight, speech, time, work.

Notice that we cannot use a or a number in front of uncountable nouns. We do not usually say a
milk or two soups. But we can say a carton of milk or two tins of soup.
*Carton, tin, etc.: a carton of orange juice, a tin of paint, a bottle of water, a box/ packet of cereal,
a jar of jam, a tube of toothpaste, etc.
* Measurements: a kilo of cheese, five meters of cable, twenty liters of petrol, half a pound of
butter, etc.
* Piece, slice, etc.: a piece of wood, a piece/ slice of bread, a piece/ sheet of paper, a bar of
chocolate, a loaf of bread, etc.
The same expressions can be used with the uncountable nouns advice, information, and news:
- Can I give you a piece of/ a bit of advice?
- There are two pieces of/ bits of information we need to complete the questionnaire.
- There’s a bit of/ an item of news that might interest you.
3. Pair and group nouns.

We use a pair noun for a thing made of two parts which are the same. Some pair nouns are:
binoculars, glasses, jeans, pants, pyjamas, scissors, shorts, tights, trousers.
A pair noun is plural and takes a plural verb: - My jeans need washing. Not my jean
- These tights were quite expensive. Not this tight
- We’ve got some scissors somewhere.
A group noun can usually take either a singular or a plural verb:
- The team was playing well. Or the team were playing well.
- The government is in crisis. Or government are in crisis.
The choice depends on whether we see the group as a whole or as individual people. Often it
doesn’t matter whether the verb is singular or plural. But sometimes on form is better than the other.
Some group noun: army, audience, band, board, choir, class, committee, club, community,
company, council, crew, crowd, family, government, group, management, orchestra, population,
press (=newspapers), public, staff, team, union.
Notice police, people, and cattle have a plural meaning and take a plural verb:
- The police have warned motorists to take extra care.
- People don’t know what the future will bring.
- The cattle are going to be sold with the farm.
II. Forms of nouns.
1. plurals.

The plural in English is generally realized by adding an s to a given noun; however, there are many
exceptions. The general rules of the regular and irregular plural nouns are given in the table below:

a. word – words The plural of most nouns is

formed by adding final -s.
b. box – boxes Final -es is added to nouns that
end in -sh, -ch, -s, -z, and -x.
c. baby – babies The plural of words that end in
a consonant + -y is spelled -ies.
d. man - men ox - oxen tooth - teeth The nouns in (d) have irregular
woman- women foot - feet mouse - mice plural forms that do not end in -s
child - children goose - geese louse - lice
e. echo - echoes potato - potatoes Some nouns that end in -o add
hero - heroes tomato - tomatoes
-es to form the plural.

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f. auto - autos photo - photos studio - studios Some nouns that end in -o add
ghetto - ghettos piano - pianos tattoo - tattoos only -s to form the plural. These
kilo - kilos radio - radios video - videos are usually of foreign origin.
zoo - zoos kangaroo - kangaroos memo - memos
g. memento- mementoes/ mementos volcano- volcanoes/ -os Some nouns that end in -o add
mosquito- mosquitoes/ -os zero- zeroes/ -os either -es or -s to form the
tornado- tornadoes/ -os plural.
h. calf- calves life- lives thief- thieves Some nouns that end in -f or -fe
half- halves loaf- loaves wolf- wolves are changed to -ves to form the
knife- knives shelf- shelves sheaf- sheaves plural.
wife- wives leaf- leaves self- selves
i. belief- beliefs cliff- cliffs Some nouns that end in -f
chief- chiefs roof- roofs simply add -s to form the plural.
j. one deer- two deer one series- two series Some nouns have the same
one fish- two fish one sheep- two sheep singular and plural form.
one means- two means one shrimp- two shrimp

k. criterion- criteria o. analysis- analyses Some nouns that English has

phenomenon- phenomena basis- bases borrowed from other languages
l. cactus- cacti/ cactuses crisis- crises have foreign plurals.
fungus- fungi oasis- oases
nucleus- nuclei thesis- theses
stimulus- stimuli p. bacterium- bacteria
syllabus- syllabi/ syllabuses datum- data
m. formula- formulae/ formulas medium- media
vertebra- vertebrae
n. appendix- appendices/ appendixes
index- indices/ indexes

2. Possessive (genitive) form.

To make the possessive form of nouns in writing, we add ’s (apostrophe s) to singular nouns and to
irregular plurals that don’t end in -s:
- Tom’s car. -The college’s administrators. - The women’s liberation movement.
and add ’ (an apostrophe) to regular plurals:
- The boys’ football boots. -The companies’ difficulties.
To make the possessive form of names ending in -s (pronounced as /z/) we can add either ’ or ’s:
- It’s Derek Jones’ (or Derek Jones’s) new sports car.

The noun following a possessive form can be left out when we talk about someone’s home or some
shops and services (e.g. the newsagent’s, the chemist’s, the hairdresser’s):
- We’re going to Linda’s for the evening. (= Linda’s home).
- I must go to the Butcher’s this morning. (= the butcher’s shop) (notice that in cases like
this, we can also use the singular without ’s: - I must go to the butcher this morning.)

we can often use the possessive ’s or of + noun with very little difference in meaning:
- Ireland’s beauty. or - The beauty of Ireland.
- The company’s policy or - The policy of the company.

19
However, sometimes we prefer to use the possessive form or the of form. In general, we are more
likely to use the possessive ’s form of a noun:

* when the noun refers to a particular person , group of people, organization, country or animal:
- Carolyn’s illness ( rather than the illness of Carolyn)
- The children’s coats ( rather than the coats of the children)
- The firm’s structure.
- America’s influence.
- The dog’s legs.

* when we are talking about time, as in:

- Next year’s holiday prices ( rather than the holiday prices of next year)
- Last night’s TV programmes ( rather than the TV programmes of last night)
Notice that we can say: - We had two weeks’ holiday in Spain. Or
- We had a two-week holiday.

In general, we are more likely to use the of + noun form:

* with an inanimate noun, i.e. referring to something that is not living:

- The cover of the book (or the book cover) (rather than the book’s cover)
- The construction of the office block (rather than the office block’s construction)

* when we are talking about a process, or a change over time:

- The establishment of the committee (rather than the committee’s establishment)
- The destruction of the forest (rather than the forest’s destruction)

III. Compound nouns.

A. When we want to give more specific information about someone or something, we sometimes
use a noun in front of another noun. For example, we can use a noun + noun combination to say:

* what something is made of: - rice pudding. - a glasshouse. -chicken soup

* where something is: -the kitchen cupboard. -the bedroom lamp
* when something happens: - a night flight. - a morning call.

*or what someone does: - a language teacher. - a window cleaner.

When a particular combination is regularly used to make a new noun, it is called a COMPOUND
NOUN. Sometimes compound nouns consist of more than two nouns:
- a milk chocolate bar. - an air-traffic controller. - a dinner-party conversation.

B. Some compound nouns consist of –ing + noun. The –ing form usually says what function the
following noun has:
-a living room -drinking water -chewing gum
-a dressing gown -a turning-point -a waiting list
other compound nouns consist of a noun + -ing:
-fly-fishing -film-making -sunbathing -risk-taking -life-saving

To make a compound noun plural we usually make the second noun plural:
-coal mine(s) - office-worker(s) - tea leaf / tea leaves
however in compound nouns that consist of two nouns joined by of or in, we make a plural form by
making the first noun plural:

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 - bird(s) of prey -commander(s)-in-chief

C. Sometimes a noun + noun is not appropriate and instead we use noun +’s + noun (possessive
form) or noun + preposition + noun. In general, we prefer noun +’s + noun:

* When the first noun is the user (a person or animal) or users of the item in the second noun:
- a baby’s bedroom - a lion’s den - a women’s clinic

* When the item in the second noun is produced by the thing (often an animal) in the second:
- goat’s cheese - duck’s eggs - cow’s milk
but compare (lamb chops, chicken drumsticks) when the animal is killed to produce the item
referred to in the second noun.

* When we talk about parts of people or animals:

- a woman’s face - a boy’s arm -a whale’s tail - a giraffe’s neck
However, we usually use noun + noun to talk about parts of things:
- a pen top - a computer keyboard - the window frame

We prefer noun + preposition + noun:

* when we talk about some kind of container together with its contents. Compare:
- a cup of tea (= a cup with tea in it) and - a tea cup (= a cup for drinking tea from)
- a box of matches (a box with matches in) and – a matchbox (= a box made to put
matches in)

* when the combination of nouns does not necessarily refer to a well-known class of items.
Compare:
- a grammar book (a well-known class of books) but
- a book about cats (rather than ‘a cat book’)
- income tax (a recognized class of tax) but
- a tax on children’s clothes (rather than ‘a children’s clothes tax’)

NOUNS: Exercises
I. Read this article about Thor Heyerdahl. Circle the proper nouns. Underline once all the
common nouns. Underline twice the common non-count nouns.

Was Columbus really the first explorer to discover the Americas? Thor Heyerdahl didn’t think so.
He believed that ancient people were able to build boats that could cross oceans. To test his ideas,
he decided to build a copy of the reed boats that were pictured in ancient paintings and sail across
the Atlantic from North Africa to Barbados. Heyerdahl’s team also copied ancient Middle Eastern
pots and filled them with food for their journey – dried fish, honey, oil, eggs, nuts, and fresh fruit.
Ra, the expedition’s boat, carried an international group including a Norwegian, an Egyptian, an
Italian, a Mexican, and a Chadian. The first trip failed, but everyone survived and wanted to try
again. Departing on May 17, 1970, under the flag of the United Nations, Ra II crossed the Atlantic
in 57 days. The expedition proved that ancient civilization had the skill to reach the Americas long
before Columbus.

II. Write the correct form of the nouns in parentheses.

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1. I met some interesting ………… at the meeting last night. (man)
2. I need some …………… to light the fire. (match)
3. The baby got two new ………… . (tooth)
4. The farmer loaded his cart with …………… of fresh vegetables to take to market. His cart
was pulled by two ……………. (box, ox)
5. Alex saw some ………… funning across the floor. (mouse)
6. The north side of the island has no ……………. There are only steep …………. No one
can climb these steep walls of rock. (beach, cliff)
7. If a houseplant is given too much water, its lower …………… turn yellow. (leaf)
8. Before Marie signed the contract, she talked to two ………………….. (attorney)
9. New scientific …………………… are made every day in ………………… throughout the
world. (discovery, laboratory)
10. I caught several ………… in the lake. (fish)
11. On our trip in the mountainous countryside, we saw some ……………, ……………,
……………, and wild ………… . (wolf, fox, deer, sheep)
12. When we spoke in the cave, we could hear …………… of our voices. (echo)
13. The music building at the university has 27 …………… . Students need to sign up for
practice times. (piano)
14. Thunder and lightning are …………………of nature.
15. People get most of their news about the world through the mass ……………, that is,
though radio, television, the Internet, newspapers, and magazines. (medium)
16. ……………… are the smallest living thing. They are simple organisms that consist of one
cell. (Bacterium)
17. There are a lot of …………… in the Smiths’ farm. (goose)
18. The woman is demanding ……………… for her injuries. (damage)
19. All people agreed that these were strange ……………………. (phenomenon)
20. The new ……………… are going to help students learn English better. (syllabus)

III. A. Which nouns can be plural? Write the plural or X

Example: note …notes……… money ……X……
1. honey …………… 4. journey ……………… 7. furniture ……………
2. luck …………… 5. bacterium …………… 8. goose ……………
3. lettuce …………… 6. traffic ……………… 9. deer ……………
10. ox …………… 11. fungus ……………… 12. toothpaste ……………

B. Put the words in brackets in the correct form. You may use other words if necessary.
1. Clair had to take her …………… (luggage) through …………… (custom).
2. The company always takes …………… (pain) to protect its image.
3. More ……………(good) should be transported by rail instead of by road.
4. She went to the supermarket and she bought two …………… (milk) and three ……………
(jam).
5. I put some banana …………… (peel), empty …………… (juice) cartons, and broken
bottles in the waste can.
6. I really ought to do …………… (homework).
7. Would you like ……………… (chocolate)?
8. I heard a lot of interesting ……………… (information) about Iraq this week.

IV. Put the words in brackets into the correct form. You may use other words if necessary.
1. A lot of (person) …………………….. were killed in the train accident.
2. I heard two interesting (news) ……………………….. on the radio today.
3. Several small (village) ………………………… suffer from drought in Morocco.

22
4. A lot of (child) ……………………….. need education in the countryside.
5. The travel agent can give you lots of important (information)……………………….. about
your trip to France.
6. How many (bread) ……………………….. do you need?
7. I’d like two (butter) …………………….., please.
8. I need some (paper) ……………………… to write on.
9. He heard some noise in his house at night and he switched all the (light) ……………… on.
10. We’d like two (tea) ……………….., one coffee, two roast (beef) ……………….
sandwiches, and two (cheese) ……………………… sandwiches.
11. All her friends were against those new (belief)…………………..
12. Please accept this gift as an expression of our (thank)………………………
13. There were three (crime) ……………………….. in our neighborhood last week.
14. The teachers usually give us a few (advice) ………………………… about our studies.
15. Yesterday, she bought two (lettuce) …………………………. at the market.

Moulay Ismail University Department of English Studies

School of Arts and Humanities Semester 1: Grammar 1
Meknes S. Kerouad

Chapter Three: Pronouns

I. Personal pronouns, possessive adjectives and pronouns.

The pronoun is used in place of a noun. The noun it refers to is called the ‘antecedent.’
-I read a book. It was good.
-I read some books. They were good
A singular pronoun is used to refer to a singular noun, as in the first example and a plural pronoun
is used to refer to a plural noun, as in the second example.

Subject Object Possessive Possessive

Pronouns Pronouns Pronouns Adjectives
Singular I me mine my name
you you yours your name

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 he, she, it him, her, it hers, his, its her, his, its name
Plural we Us ours our name
you you yours your name
they them theirs their name

1. Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns can be used as either subjects or objects. We use the subject (I , you ,he, etc.)
form when the pronoun is the subject and there is a verb:
-I like tea. -He drives to work.
We use the object form (me, you, her, etc.) when the pronoun is the object of a verb or preposition:
-I haven’t seen him today. -Maria works in my office. I know her well.
-I hope they haven’t gone without me. -He sent to her a letter from New York.
However, object pronouns are sometimes used as indirect objects:
-Amal gave him a gift for his birthday.

Notice that the pronoun on its own or after be usually has the object form.
-Who spilt coffee all over the table? Me/ Sorry, it was me.
But compare this answer.
-Who spilt coffee all over the table? I did.
The subject form is also used when the pronoun is followed by a clause.
-It was he who broke that vase.

Notice that an indirect object comes before a direct object as shown in these examples.
-Ahmed gave his mother some flowers. -Amina bought her friend a present.
But, if the direct object is a personal pronoun, it is more usual to place it directly after the verb and
use to or for.
-He gave them to her. -She bought it for her.

With many phrasal verbs, a noun object can be in the middle or at the end.
-He put his hat on or - He put on his hat. -They put their visit to France off or - They
put off their visit.

But, a pronoun object must be placed in the middle.

-He put it on. -They put it off.

2. Possessives.

Possessive adjectives have a genitive function combined with a pronominal one and they are
followed immediately by a noun; they do not stand alone.
-His book is interesting. -My jacket is worn out. -Their house is beautiful.

In English, possessive adjectives ore used to refer to parts of the body and personal belongings as
well as in several other expressions.
-Kamal broke his arm. -Aicha hurt her thumb. -Ali injured his wrist.
-He has lost his wallet. -They changed their car. -He has torn his jeans.
-Don’t lose your balance! -They have changed their minds again!

Like possessive adjectives, possessive pronouns combine genitive functions with pronominal
functions. However, they are not followed immediately by a noun; they stand alone.
-This book is hers. -The car is yours. -That house is theirs.
Possessive pronouns replace possessive adjectives + nouns
-This is my book -It’s her room. -This is their car.

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 This is mine. It’s hers. This is theirs.

II. Reflexive pronouns and forms of other.

1. Reflexive pronouns.

First person Second person Third person

Singular myself yourself himself/
herself/ itself
Plural ourselves yourselves themselves

Consider these examples:

-She forced her to eat it. (she and her refer to different people)
-She forced herself to eat it. (she and herself refer to the same person)

When the subject and the object of a sentence refer to the same person or thing, we use a reflexive
pronoun as the object rather than a personal pronoun.
-I cut myself shaving this morning.
-He tried to kill himself.
-The lights switch themselves on at night.

Sometimes a reflexive pronoun refers to something that is not the subject.

-I told her the truth about herself.

We can use reflexive pronouns for emphasis. For example, after an intransitive verb to emphasize
the subject;
-We phoned the plumber and he came himself.

after the subject or object (when the verb is transitive) or after the verb (intransitive) to emphasize
that something is done without help;
-I hope you like the ice cream. I made it myself.
and after a noun to emphasize that noun:
-I was given this book by the author herself.
Other examples:
-It’s best if you do it yourself.
-I’ll see the president himself.
-The house itself is nice, but the garden’s small.
We use reflexive pronouns to emphasize that the subject caused a certain action. Compare:
-He got arrested. And -He got himself arrested. (=he did something to cause it)
We use reflexive pronouns with a meaning similar to ‘also’:
-John said he was feeling ill. I was feeling pretty bad myself.

Reflexive pronouns are used with some common expressions:

-We really enjoyed ourselves. (had a good time)
-I hope the children behave themselves. (behave well)
-Just help yourself to sandwiches. (take as many as you want)
-Please make yourself at home. (behave as if this was your home)
-I don’t want to be left here by myself. (on my own, alone)

Some verbs are rarely or never used with a reflexive pronoun. These include complain, concentrate,
get up/ hot/ tired, lie down, meet, relax, remember, sit down, wake up, rest, wonder, worry.
-She concentrated hard on getting the job finished.

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 -Shall we meet at the cinema? -I just try to relax. -We’d better hurry or we’ll
be late.

With some verbs we only use a reflexive pronoun when we want to emphasize particularly that the
subject is doing the action, especially a difficult one. Compare:
-She quickly dressed and went down for breakfast. And
-He’s recovering well from the accident and he is now able to dress himself.
Other verbs like this include shave, undress, wash, adapt, behave, hide, move.

2. Forms of other.

1. Reciprocals.

We use a reciprocal pronoun when the subject and the object of a sentence refer to the same people
and these people have a two-way relationship. We use each other when the subject is two people:
-Tom and Sara met each other at work. (Tom met Sara and Sara met Tom)
-Mark and Alan aren’t really friends. They don’t like each other much.
We use either each other or one another when the subject is more that two people:
-We all told one another/ each other about our jobs. (each person exchanged information
with every other person.)
-We send each other/ one another Christmas cards every year.
We can use the possessive form with reciprocal pronouns, each other’s/ one another’s:
-Tom and Sara took each other’s numbers. (Tom took Sara’s number and Sara took
Tom’s number.)

2. Other forms of other.

ADJECTIVE PRONOUN

Singular another book (is) another (is)

Plural other books (are) others (are)
Singular the other book (is) the other (is)
Plural the other books (are) the others (are)

Some forms of other are used as either adjectives or pronouns.

Consider these examples:
-The students in the class come from many countries. One of the students is from Mexico.
Another student is from Iraq. Another is from Japan. Other students are from Brazil. Others
are from Africa.

The meaning of another in this example is one more in addition to the one(s) already mentioned.
-I have three books. Two are mine. The other book is yours. (The other is yours)
-I have three books. One is mine. The other books are yours. (The others are yours)
The meaning of the other(s) is all that remains from a given number; the rest of a specific group.
-I will be here for another three days.
-I need another five dollars.
-We drove another ten miles.

Another is used as an adjective with expressions of time, money, and distance, even if these
expressions contain plural nouns. Another means “an additional” in these expressions.

III. Indefinite pronouns.

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1.The pronoun one/ ones.

We use one instead of repeating a singular countable noun when it is clear from the context what we
are talking about:
-‘Can I get you’re a drink?’ ‘It’s okay, I’ve already got one’ (a drink)
-‘Is this your umbrella?’ ‘No, mine’s the big blue one (umbrella)
Ones can be used instead of repeating a plural noun:
-I think his best poems are his early ones. (poems)
-People who smoke aren’t the only ones (people) affected by lung cancer.
We don’t use one/ ones instead of an uncountable noun:
-If you need any more paper, I’ll bring you some. (not … one / ones)
-I asked him to get apple juice, but he got orange. (not… orange one/ ones)
Notice that we can’t use ones without additional information (e.g. small ones, ones with blue laces).
Instead, we use some. Compare:
-we need new curtains. Okay, let’s buy green ones this time./ … ones with flowers on.
-We need new curtains. Okay, let’s buy some. (not … let’s buy ones)

We can leave out one/ ones:

*after which: -When we buy medicines, we have no way knowing which (ones) contain
sugar.
*after superlatives: -Look at that pumpkin! It’s the biggest (one) I’ve seen this year.
-if you buy a new car, remember that the most economical (ones) are the
smallest.

*after this, that, these, and those: -The last test I did was quite easy, but some parts of this
(one) are really difficult.
-Help yourself to grapes. These (ones) are the
sweetest, but those (ones) taste best.

*after either, neither, another, each, the first/ second/ last, etc.:
-Karl pointed to the paintings and said that I could take either (one). (or… either of them)
-She cleared away the cups, washed each (one) thoroughly, and put them on the shelf.

2. The use of you, one and they.

We can use you or one to mean ‘any person’ or ‘people in general’, including the speaker.
-You shouldn’t believe what you read in the newspapers. or
-One shouldn’t believe what one reads in the newspaper.
-You don’t like/ One doesn’t like to have an argument in public.
You is normal in conversation. One is more formal.

We can use they for other people in general.

-They say too much sugar is bad for you.

We can also use for people in authority.

-They’re going to build a new swimming-pool here.

Notice that they is informal and conversational. We use the passive in more formal situations.
-A new swimming-pool is going to be built here.

3. The use of everyone, someone, something, etc.

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Compound BODY ONE THING WHERE

SOME Somebody Someone Something Somewhere

ANY Anybody Anyone Anything Anywhere

NO Nobody None Nothing Nowhere

EVERY Everybody Everyone Everything Everywhere

everyone/ everybody (=all the people), someone/ somebody (=a person), no one nobody (=no
person.)
everything (=all the things), something (=a thing), nothing (=no things).
everywhere (=in all the places), somewhere (=in a place), nowhere (=in no place)

The use of compounds with some and any is in general similar to that of some and any. Consider
these examples:
-There’s someone in the phone box. (positive, affirmative sentences)
-I looked round the shop, but I didn’t buy anything. (negative sentences)
-Has anyone seen today’s newspaper? (interrogative)

But with offers and requests some.. is used:

-Could you do something for me, please?
-Would you like something special for your dinner?
Some is used in order to sound positive, expecting the answer ‘yes’.

We can also use words with any in a positive sentence:

-This door is always left open. Anyone could just walk in here.
-Where shall we go? Anywhere. I don’t mind.
In these sentences anyone means ‘it doesn’t matter who’ and anywhere means ‘it doesn’t matter
where’.

Notice that we use a singular verb with these pronouns:

-If anybody calls, tell them I’m not at home. -Everywhere was very crowded.
-No one knows how to start the motor.

Words ending in one and body have a possessive form:

-Someone’s cat is on our roof. -I need to be informed about everybody’s plans.
Someone, something, anyone, etc. can be followed by else: somebody else (some other person)
anybody else (any other person), etc.
-We always play Scrabble. Let’ play something else.(a different game. Some other thing)
-Henry wore a suit, but everyone else had jeans on . (all the other people. Every other
person) .

PRONOUNS: Exercises

I. Complete the text with an appropriate pronoun.

My brother and …………… girlfriend have known …………… for about five years, but
…………… have only been going out together for six months. Before that, ………… did not like
…………… and …………… did not like ……………, but later …………… became good friends,

28
and started going out together. …………… both have small flats. His flat is in the center and
…………… is very comfortable. …………… is a long way out, and it’s not so nice. So
…………… spend most of …………… free time at his place.
He works in a garage, and …………… is a teacher, but she doesn’t let …………… touch
…………… car. She looks after it ……………. I like …………… both very much, and I think
…………… are good for ……………, so I hope …………… will stay together.

II. Put in one, some, any or mine/ yours/ etc.

1. ‘What sort of job would you like to do?’ ‘…………… where I travel a lot.’
2. I haven’t got a train timetable, but ask Adrian – he may have …………….
3. ‘Is that your car or Anna’s?’ ‘…………… - Anna hasn’t got a car.’
4. There aren’t any matches here, but there may be …………… in the kitchen.
5. I need a watch - …………… with an alarm.
6. ‘Where are the forks?’ ‘Oh, no! We didn’t bring ……………!’
7. Barry has put his name on this book, but Liz says it’s …………….
8. If you haven’t got enough plates. I’ll be happy to bring …………….

III. Complete the conversation. Put in the right subject or object pronoun.
A: Did (1) ……… say that (2) ……… and Harriet wanted some coloured lights for (3)
……… party.
B: Yes, but (4) … ……’s OK. Melanie’s neighbour Jake has got some, and (5) ………’s
going to lend (6) ……… to (7) ……….
A: Great. Is Rita coming to the party?
B: We’ve invited (8) ……… of course, but (9) ……… isn’t sure if (10) ……… can come or
not. Her parents are flying somewhere on Saturday evening, and she might be taking (11)
……… to the airport.
A: And what about Laura’s friend Emily?
B: I expect (12) ………’ll be there. And her brother. (13) ……… both came to our last party.
A: Do (14) ……… mean Jason? I don’t like (15) ……… very much.
B: Oh, (16) ………’s OK. But (17) ……… don’t have to talk to (18) ……….

IV. Complete the sentences with the right pronoun or possessive.

1.Where’s Ann, have you seen ………… lately?
2. Last night I went out for a meal with a friend of …………
3. Some people like to talk about ………… jobs all the time.
4. Did ………… brother pass ………… exam?
5. I can’t find my pen. Can I use …………? Yes, of course.
6. Where are ………… keys? Where did I put …………?
7. This letter is for Bill. Can you give ………… to …………?
8. We wrote to John but he didn’t answer ………… letter.
9. We’re going to the cinema. Why don’t you come with …………
10. When we were schoolgirls, ………… sister and ………… used to play badminton every
day.

V. Complete the sentences. Use reflexives or reciprocals.

1. No one is going to help us, so we’ll have to do it ……………..
2. Veronica always cuts her hair ……………….., and it always looks great.
3. Countries are competing with ……………… to build the tallest building in the world.
4. You will all need photos of …………………for your membership cards.
5. Christine and I always take ……………… to lunch on our birthdays.

29
6. The companies are helping ……………… to produce an electric car. It’ s good to see them
working together at last.
7. I haven’t tried it ………………, but I was told that karate is very good exercise.
8. I’ve never met John, but we’ve bee writing to ……………… for over a year now.
9. When babies first start to feed ………………, they usually make a big mess.
10. John fell and hurt ………………… yesterday.
11. That’s a beautiful sweater, Susan, did you knit it ………………?
12. For an explanation we need to look back to the beginning of the Universe ……………
13. Did you know that the Morrises built their house ……………?
14. We talk to ……………… in English because it’s a good way to improve it.
VI. Decide which word is correct.
1. I can’t go to the party. I haven’t got ……………… to wear.
a. anything b. everything c. nothing d. something
2. take care, won’t you, Anna? Look after ……………….
a. you b. herself c. yours d. yourself
3. If you want some apples, I’ll get you ……………… at the supermarket.
a. one b. some c. any d. they
4. We’ve brought some food with …………………
a. me b. ourselves c. us d. we
5. Yes, ……………… would be lovely to see you again.
a. that b. it c. there d. you
6. Who does this CD belong to? It’s ……………. I’ve just bought it.
a. I b. me c. mine d. myself
7. Is ……………… a post office near here, please?
a. here b. it c. this d. this
8. The two girls often wear ……………… clothes.
a. each other b. themselves c. them d. each other’s
9. The shop doesn’t sell new books. It only sells old …………….
a. of them b. ones c. them d. some
10. Have you had enough to eat, or would you like ………………?
a. some b. another c. anything d. something else

VII. Use a pronoun instead of the words in brackets.

1. Michelle is in the hospital. ………… (Michelle) isn’t very well.
2. I lost my watch, but it was only a cheap ……………… (watch).
3. Tessa took a photo of ………………… (Tessa).
4. My flat is the ……………… (flat) at the top.
5. The phone rang. …………….. (The caller) was Alex.
6. There was …………… (a thing) worrying me.
7. I’ve got some sweets. Would you like ………………(a sweet)?
8. ………………… (People in general) can’t make an omelette without breaking eggs.
9. I have to make tea for ………………… (all the people).
10. We decorated the whole house ……………… (without help).

30
 Moulay Ismail University Department of English Studies
School of Arts and Humanities Semester 1: Grammar 1
Meknes S. Kerouad

Chapter Four: Articles

We can use nouns in two ways:

A. A noun is indefinite (not specific) when either you or your listener do not have a
particular person, place, or thing in mind.
a: Let’s see a movie tonight.
b: Cool. Are there any good movies at the theater? (A and B are not talking about a specific
movie)

B. A noun is definite (specific) when you and your listener both know which person, place,
or thing you mean.
a: I saw the new Tom Cruise movie yesterday. It’s great!
b: I know Tom Cruise has good movies (A and B are both talking about a specific movie.)

31
The article you use before a noun depends on the kind of noun (count or non-cont) it is and on how
you are using the noun (indefinite or definite).

I. The use of the indefinite article : a/ an.

A. We use a before words that begin with a consonant sound. Some words start with a vowel letter
but begin with a consonant sound, so we use a before these words, too:
- a unit a European a one-parent family
We use an before words that begin with a vowel sound:
- an apple an Indian an egg
these include words that begin with a silent letter ‘h’:
- an heir an honorable child an honor
and abbreviations said as individual letters that begin with A,E, F, H, I, L, M,, N, O, R, , S, or X:
- an MP an FBI agent an X-ray
But compare abbreviations said as words:
- a UNESCO worker a UFO

B. We use a/an with a singular noun when we describe someone or to say what type of thing
someone or something is, what job a person does, or what something is used as:
- English has become an international language.
- Case is a crowded city.
- Ali is a pharmacist.
- Don’t use your cell-phone as a calculator.

C. We can use a/an before singular countable nouns; however, sometimes we can use either a/an or
one:
-We’ll stay in Beni Mellal for one (or a) year.
- Wait here for one (or a) minute, and I’ll be with you.
- Ronaldinio scored about one (or a) hundred goals.
Using one in sentences like these gives a little more emphasis to the number.

But, we use one rather than a/an if we want to emphasize that we are talking about only one thing
or person rather than two or more:
- I just took one look at her and she started crying.
- I only asked for one pizza. I didn’t want three of them.
- One sandwich isn’t enough. I usually eat four or five.
Use one, not a/an in the pattern one … other/ another:
- Do one exercise, and then the other.
- Ahmed keeps going from one class to another.
We also use one in phrases such as one day, one evening, one spring, etc., to mean a particular, but
unspecified day, evening, spring, etc.:
-One evening, while he was working late at the office, a burglar broke into …

We use a/an, not one, in number and quantity expressions such as :

-twice a month half an hour a quarter of an hour a week or so (= about a
week)
- 2 dollars a (= each) pound (notice we can also say ‘… for one pound’)
- a year or two (somewhere between one and two years; notice we can also say ‘one or two
years)
- a few a little a huge number of …
We use a rather one in the pattern a … of … with possessives, as in:
- She’s a friend of Bill’s.

32
II. The use of the definite article: the

A. We use the when we want to say that someone or something is unique – that there is only one, or
that it is the only one of its kind:
- English has become the international language of business.
- Marrakech is the capital city of tourism.
We use the when we know that there is only one of a particular thing. For example:
-the earth the universe the North Pole the travel industry
the same applied to the following things when we refer to them in a general way:
-the weather the climate the human race the atmosphere the sea
-the public the environment the sky the wind the future the past

B. We use the when we expect the listener or reader to be able to identify the thing or person we are
talking about:
- The Korean student has had to go home. (= the Korean student we have previously
talked about)
- He’s in the meeting with the woman from the bank. (= you know which woman I mean)

We also use the when it is clear from the situation which person or thing we mean:
- The sweater you’re wearing is beautiful.
- This tastes lovely. What’s in the sauce?
- The computer you’re working on seems faster than mine.

We use the when the noun is mentioned for the second time, i.e., it has already been identified:
- Tom bought a suit and a shirt for his wedding party, but the shirt was small. We say ‘a
shirt’ when we first mention it, and ‘the shirt’ when the listener or the reader knows which shirt we
mean.
Even if the person or thing hasn’t been mentioned before, if the person or thing we mean can be
understood from what has been said before, we use the:
-We had a good time on holiday. The hotel (= the hotel we stayed in) was comfortable.

C. We use the before a superlative adjective (the largest, the most interesting, etc.) when the
superlative adjective is followed by a noun or defining phrase:
- Amal is the smartest student in her class.
- Greenland is the largest island in the world.
III. The use of the, zero article and a/an.
In generalizations we use zero article, but not the, with plural or uncountable nouns:
- I always like getting good news.
- Kamal is studying Chemistry at university.
- Furniture is a costly item when you are setting up a home.
When we use the with a plural or uncountable noun, we are talking about specific things or people:
-The books you ordered have arrived.
- All the information you asked for is in this file of papers.
Compare these pairs of sentences:
- Flowers really brighten up a room. (= flowers in general)
- The flowers you bought me are lovely. (= particular flowers)
- Children should be given a sense of how business works.
-The aerospace business actually lost $ 6 billion this year.

Consider these sentences:

-The novel is the most popular form of fiction writing. (or novels …)
- The customer has a right to know where products are made. (or Customers …)
- Reading a novel is a good way to relax. (or reading novels …)

33
 - When the phone rang, I was busy serving a customer.

The is used when talking about a general class whereas a/an is used when talking about an
unspecified example.
Notice that when we define something we generally use a/an rather than the:
- A Geiger counter is a device for detecting and measuring the intensity of radiation.

IV. The use of articles with people and places.

We usually use zero article before the names of particular people:

- President Mobarak is going to visit Morocco soon.
- Bill Gates is known in every part of the world.

However, we use the:

a. When there are two people with the same name and we want to specify which one we are talking
about:
- Are we talking now about the John Smith who led the Labor Party?
b. When we want to emphasize that a person is the one that everyone probably knows:
- Do they mean the Ronald Reagan, or someone else?
c. With an adjective to describe a person or their job:
-the late Hassan the second the actor Tom Cruise
the wonderful singer Brian Adams
d. When we talk about a family as a whole:
- We’re going to a barbecue with the Simpsons (= the Simpson family)

You can use a/an before a person’s name if you don’t know the person yourself. Compare:
- There’s a Linda Jones to see you. (I haven’t heard of her before.)
- Linda Jones is here for you. (= I know Miss Jones)

We use zero article when we talk about institutions such as hospital, university, prison, school,
college, or church being used for their intended purpose: medical treatment in hospital, studying in
university, and so on. We use articles when we talk about them as particular places or buildings.
Consider these pairs of sentences:
-Margaret believes that all children should go to church every Sunday.
-He lives near the church on the hill.
- Jim’s been in hospital for six weeks.
- Have you heart that the hospital is going to close?
- In Morocco, children go to school when they are six or seven.
- There was a fire at the school in Newtown.

Continents, countries, islands, and states are used without the article the : - Traveling through
Africa. – A holiday in Portugal. – In Rabat. – To Rhode Island
But words like republic and kingdom have the: - The Irish Republic. – The United Kingdom.
Plural names also have the: - The Netherlands. – The USA. – The Canary Islands.

V. The use of articles with holidays, times of the day and meals.

We often use zero article with the names of holidays, special times of the year or with the names of
months and days of the week:
- Christmas Ramadan Halloween October Friday
But compare:
- She started work on Monday next week.

34
 - I last saw her in town earlier in the year. It was a Monday, because that’s when I go
shopping. (we are interested only in the day of the week, not which particular Monday)
- They phoned on the Monday before the accident. (a particular Monday)
With winter, summer, spring, fall, and New Year (meaning the holiday period), we can often use
either the or zero article:
- In (the) summer I try to spend as much time in the garden as I can.
- In Scotland, they really know how to celebrate (the) New Year.

We use the when it is understood which summer, spring, etc. we mean:

- ‘When are you going to university?’ ‘ in the Autumn’ (=next Autumn)
- Ali first went to Agadir in the summer of 2004.

We usually use zero article when we talk about meals:

- Is there anything delicious for lunch today?
- I don’t like drinking coffee at breakfast.

However, if we want to describe a particular meal, then we use an article:

- We didn’t get up until 10 o’clock and had a late breakfast.
- The dinner we had at Webster’s restaurant was marvelous.

When we talk about a formal dinner or lunch for a special occasion, we use ‘a dinner’ or ‘a lunch’:
- We’re having a dinner to welcome the new manager.

ARTICLES: Exercises
I. Circle the correct article to complete the paragraph.
Board games are popular all over (1) a/ the world. Mah Jong is (2) an/ the example of (3)a/ an very
old one. I had (4) an/ a uncle who had (5)an/ the old set from Singapore. He kept (6) a/ the set in (7)
the/ a beautiful box in (8) a/ the living room. He used to open (9) the/ a box and tell me about (10)
the/ a pieces. They were made of bamboo, and each one had (11) a/ the Chinese character on it. To
me, they were (12) the/ a most fascinating things in a/ the world.
II. Complete the passage below. Put in a, an, or the where necessary. If no article is needed, write
the symbol Ǿ).
When (1) ……… crime is first discovered, (2) ……… police often don’t know who has done it or
why. Usually, though, (3) ……… person who has committed (4) ……… crime will have left some
evidence of their identity at (5) ……… scene such as (6) ……… footprint, (7) ………blood, or (8)
……… fibers from clothing. This evidence often forms (9) ……… basis of any case against (10)
……… suspect.

III. Complete the conversation. Put in a/an, the, or some when necessary.
A: I think we ought to book for a holiday. Where shall we go?
B: What about Scotland? I think ….. Edinburgh is ….. beautiful city. I love going there.
A: ….. weather might not be very good. We went there at ….. Easter, and it was freezing,
remember.
B: We could have a walk along ….. Princes Street and up to the castle. And I wanted to go to
….. Royal Scottish Museum, but we never found time.
A: Can’t we go somewhere different?
B: We could spend some time in ….. Highlands, I suppose.

35
A: When I go on holiday, I want to do something more relaxing than climbing ….. mountains.

And I find it pretty boring.

B: How can you say such ….. thing?
A: Actually, I’d prefer somewhere warmer and by ….. sea. I think ….. Corfu would be nice.
We might get ….. sunshine there. I just want to lie on a beach.
B: Martin, you know I’m not at all keen on ….. beach holidays.

IV. Complete the sentences with a – an – the – or Ǿ

1. You look very tired. You need ……… holiday.
2. A: Excuse me. Can you tell me how to get to ………. city center?
B: Yes, go straight on and then take ………. next turning left.
3. Amanda is …….. student. When she finishes her studies, she wants to be ……….
Journalist. She lives with two friends in ………. flat near ………. college where she is
studying. …….. flat is small but she likes it.
4. After …….. hard day at …….. work my mother used to come home and go to ……. bed to
rest for half …….. hour.
5. …….. X-ray machine is a valuable tool for doctors, but it has its dangers as well.
6. There must be something wrong with me. ……. people usually think that ……. babies are sweet
and teenagers are annoying.
7. Do you see …….. man standing near door? He works as ……. assistant in …… shop as I do.
8. I bought ….. radio and ……. CD player, but ……. CD player didn’t work.
9. Enjoy your ……. holiday and don’t forget to send me ……. postcard.
10. I like this room but I don’t like ……. color of ……. carpet.

V. Complete the sentences with a – an – the – or Ǿ

1. That book is about ……… life of Joseph Conrade.
2. …… hats are …… articles of clothing.
3. We met ……interesting people at …… party.
4. “Where is Tom?” “He is in ……. Bathroom.”
5. We first met in …… restaurant in …… London, but I can’t remember what it was called.
6. I don’t think I’ve met …… child who doesn’t like …… chips.
7. …… university has announced proposals to build …… new library to replace …… existing
one by …… year 2005.
8. France and Germany are …… two largest countries in …… EEC.
9. I prefer cooking with …… oil, as it is better for you than …… butter.
10. …… magazines all over …… world have published …… photos of …… royal baby.

36
 Moulay Ismail University Department of English Studies
School of Arts and Humanities Semester 1: Grammar 1
Meknes S. Kerouad

Chapter Five: ADJECTIVES

I. Types of adjectives.
A. Descriptive adjectives: (or adjectives of quality). They describe an inherent quality or a
physical state. e.g. good, fat , old, beautiful, heavy, etc. Under this category we find proper
adjectives or adjectives describing the origin: Moroccan, French, English … , participial
adjectives like interesting, boring, excited, interested, etc.
B. Demonstrative adjectives: this, that, these, those.
C. Distributive adjectives: each, every, either, neither…
D. Quantitative adjectives: some, any, few, no…
E. Interrogative adjectives: which, what, whose…

37
F. Possessive adjectives: my, your, his, her…

II. Position of adjectives.

There are two places where we can use an adjective: before the noun they modify (or they describe),
or following (after) a linking verb, i.e. non-action verbs. In this case, adjectives are used to say how
something is, seems, becomes, looks, feels, tastes, sounds, smells, etc. Some other linking verbs are:
appear, get, and stay.
-Ahmed bought a new car. -Ahmed’s car is new.
-It was a dark night. -It was getting dark.
-This is good coffee. -This coffee tastes good.
-The high price surprised him. -The price seemed high.
We can use most adjectives in both positions –before a noun or after a linking verb. But a few
adjectives can go in one position but not in the other.

A. Some adjectives are seldom or never used after linking verbs. Examples of these are classifying
and emphasizing adjectives.
Classifying adjectives: atomic, cubic, digital, medical, phonetic; chief, entire, initial, main, only,
whole; eventual, occasional, northern, maximum, minimum, etc.
- The main problem has now been solved.
-I spent my entire savings on the project.
-The only problem is I’ve got no money.
-The former footballer now trains young players.
Emphasizing adjectives: absolute, complete, utter, mere, etc.
-I felt an absolute idiot when I found that I hadn’t got any money.

B. Some adjectives are seldom or never used before the noun they describe; they are used after
linking verbs. These include some ‘a’ adjectives: afraid, alike, alight, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep,
awake, and aware.
-The horse was alone in the field.
-At last the baby is asleep.
-Emma’s two brothers are very alike.
Also adjectives when they describe health and feelings: content, fine, glad, ill, poorly, sorry, (un)
sure, upset, (un) well.
-My son felt unwell.
-Maria looked ill, I thought.
-I’m really glad to see you.
III. The order of adjectives.
When we use more than one adjective before a noun, there is often a preferred order for these
adjectives. However, this order is not fixed: opinion + size/ physical quality/ shape/ age + color +
participle adjective + origin + material + type + purpose + noun.
-an old plastic container. (age+ material+ noun)
-a hard red ball. (quality+ color+ noun)
-a frightening Korean mask. (opinion+ origin+ noun)
-a round biscuit tin. (shape+ purpose (for holding biscuits)+ noun)
-a small broken plate. (size+ participle adjective+ noun)
-a useful digital alarm clock. (opinion + type+ purpose+ noun)

To help you learn this order, it can be useful to remember that gradable adjectives (describing
opinion, size, quality, shape, and age) usually precede ungradable adjective (participle adjective and
adjectives describing origin, material, type, and purpose). Note that gradable adjectives are those
adjectives that can be used with adverbs of degree.

38
IV. Adjectives used with the.
There are some adjectives that we use with the to talk about groups of people I society, e.g. the
disabled, the blind, etc.
-What can we do to feed the hungry?
-The rich can afford to pay more taxes
-It is our duty to care for the sick.

* to do with social or economic position: the homeless, the hungry, the poor, the privileged, the
starving, the strong, the weak, the unemployed.

* to do with physical condition or health: the blind, the deaf, the dead, the handicapped, the
living, the sick.

* to do with age: the elderly, the middle aged, the old, the over-sixties, the under-fives, the
young.

Notice that when we use ‘the young’, we mean ‘young people in general’, but when we mean a
specific person, or a specific group of people, then we use man, woman, people, etc.
-None of the young people in the village can find jobs.

V. Participial adjectives.

Some present participles (-ing forms) and past participles (-ed forms) of verbs can be used as
adjectives.
-The book is full of information. It’s very interesting.
The word interesting tells us what the book does to someone.
-Mike is very interested in philosophy.
The word interested tells us how Mike feels. So, the –ing adjectives describe the ‘something’ (a
surprising decision.) and the –ed adjectives describe the ‘someone’ (I was surprised).

Here are some examples of adjective pairs.

-James told us an amusing story. - We were amused at James’s story.
-I didn’t enjoy the party. It was boring. - I went to the party, but I felt bored.
-This computer has some very confusing - I got very confused trying to make of sense
instruction. of the instructions.
annoying/ annoyed depressing/ depressed embarrassing/ embarrassed
exciting/ excited frightening/ frightened relaxing/ relaxed, etc.

VI. Comparatives and superlatives of adjectives.

A. Comparatives.
To form the comparative of adjectives, we add –er to the adjectives that have one syllable.
-Emma needs a bigger computer.
-You TV is smaller.
We use the comparative with than when we mention the things we are comparing.
-The apple pie is bigger than the cake.
-Casa is larger than Rabat.
Use the comparative without than when it is clear which things we are comparing.

Two syllable adjective

* Words ending in a consonant + -ly have –er:
happy. happier busy. busier dirty, easy, funny, heavy, lucky, pretty, silly, tidy
* Some words have –er or more:

39
 narrow. narrower or more narrow. clever, common, cruel, gentle, pleasant, polite, quiet,
simple, stupid, tired
* The following words have more:
Words ending in ful or less: careful, helpful, useful; hopless
Words ending in ing or ed: boring, willing, annoyed, surprised.
Other words are: afraid, certain, correct, eager, exact, famous, foolish, frequent, modern,
nervous, normal, recent…

Irregular comparison: good. better; bad. worse; far. farther/ further; little. less; many, much. more;
old. older/ elder.

B. Superlatives.
Use the superlative form to single out people, places, and things form other people, places, and
things.
There is more than one way to form the superlative of adjectives.
* For one syllable or two-syllable adjectives ending in –y, use the + adjective + -est.
Nice- the nicest; big- the biggest; pretty- the prettiest
*For some other adjectives of two or more syllables, use the most/ the least + adjective.
Comfortable- the most comfortable; interesting- the most interesting.

*For some adjectives use either the … -est or the most/ the least.
Quiet- the quietest or the most quiet
The superlative is often used with expressions beginning with in or of, such as in the world and of
all.
-You’re the best mother in the world.
-He’s the smartest one of us all.

The superlative is sometimes followed by a clause. Often the clause uses the present perfect with
ever.
-That’s the nicest card I’ve ever received.
-You have the loveliest smile I’ve ever seen.
Irregular superlatives: good- the best; bad- the worst; far- the farthest/ furthest

ADJECTIVES: Exercises

I. Underline all the adjectives in these paragraphs.

This comfortable hotel with its pleasant gardens is ideal for people who want a quiet holiday, yet it
is only a short distance from the highly popular attractions of the area. There is lovely views form
every room. The atmosphere is very friendly, and the staff are always helpful. A holiday here is
very good value for money. You can eat your meals at the hotel, where the food tastes marvelous.
Or you can of course try some of the excellent local restaurants.
Students! Are you looking for a special place to live? Come to 140 Grant Street. Apt. 4B. This
apartment is absolutely perfect for two serious students who are looking for a quiet neighborhood,
just 15 minutes from campus. This lovely apartment is in a new building. It is a short walk to the
bus stop. The express bus goes directly into town. At night the bus hardly makes any stops at all.
You can walk safely through the wonderful parks on your way home. The rent is very affordable.

II. Rewrite each description in the right order.

Ex: books: old, terrible. -Terrible old books.

40
1. city: Belgian, beautiful, little –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
2. club: jazz, local –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
3. dinner: excellent, cold –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
4. buildings: modern, industrial –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
5. dress: evening, red, silk –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
6. eyes: narrow, colorless –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
7. frame: flat, gold –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
8. furniture: old, lovely –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
9. jacket: short, leather, black –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
10. boots: French, ski, brown, leather –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
11. computer: Japanese, powerful. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
12. electric fire: excellent, powerful. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
13. chocolate bar: new, big. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
14. comedy: American, terrific. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
15. shoes: modern, wonderful, brown. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

III. Complete these sentences. Use the adjectives in brackets. Put in e.g. the hungry or the
hungry people.
1. ………………… (rich) have comfortable lives.
2. Rich nations can afford to feed …………………… (hungry).
3. ……………………(homeless) whose story appeared in this paper last week have now
found a place to live.
4. We live near a special school for ……………………… (deaf).
5. Some of ………………… (young) at the youth club here are running in a marathon.
6. The government should do more for ………………….. (hungry).
7. …………………… (sick) need to be looked after, so money must be spent on hospitals.
8. There was a fire at a nursing home in Charles Street, but none of ………………… (old)
who live there were hurt.
9. …………………… (homeless) usually have great difficulty in getting a job.
10. What can we do to feed ………………… (starving).

III. Complete this conversation with the correct form of the words in parentheses. Choose
between –ed and –ing participial adjectives.
A: That was a very ………………… (interest) movie. What did you think?
B: To be honest, I found it kind of …………………… (bore). I’m not that …………………
(interest) in science fiction.
A: Really? I find it ………………… (fascinate). What kind of movies do you enjoy?
B: Mostly comedies. Have you seen Home Again?
A: Yes, gut I wasn’t ………………… (amuse) at all. In fact, I thought it was ………………
(horrify). The story line was ………………… (confuse), and I couldn’t fine any humor in
the characters’ problems. When I left the theater, I felt kind of ………………… (depress).
B: I’m ………………(amaze) that you felt that way! I thought it was very ……………
(amuse)
A: Well I guess it’s a matter of taste.
B: Speaking of taste, would you like to get a bite to eat?
A: Thanks, but it’s late and I’m ………………… (exhaust).
B: I’m not (surprised/ surprising) at all. That’s just the way she is.

IV.Write the comparative or the superlative form of the words in brackets. You may need to
add some words to make correct sentences.

1. Sport is ……………………… (interesting) politics.

41
2. Can’t you think of something ………………………… (intelligent) to say.
3. My new boss isn’t ………………………… (rude) my old boss.
4. It was ………………………… (horrible) feeling I’ve ever had.
5. That’s ………………………(helpful) idea so far.
6. The weather is getting …………………… (bad).
7. It was ……………………… (busy) usual in town today.
8. Tom is ……………………… (friendly) person I’ve ever met.
9. She’ll be even ………………………(annoyed) if you do that again.
10. The faster Frank walks, ………………………… (tired) he gets.
11. I passed my driver’s test. It seemed much …………………… (easy) this time.
12. That was ……………………(boring) speech I’ve ever heard.
13. The factory uses ……………………… (modern) production methods.

Moulay Ismail University Department of English Studies

School of Arts and Humanities Semester 1: Grammar 1
Meknes S. Kerouad

Chapter Five: ADVERBS

I. Types of adverbs.
A. Adverbs of manner: quickly, fast, well, fortunately, carefully, kindly, etc.
B. of place and direction: here, there, inside, somewhere, away, etc.
C. of time: now, then, today, tomorrow, lately, soon, recently,
D. of frequency: always, usually, often, hardly ever, never, frequently, periodically, once, twice, etc.
E. of degree: very, quite, hardly, entirely, completely, fairly, too, extremely, etc.
F. Interrogative: when, where, why?
G. Sentence adverbs: a sentence adverb is a word or phrase like certainly, perhaps, luckily, of
course. It says something about the situation described in the sentence. The adverb can go in front,
mid or end position.
-Fortunately, the weather stayed fine. -We’ll probably won’t get there in time.
-Maybe you’ll win a free holiday. –Rachel was late, of course.

42
II. Position of adverbs.
There are three places in the sentence where an adverb can go. They are called front position (at the
beginning of a sentence; before the subject), mid position (between the subject and verb) and end
position (after the verb; at the end of the sentence). Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other
adverbs.
-Then the ship slowly sailed away.
-Outside it was obviously raining hard.

A. Most types of adverbs can go in front position. In particular: connecting adverbs like, similarly,
as a result, etc.
-The value of the yen has fallen. As a result, Japan faces a crisis.
Time and place adverbs like tomorrow, in the kitchen, etc.
-The last few days have been hot. Tomorrow the weather will be much cooler.
However, adverbs of time and place can also go in end position.
-Is there a phone box nearby? -People didn’t have cars then.
-We’re meeting by the entrance. -Ali wasn’t very well last week.
-Did you have a nice time in New York?
Some short adverbs of time can also be used in mid position.
-I’ll soon find out.
-The train is now approaching Rabat.

B. Adverbs that can go in mid position are adverbs of indefinite frequency e.g., always, never,
usually, etc.; degree adverbs e.g. completely, quite, and focus adverbs e.g. just, even.
-He always sings when he’s having a shower.
-We don’t often go out in the evening.
-I completely forgot her birthday.
-The pictures have definitely been stolen.
-The visitors are just leaving.
-I really hate housework.

Notice that if there is more than one auxiliary, adverbs of frequency and certainty usually go after
the first auxiliary. –The roof has never been repaired. –I will definitely be seeing him tonight.

C. An adverb does not usually go between the verb and the direct object. We put it in end position,
after the object.
-Tom ate his breakfast quickly.
-We played volleyball yesterday.
-I like classical music very much.
But an adverb can go before a long object.
-Detectives examined carefully the contents of the dead man’s pockets.

Adverbs of manner (which tell us how something happen) usually go in the end position, but an
adverb which ends in –ly can sometimes go in mid position.
-We asked permission politely. -We politely asked permission.

Phrases like every day, once a week, twice a month, three times.. most evenings, etc go in front or
end position.
-Every day we go jogging.
-There’s a news summary every hour.
-He has a driving lesson three times a week.
-We watch television most evenings.

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The adverb quite has two meanings: to a particular degree, but not ‘very’ (fairly); and to a large
degree, or ‘very much’ (completely).
-I was quite satisfied with the result. (fairly)
-No, you’re quite wrong! (completely)

III. The order of adverbs.

At the end of a sentence we often put words and expressions which say how, where, and when.
They most often go in that order.
-She sang very well at the concert last night.
-He works in the garage on Tuesdays.
-He’s working there now.
-The children were playing quietly in the garden.
-Let’s go to bed early.
In some cases, we have the order place, manner, time: -They were standing there quietly yesterday.

IV. Adjective or adverb.

A: I like that song that Natasha sang.
B: Yes, it’s a nice song. And she sang it nicely.
An adjective (nice) describes a noun (song). An adverb (nicely) describes a verb (sang)
The man had a quiet voice. The man spoke quietly.
She wears expensive clothes. She dresses expensively.
The runners make a slow start. They started the race slowly.

We form many adverbs from adjectives + ly. For example politely, safely, quickly, etc. but there are
some special spelling rules.
a. we do not leave out e: nice/ nicely exceptions are true/ truly, whole. Wholly
b. y—ily after a consonant: easy/ easily, lucky/ luckily, etc
c. le---ly: possible/ possibly, comfortable/ comfortably, etc.
d. ic---ically: dramatic/ dramatically, automatic/ automatically, etc.

Notice that a few adjectives also end in ly. –Samira was very friendly. –It was a lively party.
-We had a lovely time.
Other examples are: elderly, likely, lonely, silly, and ugly.

There are some words which can be used both as adjectives and as adverbs.
-We did some hard work. -We worked hard.
-I came on the fast train. -The train went quite fast.
Other words are: deep, early, high, late, long, near, right, straight, and wrong.
Notice that hard and hardly are two adverbs that have different meanings. Consider:
-I tried hard but I didn’t succeed. -I’ve got hardly any money left. (very little)
Other examples are:
-Luckily I found a phone box quite near. -I nearly fell asleep in the meeting. (almost)
-Med arrived late, as usual. -I’ve been very busy lately. (in the last few days/ weeks)
-The plane flew high above the clouds. –The material is highly radioactive. (very)

Good/ well: -Mary is a good violinist. –She plays the violin very well.
Well can also be an adjective meaning ‘in good health’ the opposite of ill.

V. The comparative and the superlative of adverbs.

Use the comparative form of adverbs to focus on the differences between actions.
-Tom played better than Mike.
Use the superlative form of adverbs to single out something about an action.

44
 -Bryant worked the hardest.

There is more than one way to form the comparative and the superlative of adverbs.
* For one syllable adverbs, use adverb + -er and the + adverb + -est.
-fast- faster –the fastest hard- harder- the hardest
* For most adverbs of two or more syllables, use more/ less + adverb and the most/ the least +
adverb.
-carefully- more carefully- the most carefully
* Some adverbs use either more/ less or –er and the most/ the least or the … -est
-quickly- more quickly- the most quickly or quicker- the quickest.

ADVERBS: Exercises

I. Put the adverb between brackets into the correct position.

1. Anna arrives for work. (late)
2. I like old cowboy films. (quite)
3. You don’t look ill. (certainly)
4. We don’t go out. (much)
5. I think everyone works hard. (fairly)
6. I don’t know the date of the meeting. (still)
7. The others are getting ready. (just)
8. I have to go to work. (on Saturdays).
9. My friend almost calls me every Sunday morning to meet at the café. (always)
10. When they went out, the Smiths locked the door. (carefully)
11. After he finished work, he felt tired and went to bed immediately. (extremely)
12. You have to type the password into the computer. (perhaps)
13. You should leave the door open even during the day. (never)
14. They noticed that they had forgotten the luggage at the garage. (quickly)
15. Jenny has been appointed Professor of Nursing. (recently)
16. You should start revising your lessons if you want to finish your work on time. (early)
17. Being alone brought her a sense of peace. (usually)
18. He didn’t find anything to eat in the kitchen and went to look for a restaurant. (outside)
19. I saw them playing tennis in the park. (well)
20. If you want to stay in shape, you should exercise. (three times a week)

II. Choose the right word: adjective or adverb.

1. Angela is (amazing/ amazingly) good with animals.
2. As soon as I saw him I was (sure/ surely) he had been drinking.
3. Do you think that’s a (real/ really) diamond in her ring?
4. He was wearing a (true/ truly) astonishing tie.
5. I felt her arm (gentle/ gently) to see if any bones were broken.
6. I read an (amazing/ amazingly) thing in the newspaper this morning.
7. John was (wonderful/ wonderfully) kind to me when I came to this country.
8. Keith seemed (gentle/ gently), but there was something cruel underneath.
9. One leg of the chair was (slight/ slightly) damaged.
10. Sarah drives a (real/ really) beautifully restored 1960 sports car.
11. She looked at me (kind/ kindly), but didn’t say anything.
12. The door was (bad/ badly) painted.
13. The food was (wonderful/ wonderfully), but the service was (awful/ awfully).
14. The room is (clever/ cleverly) organized so three of us can work there.
15. The job was (surprising/ surprising) easy.

45
16. He’s acted (unbelievable/ unbelievable) stupidly in the past year.
17. This train was very (slow/ slowly); perhaps they were working on the line.
18. Her hair is so lovely and (soft/ softly) –like a baby’s hair.
19. I suppose we’ll never see each other again she said (calm/ calmly)
20. This soup tastes (terrible/ terribly)

III. Rewrite the sentences putting the words between parentheses in the right position
1. He was wearing an astonishing suit. (truly)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...

2. Ann almost came to visit her parents on Sundays. (always)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...

3. I’ve just written down my reactions. (immediate)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...

4. So far in my new job I have had to deal with complaints. (mainly)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...

5. Mark has been appointed Professor of Accounting. (recently)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...

6. I forgot her birthday, and I don’t know how to make it up to her. (completely) (just)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

7. Although I often eat out, I have seen a restaurant so filled with smoke. (seldom)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...

8. She’s not sleeping because she’s worried about work. (well) (extremely)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...

9. Jim had closed the door behind him when he realized he’d left his keys on the kitchen table.
(hardly)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...

10. She worked hard and passed her exams. (really)

………………………………………………………………………………………………......

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