ART INTEGRATED
PROJECT
Improvement in Food Resources In Orissa &
Maharashtra
Acknowledgement
• I would like to express my gratitude to my principal Mrs.Vidya Patil and Science
teacher Mrs Sarika More for giving me an opportunity to do this wonderful Art-
Integrated Project which also helped me in gaining knowledge.
• I would like to thank my parents who have supported me a lot in finishing the project
Index
Introduction
Improvement In Crop
Introduction
As we living beings require food, there is a need for the
improvement of the food resources so that the quality and
nutritional value of the food can be enhanced. The food improvement
techniques will make the crops free from pesticides and other
chemicals. Food Improvement techniques are used similarly in
Maharashtra and Orissa. The crops produced may be different
according to the geographical and climatic conditions.
Crops in
Maharashtra
Crops in
Orissa
Facts
•Food supplies proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals, all of
which we require for body development, growth and health.
•Different crops require different climatic conditions, temperature and
photoperiods for their growth and completion of their life cycle.
Photoperiods are related to the duration of sunlight. Growth of plants
and flowers are dependent on sunlight.
TYPES OF CROPS
• Cereals - Wheat, rice, maize, millets and sorghum.
Provides carbohydrates for energy requirements.
• Pulses – Pea, gram, black gram, green gram, pigeon
pea and lentil. Provide proteins.
Oilseed-Soya Bean,Ground Nut, Sesame, caster,
Mustard, Linseed and Sunflower. Provide
necessary fats.
Vegetables, spices and fruits provide vitamins and
minerals.
Different crop require different
climatic condition, temperature and
photoperiods for their growth and
completion of life cycle.
• Kharif crops- Crops which grown in
rainy season are called Kharif
crops.Ex.Paddy,Soya Bean, Pegion
Pea, Cotton, Green Gram,etc.
• Rabi crops- Crops which grown in
winter season are called rabi crops. Ex.
Wheat , Gram,Peas, Mustard,Liseed
etc.
IMPROVING CROP YIELD
• The practices involved in farming are divided into
three things stages. They are;-
Choice of seed for planting
Nurturing Of The Crop plants
Protection of the growing and harvested crops from loss.
• Hence the major activities for improving crop yields
can be classified as;-
Crop variety improvement
Crop production improvement
Crop protection improvement
CROP VARIETY IMPROVEMENT
• This approach depends on finishing a crop that can give a good yield. Some of the factors for which
variety improvement is done are;
• Higher yield- for increasing the productivity per acre.
• Improved quality- quality consideration vary from crop to crop per the requirements.
• Biotic and abiotic resistence- crops should have sufficient resistence to biotic factors
[disaster,insects and nematodes and abiotic stresses[heat,cold,frost etc.]
• Change in maturity duration- the shorter the duration, the economical is the variety.
• Wider adapta bility-It can be grown in different climatic conditions.
• Desired agronomic charateristics- tallness and profuse branching for fodder crops.Dwarfness is
desired for cereals.
•This can be achived by two methods ;
hybridisation and genetically modified crops.
• Hybridisation- In genetics, hybridisation is the
process of combining different varieties or spices
of organisms which are genetically dissimilar to
create a hybroid.It can be inter varietal, inter
varietal specific,intergeneric.
• Genetically modified crops- here the crops is
improved by introducing a gene that would
provide desired characteristics.
CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
• It is the money or nancial condition that allows farmers to take up different farming practices and
agriculture technologies. There is a correlation between higher input and yields.Production
practices can be at different level; that includes no cost production, and high cost production
practices.
1. Nutrient Managament [Manure,fertilizers And Organic Farming]
2. Irrigation
3. Cropping Pattern
Nutrient management
• Nutrients are supplied to plant by air, water and soil there are 16 nutrients which are essential for
plants. Amongst them13 nutrients provided by soil, six are used in large quantity and therefore
called macronutrients and other 7 nutrients are used by plant in small quantities called
micronutrients .
• Deciency of any nutrients effect physicalogy processes in plant including reproduction, growth and
susceptibility to disease.
• Out of 13 nutrients 6 are classified a micronutrients and rest as micronutrients.
Micro nutrients- They are needed in only very small [micro] quantities. They are also called as
minor elements or trace elements.These include elements like boron,zinc etc.
Macro nutrients:-They are required by plants in relatively large amount.
The major macronutrients are nitrogen (N),phosphorus (P),potassium (K),Calcium
(Ca),magnesium (Mg),and sulfur (S).
Manure
• Manure contents large quantityof organic matter and supplies small quantity of nutrients to the
soil.Manure is prepared by the decomposition of animal excreta and plant waste.In using manure,
we use biological waste material which is advantages in protecting our environment from excessive
use of fertilizers.
• Manure can be classified as:
• Compost and Vermicompost: livestock excreta, vegetable waste, domestic waste decomposed in a pit
known as composting. Composite is also prepared by using earthworm to do the process of
decomposition of plant and animal refuse this is called Vermicompost.
• Green Manure: prior to soving crop seeds some plants like sun hemp are grown, and then mulched
by pouching them into the soil, these plants turn into green manure enriching the soil with nitrogen
and phosphorus
Fertilizer
• Commercially produced plant nutrients. Fertilizer supply nitrogen phosphorus and
potassium. They are used to ensure good vegetable growth giving rise to healthy
plants. Fertilizers a factoring the higher yield of high cost farming.
• Fertilizers should be used in proper dose , time and observing pre and post
application. Excess of fertilizer usage leads to water pollution.
Irrigation
• Most agriculture in india is rain feed. The success of crops yields in most area in dependent on
timely monsoon enough rainfall spread through most of the growing season.Ensuring that the crops
get water at the right stages during their growth seasoncan increase the expected yield of the crop.
Waterfoirrigation are used from different sources that are wells, canels, rivers and tanks.
• Wells- There are two type of wells namely dug wells and tubewells. Dug well collect water from
water bearing strata whereas tubewells can trap waterfrom the deeper strata.
• Canals- this usually an elaborated and extensive irrigation system. This system of canels recive
water from one or more reservoirs orfrom rivers.
• River lift system- Canal sometimes is insufficient or irregular due to inadequate reservoir release,
the lift system is more rational. Wateris directly drawn from the river and send to the region close to
the riverfor supplementing irrigation.
• Tanks- these are small storage rservior which intercept and stores the runoff of smaller catchment
areas.
• Watershed management- Building of small check dams which helps in increasing ground water
level and helps in reducing soil erosion.
Cropping Pattern
• Different way of growing crops can be used to have
maximum benefit.
• Mixed cropping- It is growing two or more crops
simultaneously on the same piece of land for example wheat+
gram or wheat+mustard. This reduces risk and give some
insurance against failure of one of the crops.
• Advantages of mixed cropping– No risk of crops failure,
Increase in yield, Improvement in soil fertility and
Minimizing pest Damage.
• Intercropping-It is growing two or more crops
simultaneously on the same eld in a denite pattern. A few
rows of one alternate with few rows of second crop.
Selection of cropping and
intercropping
Intercropping has the following additional advantages
Crop rotation
Crop protection management
Weeds
Insect pests
Pothogens
For weed control
Storage of grains
Animal husbandary
Cattle farming
Poultry farming
Fish production
Beekeeping
