IMPROVE

MENT IN
FOOD
RESOURS
 Food is anything eaten
to satisfy appetite and to
meet physiological needs
for growth.
 Food also maintains all
body processes and
supplies energy to
maintain body
• Food scarcity is
becoming a major
obstacle at the global
level.
• Food production and
population are
running a race in
which population
wins every time. • This graph shows
• We have to take how birth rate is
adequate measures , going on
so that every body increasing leading
has AVAILABILITY,
to overpopulation
REACHABILITY and for world wide.
AFFORDABILITY of
 resources
 India is the second most populated country.
 Our population is more than one billion and is still
growing .
 But the food production is not increasing with the
same speed.
 So far some measures are taken to improve the
situations and maintain food security.
 Many revolutions like green revolution(improvement
in food grain production), white
revolution(improvement in availability of milk).
 Thus, there is intensive use of all natural resources.
 So, we should take such measures that we get good
food production and it don’t even over use the
In India food crops are
grown seasonally.
Kharif season (rainy

season): from the month

June to September.
Rabi season (winter

season): from November to

April.
Zaid season (summer
Cropping seasons
RABI SEASON KHARIF SEASON
Nutrient
division
 FOOD
PRODUCTION:
Food production is of different type:

 Agriculture

 Animal husbandry

 Food processing and

Preservation
 Agriculture
Agriculture, art, science, and industry of managing
the growth of plants and animals for human use

Animal husbandry:
Animal husbandry , breeding, feeding, and
management of animals, or livestock, for the
production of food, fiber, work, and pleasure.

Food processing & preservation

Food Processing and
Preservation ,branch of manufacturing that
transforms raw animal, vegetable, or marine
materials into tasty, nutritious, and safe food
products.
 Different crop
requirements
 Different crops require
different
 Climates,
 Temperatures,
 Photoperiods(the
durations of sunlight.)
1) Crop variety improvement:
Choice of seeds for planting

2) Crop production
improvement :Nurturing of
crop plants

3) Crop production
management: Protection of
harvested yield
 Crop variety
improvement

Improvemen Crop
t in crop production
yields improvement

Crop
production
management
 Crop variety
improvement


This approach depends on finding a crop variety that can
give good yield.
 This can be done for various characteristics: disease
resistance, response to fertilizers, product quality & high
yields.
 Some methods: hybridisation, introducing a gene that
would produce desired characteristics and resist all
natural weather conditions(droughts , floods)
Hybridisation: crossing between
genetically dissimilar plants.

a. intervarietal: between
different varieties.,
b. interspecific: between two
different species of same
genus,
c. intergeneric: between
different genera.
SOME DESIRED
CHARACTERS IN PLANTS:
Higher yields(increase
productivity)
Improved quality(quality of

products)
Biotic & abiotic

resistance(protection from
factors like diseases, insects,
drought, flood etc.)
Change in maturity

duration( shorter maturity

 Crop production management

 This refers to making advancements in

i. Nutrient management

ii. Irrigation

iii. Cropping patterns

i. Nutrients
managemen
t
• As we need food for growth, well being, plants also
require nutrients for growth & they get it from air,
soil, water.
• There total 16 major nutrients.
• Deficiency of these nutrients affects physiological
processes in plants like reproduction growth,
resistance to diseases.
• These can be supplied in the form of manure &
fertilizers.
Sources Nutrients
Air Carbon, oxygen
Water Hydrogen, oxygen
soil i. Macronutrients:
Nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium, calcium,
magnesium, sulphur.
ii. Micronutrients:
Iron, manganese,
boron, zinc, copper,
molybdenum, chloride.
Manure
• It contains large quantities of organic substances and
small quantities of nutrients.
• Manure, plant or animal wastes used as nutrient
supplier.
• It is rich in humus (decaying organic matter). Manure
releases many important nutrients into the soil.
• But is deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
• Manure also helps to loosen soil and retain water.
• There are two types of manure namely :
a) Compost & vermi-compost
b) Green manure
 Manure
I. Compost & vermi-compost:
 The process in which farm waste
II. Green manure:
 Prior to sowing crops some
material like live stock excreta, crops such as sun hemp & guar
domestic waste, animal waste, are grown and then mulched
vegetable waste, sewage waste, by ploughing them into the
straw eradicated weeds etc. in pits is soil.
called composting.
 The compost prepared by  These green plants thus turn
using earthworms to hasten into green manure which helps
the process of decomposition in enriching the soil in nitrogen
is called as vermi-compost. and phosphorus.
 Fertilizers
 Fertilizer, natural or synthetic
chemical substance or mixture used
to enrich soil so as to promote plant
growth.
 Plants can also be made to grow
more lushly with suitable fertilizers.
 They supply nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium in more amounts.
 But overuse can be harmful for soil,
environment.
 £ Differences between manure &
fertilizers:
Fertilizers Manure
• They are the inorganic salts of • It is natural organic substance
chemical substances rich in a made by decomposition of
particular nutrients. waste residues.
• It is costly and is prepared in • It is cheap and can be
factories. prepared in rural homes &
• It is compact and fields.
concentrated. • It is voluminous and bulky.
• It don’t provide humus to soil. • It provides humus to soil.
• Fertilizers are nutrient • Manure is not nutrient
specific. specific.
• It don’t increase water holding • It increases water holding
capacity of soil. capacity of soil.
• It don’t increase no. of • It increases no. of friendly
friendly microbes. microbes.
• It deteriorate the texture of • It improves the texture of
soil. soil .
• Neither it makes soil porous. • It makes soil porous.
• It is easy to handle, transport • It is not easy to handle,
 Impacts of overuse of
fertilizers
• Fertilizers have massive effect on environment.
• We should use these fertilizers carefully.
• Excessive use can lead to degradation of soil
quality as it don’t provide humus.
• Also excessive fertilizers may wash away with
water & cause water pollution.
• It also kills helpful
microorganisms in the soil.
• Fertilizers have short term
benefits.
 ii.Irrigation
• In India mostly agriculture is rain-fed that is
totally depended on timely rains.
• Poor monsoons causes crop failure.
• We should ensure good irrigation facility is
available.
• Nowadays farmers are facing water scarcity
so, such methods should be implemented
which use water economically.
• India has a wide variety of water resources
i.e. lakes, canal, rivers, wells etc.
 resources in
a.Wells: There are two types wells

wells are India

dug wells & tube wells . Dug
connected to a water
bearing strata but tube wells are
connected to deeper strata.
b.Canals: An elaborated and
extensive irrigation system.
Generally connected to any
reservoir or river.
• Moreover we can increase
these resources with
rainwater harvesting,
water shed management.
• Some of the methods of
using water economically:
• Drip irrigation
• Sprinkler system
Modern methods of
Drip irrigation:
Sprinkler
irrigation system
O In this system water O In this system
drips near the root water is sprinkled
zone. through sprinklers.

O Thus, no drop of O Thus, every part of

water is wasted. field gets water.

O Most beneficial for O Most beneficial for

areas with water sandy soil.
scarcity
Land Resources In Years Cultivated area

India 1950
(million hectare)
120
• Land is not a sustainable
1960 130
resource.
1970 140
• It is not elastic but is fixed .
1980 140
• Thus, we have to use it 1990 140
economically. 2000 140
• Although we have 3.28 million 2001 140
square km of land area only 2002 140
few area is arable. 2003 140

• According to surveys of 2011 2004 140

we have the following arable 2005 140

land. 2006 140

• So we have to use some 2007 140

methods to overcome these 2008 140

problems. 2009 140

2010-2011 140
160 Land culltivated in India
140140140140140140140140140140140140140140
140 130
120
120

100

80

60

40

20
0
0
r s 50 60 70 80 90 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 ...
e a 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 10
Y 20
iii.Cropping pattern
• Different ways of cropping helps in giving higher
yields.
• Intensive cultivation / crop rotation
Cultivating on the same
piece of land repeatedly.

• inter-cropping/multiple cropping
Cultivation of variety of crops in same
time.

• Green revolution
using advanced methods like
pesticides, HYV seeds, fertilizers.
Intensive Cropping
This refers
to cultivation
of different
crops on the
same land
repeatedly.
This reduces
 CROP
ROTATION
Crops grown on a piece of land in a pre planned
succession.
If crop rotation is done properly we can grow two or
three crops a day.
6 months
Crop rotation 6
depends on what type of crop we choose
months
Inter-Cropping/Multiple
Cropping
• Inter-cropping is growing two
or more crops in a
simultaneous pattern .
• A few rows of rows a crop
and next few rows of another
.
• The crops are such selected
that their nutrient
requirement are different so
 Crop protection
management

 Just growing crops is not enough, protecting
crops from pests, diseases, weeds, etc.
 And also protecting while storage, after the
harvest.
 Weed


s
They are the unwanted
plants which grow with the
main crop.
 They compete with main
crop for food sunlight,
space.
 Example Xanthium,
Parthenium, Cyperinus
Rotundus.
 Weeds should be removed
during the early stages of
plant growth.
 Insect pest
• Generally insect pest attack at three ways:
• They attack at the roots, stem, leaves.
• They suck the cell sap from different parts of
plants.
• They bore into stem & fruits.
• Thus affecting health and reducing yield.
 Diseases
• Diseases in plants are caused by
pathogens such as bacteria,
fungi & viruses.
• They can be controlled by
DISEASES
various methods.
What to do?

Commonly used methods

are using fungicides,
insecticides etc.
 Storage
of grains
• Storage losses in agriculture is a matter of concern.
• Some of the major factor such as :
a. Insects, rodents, fungi, mites & bacteria.
b. Inappropriate moisture and temperature of
storage place.
• These can be prevented by systematic
management.
• Some of the preventive measures are:
• Drying before storage .
• Strict cleaning of the storage place.
• Fumigation using chemicals that can kill pests.
O These diseases, insects, pests, weeds, can
be controlled by various methods such as
using-
◊ pesticides,
◊ herbicides,
◊ insecticides,
◊ fungicides.
O Excessive use however is very harmful to
us as well as the nature.
O Even it can harm the animals living in soil
who are useful to farmer.
O It’s uses should be controlled or else it
may cause severe environmental
degradation.
O Moreover we too, should take some
primary steps such as washing vegetables
before cutting etc.
Green revolution
 It is a programme introduced in many
countries to ensure food security.
 That mainly refers to using modern
methods such as improved seeds,
modern irrigation, advanced technology
etc.
 Green revolution has got many merits &
demerits.
 Essential measures can overcome the
demerits or else life would not be able
to sustain on Earth.
In India green revolution first started in Punjab, Haryana
& Utter Pradesh.

PUNJAB

HARYANA

UTTAR PRADESH
 GREEN
REVOLUTION
DEMERITS MERITS

 It affects the nature  It increases the food

of soil. production.
 It leads to  It requires less

unemployment. labour.
 It leads to poor  It requires less time

 It decreases
lifestyle.
 Soil loses it’s fertility. poverty.
 It increases income
 It leads to water
of the farmer.
pollution.
Animal husbandry
• Rearing of • Rearing
milch fowls for
animals for their eggs
milk & meat.
CATTLE POULTRY
FARMING FARMING

FISH APICULTUR
FARMING E
• Rearing • Bee
and keeping for
culturing of their honey
fish for and wax.
meat
 Animal
husbandry
This refers to scientific
management of animal
livestock.
Which refers to feeding,
breeding & disease
control of animals.
As the population
increases the need for
milk, meat, eggs, fleece
etc. also increases.
Thus , livestock
production also needs
to be improved.
 Cattle • Cattle farming is done on a large
scale in India.
Farming • It is done for two reasons- milk,
draught labour in agricultural
work.
• Milk producing animals are called
milch animals & males are called
draught animals.
• In India cattle belongs to two
Bos bubalis, Bos indicus,
species:
buffaloes cows
I. Bos indicus, cows
II. Bos bubalis, buffaloes
• Milk production depends on the
lactation period .
• Cross breeding of foreign(jersey,
brown Swiss) breeds with local(red
sindhi, sahiwal) breeds helps in
having desired offspring.
 CATTLE
FARMING
* Good ventilation in sheds, protection from parasite & skin diseases .
* Proper vaccination should be given in proper time.
* They require proper cleaning, and well– ventilated roofed sheds which
protect from rain, heat & cold.
* The food requirements of cattle are of two types:
a. Maintenance requirement, which supports animal to live healthy life.
b. Milk producing requirement, which is type of food required during
lactation period.
* Cattle diet includes:
i. Roughage, which is largely fibre.
ii. Concentrates, which are low in fibre & relatively high level of nutrients.
* Cattle needs a balanced diet.
 Cattle farming
 Cattle can suffer
from a no. of
diseases.
 Disease besides
causing death, also
reduces milk
production capacity.
The internal parasites like worms,
 The parasites of affect stomach & intestine; where
cattle may be both as flukes affect the liver . Bacteria
internal & external. & viruses also causes severe
diseases.
 External parasites Theses can be overcome by
are on the skin & vaccinations.
causes skin
diseases.
 WHITE REVOLUTION

This programme was introduced in India to

increase production of milk in India.
This programme made India a self-sufficient
in production of milk.
Also it will help every one to get sufficient
milk for daily diet.
 POULTRY FARMING
This is undertaken to raise
domestic fowl for egg production &
meat production.
Cross breeding program between
Indian (indigenous, like Aseel) &
foreign(like leghorn).
Cross breeding help in developing
new traits-
a.Increasing number & quality of
chicks;
b.Dwarf broiler parent for commercial
chick production;
c.Summer adaption capacity/tolerance
to high temperature;
d.Low maintenance required;
e.Reduction in the size of egg laying
birds with ability to utilise more
fibrous cheaper diets formulated
using agricultural by-products.
 EGG LAYERS &
 Broilers andBROILERS
egg layers are totally different from
each other.
 Broilers are fed with vitamin rich supplementary
feed for good growth and better feed efficiency.
 Care is taken to avoid mortality & to maintain
feathering as they are sent to market for meat.
 Some measures such as maintaining the
temperature, hygienic conditions, and
prevention from diseases.
 The ration for broiler is protein rich with
adequate fat. Levels of vitamins A & K is kept
high for better growth of the broilers.
 DISEASES
 Poultry fowl suffers from many
diseases caused by viruses, bacteria,
fungi, parasites, & nutrient deficiency.
 These can be controlled by proper
cleaning, sanitation, proper
vaccination and spraying of
disinfectants at regular intervals.
 Diseases cause loss of poultry in
large amount.

Production
Fish has become one of
major parts of a balance diet
all over the world.
 It is a cheap source of

animal protein in our food.

 There are two ways to get

fish production.
 One from the natural

resources & another from

culture fishery.
 Fishing can be done by

capturing & culturing in

marine & fresh water.
 fisher
y
 India has got 7516.6 km of coastline.
 This has made marine fishery in India a common thing.
 Moreover we have got a wide variety of fishes pomphret,
mackerel, tuna, sardines and Bombay duck.
 Yields are increased by locating large schools of fish in the sea
using satellite or echo-sounders.
 As the marine stock gets depleted the demand for more fish
can only be met by culture fisheries called mariculture.
 Some marine fish of high economic value are farmed in sea
water such as mullets, bhetki & pearl spots, shellfish such as
prawn, mussels & oysters as well as sea weeds.
 Arabian Bay of
sea Bengal

Indian
coastline -
7,516.6 km

Indian
ocean
 b.Inland

fisheries
India has many fresh
water resources such as
canals, ponds, reservoirs
& rivers.
 Brackish water resources
such as estuaries &
lagoons where sea water
and fresh water mix
together are important
fish reservoirs.
 Most fish is produced
using aquaculture.
 Fish culture is sometimes
done in combination with
a rice crop. Thus they
 Composite Fish
Culture
 In such system , a combination of five or six species in a
single pond.
 Species are such selected that they do not compete
with each other for food.
 One problem with such composite fish culture is that
many of these fish breed during monsoon season.
 Even if seeds are collected it can be mixed with other
species.
 Thus, a major problem in fish farming is the lack of
good- quality seeds.
 To overcome this problem, hormonal situations are used
to breed these fish in the pond.
 This helps in producing good quality seeds in desired
amount.
 Area 1991 1995 2001
14,768,00 21,004,00 31,320,00
Inland waters
0 0 0
83,029,00 91,906,00 98,888,00
Marine areas
0 0 0
52,358,00 59,185,00 63,298,00
Pacific Ocean
0 0 0
23,792,00 24,690,00 26,386,00
Atlantic Ocean
0 0 0

Indian Ocean 6,879,000 8,031,000 9,204,000

Total (Marine and 97,797,00 112,910,0 130,208,0

Inland Waters) 0 00 00
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations.
This data shows how fish captured in large
amount all over the world.
 Indian Ocean Inland waters
4% 8%

Atlantic Ocean
13%

Pacific Ocean Marine areas

29% 46%
 revoluti
• As the fish resources in world are
depleting some measures are taken to

on
overcome them such as blue revolution.
• Major reasons are manmade :
• Disposal of waste from lands in sea is a
major problem,
• Leakage from ships, such as oil makes
water polluted.
• Moreover modern fishers use nets with
very small escapes this allows them to
catch smaller fish also.
• If there won’t be fish to lay eggs how
would we get more fish.
 Bee keeping
• Honey is widely used and therefore
bee-keeping has become an
agricultural enterprise. In addition
to honey hives are also a source of
wax used in medicinal purposes.
• Local varieties of bees used for
commercial honey production called
as apis cerana indica, also called as
Indian bee ,A. dosatta, the rock bee
 Bee
keeping
• For commercial production
apiaries are established.
• The quality of honey
depends on the pasturage
or flowers available to the
bees for nectar & pollen
collection .
• In addition to quantity of
MADE BY :
DURVA M.
CHAVAN
CLASS :
IX – B