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The document discusses various aspects of software testing, including the importance of testing, types of bugs, and methodologies such as path testing and flow graphs. It outlines the history of testing, the goals of testing, and the consequences of bugs in software systems. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for quality assurance and the role of test design in preventing bugs.
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wes
post -T: Trevoduclon.
weer anne
By puspost of esting.
=7 pichotomies.
_y Model tox testing
=y consequences of bugs
a7 tacconomy of bugs
=7 Flow graphs and path testing 2 Basics
concepts of path vesting:
= predtartes
paths
=r poth preclicates and achievable
=7 path senstiging.
ath wnsteurnentotton.
=7 P
scaiffon of path -testing-
=7 orp pert a Trvocluclon,
ae purpose of Testing
consumes atleast half of -the time
4). Testing
anc} work arequinec| +o produce 2 unctioral
program.
D. Histovy sieveals
hat even voll waxitten
have 4-3 bUgS PO handed
Programs st
statements -
x proclucttvity aod Quality I se
geod's and other
(Leones
4). Dh prvduction of consume
evel manuf octiving
stage subjected
tog fsoro cormpanent
products,
contol and tes
to quality
tp Knal stage /
3). TE flaws ante dliscovere] at any’ stages the
product ts etthor cliscardec| (oY) cycleel back,
to eno ancl conmezuon +
ps enn
ahsol (aati)
bu says? f * Goals tor Testing’
4) Testing and test design o¥e ports of qualtty
assurance that should also focus 09 bug
prevention.
3). Phases tn testers mental Lie can be dividecl
into the allowing 5 phases
phase o: unti] 1956: (vebug ging ovtented)
d. hene ts no aliffestence béluxcen seestin g and
debugging. L
2). phase 0 =
». Design styler tohile. dlestgring sthe Sottuoane ¥
itself adopting stylistic objectives such as
testability , openness and clantty aan do rch,
to prevent bugs. .
a “Dichelmtes =
@u.(1 sting Vs Debug qing>
Stn wf Debugging
a. esng staxits with known |oclaggyng slods, frony
| conctittons, uses preclefined |possboly unknowr) ‘ritial
Proceclunes 2 has puectictable conditions and the end}
jaan not be puedsetd
outcorcas
a (pf extopt: salistially.
2 testing aan be done by” ena
| ‘sd Celugying can te
[22 outs 1 [done by an mside
©. Function vs structures
Stauchine
sno] Fanction
4. | Tt takes the user point of The looks ak Ahe
| View bother about tunchionality seoplernentation
jand -tealienes and not the | etal
__| params _tmpiernentetion
2. | Tn functional testing, the rng. styles corbin)
| progrann (ov) systens is -ewedlad | rrethodl spurce Lenyft
as a back box. database destgnory |
coding details eat
|
Hinge ach as pyar |
° |
|
TNA eth @B)- ‘Desiyner Vs Testews-
t clesi ‘
i. Test clesigne fs the person who destgns
the test, wheieas the tester fede one who
actually tests the code.
during -tuocti
» aq lune onal ~testin go nthe desynen and
vestor ome probably Arffeunt persons
@- Mocli last Vs effictency s-
4). A Module $6 a dtsuutz, well-defined, small
componnnk of a Syitero.
2). Th be syster> fs wrodufasy ths tests can ale
ve modular which nesulls ® the Af frcteall,
of athe systern ac well a tm -the ethene al
saling process.
©. srnatl vs Lonqe =
4. programming wm the small, ts iwhote ue. do toy
puredyts tm the prtvecy ol us own olfices.
mneans constwuckin
2. programming ta she lorge >
proqomns shat consists ob many cornponents
rout
woryeen by many Atttenent pryoms
©. Builder Ve Buyer
x Bullders who designs the cystero omd *s
acountable -to athe {buyer * Buyers who pays tos -the systern IN the hon,
of paroltts hom providing Senvice Sn,
* Moclel tom “Testing |
—Thewold The madel vod uncipded
| The Exvivonment> Eenteormend 4 ood ka - yt |
LS |
Nees
oo otockel rests | hon Sa
ae
[ee_pegrern| = [pregren®
[wietuse | fray
and A “4 |
model
KK Environments
|
dA pogroms envtyonment fs “the havclwaxe |
and softwore mequinec| to make MH wn,
2). The ervtooment also Yocludes all programs
that Imtenact wth and ane used to create
athe prograrn undet test such as Os,ecttoy,
compiler , etc.
K program:-
3). Most programs ane 400 complicate ol to andes
~stand in detail
to be, sienplit!
B). The Concept of “the progr fs
In odes to test if.
a ad x Bugs
4).Bags ae rnoste fn sfelWous -than even we expect
hem tv be.
2). -An unexpectect test mesutt roa tracks uc to
change owt notion of what, a bug Fs ancl own
model of bugs.
*K Tests> ;
(O. Wnit | component “tedtngs- .
a). Dunit fs the ermallest testable | piece of
guo that be compiled, assembled, Wakedl, loaded
eke.
3. A unit is usually he work dl one pmgar
A), Ay systern, f6,% bry component.
3, systern Testing, fe, aimed ot vevealiing bugs
cont.
Alhat cannot be athybuted to," Com a Consequences of bugs
AY Milde The syrnptons of -the bug offend ug
gently, a misspallecl output (oa misaligned
pritertout.
2y, Modemate?~ outputs ane rtsleackng @) necundest
ane bq Genpacks athe systems pertomarnce,
ay. —Bonoying:- “he sysverns behaviown, because. of
athe bug ts dehurnani ging.
ay. Tistuatbing:- Tt sefuses to handle legrbtrnete
sransactons. ,
Sy, Geofoust TE loses +O
6} Vow sottous + The bug caus
do -the ummng transactions,
ay. eactneme:- The problems ome not lerited to o
47 sets (oF) to -fero anansaction “uypes
‘2, intvlenahles- long tem unzecovetable conupiion
of the clatabase occuns and -the Corruption
fs nok castly cbscovenedl.
ay. catastrophic: The cleciston to shut down fs
taken out of oun hands becase she system
ck of ts transaction,
os the syste eto!
Sai\s-
10). Trfectioust- What aan be voorise “than a-taled
system ? one “that covupts othest systerns
even “though, at does nok fail tr atself 5 shat edes -the ‘social physical environment that melts
wentloys and statis a wan,
ax Taxonomy of “Bugs
4‘). sthesie 15 MO univest sally! connect way to
coke Gorge aaa : ds
ts, not angi.
K Basics Coneapts of path. seething :
4). path testing te a method “that *s used
ko ~etystin destgn ~be rest ses:
D. To design vest causes using thts
technique, tout steps. abu followed;
©. contri) Flo Gppoph:. A control A ow
cLesaph 1s a ainected graph whieh crepmeeents
she comet struction of regen es)
module
2) A. cortbiol graph an algo have thy
Nocus. They aut”
1), Tunction Node: -A node. edith more than one
orm enitaitng th.
#) Decfsfon Nodes AV node wfth moae than one,
orrroud lean ft.
‘Decisfor)
Node i) Region Area bounded! by edges and nodes,
a (AD
Se
Node 2) Regions. (uodeS)
8 (wed oD
2 cyclomatic Compleatty s- “he. eyclornatitc complete
4s said to be a measute ot “the logical
complextty of a. progrann. ae
+ Sndepenclent- paths: An fnclependent- poh ™
the contsiol —tlevo ge As “the one * hitch!
tritHoduces at least one neu edge -thatd has nvl-
been traversed belinne. the path fs Adktinedl.
ay, Design west cases “from dependent pathst-
Faallly > atten exerting: ~the indlependent paths,
test cases can be designed wdhete each
desk ase vepmesents, one Con) rere. onclependlant
paths. ,, * prectfcatest-
ees
4). The togtea! Aunckfon evaluated! at a decision
fs calle! potedicate.
alepends on
D. The Abection taken at a dectston
she value of dectston vanialole:
In Ceosepver R70, E4Y P=Tene
%* path paedfanter™
Dd. predicate associated wth a path is alled
path psredtacte. , nop
# Examples “x fs qqiectert shan zeno"ts tne.
AND
“x+y 7 =90” as false.
AND ‘ 7 :
hy ae eho negate lo equal wo 49"5 ue.
*K mult usa Branches
The path taken Birough. a roultiioay branch
euch as computed GioTD, Cace statment,
(ord gamp ‘aeles cannot be dinechy
expressed fo TRUE| FALSE terms. ae Thputss TH testing» the veore|) Topuct sok
mestotcted +0 atoect inputs, Such as vestiables
includes all data
fw
a arbroutine call, bute
feneaced by the croutine whose Values
abjectS
ane Sixecd Peto to entetng od
x Achievable paths=
methoeloleyres, vachtevable
iltoent paths (ov) scenanic
the testing
3. Sh coltwoste testing ™
patos’ metest -co —the
cus that can ibe taken aeing
process:
2) Pe helps telentfly —the possible corntinatfons
of anpuks and ations +o ensue “hough
testing crrcra.ge. ect ebb
* Gren ss
» successhl eee wD comstect ‘username and
passwd. ,
2) Fotled logit usih Incosnect usemame lov)
passicod.
D hogin with a valid usestn
are but an expireol
password.
nd legto ust a vals
that has been dockecl,,
A usesiname but © account * path Sensthiaing Pa
‘
d, most of the nomnal paths | ae voy casy
2).
3.
+o sengilixe —gor/, -a5y, txansachion “flow
coverage Coes) ts usually easy +o achfeve,
The mernairing srnall percentage 4s oe
very Attfvcutt- Ian
Senstligatton ft ~the act oF dettring the
ssansaction ,
AD. Ue athiwe ante sensetigation prblems on
3
D.09
the easy paths, then bel or either a wg
fn +vansaction Howes (or) a destgn ng
path anstruementaitions
aeeee vane
arnumenteition plays a byget mole. & tearsachion
lou testing thant unite pate sealing
2)
ae. information of -the path valjen tor o
gin teonsatiion oust be. kept ustth | ~thak
spansaciion & aan be secorded by o cenbjaf
aecan godt on ditspatchor (ad by the godvrelucr!
processing ymaduleas. 3). Tn Some systeros, ouch sores ane provictedl bey
she operiting systerns Goda mering log
3 -Appliartions of path Ttesling-
npplfcations Pa ed
and paths is called)
Gornponents
matey ration , co verage
L
New Code
v
Mairttenance.
Vy ye
crehoiting Hi
@. aHtgpalion, covmrage and qattes #8 called
cornponents
2 pat. tailing milliods arc vnc weed “to anit
oor neva softwere -
cresting» espectally
pvsk kested as
2) The wo Gornponert is
+ frdependent adit: with all called co
and comequrstte coraponents ep laced by
ponents
stubs.
@. New coder
3). Nud code drould aluays lot. gubjetbec! to - enough path esting +0 achieve G. Stubs ww
used woh tH FS clean that she bug :
poteritial -for- ~the stub is sigriticartly Lowes,
shan that of the called cormponents.
2, Typtealy we wotll ‘any t0 use “the shortest
entoy [ext path hat usil| co the tase.
3. Maintonan cet
A). Tee % a great “aethdience belt een
magn tanance testing ‘and new code eating.
2). Maintenance testing fs a completely
dierent sttuation, tt ardlves Shoat Reson
ubch ant accornmodatid tm -the systim.
A. Pehosting
4) We qe A voy powertl , Mective , wchodtin
process whey GtCo , covenage 16 teed fo J
congunction with —aatomatic (or) semiaatoradtic
stuctisel tect qe ators. 2 solbwane ts achocked because vt is no gers
cost. effective 0 Support the environment an
edich at suns the objective of nithoiling a8 bo
change the operating envtrorments
