COURSE TITLE: SEMINAR ON EMERGING

TECHNOLOGY

COURSE CODE: MBA 841

SEMINAR TOPIC: BIOMETRICS

DEPARTMENT: BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

LECTURER-IN-CHARGE: DR. ISIAKA

FACULTY: MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

KWASU BUSINESS SCHOOL

PRESENTED BY: MISHAEL OLORUNSHOLA (2024)

MATRIC NO: 22/27BSIT/004

Biometrics refer to measurable anatomical, physiological, or behavioral attributes used

for automated recognition, such as fingerprints, facial photos, or gait patterns. Biometrics has

gained global significance, driven by decreasing technology costs and support from entities like

the World Bank. Countries worldwide, including India with its Unique Identification Project, are

enrolling large populations in biometric programs. The U.S. government has actively invested in

biometric research since the 1960s, advancing technologies like fingerprint identification, facial

recognition, iris, and speech recognition. After the 9/11 attacks, biometric systems were rapidly

deployed for national security, border control, and general public applications, including access

control and personnel verification. In Europe, major systems like the Schengen Information

System and the Visa Information System rely on biometrics for migration and border

management.

The use of biometrics is expanding in response to proposals for improved border control,

including the Entry/Exit system and Registered Traveller Programme. While biometrics are seen

as a solution for identity-related issues, concerns arise about their reliability, security,

accessibility, and usability. Criticisms from human rights advocates and data protection

authorities emphasize the probabilistic and uncertain nature of biometric technologies, raising

questions about their ability to accommodate bodily differences and the increasing reliance on

them in various sectors.

Biometrics encompasses a diverse range of identification and authentication methods based

on unique physical or behavioral characteristics. Here are some of the primary types of

biometrics:
1. Fingerprint Recognition:

Fingerprint recognition is one of the oldest and most widely used biometric methods. It

involves capturing and analyzing the unique patterns of ridges and valleys on an

individual's fingertips. It is commonly used in law enforcement, access control systems,

and mobile devices for secure authentication.

2. Facial Recognition:

Facial recognition involves capturing and analyzing facial features such as the distance

between eyes, nose shape, and jawline. It uses this information to create a unique

faceprint for identification. It is widely used in security and surveillance systems, mobile

devices, and airport security for identity verification.

3. Iris Recognition:

Iris recognition involves capturing the unique patterns in the colored part of the eye

(iris). The intricate and stable nature of iris patterns makes this method highly accurate. It

is commonly used in high-security environments, border control, and access control

systems.

4. Retina Scans:

Retina scans involve capturing the unique patterns of blood vessels at the back of the eye

(retina). This method requires close proximity to the scanning device. It is used in secure

facilities where high accuracy is crucial, such as military installations and research

laboratories.

5. Voice Recognition:
 Voice recognition analyzes the unique vocal characteristics of an individual, including

pitch, tone, and speech patterns. It is used in telephone-based authentication systems,

voice-activated devices, and security applications.

6. Hand Geometry:

Hand geometry recognition measures and analyzes the physical structure of the hand,

including finger length and width, to create a unique handprint. It is commonly used in

access control systems and time and attendance tracking.

7. Vein Pattern Recognition:

Vein pattern recognition captures the unique patterns of veins beneath the skin's surface,

typically in the palm or fingers. It is used in secure environments and high-tech

authentication systems.

8. Signature Recognition:

Signature recognition analyzes the dynamic aspects of a person's signature, including

pressure, speed, and style. It is used for secure document verification and financial

transactions.

9. Keystroke Dynamics:

Keystroke dynamics analyze an individual's typing rhythm and keystroke patterns,

providing a unique behavioral biometric. It is used for user authentication in computer

systems and online platforms.

10. Gait Recognition:

Gait recognition involves analyzing an individual's walking pattern, taking into account

factors such as step length and pace. It is applied in video surveillance and security

systems for identifying individuals based on their gait.

Ear shape recognition analyzes the unique features and contours of an individual's ear for

identification. It is primarily used in specialized security applications.

It's common for systems to employ multiple biometric modalities for enhanced accuracy and

reliability.

Application of Biometrics

Biometrics, involving the use of measurable physical or behavioral attributes for automated

recognition, finds applications in various sectors due to its reliability and security. Here are six

key applications of biometrics:

1. Law enforcement and public security (criminal/suspect identification)

2. Military (enemy/ally identification)

3. Border, travel, and migration control(traveller/migrant/passenger identification)

4. Healthcare and subsidies (patient/beneficiary/healthcare professional identification)

5. Physical and logical access (owner/user/employee/ contractor/partner identification)

6. Commercial applications (consumer/customer identification)

1. Law Enforcement and Public Security:

identification. Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) and Automated

Biometric Identification Systems (ABIS) allow law enforcement agencies to store,

search, and retrieve fingerprint images, improving the accuracy and speed of suspect

identification. Live face recognition adds another layer of security, enabling real-time

identification in crowded public spaces. The use of biometrics in law enforcement aims to

enhance investigative capabilities, reduce false identifications, and improve overall

public security by swiftly identifying and apprehending suspects.

2. Military :

Biometrics plays a crucial role in military operations, where it is employed for ally and

enemy identification. The U.S. military's collection of faces, irises, fingerprints, and

DNA data since 2009 enables precise identification of individuals on the battlefield.

Biometric identification is a powerful tool for military intelligence, helping in the

tracking and neutralization of potential threats.

Purpose - Enhancing military operations through accurate identification, ensuring the

safety of troops, and facilitating strategic decision-making based on biometric data.

3. Border Control, Travel, and Migration:

Biometrics transforms border control and travel experiences. Integrated into e-passports,

biometrics such as facial and fingerprint recognition streamline border crossings through

automated gates and self-service kiosks. Biometric infrastructure at border posts

enhances accuracy in identifying travelers, preventing fraudulent use of passports and

ensuring the secure movement of people.

identifying travelers, and facilitating a seamless and secure travel experience.

4. Healthcare and Subsidies:

Biometrics is employed to safeguard healthcare services and subsidy programs. National

identity cards with biometric verification, as seen in countries like Gabon, ensure that

individuals are accurately identified before accessing governmental services or

healthcare. Biometric health insurance cards, containing fingerprints and photographs,

prevent fraudulent use of benefits, ensuring that the intended beneficiaries receive the

assistance.

Purpose - Safeguarding the integrity of healthcare and subsidy programs, preventing

misuse, and ensuring that resources are directed to the rightful recipients.

5. Physical and Logical Access Control:

Biometric access control systems provide a robust layer of security for physical and

logical access. In physical access control, biometrics like fingerprints, iris scans, or facial

recognition restrict entry to authorized personnel, safeguarding sensitive locations. In

logical access control, biometric authentication complements traditional methods,

ensuring secure access to computer systems and networks.

Purpose - Enhancing overall security by preventing unauthorized access, whether to

physical spaces or digital platforms, and improving Identity and Access Management

(IAM) policies for comprehensive security measures. In the mobile world, smartphones

(a form of I.T. system) now usually include fingerprint and facial recognition features.

The iPhone 5 was the first to introduce fingerprint recognition in 2013 (with TOUCH

ID), and facial recognition became trendy with the iPhone X introduced in November
 2017 (with FACE ID). Many Android phones have this feature (combined with iris

scanning).

These applications underscore how biometrics enhances security, accuracy, and efficiency across

diverse sectors, offering tailored solutions to specific identification and verification challenges.

Existing Problems and the Biometric Interventions

While biometrics is seen as a solution for identity-related issues, concerns arise about their

reliability, security, accessibility, and usability. Criticisms from human rights advocates and data

protection authorities emphasize the probabilistic and uncertain nature of biometric technologies,

raising questions about their ability to accommodate bodily differences and the increasing

reliance on them in various sectors. Examples of biometric interventions include the adoption of

ID and biometric verification in fintech, traditional banks, gambling, on-demand delivery, car-

sharing services, hospitality, and retail, striking a balance between speed, security, and customer

trust.

1. Lack of customer trust:

Fintech companies like Revolut and Monzo revolutionized the digital marketplace, prioritizing

user convenience and simplified access to online banking. Remote identity verification became a

challenge, prompting the adoption of ID and biometric verification. Traditional banks followed

suit, responding to evolving customer expectations and pandemic-related restrictions. Other

regulated industries, such as gambling and on-demand delivery, also embraced biometrics for

high-assurance identity and age verification. Consumer comfort with digital services, especially
biometrics, grew during lockdowns, with data indicating that nine out of 10 consumers felt at

ease accessing services online.

2. Speedy access:

While speed is crucial for customer experiences, it's essential to balance it with privacy and trust.

The growth of online traffic has increased opportunities for fraud, leading to a focus on quantity

over quality by cybercriminals. In the financial services sector, a primary target for

cybercriminals, biometrics plays a vital role in fraud prevention, contributing to building

customer trust. Trust-based services like dating apps also leverage biometrics to enhance safety

and reduce fraud. The delicate balance between customer experience and security highlights the

importance of adding the right amount of friction, where biometrics becomes a reassuring

method.

3. Creating a Compelling Customer Experience:

Businesses focus on building genuine relationships and positive customer experiences through

biometrics. Examples include car-sharing services like Drivy using facial biometrics for digital

driver verification, resulting in increased users and reduced drop-off rates. Biometrics also

transform the hospitality sector, with platforms like Sidehide enabling hotel customers to book

and check-in via an app. Tech giants like Amazon explore contactless retail payments using

biometrics. The emphasis is on a smooth customer journey, and mainstream rental companies
like Hertz and Avis are adopting similar practices to streamline processes and enhance customer

satisfaction.

Examples of existing businesses in Biometrics

1. NEC Corporation: NEC Corporation is a Japanese multinational information technology

and electronics company. NEC is a major player in the biometrics industry, offering

solutions such as fingerprint recognition, facial recognition, and multimodal biometric

systems.

2. Idemia: Idemia, formerly known as Safran Morpho, is a global company specializing in

security and identity solutions. Idemia provides a wide range of biometric technologies,

including fingerprint, facial, and iris recognition, for applications such as identity

verification, border control, and law enforcement.

3. Fujitsu Limited: Fujitsu is a Japanese multinational information technology equipment

and services company. It is involved in the development and deployment of biometric

solutions, including palm vein recognition technology. Fujitsu's biometric technologies

find applications in security, access control, and identity management.

4. Crossmatch (now HID Global): Crossmatch, now a part of HID Global, was known for

its biometric identity management solutions. They offered fingerprint, palm print, and

facial recognition technologies for applications in law enforcement, border control, and

enterprise security.

5. Aware, Inc.: Aware, Inc. is a biometrics software and services company based in the

United States. It specializes in providing biometric solutions such as fingerprint, face, and
 iris recognition. Aware's technology is used in various industries, including government,

healthcare, and financial services.

Recommendations for Organizations Adopting Biometrics:

1. Comprehensive Risk Assessment:

• Conduct a thorough risk assessment to identify potential vulnerabilities and risks

associated with the adoption of biometric systems. This should include privacy considerations,

regulatory compliance, and potential challenges during implementation.

2. Robust Security Measures:

• Prioritize the implementation of biometric systems with robust security measures,

ensuring encryption, secure storage of biometric data, and protection against potential cyber

threats. Regular security audits should be conducted to assess system integrity.

3. User Education and Acceptance:

• Invest in comprehensive user education programs to ensure employee and customer

understanding of biometric systems. Address concerns related to privacy, data security, and the

overall benefits of the technology to enhance user acceptance.

4. Privacy Compliance:

• Adhere to stringent privacy regulations and ethical standards governing the collection,

storage, and usage of biometric data. Establish transparent policies and practices, obtaining

informed consent from individuals whose biometric information is being utilized.

• Foster an organizational culture that embraces technological innovation. Provide

extensive training programs for employees to ensure a smooth transition and address any

resistance to change. Employee involvement is crucial for successful implementation.

6. Scalability and Future-Readiness:

• Choose biometric systems that are scalable and adaptable to future technological

developments. Consider emerging trends, such as multimodal biometrics or behavioral

authentication, to ensure the organization remains at the forefront of technological

advancements.

7. Continuous Monitoring and Evaluation:

• Implement mechanisms for continuous monitoring and evaluation of biometric systems'

performance. Regularly assess the effectiveness, user experiences, and any emerging issues to

facilitate timely adjustments and improvements.

8. Collaboration with Experts:

• Engage with experts in biometric technology, data security, and legal compliance to

ensure a well-informed implementation strategy. Collaboration with specialists can provide

valuable insights and guidance throughout the adoption process.

By following these recommendations, organizations can navigate the complexities associated

with adopting biometrics, unlocking the full potential of these technologies while

safeguarding privacy, ensuring security, and fostering positive user experiences. This
 strategic approach positions businesses to thrive in an era where biometrics plays a pivotal

role in shaping the future of organizational operations.

Opportunities in Biometrics Business

1. Enhanced Security Measures: Biometrics provides a robust and secure method for identity

verification, offering increased protection against unauthorized access and fraudulent activities.

Organizations can enhance security measures for physical and digital access, preventing identity

theft, and ensuring secure transactions.

2. Increased Adoption in Various Sectors: Biometric technologies are being widely adopted in

sectors such as finance, healthcare, government, and commercial applications. This widespread

adoption opens up new markets and revenue streams for biometric solution providers, fostering

growth and innovation.

3. Advancements in AI and Machine Learning: Integration with artificial intelligence (AI) and

machine learning (ML) allows biometric systems to continuously improve accuracy and

efficiency. Enhanced algorithms contribute to more reliable identification, reduced false

positives, and increased adaptability to diverse user populations.

4. Contactless Solutions in a Post-Pandemic World: The demand for contactless authentication

methods has risen, and biometrics, especially facial recognition, provides a convenient and

hygienic solution. Biometric technologies can play a pivotal role in the development of touchless

systems for access control, payments, and various applications in a world focused on hygiene.
Challenges in Biometrics Businesses

1. Privacy Concerns and Ethical Issues: Biometric data, being highly personal, raises concerns

about privacy, consent, and the ethical use of such information. Striking a balance between

enhanced security and safeguarding individual privacy is a significant challenge, requiring clear

regulations and ethical standards.

2. Vulnerability to Spoofing and Cyber Attacks: Biometric systems are susceptible to spoofing,

where attackers use fake fingerprints or facial images, and cyber threats targeting biometric

databases. Ensuring the resilience of biometric systems against sophisticated attacks is crucial to

maintaining trust and reliability.

3. Standardization and Interoperability: Lack of universal standards and interoperability can

hinder seamless integration of biometric systems across different platforms and applications.

Establishing common standards is essential for the widespread adoption of biometrics, allowing

for compatibility and collaboration between diverse systems.

4. User Acceptance and Usability: Some users may be uncomfortable with the idea of biometric

data storage or may find certain biometric methods inconvenient. Achieving broad user

acceptance requires addressing usability concerns, ensuring user-friendly interfaces, and

educating the public about the security and benefits of biometric technologies.

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