1.Main cause of french revolutio -- The main cause of the French Revolution are (1789–1799) a.

Social Inequality: French

society was divided into three estates. The First Estate (clergy) and Second Estate (nobility) enjoyed privileges and paid no taxes,
while the Third Estate (commoners) bore all the tax burden but had no political rights. b. Economic Crisis: France faced
financial debt due to wars, including helping in the American Revolution. Poor harvests led to food shortages and rising bread
prices, increasing hardship for common people. C. Weak Monarchy: King Louis XVI was indecisive and imposed heavy taxes
instead of reforms. Queen Marie Antoinette was seen as extravagant, further angering the people. D. Enlightenment Ideas:
Thinkers like Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Voltaire promoted ideas of liberty, equality, and democracy, which inspired
revolutionaries. E. Political Conflict: In 1789, King Louis XVI called the Estates-General, but the Third Estate was ignored.
They formed the National Assembly, demanding a new constitution, which started the revolution. F. These factors together led to
the French Revolution of 1789, which overthrew the monarchy and established a republic.
2.subsistence crisis mean ? what led subsistence crisis in France? A subsistence crisis occurs when people struggle to afford basic
necessities like food due to high prices, shortages, or low wages. In France, this crisis happened before the French Revolution due
to several reasons: a. Population Growth: The population increased rapidly in the 18th century, leading to higher demand for food.
B. Poor Harvests: Bad weather and crop failures led to food shortages and rising bread prices. C. Rising food Prices: Wages
remained low, while bread prices soared, making it hard for common people to survive. D. Heavy Taxes: The Third Estate
(commoners) had to pay high taxes, reducing their ability to buy food. This economic hardship created anger and frustration,
contributing to the French Revolution (1789).
3.women suffer in France during old regime ? During the Old Regime in France, women, especially from the Third Estate, faced
severe hardships. They had no political rights and were excluded from voting or decision-making. Most worked as peasants,
domestic workers, or in small workshops, earning low wages. They struggled with high bread prices and food shortages, making
daily survival difficult. Wealthy women had better lives but still lacked independence. The French Revolution brought some rights,
but true gender equality remained a distant goal.
4. liberal radicals and conservative regarding Societal change ? During the 18th and 19th centuries, liberals, radicals, and
conservatives had different views on societal change: a. Liberals: Wanted individual freedom, equal laws, and a constitutional
government. -- Favored free markets, private property, and end of privileges based on birth. -- Supported elected rulers but not
democracy for all (limited voting rights). B. Radicals: Wanted drastic change, democracy, and universal voting rights. --
Opposed monarchy and aristocratic privileges. -- Supported rights for all citizens, including workers and women. C.
Conservatives: Wanted to preserve traditions and monarchies. -- Accepted slow reforms but opposed violent revolutions.
Believed in maintaining the church and traditional social structures.
5. February Revolution (1917) and Its Effects -- The February Revolution took place in Russia in 1917, leading to the downfall
of Tsar Nicholas II and the end of the Romanov dynasty. Causes of the February Revolution a. Autocratic Rule: Tsar
Nicholas II ruled with absolute power, ignoring public grievances. B. Economic Hardship: Food shortages, high prices, and
poverty led to mass protests. C. Impact of World War I: Heavy Russian losses and military failures worsened conditions. D.
Workers’ Struggles: Factory workers and soldiers protested against poor working conditions. -- Effects of the February
Revolution a. Abdication of Tsar Nicholas II: The monarchy collapsed on March 2, 1917. B. Provisional Government: A
temporary government was formed, but it failed to meet public demands. C. Rise of Soviets: Workers' and soldiers' councils
(soviets) gained influence. D. October Revolution (1917): The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, later overthrew the Provisional
Government, leading to communist rule in Russia
6. October Revolution (1917) and Its Effects -- The October Revolution took place in Russia in 1917, led by the Bolsheviks under
Vladimir Lenin. It was the second phase of the Russian Revolution and marked the rise of communism. – Causes -- a. Failure of
the Provisional Government: It couldn’t address land reforms, economic crises, or Russia’s withdrawal from World War I. B.
Growing Influence of Bolsheviks: Lenin’s slogans like “Peace, Land, and Bread” gained mass support. C. Workers’ and
Soldiers’ Discontent: The army, workers, and peasants supported the revolution. -- Effects -- a. Overthrow of the Provisional
Government and Bolshevik takeover. B. Russia withdrew from World War I (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918).
Civil War (1918-1922) between the Red Army (Bolsheviks) and White Army (anti-Bolsheviks). C. Establishment of the Soviet Union
(USSR) in 1922 under communist rule.
7. the Treaty of Versailles was humiliating the Germans -- The Treaty of Versailles (1919) humiliated Germany by: a. Losing
Territory: Germany lost Alsace-Lorraine, West Prussia, and all colonies. B. Military Restrictions: Army limited to 100,000
soldiers, no tanks, submarines, or air force. C. War Guilt & Reparations: Article 231 blamed Germany for the war, forcing it to
pay huge reparations, crippling its economy.
8. Nazi ideology taught to the youth -- The Nazis indoctrinated German youth through education, youth organizations, and
propaganda. Schools promoted Aryan superiority, anti-Semitism, and military training. Hitler Youth (boys) prepared for war, while
the League of German Girls focused on motherhood and Nazi ideals. Propaganda through books, films, and posters reinforced
loyalty to Hitler. Teachers were forced to follow Nazi policies, ensuring students grew up believing in Nazi ideology. This systematic
brainwashing aimed to create a generation fully devoted to Hitler and Nazi rule. @ The Dawes Plan (1924) The Dawes Plan
(1924) aimed to help Germany’s economy recover from World War I. It reduced reparation payments, provided U.S. loans (800
million gold marks), and stabilized the currency. The Allies supervised Germany’s finances to ensure payment. Though it improved
the economy, the Great Depression (1929) later reversed its effects, leading to further crises.
9.The Himalayas have three parallel ranges running from west to east: a . The Greater Himalayas (Himadri) -- The highest and
most continuous range. -- Includes Mount Everest (8,848m) and Kanchenjunga (8,586m). -- Covered with permanent snow and
glaciers. B . The Lesser Himalayas (Himachal) -- Lies south of Himadri, with an average height of 3,700-4,500m. -- Contains
famous hill stations like Shimla and Mussoorie. -- Composed of rugged, forested terrain. c. The Outer Himalayas (Shiwaliks) --
The lowest and youngest range (900-1,100m high). -- Made of loose sediments, prone to landslides. -- Rich in foothills and fertile
valleys like Dehradun.
10. physical features of India complement each other -- India’s physical features complement each other, creating a balanced
environment. The Himalayas block cold winds and bring monsoon rains, feeding rivers like the Ganga, which deposit fertile soil
in the Northern Plains for agriculture. The Deccan Plateau, rich in minerals, supports industries, while its rivers nourish the
coastal plains, aiding fishing and trade. The Thar Desert influences monsoon winds, causing rainfall in the Western Ghats,
benefiting agriculture. These interconnections support India’s economy and ecological balance.
11. Himalayan Rivers and Peninsular rivers -- Himalayan rivers like the Ganga, Indus, and Brahmaputra originate from glaciers,
making them perennial. They have long courses, cause intensive erosion, and form fertile alluvial plains. They also create large deltas
like the Sundarbans and frequently change course due to meandering. -- Peninsular rivers like the Godavari, Krishna, and Narmada
originate from plateaus and hills, making them seasonal as they depend on monsoon rains. They have shorter courses, flow through
rocky terrain, and form small deltas (Godavari) or estuaries (Narmada, Tapi). Unlike Himalayan rivers, they follow straighter courses
with less meandering due to hard rock formations.
12. characteristic of a hot weather season in India -- The hot weather season in India (March-May) is marked by high
temperatures (above 40°C in North India), while coastal areas remain moderate. Low air pressure develops in the northwest,
attracting winds. Hot, dry winds (Loo) blow across North India, causing heatwaves. Dust storms and pre-monsoon showers occur,
such as Kalbaisakhi in Bengal and Mango Showers in South India, aiding mango ripening. These seasonal changes signal the
transition to the monsoon season in India.
13.monsoon act as unifying bond in India -- The monsoon unifies India by influencing agriculture, economy, and culture. Over
60% of farmers depend on monsoon rains for crops like rice and wheat. A good monsoon boosts agriculture, trade, and
employment, while a weak monsoon causes droughts. It also shapes culture, with festivals like Onam, Teej, and Bihu celebrated
across India. The shared anticipation and impact of monsoons connect people from different regions, making it a unifying bond
despite India’s diverse geography and climate variations.
14. democracy? main features of Indian democracy -- Democracy is a form of government in which power is vested in the hands
of the people. Citizens elect their representatives through free and fair elections. It ensures equality, freedom, and participation in
governance. -- Main Features of Indian Democracy – a . Sovereign & Republic – India is independent and has an elected head
(President). B. Universal Adult Franchise – Every citizen above 18 can vote. C. Federal Structure – Power is divided between
central and state governments. d. Fundamental Rights – Guarantees freedom, equality, and justice to all citizens. E.
Secularism – India has no official religion, ensuring religious freedom. F . Rule of Law – Everyone is equal before the law.
15. constitution and need constitution -- A constitution is a set of rules and principles that define a country’s government, rights of
citizens, and law-making process. It is essential to ensure justice, equality, and freedom. The constitution prevents misuse of
power, maintains national unity, and protects fundamental rights. It defines the structure of the legislature, executive, and
judiciary, ensuring a balanced government. By guiding laws and policies, it provides a stable framework for governance, ensuring
a democratic and just society for all citizens.
16. Election Commission ? role of election in India -- The Election Commission of India (ECI) is an independent body
responsible for conducting free and fair elections in India. It oversees elections for the President, Vice President, Parliament, and
State Legislatures. Elections play a vital role in maintaining democracy, allowing citizens to choose their leaders and hold them
accountable. They ensure political equality, promote public participation, and enable a peaceful transfer of power. By giving
every citizen a right to vote, elections strengthen India’s democratic system.
17. Lok Sabha exercise more power than Rajya Sabha -- The Lok Sabha has more power than the Rajya Sabha in several ways.
Money Bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha, and the Rajya Sabha cannot reject them. The Lok Sabha controls the
government, as it can pass a no-confidence motion, which the Rajya Sabha cannot. In case of disagreements in law-making, a
joint session favors the Lok Sabha due to its larger strength. It also has greater control over the budget and government policies.
18.Mandal commission appointed by Indian government -- The Mandal Commission was appointed in 1979 to identify Other
Backward Classes (OBCs) and recommend measures for their upliftment. It aimed to reduce social inequality by proposing 27%
reservation in government jobs and education. The commission promoted social justice, addressed caste-based discrimination,
and helped implement the Directive Principles of State Policy for equality. @ fundamental rights basic human rights guaranteed
by a constitution, ensuring individual liberties and protecting citizens from arbitrary state actions, forming the bedrock of
democracy and justice
19.superior capital than physical capital?population turned into a productive assets -- Human capital (skills, knowledge, and
abilities) is superior to physical capital (machines, tools) because humans can innovate, adapt, and make decisions, unlike
machines. Education and training enhance productivity and economic growth. A large population can become a productive asset
through education, skill development, and healthcare, leading to higher efficiency and innovation. Providing employment
opportunities in industries, services, and entrepreneurship helps transform human resources into economic strength, boosting
national development and overall progress.
20. explain five effects of unemployment in India Unemployment in India leads to poverty, a lower standard of living, and an
economic slowdown due to reduced demand. It increases crime, causes wastage of human resources, and leads to political and
social instability, affecting national growth and development.
21. dimension of food security - Food security has three main dimensions: availability, accessibility, and utilization. Availability
ensures enough food is produced through agriculture, imports, and storage. Accessibility means food should be affordable and
physically reachable for all. Utilization focuses on proper nutrition, clean water, and healthcare for effective food use. A fourth
dimension, stability, ensures food security remains consistent over time, preventing shortages due to climate change, conflicts, or
economic crises. Together, these factors ensure a healthy and food-secure population.
22. what does social exclusion and vulnerability means - Social exclusion occurs when individuals or groups are denied access to
essential resources like education, healthcare, and jobs, leading to inequality and discrimination. Marginalized communities, such
as Dalits and minorities, often face exclusion. Vulnerability refers to the risk of poverty, disasters, or discrimination due to
economic, social, or environmental factors. Poor people, women, and disabled individuals are more vulnerable due to limited
resources and opportunities. Both concepts highlight inequality and the need for inclusive policies
23. how does the pds evolved in india and what is the current status -- India's Public Distribution System (PDS) began in the
1940s as a rationing system during World War II. It expanded in the 1960s with the Green Revolution and became targeted
(TPDS) in 1997 to help Below Poverty Line (BPL) families. Today, under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013, it covers
800 million people, providing subsidized grains. Challenges like leakages and corruption persist, but reforms like Aadhaar
linkage and One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC) aim to improve efficiency.
24. What were the causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917? -- The Russian Revolution of 1917 was caused by autocratic rule,
social inequality, and economic hardships. Tsar Nicholas II’s failure to implement reforms led to growing discontent. Peasants
and workers suffered from poverty, low wages, and poor conditions. World War I worsened the crisis with food shortages and
military defeats. Revolutionary ideas, especially Marxism and Bolshevik leadership under Lenin, inspired people to overthrow
the monarchy, leading to the establishment of a socialist government in Russia.