?

O
m
0
"'C.
Dnelopd resoun:ts { lntematiooal rnoun:n :,0
~ 1 ()
ClllstrY.alion If l'PSDUn:l'S llnolll'Cf IUD■int in 1nm Stick ~ 1 Resources which are surveyed The oceanic resources beyond m
and their quality and quantity have VI
Irrational consumption and over- (a).Making of inventory of resources Materials which have the potential 200 nautical miles of the )>
utilisation of resources may after their region-wise identification to satisfy human needs but human beings J1 been determined for utilization. Exclusive Economic Zone. z
do not have the appropriate technology to / · 0
lead to socio-economic and across the country.
I - · - ~-- 0
environmental problems. (b). Making of the planning structure with access. For example, Hydrogen cannot be On tile llclSis of r-· - - --resources
tile stm,s of National ~
appropriate technology, skill and institutions. used fully due to lack of technology. m
r
(c). Matching of resource plan AU the resources that belong to a nation, 0
"'O
~ with development plan, etc. development i.e., minerals, water resources, forests, ~
ua~ l'PSOll'l:IS '--- ~ - wildlife and land. m
Examples mountains (30%), Pltfatwl "5al'WS
~
Example, wind and solar energy /2 z--f
plateaus(2 7%), in Rajasthan and Gujarat. ,,.
plains and islands (43%). Community owned resources
Resources development
?/
On the basis of
ownership '-.. Example- Village commons (grazing grounds,
~;;;;t ;;;;;;s- , and planning
,,,,,. _ Rtsfrws ~ burial grounds, village ponds, etc.)
public parks, picnic spots.
Examples, Depletion of resources,
accumulation of resources in only few hands,
Resources, which can be used
for meeting future requirements.
II ,,.. n
(
-.,
~
global ecological crises such as, global Types of resources Individual resources
warming, ozone layer depletion. I
' Example - plots, houses, pl.Jntatioo,
, pasture lands, ponds, water in wells.

~d under: ;i.e., 22.7~ ~ Resources and On the basis of

- - - ______.,, land utilization Dev elop men t exhaustibitity Renewable resoun:es / Non-reaewilllt
uad not nalallu fDrcatiution r /2 ~ • Example, solar and wind energy,
Barren and waste land, land put to water, forests and willlife.
non-agricultural use~, e.g. buildings, ~.,,H / • i • Example, Minerals
_ _
arul fossil fuels.
roads, factones, etc. , / / /-- On tile basis of origin '- -
und dea,adation and
conse,vation meclSures ~ --
Other unclffirated land There is about 130 million hectares " ~ Abiaticresources
Permanent pastures and grazing Composed of non-living things .
1
of degraded land in India. Example, rocks and metals.
land, land under miscellaneous tree Approximately, 28% forest degraded area, Soil as a resource
crops groves, culturable waste land. 56% is water eroded area and
the rest is affected by Biotic resoun:es
Qassificatioo of soil '
f. . latlls
I.Pft without cultivation for
saline and alkaline deposits.
;---- • Alluvial soil
I • Black soil
Obtained from biosphere,
have life. Example-human beings,
one or less than one agricultural year, - ~ • Red and yellow soil flora and fauna, fisheries,
,
and left uncultivated for the past 1 ' • late rite soil livestock, etc.
iol
1to 5 agricultural years. land use pattern
Pattern of use of land depends
L~
Soil emion tllld soi coa,vat
Removal of top soil is called soil Erosion.
Intense farming, grazing, construction activities
• Arid soil ·
1 • Forest soil
lvtSll'III~•
on climate, topography, type of soil,
and other human activities; along with deforestation Tran• tht.' :\l ind \lap f
Area sown more than once in population, technology, skill,
population density, tradition, have led to soil erosion. Soil conservation can be ► First Level • Second Level •Third Level
an agricultural year plus net sown area done by afforestation, terrace farming, etc. ~ __,,
is known as Gross Cropped Area. capability, etc. .. . __ iQLL24PE
,.;l\ __,,
'" . ,- L ~
w
 RESOURCES
AND \
\
DEVELOPMENT '\
I

Trend Analysis
2018 2019 2020
List of Concepts Outside Delhi Outside Delhi Outside Delhi
Delhi Delhi Delhi
Resources : Types and Planning 1Q 1Q
(1 Mark) 1Q (1 Mark)
1Q
- - (5 Marks) 1Q
(3 Marks) (3 Marks)
Land and Soil as Resource 1Q
- - - (1 Marks)
-

ea Revision Notes

What are Resources?

► Everything availab_Ie in our ~mvironment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided it is technologicallY
accessible, econom.1cally feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as 'Resource'.
 I~
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT [ 115

► Resources are materials which can be transformed in such a way that they
become more valuable and u seful for fulfilling human needs. TOPIC 1
► Natural endowments in the form of land, water, vegetation and minerals are
called natural resources. Resources : Types and
► Development_of ~e.sources : Resources are compulsory for human survival as Pl ann ing Page No. 114
well as for maintammg the quality of life. It was believed that resources are free
gifts of nature. As a result, man used them indiscriminately which led to the
following problems:
• Depletion of resources. and Soil as
• Accumulation of resources in a few hands. Resource Page No. 119
• Global ecological crises such as, global warming, ozone layer depletion,
environmental p ollution and land degradation.
► For a sustained quality of life and global peace, it is essential that resources
should be distributed equally.
Scan to know
► Sustainable Economic Development : It means development should take place without more about
damaging the environment and development in the present should not compromise with this topic
the needs of the future generation.
► Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992: In June 1992, for achieving sustainable development
in the 21 st century, more than 100 heads of states participated in the first International
Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. The main focus of this summit was to protect the
environment and socio-economic development at the global level. The leaders of the states Resource, and De-
signed the Declaration on Global Climate Change and Biological Diversity. velopment (Part-1)
► Agenda 21: It was signed by world leaders at the United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development (UNCED). The aim of this agenda is to achieve global sustainable development by combating
environmental damage, poverty and disease through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs
and shared responsibilities. The major objective of this agenda is that every local government has the power to
draw its own local Agenda 21.
► Resource Planning and Conservation: Resource planning is a technique of proper utilization of resources.
► Resource planning involves the following steps :
• Identification and inventory of resources, which involves surveying, mapping and quantitative as well as
qualitative estimation and measurement of resources.
• Implementation of resource development plans, which involves creating a planning structure equipped with
appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up.
• Matching resource development plan with overall national development plans. •
► Resource development and planning reduces wastage, keeps the environment pollution free and takes care of
future needs.
► The management of resources by humans is known as conservation.
► Conservation of resources includes a judicious and planned use of resources. Optimum exploitation is must, but
over-exploitation should be checked.

El Know the Terms

► Resources: All the useful elements of the environment that satisfy our basic needs are called resources.
► Natural resources: A natural resource is something that is found in nature and can be u sed by people for economic
gain. Earth's natural resources include light, air, water, plants, animals, soil, stone, minerals, fossil fuels, etc.
► Man-made resources: Man-made resources are resources that are created by humans to tran sform and u se the
gifts of nature, for example buildings; roads; vehicles; machinery, equipment, etc.
► Non-renewable resources: Resources that once u sed, can' t be reproduced or replenished, such as fossil fuels,
minerals like copper and iron ore.
► Individual resources: The resources owned privately by individuals, such as houses, plots, plantation, pasture
lands, ponds, water in wells etc.
► Community-owned resources: Resources which are accessible to all the members of the community, such as
public parks, picnic spots, playgrounds etc.
► Biotic resources: These are obtained from the biosphere and have a life, such as human beings, flora and fauna,
fisheries, livestock, etc.
► Abiotic resources: Resources that comprise of non-living things, such as rocks, minerals, etc.
► Renewable resources: _Resources which can be reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes, su ch
as: solar en ergy and wmd energy.
r
116 ] Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterw1se & Topicwise Solved Papers, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class - X

► National resources: All the resources, which are present in the political boundary of a nation up to 12 nautical
miles in the ocean from the coast, such as minerals, water resources, forests, wildlife, land termed as territorial
water and resources therein belong to the nation.
► International resources : The resources that do not belong to any individual country.
► Potential resources : Resources which are available in a region, but have not been utilized, such as wind and solar
energy in Rajasthan and Gujarat have not been developed fully.
► Developed resources: Resources which are surveyed and their quantity and quality have been determined for
utilization.
► Stock: Materials present in the environment, which have the potential to satisfy human needs, but human beings
do not have the appropriate technology to access these materials.
► Reserves: They are the subsets of the stock, which can be put into use with the help of existing technology but
their use has not been started yet.
► Sustainable development: It means that development should take place without damaging the environment and
development in the present and should not compromise with needs of future generations.
► Resource planning: It is the widely accepted strategy for the judicious use of resources.
► Resource conservation: It refers to the sustainable utilisation of natural resources, such as soil, water, plants,
animals, minerals. It topsoil, pasture land and minerals. It also refers to the preservation of forests, watershed
areas, etc.

How is it done OY\ the aREENBOARD?

Q . What are 'resources'? Distinguish be repeatedly resulting into
between renewable and non- used without fear a reduction in
renewable resources. of exhaustion their stock use
are termed are termed as
Solution as . renewable non-renewable
Step I: Natural endowments which resources. They resources.
can be utilised to satisfy our needs, are inexhaustible
provided they are technologically resources.
accessible, economically feasible {ii) Examples: So- Examples:
and culturally acceptable, are lar and wind Fossil fuels
termed as resources. energy, water, like coal, pe-
Step II: Resources may be classified forests, wild- troleum and
into renewable and non-renewable life, etc. minerals.
resources on the basis of their (iii) R e n e w a b I ·e Fossil fuels
resources are get totally
exhaust ib ilit y.
flow resources exhausted
Step Ill: Differences between with use.
having a
renewable and non- renewable Metals can
continuous
resources are: stock and are be recycled.

I
Renewable Non- being used But these
Resources Renewable since time re s o u r c e s
Resources immemorial. can never be
(i ) Resources Reso urces renewed or
which do not which are replenished.
get exhausted g r a d u a I I y
and can exhaust ed
 RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
[ 117

.,,, Short Answer Typ e Questions , <, ..

Ji..;;_ . -· . -- - '

· lBll Q. 1. How is the issue of sustainability important for (ii) Sustainability is the capability to use the resources
develo pment ? Explain with examples.
judiciously and maintain the ecological balance.
[Q] (Delhi/OD, 2018; CBSE SQP 2020-21)
(iii) It lays emphasis on environ mental protection
Ans. Impo~a nce of Sustain able Develo pment : and check environmental degradation.
(i) Sustainable deve!o pment aims at fulfilling the (Any other relevant point) (Any three points)
needs of today withou t compromising the needs 1X3=3 (CBSE Markin g Scheme, 2020)
of the future generation.

Detailed Answer :

f
1t Topper Answer, 2018
-

'="r •
to mer!: : th 'e,~,..

-;::::.tk=c::::e~'t+::jf::+~s==~o~f-~'Yl~o.-\::u....r-e,L...L................,,._ 1
i.,o~dl .\cod :to thei r cief!\ e.xio n ,h'l

_ .o±_
_µ,,c.J....... pe.o-plc. e.ar..h. - t .b..clr LL~ ood. .._
WIA- ..-..Z----- ~
... -~c..e.& ,_ P-1,,.. s OY rc.e.s ._ Liu
p ""e - re.. c,,uis..i.l:e- _-f~_ .:.d!:e.w1tJ,Q{p ·'OIS.c...a.b ...
- -Uu.M-4=1'..LJ:=-~ -__JI- W~-- - e.J.tc... a'Ce. ;,-et;. :i;£& ~rt ,:fo,,.
tr - --W~::=:!:::!·:!!:
: -:.AL~.• _ a. -r~ol:.1.d; .¼ u.h.U-e. 1moeal;ian,; ,
H C:,IO C e, .,..-\6l. e.~ "O.Ce ed. +c, ··4,A.A __.,..&. .._ f f -
11....d-i,.....c,...,\...,ci...,~
l~t-l:...U :U...:L- '-1~- - ,d'A'-:.... ~ --±:o s IJ St A,\Jr\ • d, t. :v.el a p .

CO MMONLY MAD E ERROR ANSWERING TIP

= Real meaning of sustainability is not known to

:, Clear definition of sustainable development
the candidates.
should be known to the candidates. Quote
examples of petroleum, coal etc.
_,_,_S_ ]= ------- - - ~O::'.:s~w~a~al~C~B~S[ Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicw1se_ S_o_lved Papers, SOCIAL SC_IE_N_C_E, Class ~
Q. 2- Describe the importance of judicious use of
resources. ~ [Dl'lhi Set-I, 20201 ANSWERING TIP
OR
Describe the different steps of 'resource planning.
:> Students should remember both points, the
!@ [Delhi Set-I, 2020)
richness of resources and also deficiency of
Ans. Importance of 1·udidous use of resources are: resources in that particular state.
(i) lndiscrimina
· · · te use of resources has led to an
environmental and ecolooical crisis. Q. 4. Why is it essential tp have resource planning?
(ii) Most of the resources erare non-renewable, if Explain any three reasons.
exhausted, they take thousands of years to renew. ~ [Board Term-I, 2016-17]
(iii) Resources are available only in limited quantity
which are essential for any developmental activity. Ans. (i) If the present trend of resource depletion
Their unavailability can lead to socio-economic by few individuals continues, the future of our
problems in the world. planet is in danger.
(1 X3=3) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020) (ii) Planning is essential for sustainable
existence of all forms of life. Resource
OR
planning becomes extremely important in
Ans. Following are the three steps of 'resource a country like India, which has enormous
diversity in the availability of resources.
planning':
(iii) Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led
(i) Through Surveying, mapping, qualitative &
to global ecological crises.
quantitative estimation of resources.
1 x 3 = 3 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016)
(ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with
appropriate technology, skill and institutional set Q. 5. What is Agenda 21? List its two principles.
up for implementing resource development plans. [BJ [Board Term-I, 2016-17]
(iii) Matching the resource development plans with
Ans. (i) Agenda 21 is the declaration signed by world
overall national development plans.
leaders in 1992 at the United Nations Conference
(lx3=3) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020)
on Environment and Development (UNCED),
Q. 3. uln India, some regions are rich in certain types of which took place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
resources but deficient in some other resources". (ii) The two principles of Agenda 21 are as follows :
Do you agree with the statement? Support your (a) To combat environmental damage, poverty
answer with any three examples. and disease through global co-operation on
~ [Board Term-I, 2016-17] common interests, mutual needs and shared
Ans. Yes, there are regions which are rich in certain responsibilities.
types of resources, but are deficient in some (b) Every local government should draw its own
local Agenda 21.
other resources.
1 + 2 = 3 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016)
(i) Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh
are rich in minerals and coal deposits. l8I] Q. 6. Distinguish between stock and potential
(ii) Arunachal Pradesh has an abundance of
resources. Give one example of each. [Q]
Ans. (i) Stock :
water resources, but lacks in infrastructural
(a) Materials in the environment, which have the
development. potential to satisfy human needs.
(iii) Rajasthan is endowed with solar and wind (b) They are not accessed due to the lack of
energy but lacks in water resources. technology.
(iv) The cold desert of Ladakh is relatively isolated (c) Example: Water is a compound of two
from the rest of the country. It has very rich inflammable gases-hydrogen and oxygen,
cultural heritage but it is deficient in water, which can be used as a rich source of energy.
But we do not have the required technical
infrastructure and some vital minerals.
knowledge about how to use them for this
(Any three) 1 x 3 = 3 purpose. Hence, it is stock.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) (ii) Potential Resources :
(a) They are found in a region.
COMMONLY MADE ERROR (b) They have not been utilised or developed.
(c) Example: Rajasthan and Gujarat have
enormous potential for the development of
~ The students mentioned incorrect names of the wind and solar energy, but they are yet to be
states. developed for various reasons. 1¼+1¼=3
 m
-
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

~ Long Answer Type Questions S marks each

L

Q t. Provide. a suitable classification of reso urces on 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic
the basis of ownership. Mention main features of Zone as belong to open ocean are termed a,
any three types of such resources. ~ international resources.
Ans. Oassification of resources on the basis of • No individual country can utilise
ownership : international resources without the
(i) Individual resources concurrence of international institutions.
(Any three) 2+3=5
(ii) Community owned resources
(iii) National resources IMJ Q. 2. Explain the resources on the basis of origin ,
(iv) International resources exhaustibility and status of development [Al
Features of resources classified on the basis of Ans. Resources 011 the basis of origin:
ownership: (a) Biotic: Those resources which are available in the
(i) Individual Resources: biosphere and have a life, such as human beings,
flora and fauna, etc.
• These are owned privately by individuals.
(b) Abiotic: All those things which are non-li~g are
• These resources can be allotted to individuals
called abiotic resources. For example, rocks, soils
by government against the payment of
revenue, for example plantation, pasture and minerals.
lands, ponds, water in wells etc. Resources on the basis of exhaustibility:
• These can be directly purchased by (a) Renewable resources: The resources which
individuals, for example, plots, houses and can be renewed are renewable resources. For
other property. example: water, forest, wind, etc.
(ii) Community Owned Resources: (b) Non-renewable resources: These resources occur over
• These resources are accessible to all the a very long period of time and get exhausted Minerals
members of the community. and fossil fuels are examples of these resources. 5
• Examples of community resources are: Resources on status of development:
public parks, picnic spots, playgrounds, etc. (a) Potentialresources:Resourceswhichareavailable
(iii) National Resources: in a region, but have not been utilized, such as
• These resources are owned by a nation. wind and solar energy in Rajasthan and Gujarat
• Technically, all the minerals, water have not been developed fully .
resources, forests, wildlife, land within the (b) Developed resources: Resources which are
political boundaries and oceanic area up to surveyed and their qu antity and quality have
12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from the coast been determined for utilization.
termed as territorial water and resources (c) Stock: Materials present in the environment,
therein belong to the nation. which have the potential to satisfy human needs,
(iv) International Resources: but human beings do not have the appropriate
• These resources do not belong to any technology to access these materials.
individual country. (d) Reserves: They are the subsets of the stock, which
• These resources are regulated by can be put into use with the help of existing
international institution. technology but their use has not been started
• Technically, the oceanic resources beyond yet. (Any Five) (1X5=5)

Q Revision Notes

land resources and their uses:

► India has a variety of relief .features like mountains,
. .
plateaus and plain's 43ut_
• 10 o
f th .
e country IS covered with
1. · coveredby mountains and th
30% of the countrYIS
P ams. and they provide cultivable
. . . crops·
land for growmg
provide natural resources like forests and wildlife. 27% of the countr i d ey
mineral resources, forests and some arable land. Y s covere by plateaus, which contain
 Papers, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Cl11'1 t
120 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterw1se & Top1cw1se Solved

► Land resources arc used for the following purposes: Scan to know
more about
• Forcs b
this topic
• Land not available for cultivation:
(a) Barren and waste land
factories, etc.
(b) Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g. buildings, roads,
• Other uncul tivate d land (excluding fallow land) :
Resources and Dt.
(a) Perma nent pastur es and grazing land,
velopment (Part•2)
(b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not
included in net sown area),
5 agricultural years) .
(c) Culturable waste land 0eft uncultivated for more than
• Fallow land:
than one agricultural year),
(a) Curre nt fallow-0eft witho ut cultivation for one or less
(b) Other than curren t fallow-0eft uncultivated for
the past 1 to 5 agricultural years).
• Net sown area of the
► The total geographical area of India is 3.28 millio
n sq km. Land use data, however, is available only for 93%
total geographical area. forest
► At presen t there are about 130 million hectar
es of degra ded land in India of which 28% belon g to the
d by saline and alkaline depos its.
degra ded area, 56% of it is water erode d and the rest is affecte e, soil types,
► The land use patter n in India is determ
ined by both physic factors such as topography, climat
al
capability, culture, traditions, etc.
huma n factors such as population density, technological
► Huma n activities that cause d degradation of land in India:
• Deforestation
• Overgrazing
• Mining and quarry ing
► Other factors that led to degradation of land in India:
• Over irrigation makin g land saline and alkaline
• Dust gener ated from cemen t ceramic indus try
• Industrial effluents
► Sugge stions for conse rvatio n of land:
• Afforestation
• Prope r control on grazing
• Planti ng of shelter belts of plants
s
• Stabilisation of sand dunes by planti ng thorn y bushe
• Prope r utilization of waste land
• Control on minin g
ent
• Discharge of indust rial efflue nts and wastes after treatm
l resource. It is the mediu m of plant growt h and suppo rts different
► Soil: is the most impor tant renew able natura
types of living organisms on the earth.
other forms of life and time are impor tant factors in the
', Relief, paren t rock or bedrock, climate, vegetation and
forma tion of soil.
~ Soil also consists of organic material (humu
s) and inorganic materials.
► Factors responsible for the formation of the soil:
• Factors responsible for the formation of the soil
• Colour of the soil
• Thickness of the soil
• Texture of the soil
• Age of the soil
• Chemical and physical prope rties of the soil
India has varied relief features, landfo rms, climatic realms
► Soils of India can be classified on following basis:
devel opme nt of variou s types of soils.
and vegetation types. These features contri buted in the
► Types of Soils found in India :
♦ Alluvial soil :
is very fertile .
• Widely spread in north Indian plains, alluvial soil as a whole
• It is classified as : Khada r (new alluvial) and Bangar (old
alluvial) .
horic acid and lime .
• This soil contains adequ ate propo rtion of potash, phosp
t and other cereal and pulse crops.
• This soil is ideal for the growt h of sugarcane, paddy , whea
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
[ 121
* Black soil :
• Also
. called
. regur soil this soil i's bl k .
' ac m coIour.
• Tlus soil is ideal for growing cotton.
• Thid's soil is f~u nd in the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisga r h
an . extend
. . m the south-eas t direction • along the Godavari · hna v a1J eys.
and the Kris
• This soil 1s rich in so il nutrients,
· such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash an d 11me,
· but poor m
'
Ph osphorus contents.
• Th~ black soils is made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material. It is well-known for its capacity to hold
moisture. '
* Red and yellow soil:
• Tl~s soil d~velops in areas of low rainfall or crystalline igneous rocks.
• It is found m Odisha, Chhattisgarh and the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats.
• Due to the diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks, its colour becomes reddish.
* Laterite soil :
• This soil develops in areas of high temperature and heavy rainfall.
• Humus content in the soil is low.
• It is mainly found in Karnataka , Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and hilly areas of Assam
and Odisha.
• It is good for tea, coffee, cashew nut, etc.
• Arid soil:
• This soil is generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.
• This soil lacks in humus and moisture.
• This soil is found in Western Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana.
• The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar.
* Forest soil:
• This soil is found in hilly and mountainous regions.
• This soil is loamy and silty in valley sides, while coarse grained in the upper slopes.
► Soil Erosion:
I The denudatio n and subsequen t washing down of top soil cover by agents of nature e.g. wind, water, glacier
and air is called soil erosion.
I Natural forces like wind, glacier and water lead to soil erosion.
• Sometimes, human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, construction and mining also lead
to soil
erosion.
► Types of soil erosion :
t Gully Erosion: Sometimes running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies.
The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land.
t Sheet Erosion: In the Chambal basin such lands are called ravines. Sometimes water flows as a sheet over •
large areas down a slope. In such cases the top soil is washed away. This is knowp as sheet erosion.
• Wind Erosion: Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land known as wind erosion.
t Defective Farming Methods: Soil erosion is also caused by defective methods of farming. For example,
ploughing in a wrong way i.e., up and down the slope form channels for the quick flow of water, leads
to soil
erosion.
► Measures for soil conservation:
• Contour ploughing
• Terrace farming
• Strip cropping
• Shelter belts of trees
• Plugging of gullies
• Afforestation
• Control of mining activities

Ei Know the Terms

► Gross cropped area: Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross
cropped area.
 122 Oswaal CBSE Ouest1on Bank Chapterw1se & To 1cw1se Solved Papers, SO CIAL SCIEN CE, Class /

► Fallow land: A land which is left without cullivation for one or less than one agricultural year for increasing 1ts
fertility is known as the fallow land.
► Wasteland: Land which is not suitable for cultivation is known as wasteland.
► Net sown area: Area sown once in a year is known as the net sown area.
► Pasture: Land covered with grass and other plants that makes it suitable for grazing animals is known as pasture.
► Soil erosion: TI1e washing away of top fertile soil by natural agents like wind, glacier and water is called soil erosion.
► Gullies: When the running water, cutting through the clayey soil creates deep channels. These deep channels
are known as gullies.
► Sheet erosion: When the top soil is washed away due to heavy flow of water down the slopes, it is known as sheet erosion.
► Wmd erosion: When the top fertile soil blows off due to wind, it is known as wind erosion.
► Strip cro pping: Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grasses are left to grow between the crops. This
breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping.
► Contour ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines is known as contour ploughing. Contour ploughing can
slow down the flow of water down the slopes and prevent soil from eroding away.
► S helter belts: Sometimes, trees are planted in rows to reduce the force of wind to prevent wind erosion. Such
rows of plants are known as shelter belts .

.., Short Answer Type Questio ns ·:~:.. .·b:~<-.. -·.•..:~.~~-~.-

1011 Q. 1. Suggest and explain any three ways to protect Q. 4. Distinguish between red soil and laterite soil
land from degradation in various states of India stating any three points of distinction.
IA§ [CBSE SQP 2020-21] [Q] [Board Term-I, 2015]
An s.
Ans. (i) Afforestation Red Soil Laterite Soil
S.No.
(ii) Proper management of grazing.
(iii) Planting of shelter belts of plants. (i) Red soil develops on Laterite soil
(iv) Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny crystalline igneous rocks develops in
bushes. in areas of low rainfall. areas with high
(v) Control of mining activities. temperature and
(vi) Proper discharge and disposal of industrial heavy rainfall.
effluents and wastes after treatment.
(vii) Any other relevant point (ii) Formed due to weath- Formed due to
(Any three points) ering. leaching.
1X3=3 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020) (iii) Red soil is found in Laterite soil is
(Ml Q . 2. D istinguish between Khad ar and Bangar soil. parts of Odisha and mainly found in
[Al [CBSE SQP, 2020] Chhattisgarh, southern Karnataka, Kerala
parts of the middle of and the hilly areas of
Ans. Ganga plain and along Odisha and Assam.
Khadar Soils Bangar Soils the piedmont zone of
S.No.
the Western Ghats.
(i) It is new alluvial soil. It is an old alluvial 1X3==3
soils.

(ii) Lower concentration Higher concentra ti.on

of kankar nodules. of Khadar nodules.

(iii) It has more fine It has less fine :> Students have mixed the names of the states in
particles. particular. both parts of the answer.
1 X3-3

Q .3. Which is the main cause of land degradation in ANSWERI NG TIP

G ujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh? How
can it be checked? Explain.
[Q] (Board Term-I, 2015) :> Names of the states where the two types of soil
are found should be mentioned.
Ans. (i) Main Cause : Large scale overgrazing has
caused severe land degradation. Q. 5. Describe any three main features of 'Alluvial Soil'
(ii) Measures to check land degradation due to [BJ [OD Set-I, 1.019)
found in India.
overgrazing :
OR
(a) Afforestation
(b) Proper management and control ~n Describe any three main features of 'Black Soil'
overgrazing. 1+2- 3 found in India. [BJ [OD Set-I, 1.019)
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015)
 171
-
RESOURC[S AND DEV[LOPMtNT
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -
An&, (I} AIIU\~al soil i~ widely spread OVC'r the northern Ans. (I) Black imil Is black In colour c1nd ,11 '' known 84
pla,m, by the threC' Himalayan tivC'r systems Rcgur Soil.
(ii) Black soil is well known for il.s cap~rrty 1,, hold
The Indus, TI1C' Ganga and ThC' Brahmaputra.
moisture.
(ii) Most fertile soil among all soil types. It is rich in calcium carbonate, magn~JUm,
(iii)
(ill) Alluvial soil classified as Bangar and Khadar. potash & lime.
(iv) It contains potash, phosphoric acid and lime. (Iv) It is ideal for growing cotton.
(v) This type of soil is typical of the
Deccan trap
(v) Any other relevant point.
region spread over north-west Deccan Plateau.
(Any three points to be explained)
(vi) It is made up of lava flow.
1X3=3 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) Any other relevant point
(Any three to be explained)
1 x3=3 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019)
COM MONLY MAD E ERROR
COMMONLY MAD E ERROR
~ Students have not written the names of the
rivers deltas.
:, North-West Deccan is confused with south-w est
Deccan plateau .
ANS WERING TIP
ANSW ERIN G TIP
~ Name of three rivers should be remembered for
deposition of Alluvial soil-The Indus, the Ganga
~ Some states of Deccan plateau should be
and the Brahmaputra (Himalayan river system)
mentioned in the answer to show where black
soil is found in India.
Detailed Answe r :
Three main features of Alluvial Soil found in Detailed Answer :
India: Three main features of Black Soil found in India :
(i) The entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil. (i) This soil is black in colour and is also known as regur
These soils also extend in Rajasthan and Gujarat, soil. It is typical of the Deccan trap (Basalt) region
spread over north-west Deccan plateau. It covers
also found in the eastern coastal plains particularly
the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa,
in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and extends in the
Krishna and the Kaveri rivers. south-east direction along the Godavari and the
(ii) Alluvial soils are deposited by three important Krishna valleys . It is made up of extremely fine i.e.
Himalayan river systems-the Indus, the Ganga clayey material.
and the Brahmaputra. (ii) It is well known for its capacity to hold moisture.
It develops deep cracks during hot weather, and
(ill) According to their age, alluvial soils can be classified is sticky when wet and difficult to work on unless
as old alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar). tilled immediately after the first shower or during
The bangar soil has higher concentration of kankar the pre-monsoon period.
nodules than the Khadar. It has more fine particles (iii) In addition, It is rich in soil nutrients such as
and is more fertile than the bangar. calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime. It
is generally poor in phosphoric contents. 3
OR

~ Long Ans wer Typ e Questions 5 marks eac h

1ml Q. 1. Describe any five distinct characteristics of 'Arid (v) After proper irrigation, these soils become
cultivable. 1x5=5
Soils'. [RJ!Board Term-I, 2015)
(COSE Marking Schem e, 2015)
Ans.(i) Arid soils range from red to brown in colour.
Q. 2. Why is soil considered as a resource? Explain
(ii) These are sandy in texture and saline in nature.
(iii) Due to dry climate and high temperature, with five arguments. U] (Board Term-I, 2015)
evaporation is faster. These soils lack humus and
moistu re. Ans. (i) Soil is considered as a resource because it is
(iv) These soils are occupied by Kankar. Kankar layer used to satisfy our needs.
formations in the bottom horizon s restrict the (ii) It is the most important renewable natural
infiltration of water. resource.
• 124 ] Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise Solved Papers, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class_ X

ploughing along the contour lines of a highland

(iii) It is the medium of plant growth. can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes.
(iv) It is home to innumerable forms of living
organisms on earth. (ii) Terr~ce Cultivation: Terrace cultivation or cutting ·
(v) It is the base ofour life. 1 X5=5 of steps around the slopes to provide land for
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) agriculture also checks the downhill flow of water
and controls soil erosion, e.g., as in Western and
COMMONLY MADE ERROR Central Himalayan region.
(iii) Strip Cropping: Under this method, large fields
can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to
~ Very few students were able to answer why soil
grow between the crops. This breaks up the force
is considered as a resource.
of the wind.
(iv) Afforestation: Afforestation or planting of trees in
ANSWERING TIP the hilly regions can help in soil conservation.
(v) Checking shifting cultivation: It is an agricultural
~ It is important to mention the need of soil in the system in which a person uses a piece of land, only
ecological system. to abandon or alter the initial use a short time later.
This system often involves clearing of a piece of
land followed by several years of wood harvesting
IBl} Q. 3. What steps can be taken to control soil erosion
or farming until the soil loses fertility.
in hilly areas?
(vi) Shelter Belt: It is a system in which a barrier of trees
Ans. Following methods can be used for soil
and shrubs is created that provides protection
conservation in hilly areas:
(as for crops) from wind and storm and lessens
(i) Contour Ploughing: Contour ploughing or
erosion. (Any five) (1X5=5)

~ Objective Type Questions 1 mark each

- - - - - - - - - ------------ --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

(ii) The Rio Convention endorsed the global Forest

0 Match the following items given in col-
umn A with those in column B. Principles and adopted Agenda 21 for achieving
Sustainable Development in the 21 st century.
Q.1 Column A Column B (iii) The assembled leaders signed the Declaration on
Global Climatic Change and Biological Diversity.
(i) Black Soil (a) Western
Rajasthan (iv) In June 1992, more than 100 heads of states met in
Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, for the first International
(ii) Alluvial Soil (b) Himalayan
Earth Summit.
Region
Options:
(iii) Arid Soil (c) Northern (a) (iv) - (i) - (iii) - (ii)
Plains
(b) (iii) - (ii) - (i) - (iv)
(iv) Forest Soil (d) Maharashtra (c) (iv) - (iii) - (ii) - (i)
Ans. (i)-(d), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b) (d) (i) - (iii) - (iv) - (ii)
Ans. Option (a) is correct.
Q.2 Column A Column B Q. 2. Resource planning in India which involves :
(i) Red and Yellow (a) Rajasthan, (i) Evolving a planning structure endowed with
Soil Guiarat appropriate technology, skill and institutional set
(ii) Laterite Soil (b) Odisha, • ') up fo~ ~~lementing resource development plans.
Chhattisgarh (11 Identification and inventory of resources across

(iii) Alluvial Soil (c) Maharashtra, the re~ons of the country. This involves surveying,
Madhya Pradesh mapping and qualitative and quantitative
(iv) Black Soil (d) Karnataka, estimation and measurement of the resources.
Kerala (iii) Matching the resource development plans with
overall national development plans.
Ans. (i)-(b), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(c) Options:
(a) (i) - (ii) - (iii)
A Arrange the following in the correct (b) (iii) - (i) - (ii)
V sequence : [QI (c) (ii) - (i) - (iii)
Q. 1. (i) The Summit was convened for addressing (d) (i) - (iii) - (ii)
urgent problems of environmental protection and Ans. Option (c) is correct.
Socio-Economic d evelopment at the global level.
 125

--
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

e complete the following table related to

resources on the basis of exhaustlblllty :
[Q]
(a) Red to brown in colour
(b) Sandy in texture and saline in nature
(c) Lacks humus and moisture

Ans. Arid soil.

Name of the (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020)
Q.l. Property Example
Resource
Q. 5.
"There is enough for everybody's need and not for
(A)=? It can be renewed Fisheries anybody's greed"who said this ? !Bl
Non-Renewable It cannot be (B) =? (a) Jawaharlal Nehru (b) Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Resource renewed (c) M. K. Gandhi (d) Sunder Lal Bahuguna
Ans. (A) · Renewable Resource
Ans. Option (c) is correct.
(B) - Fossil fuel
Q. 6. Study the given graph and answer the following :
Q.2. Name of the Property Example
Resource
Individual (A)=? House ■ Plains
Resources
■ Mountains
(B) =? The country has Railways
■ Plateaus
legal powers
Ans. (A) - Owned privately by individuals
(B) - National Resources 30%
About how much percent land area is plains ?
G) Multiple Choice Questions: (a) 27% (b) 72% •
(c) 30% (d) 43%
Q. 1. Which of the following is an example of Cultivable
Ans. Option (d) is correct.

-r,
Wasteland ? 1B]
(a) Gross cropped area (b) Uncultivable land Q.7. Study ~ Ji'.1::'.' and ......,thel Uowing, Ill
(c) Barren wasteland (d) Current fallow land
(SQP-2020)
C, ul,·,11JI v:, ·,1tl,v1, ,I
Ans. Option (b) is correct. IIJ!f c ,.1J1d,111d
(CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020) , ill r L,v
Q. 2. Read the following features of a soil and name the
related soil : (OD, Set I, 2020)
(a) Develops in high rainfall area Substratum
(b) Intense leaching process takes place. weathered parent
(c) Humus content is low rock material

Ans. Laterite soil

(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020)
Q. 3. Read the features of a soil given below and name
the related soil. (OD, Set I, 2020)
(a) It consists of properties of sand, silt and clay.
(b) It is described on the basis of age.
(c) It is very fertile.

Ans. Alluvial soil

(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020) Ho": many layers of soil are seen in this soil
profile ?
Q. 4. Read the features of a soil given below and name (a) 2 layers (b) 4 layers
the related soil. (c) 1 layer
(OD, Set III,2020; CBSE SQP 2020)
(d) 3 layers
Ans. Option (b) is correct.
(a) These soils range from red to brown in colour.
Q.8. Resource~ which are surveyed and their quantity
(b) Generally sandy in texture and saline.
'.1°d quahty have been determined for utilisation
(c) Soil lacks humus and moisture. 1s known as
OR
(a) Potential resources (b) Stock
Identify the soil with the help of the following (c) Developed resources (c) Reserves
features. (CBSE SQP, 2020-21) Ans. Option (c) is correct.
126 l Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterw1se & Topicw1se Solved Papers, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Cla~

Options are :
A Analyze the Information given below,
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
V considering one of the following
explanation of (A).
correct options : LUl {b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
Q. 1 (i) It is formed by the deposition of alluvium correct explanation of (A).
brought down by the east flowing peninsular (c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong.
rivers. (d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct.
(ii) It is highly fertile. Q.1. Assertion (A) : Resources are vital for human
(ili)It consists of various proportions of sand, silt survival as well as for maintaining the quality of
and day. life.
(iv)It is rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime Reason (R) : It was believed that resources are free
but deficient in organic matter. gifts of nature.
Options: Ans. Option {b) is correct.
(a) Main features of alluvial soil Q.2. Assertion (A) : India has varied relief features,
{b) Main features of black soil landforms, climatic realms and vegetation types.
(c) Main features of arid soil Reason (R) : These have been deposited by three
(d) Main features of laterite soil. important Himalayan river systems-the Indus, the
Ans. Option (a) is correct. Ganga and the Brahmaputra.
Q. 2 (i) Contour ploughing (ii) Terrace farming Ans. Option (c) is correct.
(ili)Strip cropping (iv) Afforestation A Correct the following statement and
Options: W rewrite: [g]
(a) Measures for ploughing
Q. 1. According to the age of the alluvial soil (Khadar)
{b) Measures for soil conservation
is old alluvial soil.
(c) Measures for terrace farming
Ans. According to the age of the alluvial soil (Khadar) is
(d) Measures for afforestation
new alluvial soil.
Ans. Option {b) is correct. Q. 2. Animals transform material available in our
0 FIii In the blanks: [BJ
environment into resources and use them.
Ans. Human beings transform material available in our
environment into resources and use them.
Q.1. Types of Examples Q. 3. Developed resources are resources which are
Resources found in a region, but have not been utilized.
Ans. Potential resources are resources which are found
A-? Biotic and Abiotic in a region, but have not been utilized.
B-? Renewable and non-renewab le Q. 4. In January 1992, more than 200 heads of states
met in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, for the first
(Delhi, Set I, 2020) International Earth Summit.
Ans. In June 1992, more than 100 heads of states met in
Ans. A. Abiotic resources that are non living e.g. soil Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, for the first International
or rocks. Biotic resources that are living things Earth Summit.
e.g. animals and plants.
B. Renewable resources which are replenished or
renewed e.g. solar and wind energy.
0 Find the incorrect option :
Non renewable resources that cannot be Q. 1 (a) The cold desert of Ladakh is relatively isolated
replenished and take thousands of years to get from rest of the country.
renewed e.g. petroleum and coal. 1 {b) It has very rich cultural heritage.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020) (c) It has sufficiency in water, infrastructur e and some
Q. 2. The first Internationa l Earth Summit, 1992 was vital minerals.
held at .................... in .................. . (d) This calls for balanced resource planning at the
national, state, regional and local levels.
Ans. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Ans. The Incorrect option is (c) : It has sufficiency in
Q. 3. Resources found in a region that have not been
water, infrastructur e and some vital minerals.
utilized, are called ................. ..
Correct answer is : It has deficiency in water,
Ans. potential resources
infrastructur e and vital minerals.
A Assertion and Reason Types Questions Q. 2 (a) It is formed by the deposition of alluvium brought
V [Q]
down by the east flowing peninsular rivers.
(b) It is highly infertile.
In the question given below there are two
(c) It consists of various proportions of sand, silt and
statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason
Day.
(R). Read the statements and choose the correct
(d) It is rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime but
option: deficient in organic matter.
_:;::::.;.;.;,.;._...---..;;.:~::.:.:_- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17 /
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT [

Ans. The Incorrect option is (b) : It is highly inferlile. rc!!pomiblP l,1nd

Correct answer is : It is highly fertile. Ans. Cement inclu~try for
degradation : . .
The mineral processing likr gnndi_ng of
0 Answer the followlng questions In one
world/one sentence: limestone for cement industry is rc, pon51bll• for
land degradation. 1
Q. 1. Classify resources on the basis of origin 7 (COSE Marking Scheme, 2019)
[Q] (Delhi , Set I, 2018; Delhi & OD, 2019)
Q. 3. How is over irrigation responsible for land
Ans. Cla_ss~cation o~ resources on the basis of origin degradation in Punjab 7
- Biotic and Ab1otic. 1 [U] (Delhi Set-I, II & III, 2019)
(CBSE Ma~king Scheme, 2019)
Ans. Over irrigation responsible for land degradation
OR in Punjab :
(a) Abiotic Resources - Without life eg: sun, water.
Over irrigation is responsi~le for . land
(b) Biotic Resources - Derived from organic material degradation due to water ~o9~g leadi~g to
with life. e.g.: humans, plants. increase in salinity and alkalinity m the soil. 1
Q. 2. How is cement industry responsible for land (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019)
degradation? [Q] (Delhi Set-I, II & III, 2019)
Q. 4. Which type of soil in India is most widespread and important? [Al (Delhi Set-I, 20l9)
Ans. Alluvial soil is the most widely spread and important soil. In fact, the entire northern plains are made of alluvial
soil. 1
Detailed Answer :

Im Q. 5. What is meant by the term "community owned spots, playgrounds , etc. 1

resource" ? IMJ Q. 6. Give an example of non-renewable resources. [Al
Ans. Resources w hich are accessible to all the members
AnL~aJ. 1
of the community, such as public parks, picnic

°'. Visual Case-Based Questions

Im Q. 1. Read the extract and answer the questions that Therefore, resource planning is essential
follows : [BJ for sustainable existence of all forms o f life.
Resources are vital for human survival as well as Sustainable existence is a component o f su stainable
for maintaining the quality of life. It w as believed d evelopment.
that resources are free gifts of nature. As a result, Answer the following MCQs by choosing the
human beings used them indiscriminately and this most appropriate option:
has led to the following major problems. (i) Resources are vital for human survival as well as
• Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of a for maintaining the quality of__ _ _ (1)
few individuals. (a) Work (b) life
• Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, (c) peace (d) all of the above
in turn, divided the society into two segments i.e.
haves and have nots or rich and poor. (ii) _ _ _ existence is a component of sustainable
development. (1)
• Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to
global ecological crises such as, globa l wa rming, (a) Sustainable (b) Mutual
ozone layer depletion, environmenta l pollution (c) Cooperative (d) H appy
and land degradation.
(iii) Resource -:--::-:--:--- is essential for sustainable
An equitable distribution of resources h as become existence of all forms of life. (1)
essential for a sustained quality of life and global (a) planning (b) maintenance
peace. If the present trend of resource d epletion (c) d evelopment (d) existence
by a few individuals and countries continues, the
future of our planet is in danger.
r
128 Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Top1cw1se Solved Papers, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class_ X

(iv) Which of the following crisis occurs due to It retards the process of infiltration of water into
exploitation of resources? (1) the soil after it settles down on the land. In recent
(a) global warming (b) afforestation years, industrial effluents as waste have become a
(c) soil conservation (d) All of these major source of land and water pollution in many
Ans. (i) (a) global warming 1 parts of the country.
(ii) (a) sustainable 1 Answer the following MCQs by choosing the
(iii) (a) planning 1 most appropriate option:
(iv) (b) life 1 (i) With whom do we share our land ? (1)
IBIJ Q. 2. Read the extract given below and answer the (a) enemies
questions that follows: [Al (b) oceans and seas
We have shared our land with the past generations (c) China
and will have to do so with the future generations (d) Past and future generations
too. Ninety-five per cent of our basic needs for (ii) Name some Indian states which are deforested
food, shelter and clothing are obtained from land. due to mining and overgrazing activities. {l)
Human activities have not only brought about (a) Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh
degradation of land but have also aggravated the (b) Karnataka, Kerala
pace of natural forces to cause damage to land. (c) Ladakh and Kashmir
Some human activities such as deforestation, (d) Lakshadweep
over grazing, mining and quarrying too have (iii) What harm does the mineral processing and
contributed significantly in land degradation. cement industry do to the environment and land ?
Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work (1)
is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over- (a) helps in growing of trees
burdening. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, (b) generateshugequantityofdustin theatmosphere
Madhya Pradesh and Odisha deforestation due (c) Kills animals
to mining have caused severe land degradation. (d) None of these
In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh
(iv) Which of the following activity leads land
and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main
degradation? (1)
reasons for land degradation. In the states of
(a) Quarrying (b) Mining
Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over
irrigation is responsible for land degradation due (c) Afforestation (d) Both 'a' and 'b'
to water logging leading to increase in salinity Ans. (i) (d) Past and future generations 1
and alkalinity in the soil. The mineral processing (ii) (a) Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh 1
like grinding of limestone for cement industry (iii) (b) generates huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere
and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry 1
generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. (iv) (d) Both 'a' and 'b' 1

□□□