PHARMACOLOGY

GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
LONG QUESTION
(1) Define biotransformation of drugs. Mention the major types of chemical reaction
involved in it. What is pre-systemic metabolism? Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of pre-systemic metabolism. (2021)
(2) Discuss with example. (i) Partial agonism (ii) Inverse agonism. (2020 S)
(3) Define fixed dose combination with two examples. Discuss the various
advantages and disadvantages of FDCs. (2020)
(4) Write the methods by which action of a drug can be prolonged. Mention the
advantages and disadvantages of Transdermal route of administration. (2019)
(5) What are the various routes of drug administration? Differentiate between local
and systemic routes of drug administration. Compare and contrast between
intravenous and oral drug administration. (2018s)
(6) What are the various targets on which a drug acts? Differentiate between
enzyme linked receptors and nuclear receptor family. (2017s)
(7) What is bioavailability? Discuss the factors which can influence bioavailability.
What is volume of distribution? (2017)
(8) Define pharmacokinetics. Enumerate the factors influencing the distribution of
drugs in the body. Explain with examples. (2016s)
(9) Define bioavailability of a drug. Describe factors affecting drug absorption and
bioavailability of drug by oral route. Explain with example. (2016)
(10)What is drug metabolism? What are the different phases of drug
metabolism? Explain with example. (2015)
(11)What is bioavailability of drug? How is it measured? Enumerate the factors
that modify bioavailability. Illustrate with examples. (2014s)
SHORT NOTE
(1) Clinical importance of microsomal enzyme induction phenomenon. (2018)
(2) Clinical importance of Type-A (augmented) variety of ADR. (2018)
PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS

(1) Dose reduction of many drugs is needed in the elderly. (2018s)

(2) Activation of steroid receptors produce relatively slower response compared to
GPCR. (2017s)
(3) Phernobarbitone used for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. (2016s)
COMPARE AND CONTRAST
(1) First order and zero order elimination kinetics. (2021) (2015)
(2) Alpha and beta half-life of a drug. (2019s)
(3) Active vs. passive transport of drug molecules. (2019s)
(4) Agonist vs. inverse agonist. (2018s)
 (5) Hepatic microsomal enzyme induction vs. inhibition. (2018s) (2016s)
(6) GPCR vs. Ion channel coupled receptor. (2018s)
(7) Essential drugs vs. emergency drugs. (2018)
(8) Agonist vs. partial agonist (2017s)
(9) Receptor upregulation vs. Down regulation (2017s)
(10)Essential drugs vs. non-essential drugs (2017s)
(11)Adverse effect vs. toxic effect of a drug. (2017)
(12)Pharmacokinetic vs. pharmacodynamic drug interaction. (2017)
(13)Physiological antagonism vs. receptor antagonism. (2017)
(14)Prodrug vs active drug (2017)
(15)Partial agonist vs inverse agonist (2016s)
(16)Competitive and non-competitive inhibitors (2016)
(17)Phase I and Phase II drug metabolism (2015)

GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS
LONG QUESTION (0)Enumerate the drugs useful in management of peptic ulcer(2014)
(1) Classify antiemetic agents. Discuss the prokinetic action and the side effects of
Metoclopramide. (2019s)
(2) Discuss the different class of drugs used for management of Peptic ulcer. What is
the role of PPI as anti H. Pyloric agent? (2018)
(3) Enumerate different class of drugs used for treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease.
Describe Anti – H.pylori regimens (2017S)

PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS (0)Meclopromide as anti emtic agent (2014S)

(1) Proton pump inhibitors are more efficient than H2 blockers in GERD. (2021)
(2) Role of PPI in anti H. pylori regimen. (2020 S)(2014)
(3) Domperidone is preferred over Metoclopramide as a prokinetic agent. (2020)
(4) Scopolamine Transdermal patch for preventing motion sickness. (2020)
(5) Pantoprazole is preferred over Ranitidine for treatment of peptic ulcer.
(2020) (11)PPI(2013S)(2013)(2012S)
(6) Components of anti H. pylori regimen. (2019)(2016S)
(7) Prokinetic agents in Reflux esophagitis. (2019)
(8) Misoprostol is used for NSAID induced peptic ulcer. (2016s)

(9) Status of H2 blockers in the management of peptic ulcer

(2016S) (10)MOA of PPI and its adverse effects (2015)

SHORT NOTE
(1) WHO formula for ORS. (2021)
(2) Ondansetron(2017)(3)Omeprazole in peptic ulcer (2014S)

AUTACOIDS AND RELATED DRUGS

LONG QUESTION
(1) Discuss the mechanism of action and adverse effect of Aspirin. (2020 S)
 (2) Enumerate various drugs used for management of Rheumatoid arthritis. Discuss
the side effect of hydroxychloroquine used for management of this disorder.
(2018)
(3) Describe various drugs therapeutically used in Rheumatoid arthritis. Discuss
briefly the various uses and adverse effects of Methotrexate. (2017)

SHORT NOTE
(1) Clinical advantages of second generation antihistaminics. (2019s)
PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS
(1) Allopurinol in chronic gout. (2021)
(2) Use of low doses aspirin for prevention of Myocardial infarction. (2020)
(3) Sumatriptan in treatment of Migraine. (2019) (2018s) (2018) (2015)
(4) Levocetrizine is preferred over cetirizine in allergic rhinitis. (2018s)
COMPARE AND CONTRAST
(1) Cetrizine and Levocetrizine (2019s)
(2) Paracetamol vs Ibuprofen in musculoskeletal pain. (2017)
(3) Chlorpheniramine vs cetirizine (2016)
(4) Aspirin and etoricoxib (2016)
(5) Non selective COX and selective COX-2 inhibitors (2015)

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DRUGS

SHORT NOTE

(1)Advantages and disadvantages of MDI over Rotahaler. (2019s)

(2)leukotriene antagonists in the management of bronchial asthma(2016)
(3)Enumerate the various types of drugs used in treatment of bronchial asthma.Describe the MOA ,
adverse effects and contraindication of Salbutamol(2015){5 marks }[also Glucocorticoids](2013)

PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS
(1) Role of montelukast in prevention of bronchial asthma. (2021) (2020 S)
(2) Role of Salbutamol in pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma. (2020)
(3) Role of mast cell stabilizers in bronchial asthma. (2019)
(4) Glucocorticoids in bronchial asthma. (2015)

DRUGS ACTING ON AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

LONG QUESTION
(1) Discuss the management of organophosphorous poisoning. Mention the side
effects of Oximes. (2019s)
(2) Classify parasympatholytics. Discuss the therapeutic uses of atropine in eye
disease. (2014s)
(3) How will you treat a case of OP poisoning? Briefly mention the rational. (2014s)
(4) Enumerate the drugs used for treatment of bronchial asthma. Describe the role of sympathomimetics in
management of bronchial asthma(2017)
PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS
(0)Role of pilocarpine in glaucoma(2015)
(1) Prostaglandin analogue in the management of chronic simple glaucoma. (2021)
(2) Use of Prazosin in benign prostatic hypertrophy. (2020 S)
(3) Isoprenaline produces a fall in blood pressure. (2020 S)
(4) Neostigmine is preferred over edrophonium in the treatment of Myasthenia
Gravis. (2020)
(5) Acetazolamide is the drug of choice in acute angle closure glaucoma. (2020)
(6) Vasomotor reversal of Dale phenomenon. (2020)
(7) Role of PG analogue in glaucoma. (2019s)
(8) Role of atropine in management of OP poisoning. (2019) (2017s)
(9) Use of neostigmine in Myasthenia gravis. (2019) (2015)
(10)Role of adrenaline in management of anaphylactic shock. (2019) (2015)
(11)Oximes are not effective if used late in OP poisoning. (2018s)
(12)Role of oxime in OP poisoning. (2018)
(13)Role of Beta- Blocker in management of glaucoma. (2018)
(14)Neostigmine is preferred over physostigmine in the treatment of Myasthenia
Gravis. (2018)
(15) Beta blockers should be withdrawn slowly. (2017s)
(16)Tamsulosin in BPH. (2017) (2016s)
(15)Neostigmine is used for reversal of neuromuscular blocked induced by non-
depolarising neuromuscular blockers. (2017)
(18)Dopamine is used in hypovolemic shock. (2016s)
(19)Physostigimine is atropine poisoning (2016)
(20)Atropine is contraindicated in narrow angle glaucoma. (2016)
(21)Edrophonium is used to diagnose Myasthenia gravis. (2016)
(22)Tolteredine is used in overactive bladder. (2016)
(23)Dopamine in shock(2018S)
(24)Drug treatment in anaphylactic shock(2015)
(25)Tiotropium in bronchial asthma(2013S)

SHORT NOTE
(1) Management of atropine poisoning. (2018)
COMPARE AND CONTRAST
(1) Physostigmine and Neostigmine. (2021) (2017) (2015)
(2) Propranolol and Atenolol as beta blocking agents (2019s)
(3) Atropine vs Scopolamine (2017s)
(4) Adrenaline vs noradrenaline (2016)

DRUGS ACTING ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

LONG QUESTION
(1) Classify the anti-parkinsonian drugs. Describe the short term and long term
adverse effect of Levo-Dopa therapy in Parkinsonism. How are they managed?
(2021)
(2) Enumerate drugs used in pre-anaesthetic medication and explain the rational for
use of each one of them. (2020)

(3) Discuss the various drugs used for management of epilepsy. Mention the side
effects associated with use of Phenytoin. (2019) (2015)
(4) Enumerate opioids in therapeutic uses. Write therapeutic use and adverse effect
of morphine. (2018s)
(5) Enumerate antidepressants in therapeutic use. Write therapeutic uses, adverse
effects and drug interaction of Fluoxetine. (2017s)
(6) Classify the sedative hypnotic drugs. Write the mechanism of action and
therapeutic uses of Benzodiazepines. (2016s)
(7) Classify the antipsychotic drugs. Write therapeutic uses and adverse effects of
Chlorpromazine. (2016)
(8) Classify antiepileptics. Discuss the therapeutic uses of Carbamazepine. (2014s)
SHORT NOTE
(1) Advantages of Propofol as anaesthetic agent. (2019s)
(2) Status of Sod. Valproate as antiepileptic agent. (2018)
PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS
(1) Levodopa and Carbidopa fixed dose combination. (2020 S) (2018s) (2015)
(2) Tardive dyskinesia after treatment with Haloperidol. (2020 S)
(3) Fosphenytoin is a better drug as compared to phenytoin. (2020 S)
(4) Morphine is contraindicated in head injury. (2020 S)
(5) Use of Zolpidem for treatment of insomnia. (2020)
(6) Role of Lithium in treatment of bipolar disorder. (2020)
(7) Lithium manic depressive psychosis. (2019)
(8) Glycopyrrolate is preferred over Atropine during pre-anaesthetic medication.
(2018s)
(9) Methadone is used in opioid dependence. (2017s)
(10)Opioids used in Pre-anaesthetic medication. (2017)
(11)Donepezil is used in Alzheimer’s disease. (2017)
(12)COMT inhibitors are used in parkinsonism. (2016s)
(13)Benzodiazepine is preferred over barbiturates as sedative hypnotics. (2016)
COMPARE AND CONTRAST
(1) Levodopa and Carbidopa in Parkinsonism. (2019s)
(2) Phenytoin and Fosphenytoin in management of acute epileptic attack. (2019s)
(3) Local vs general anaesthesia. (2018s)
(4) Barbiturates vs Benzodiazepine (2018s)
(5) Lorazepam vs Zolpidem (2017s)
(6) Typical and atypical antipsychotics(2016s)
(7) Sod. Valproate and Carbamazepine (2016s)
(8) Naloxone vs naltrexone (2016s)
(9) Ketamine and halothane (2016)
(10)Tricyclic antidepressants and SSRIs (2015)
(11)Morphine and Pethidine (2015)
 MISCELLANEOUS DRUGS
(1)Classify the drugs useful in management of bronchial asthma . what is the MOA of
glucocorticoids in bronchial asthma in bronchial asthma? What are the indications of
Systemic steroid therapy in asthma?
PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS
(1) Use of Desferrioxamine in Iron poisoning. (2019)

SHORT NOTE
(1) Role of Tacrolimus in patients of renal transplantation. (2021) (2020 S)
(2) Role of BCG vaccine as immune modulator.
(3) Management of acute Iron poisoning. (2018)
(4) Mycophenolate mofetil(2016S)
(5) Cyclophosphamide(2015)(2014S)
(6) Iron Chelators(2014S)
(7) BAL(2014)
(8) Vit D(2014)

DRUGS ACTING ON PERIPHERAL (SOMATIC) NERVOUS SYSTEM

SHORT NOTE
(1) Adrenaline is used along with local anaesthetic agents for nerve block and spinal
anaesthesia. (2021) (2016)
(2) Lignocaine (2019s)
COMPARE AND CONTRAST
(1) Pancuronium vs atracurium (2017s)
(2) Succinylcholine vs d-Tubocurarine (2016s)
PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS
(1) Malignant hyperthermia with Succinylcholine. (2020 S)
(2) Succinylcholine produce apnoea in some individuals. (2017s)
(3) Adrenaline is added to Lignocaine but not to Bupivacaine for local anaesthesia.
(2017)

HORMONES AND RELATED DRUGS

LONG QUESTION
(1) Name newer antidiabetic drugs. How would you treat a case of Diabetic
ketoacidosis? (2014s)
(2) Classify oral Anti diabetic drugs. What are the adverse effects and therapeutic uses
of metformin (2020S)
(3) What are Selective Oestrogen Receptor Modulators?(2020)
(4) Classify the insulin preparations. Mention the advantage of Glargine.(2019S)
(5) Classify oral antidiabetic drug. Discuss the mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors
and metformin (2018)
(6) Enumerate different oxytocics. Discuss the advantage of oxytocin derivatives over
 other agents in the management of labor(2016S)
PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS
(1) Oxytocin used for induction of labour.(2019)(2013S)
(2) Beta blockers are indicated in Hyperthyroidism. (2018s)
(3) Role of Oxytocin in management of PPH. (2018)
(4) Propylthiouracil in thyroid storm. (2017)
(5) Metformin in prediabetics. (2016s)
(6) Prostaglandins for mid trimester abortion. (2015)
(7) DPP-4 inhibitors in Type –II Diabetes Mellitus (2021)
(8) Estrogen and progesterone for contraception (2020S)
(9)Clomiphene Citrate in Infertility (2020)
(10)Role of inhaled steroids in bronchial asthma (2017S)(2016S)(2014)
SHORT NOTE
(1)Anti –Estrogens (2021)
(2)ADR of Systemic Corticosteroids (2019)
(3)Thyroid treatment of thyroid storm (2018)
(4)Oxytoxics(2017S)
(5)Adv and Disadv of oxytocin as uterine stimulant (2015)
(6)Oxytocin(2014)
(7)Ritodrine in premature labor (2013)
(8)Tocolytics(2012S)
(9)Inhalational anti asthmatic drugs (2012S)
COMPARE AND CONTRAST
(1)Metformin vs Sulphonylureas(2018S)

DRUGS AFFECTING BLOOD AND BLOOD FORMATION

Long Question:
(1) What is the mode of anticoagulant action of Warfarin? How is warfarin therapy
monitored? (2014s)
COMPARE AND CONTRAST
(1) Unfractionated Heparin Vs Low molecular weight Heparin. (2018s)
(2) Indications of oral and parental iron therapy(2018S)
SHORT NOTE
(1)Aspirin in low dose is used as anti platelet agent (2021)
(2)Rivaroxaban (2021)
(3)Oral anti-coagulants that does not require laboratory monitoring of PT and APTT (2019)
(4)Desferrioxamine(2017S)

CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS
 LONG QUESTION
(1)Name four commonly used antihypertensive drugs. What are their Contraindications?
(2020)
(2)Enumerate drugs used in Angina (Ischemic Heart Disease)and mention the therapeutic
basis of use of Nitrates in Angina Pectoris (2019)
(3)Classify antianginal drugs.Mention therapeutic uses of Nitrates.(2013S)Give a note on
Nitrate Tolerance (2018S)
(4)What are the different types of ocps?Mention composition of each type . What are their
adverse effects? (2018S)
(5)Classify drugs used in heart failure. Justify the use of ACE inhibitors and B blockers in heart
failure (2018)
(6)Enumerate the different types of drugs used as first line agents in management of
hypertension. Describe the non – drug treatment of hypertension and ADR of CCB as
antihypertensive agents.(2016)
(7)Classify the drugs used in congestive heart failure. Discuss the therapeutic uses and
untoward effects of ACE inhibitors (2013)
(8)Classify the antianginal drugs.Explain mechanism of action , pharmacokinetics and adverse
effects of organic nitrates(2012S)
SHORT NOTE
(1) Role of beta blockers in the management of hypertension. (2018)(2014S)(2013)
(2) Nitroglycerin in acute angina (2021) (2019S)(2016)
(3) Nitrate Tolerance(2020)
(4) Angiotensin Receptor Blocker(2019S)(2017)(2013)(2012S)
(5) Contraindication of Angiotensin blockers(2016S)
(6) Status of betablocker in treatment of heart failure(2016)(2013S)
(7) Mechanism of pain relief by nitroglycerin in Angina Pectoris(2015)
(8)MOA of alpha methyl dopa in hypertension (2015)
(9)ACE inhibitors in heart failure(2014)
(10) Atorvastatin (2020S)(2019S)(2017S)(2013S)
(11)Common Adverse effects of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (2015)
(12) Ezetimibe vs Atorvastatin(2021)
(13) Thiazides in hypertension
(14)Nifedipine(2013)
(15) HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (2012S)
(16) Thiazide diuretics (2012S)
PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS
(1)ACE inhibitors in Congestive Heart Failure (2020)(2018S)
(2)Thiazide diuretics in Hypertension (2019)(2018S)(2018)(2014S)
(3)Lidocaine (Lignocaine)is ineffective in Atrial Arrhythmias (2018)
(4)Amiodarone is a broad spectrum anti-arrhythmic drug(2018)
(5)Nitrates as anti anginal drugs(2018)(2014)(2013)
(6) Beneficial effect of statins beyond lipid lowering activity (2016S)(2014S)

RENAL PHARMACOLOGY
 LONG QUESTION
(1)Classify diuretics according to their site of action, mechanism of action and efficacy.
Describe the therapeutic uses and adverse effects of thiazide diuretics (2021)
(2)Classify ACE inhibitors. What are their adverse effects and therapeutic uses?
(2020S)(2017S)
(3)Enumerate the list of diuretics with suitable examples from each class. Discuss the
pharmacology of thiazide diuretics (2015)

SHORT NOTE
(1)Therapeutic uses of Thiazide Diuretics (2020S)
(2)Therapeutic uses and side effect of Furosemide(2019S)
(3)Spironolactone(2019S)(2017)
(4)Furosemide(2017S)
(5)Osmotic diuretics (2017)
(6)Therapeutic uses of mannitol (2016)
(7)Loop Diuretics (2013S)
(8)Furosemide in acute left ventricular failure(2013)
CHEMOTHERAPHY
LONG QUESTION
(1)Enumerate Anti-retroviral drugs. Describe the therapeutic uses and adverse effect profile
of Zidovudine (2021)
(2)How will you treat a case of Multibacillary Leprosy? (2020S)
(3)How will you treat a case of Acute Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria? What are the
advantages of this regimen? (2020)
(4)Classify 3rd generation Cephalosporin. Enumerate their therapeutic uses and ADR (2019S)
(5)Classify Fluoroquinolones . Explain why 2nd generation Fluoroquinolones are preferred
over ciprofloxacin for respiratory tract infections like pneumonia and bronchitis (2019)
(6)Describe the standard RNTCP Regimen for MDR TB. (2019)
(7)Classify Fluoroquinolones. Mention their adverse effects and therapeutic uses(2017)
(8)Enumerate cephalosporins as per their generation. Write the basis of their classification
and mention therapeutic uses of 3rd generation cephalosporins(2016S)
(9)Enumerate different class of antimalarial drugs used for the management of falciparum
malaria. Discuss about pharmacological basis of A.C.T (2016)
(10)Classify anti malaria agents .Enumerate therapeutic use and adverse effects of
chloroquine(2014S)
(11)Classify anti tubercular drugs .Mention the dose and adverse effects of first line anti
tubercular drugs(2014)
(12)What are the various groups of beta lactam antibitiocs? Name the third generation
cephalosporins and discuss their therapeutic uses(2013S)
(13)What are fluoroquinolones ? Explain the mechanism of action , therapeutic uses and
adverse effects of any one of them (2012S)
COMPARE AND CONTRAST
(1)Cefadroxil vs Ceftriaxone (2021)
(2) 2nd generation vs 3rd generation Cephalosporins(2018S)
PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS
(1)Multi Drug Therapy for Leprosy (2019)
(2)Primaquine in the management of P.vivax malaria(2014)(2013)
SHORT NOTE
(1)Imipenem is always given along with cilastatin(2021)
(2)Radical cure in malaria (2021)
(3)A.C.T. Regimen (2020S)(2019S)(2018S)(2017S)(2013){Falciparum malaria(2014S)(2013S) }
(4)Antipseudomonal Penicillin (2020S)
(5)Super infection (2020)(2017)
(6)Metronidazole (2020)(2019)(2014S)
(7)First line Anti tubercular drugs (2020)(2017)
(8)Therapeutic uses of Metronidazole (2019S)(2017S)
(9)Post exposure prophylaxis of HIV (2019S) (2018)(2017S)
(10)Cotrimoxazole(2019S)(2017)
(11)Rifampin (2019S)(2014S)(2013S)
(12) Diethylcarbamazine Citrate (2019)
(13)Extended spectrum Penicillins(2018)
(14)Treatment regimen of Multibacillary Leprosy (2018)
(15)Clinical Significance of use of pyridoxine with INH in Tuberculosis (2017S)
(16)General toxicity of cytotoxic drugs (2017S)
(17) Adverse effects of amphotericin B(2017)
(18)Clinical significance of combination of clavulanic acid with amoxicillin (2017)
(19)Anti metabolites of cancer chemotherapy (2017)
(20)Management of lepra reaction (2016S)(2014S)
(21)Side effect profile of rifampicin (2016S)
(22)Post antibiotic effect (2016S)
(23)Azithromycin (2016S)
(24)Broad spectrum Anti-Helmintic agents (2016)
(25)Why live attenuated vaccine should not be given in immuno compromised patients (2016)
(26)Anti Fungal azoles(2016)(2014)
(27)Acyclovir(2016)(2014)
(28)Side effect profile of [Dapsone(2014)](2016)
(29)Folinic acid in methotrexate toxicity(2016)
(30)DOTS therapy under RNTCP(2015)
(31)indications and adverse effects of amphotericin B (2015)
(32)Oseltamivir(2014S)
(33)Methotrexate(2014)(2013S)(2012S)
(34)Imatinib(2013S)
(35)Macrolide antibiotics (2013S)
(36)Combination drug therapy in tuberculosis (2013)
(37)Beta lactamase inhibitors (2013)
(38)Aminoglycoside antibiotics(2013)