TEST 4

LISTENING

SECTION 1

Questions 1-10: Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A
NUMBER for each answer.
PLAN FOR SHARING ACCOMMODATION

Example Answer

The discussion topic: lease for next year

The total rent: Peter £ 110 & Jim £ 1 _____________

Car parking: in the 2 ______________

A place to buy things: 3 ______________, because Jim works there.

The fees they should share: 4 _______________ fees

The appliances needed: • The landlord will provide the microwave.

• The 5 ____________ is needed in the
kitchen.
• Peter will bring some dining room and living
room furniture.
• Jim will buy a 6 _____________ at the store.

Location of the telephone: in the 7 ________________

Move-in date: 8 ___________________

Watching the game together: on 9 ___________________

What Jim needs to do before move-in: take 10 ________________ in the morning

SECTION 2

Questions 11-12: Complete the sentences below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
The program is made for travellers to make 11 _________________
The program operates in cooperation with the 12 ________________
Questions 13-16: What is the internship stipulation of each country below?
Choose FOUR answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-F, next to questions 13-16.
Internship Stipulation
A minimum time requirement
B formal report required
C home stay
D no summer program
E specific time period
F agriculture
Country
13 USA
14 Australia
15 South Africa
16 India

Questions 17-20: Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

17. What should you do to get the Global Travelling Certificate?
A. record activity everyday
B. formal report
C. talk the experience with the assessor

18. You can apply for the certificate

A. only after you come back.
B. while on the trip.
C. before you leave.

19. When should you pay the final instalment?

A. one month before you return
B. before you get your plane ticket
C. the day before you leave

20. Before your application, you need

A. to attend the workshop
B. to meet people with whom you will work.
C. to take a health check.

SECTION 3
Questions 21-30: Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A
NUMBER for each answer.
Group Presentation Assignment

Topic Information source

21 ___________ check at the 22 ___________

Views on 23 ___________ interview the manager of 24 ___________

 Practice of 25 ___________ find relevant information from the 26____________

How to deliver the plan: as an 27 ____________

Date of giving the presentation: on 28 ______________

Schedule of items due: First Phase: 29 _______________

Final Phase: Group 30 ______________

SECTION 4
Questions 31-40: Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
The Gherkin Building
Commissioned by: 31 ____________ firm called Foster and Partners
The features of its appearance:
• Its shape is like a 32 _____________
• It can reduce the carbon 33 _____________ of the citys.
• It lets 34 _____________ pass through the building, both reducing heating costs and brightening up the
workspace
• One false story claimed that the exterior of the building is partly made of 35 _______________
Architectural concept:
• links 36 ______________ with the workplace.
• relies less on 37 _______________ for temperature control than other similar buildings.
The features of its interior:
• The atria that let fresh air pass through the interior are known as 38 _______________
• There is a place for entertainment called the 39 ______________ at the top of the building.
The future of urban planning and architecture:
• It is likely that the entire 40 ______________ will be designed with more similarly eco friendly buildings
in future.
• A new building will be constructed aiming to produce zero waste and remove carbon dioxide from us as
much as possible.

READING
READING PASSAGE 1
 The Origins Of Laughter
While joking and wit are uniquely human inventions, laughter certainly is not. Other creatures, including
chimpanzees, gorillas and even rats, laugh. The fact that they laugh suggests that laughter has been around
for a lot longer than we have.
There is no doubt that laughing typically involves groups of people. “Laughter evolved as a signal to others
— it almost disappears when we are alone,” says Robert Provine, a neuroscientist at the University of
Maryland. Provine found that most laughter comes as a polite reaction to everyday remarks such as “see you
later”, rather than anything particularly funny. And the way we laugh depends on the company we’re
keeping. Men tend to laugh longer and harder when they are with other men, perhaps as a way of bonding.
Women tend to laugh more and at a higher pitch when men are present, possibly indicating flirtation or even
submission.
To find the origins of laughter, Provine believes we need to look at play. He points out that the masters of
laughing are children, and nowhere is their talent more obvious than in the boisterous antics, and the original
context is play. Well-known primate watchers, including Dian Fossey and Jane Goodall, have long argued
that chimps laugh while at play. The sound they produce is known as a pant laugh. It seems obvious when
you watch their behavior — they even have the same ticklish spots as we do. But after removing the context,
the parallel between human laughter and a chimp’s characteristic pant laugh is not so clear. When Provine
played a tape of the pant laughs to 119 of his students, for example, only two guessed correctly what it was.
These findings underline how chimp and human laughter vary- When we laugh the sound is usually
produced by chopping up a single exhalation into a series of shorter with one sound produced on each inward
and outward breath. The question is: does this pant laughter have the same source as our own laughter? New
research lends weight to the idea that it does. The findings come from Elke Zimmerman, head of the Institute
for Zoology in Germany, who compared the sounds made by babies and chimpanzees in response to tickling
during the first year of; their life. Using sound spectrographs to reveal the pitch and intensity of
vocalizations, she discovered that chimp and human baby laughter follow broadly the same pattern.
Zimmerman believes the closeness of baby laughter to chimp laughter supports the idea that laughter was
around long before humans arrived on the scene. What started simply as a modification of breathing
associated with enjoyable and playful interactions has acquired a symbolic meaning as an indicator of
pleasure.
Pinpointing when laughter developed is another matter. Humans and chimps share a common ancestor that
lived perhaps 8 million years ago, but animals might have been laughing long before that. More distantly
related primates, including gorillas, laugh, and anecdotal evidence suggests that other social mammals can do
too. Scientists are currently testing such stories with a comparative analysis of just how common laughter is
among animals. So far, though, the most compelling evidence for laughter beyond primates comes from
research done by Jaak Panksepp from Bowling Green State University, Ohio, into the ultrasonic chirps
produced by rats during play and in response to tickling.
All this still doesn’t answer the question of why we laugh at all. One idea is that laughter and tickling
originated as a way of sealing the relationship between mother and child. Another is that the reflex response
to tickling is protective, alerting us to the presence of crawling creatures that might harm us or compelling us
to defend the parts of our bodies that are most vulnerable in hand-to-hand combat. But the idea that has
gained the most popularity in recent years is that laughter in response to tickling is a way for two individuals
to signal and test their trust in one another. This hypothesis starts from the observation that although a little
tickle can be enjoyable, if it goes on too long it can be torture. By engaging in a bout of tickling, we put
ourselves at the mercy of another individual, and laughing is what makes it a reliable signal of trust,
according to Tom Flamson, a laughter researcher at the University of California, Los Angels. “Even in rats,
laughter, tickle, play and trust are linked. Rats chirp a lot when they play,” says Flamson. “These chirps can
be aroused by tickling. And they get bonded to us as a result, which certainly seems like a show of trust.”
We’ll never know which animal laughed the first laugh, or why. But we can be sure it wasn’t in response to a
prehistoric joke. The funny thing is that while the origins of laughter are probably quite serious, we owe
human laughter and our language-based humor to the same unique skill. While other animals pant, we alone
can control our breath well enough to produce the sound of laughter. Without that control there would also
be no speech — and no jokes to endure.
Questions 1-6: Match each finding with the correct person, A, B, C or D.
NB You may use any letter more than once.

1. Babies and some animals produce laughter which sounds similar. B

2. Primates are not the only animals who produce laughter. C
3. Most human laughter is not a response to a humorous situation. A
4. Laughter can be used to show that we feel safe and secure with others. D
5. Laughter is a social activity. D
6. Animal laughter evolved before human laughter. B

List of people
A. Provine
B. Zimmerman
C. Panksepp
D. Flamson

Questions 7-10: Complete the summary using the list of words, A-K, below.

Some scientists believe that laughter first developed out of 7 __B_____. Research has revealed that human
and chimp laughter may have the same 8 __C_____. Scientists have long been aware that
9____J_K__ laugh, but it now appears that laughter might be more widespread than once thought. Although
the reasons why humans started to laugh are still unknown, it seems that laughter may result from the 10
____H___ we feel with another person.

A. combat B. chirps C. pitch D. origins E. play F. rats

G. primates H. confidence I. fear J. babies K. tickling
Questions 11-13: Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
11 Both men and women laugh more when they are with members of the same sex. NG
12 Primates lack sufficient breath control to be able to produce laughs the way humans do. F
13 Chimpanzees produce laughter in a wider range of situations than rats do. NG

PASSAGE 2
The Lost City
Thanks to modern remote-sensing techniques, a ruined city in Turkey is slowly revealing itself as one of
the greatest and most mysterious cities of the ancient world. Sally Palmer uncovers more.
A. The low granite mountain, known as Kerkenes Dag, juts from the northern edge of the Cappadocian plain
in Turkey. Sprawled over the mountainside are the ruins of an enormous city, contained by crumbling
defensive walls seven kilometres long. Many respected archaeologists believe these are the remains of the
fabled city of Pteria, the sixth-century BC stronghold of the Medes that the Greek historian Herodotus
described in his famous work The Histories. The short-lived city came under Median control and only fifty
years later was sacked, burned and its strong stone walls destroyed.
B. British archeologist Dr Geoffrey Summers has spent ten years studying the site. Excavating the ruins is a
challenge because of the vast area they cover. The 7 km perimeter walls run around a site covering 271
hectares. Dr Summers quickly realised it would take far too long to excavate the site using traditional
techniques alone. So he decided to use modern technology as well to map the entire site, both above and
beneath the surface, to locate the most interesting areas and priorities to start digging.
C. In 1993, Dr Summers hired a special hand-held balloon with a remote controlled camera attached. He
walked over the entire site holding the balloon and taking photos. Then one afternoon, he rented a hot-air
balloon and floated over the site, taking yet more pictures. By the end of the 1994 season, Dr Summers and
his team had a jigsaw of aerial photographs of the whole site. The next stage was to use remote sensing,
which would let them work out what lay below the intriguing outlines and ruined walls. “Archaeology is a
discipline that lends itself very well to remote sensing because it revolves around space,” says Scott
Branting, an associated director of the project. He started working with Dr Summers in 1995.
D. The project used two main remote-sensing techniques. The first is magnetometry, which works on the
principle that magnetic fields at the surface of the Earth are influenced by what is buried beneath. It measures
localised variations in the direction and intensity of this magnetic field. “The Earth’s magnetic field can vary
from place to place, depending on what happened there in the past,” says Branting. “if something containing
iron oxide was heavily burnt, by natural or human actions, the iron particles in it can be permanently
reoriented, like a compass needle, to align with the Earth’s magnetic field present at that point in time and
space.’ The magnetometer detects differences in the orientations and intensities of these iron particles from
the present-day magnetic field and uses them to produce an image of what lies below ground.
E. Kerkenes Dag lends itself particularly well to magnetometry because it was all burnt at once in a savage
fire. In places the heat was sufficient to turn sandstone to glass and to melt granite. The fire was so hot that
there were strong magnetic signatures set to the Earth’s magnetic field from the time around 547 BC-
resulting in extremely clear pictures. Furthermore, the city was never rebuilt, “if you have multiple layers
confusing picture, because you have different walls from different periods giving signatures that all go in
different directions,” says Branting. “We only have one going down about 1.5 meters, so we can get a good
picture of this fairly short-lived city”
F. The other main subsurface mapping technique, which is still being used at the site, is resistivity. This
technique measures the way electrical pulses are conducted through subsurface soil. It’s done by shooting
pulses into the ground through a thin metal probe. Different materials have different electrical conductivity.
For example, stone and mudbrick are poor conductors, but looser, damp soil conducts very well. By walking
around the site and taking about four readings per metre, it is possible to get a detailed idea of what is where
beneath the surface. The teams then build up pictures of walls, hearths and other remains. “It helps a lot if it
has rained, because the electrical pulse can get through more easily,” says Branting. “Then if something is
more resistant, it really shows up.” This is one of the reasons that the project has a spring season, when most
of the resistivity work is done. Unfortunately, testing resistivity is a lot slower than magnetometry. “If we did
resistivity over the whole site it would take about 100 years,” says Branting. Consequently, the team is
concentrating on areas where they want to clarify pictures from the magnetometry.
G. Remote sensing does not reveal everything about Kerkenes Dag, but it shows the most interesting sub-
surface areas of the site. The archaeologists can then excavate these using traditional techniques. One
surprise came when they dug out one of the fates in the defensive walls. “Our observations in early seasons
led us to assume that we were looking at a stone base from a mudbrick city wall, such as would be found at
most other cities in the Ancient Near East,” says Dr Summers. “When we started to excavate we were
staggered to discover that the walls were made entirely from stone and that the gate would have stood at least
ten metres high. After ten years of study, Pteria is gradually giving up its secrets.”

Questions 14-17: Which paragraph contains the following information?

14. The reason for the development of variety of investigative methods maybeb => F
15. An example of an unexpected find. => G
16. How the surface of the site was surveyed from above x b => C
17. The reason why experts are interested in the site. X b => A

Questions 18-25: Use no more than THREE words from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Exploring the Ancient City of Pyteria
Archaeologists began working ten years ago. They started by taking photographs of the site from the ground
and then from a distance in a 18 ____ hot-air balloon _______. They focused on what lay below the surface
using a magnetometer, which identifies variations in the magnetic field. These variations occur when the
19_____ intensity _______ in buried structures have changed direction as a result of great heat. They line up
with the surrounding magnetic field just as a 20___ compass needle_________ would do.
The other remote-sensing technique employed was resistivity. This uses a 21 _____ thin metal probe_______
to fire electrical pulses into the earth. The principle is that building materials like 22 ____ mudbrick
__________ and stone do not conduct electricity well, while 23 _____ damp soil _______ does this much
more effectively. This technique is mainly employed during the 24 ____rain_________ when conditions are
more favourable. Resistivity is mainly being used to 25_________ clarify ______ some images generated by
the magnetometer.

Question 26: How do modern remote-sensing techniques help at the Pteria site? => chưa có
A. They detect minute buried objects for the archaeologists to dig up.
B. They pinpoint key areas which would be worth investigating closely.
C. They remove the need for archaeologists to excavate any part of the site.
D. They extend the research period as they can be used at any time of year.

PASSAGE 3
Designed to Last: Could Better Design Cure Our Throwaway Culture?
Jonathan Chapman, a senior lecturer at the University of Brighton, UK, is one of a new breed of 'sustainable
designers'. Like many of us, they are concerned about the huge waste associated with Western consumer
culture and the damage this does to the environment. Some, like Chapman, aim to create objects we will
want to keep rather than discard. Others are working to create more efficient or durable consumer goods, or
goods designed with recycling in mind. The waste entailed in our fleeting relationships with consumer
durables is colossal.

Dometic power tools, such as electric drills, are a typical example of such waste. However much DIY the
purchaser plans to do, the truth is that these things are thrown away having been used, on average, for just
ten minutes. Most will serve 'conscience time', gathering dust on a shelf in the garage; people are reluctant to
admit that they have wasted their money. However, the end is inevitable: thousands of years in land- fill
waste sites. In its design, manufacture, packaging, transportation and disposal, a power tool consumes many
times its own weight of resources, all for a shorter active lifespan than that of the average small insect.

To understand why we have become so wasteful, we should look to the underlying motivation of consumers.
"People own things to give expression to who they are, and to show what group of people they feel they
belong to," Chapman says. In a world of mass production, however, that symbolism has lost much of its
potency. For most of human history, people had an intimate relationship with objects they used or treasured.
Often they made the objects themselves, or family members passed them on. For more specialised objects,
people relied on expert manufacturers living close by. whom they probably knew personally. Chapman
points out that all these factors gave objects a history - a narrative - and an emotional connection that today's
mass- produced goods cannot possibly match. Without these personal connections, consumerist culture
idolises novelty instead. People know that they cannot buy happiness, but the chance to remake themselves
with glossy, box-fresh products seems irresistible. When the novelty fades, they simply renew the excitement
by buying more.

Chapman's solution is what he calls 'emotionally durable design'. He says the challenge for designers is to
create things we want to keep. This may sound like a tall order, but it can be surprisingly straightforward. A
favourite pair of old jeans, for example, just do not have the right feel until they have been worn and washed
a hundred times. It is as if they are sharing the wearer's life story. The look can be faked, but it is simply not
the same. Walter Stahel, visiting professor at the University of Surrey, UK, calls this 'the teddy bear factor'.
No matter how ragged and worn a favourite teddy becomes, we don't rush out and buy another one. As
adults, our teddy bear connects us to our childhood and this protects it from obsolescence. Stahel argues that
this is what sustainable design needs to do with more products.
The information age was supposed to lighten our economies and reduce our impact on the environment, but,
in fact, the reverse seems to be happening. We have simply added information technology to the industrial
era and speeded up the developed world's metabolism. The cure is hardly rocket science: minimise waste,
stop moving things around so much and use people more. So what will post-throwaway consumerism look
like? It might be as simple as installing energy-saving light bulbs, more efficient washing machines or
choosing locally produced groceries with less packaging. In general, we will spend less on goods and more
on services. Instead of buying a second car, for example, we might buy into a car-sharing network. Rather
than following our current wasteful practices, we will buy less and rent a lot more: why own things such as
tools that you use infrequently, especially things are likely to be updated all the time?

Consumer durables will increasingly be sold with plans for their disposal. Electronic goods such as mobile
phones will be designed to be recyclable, with the extra cost added into the retail price. Following
Chapman's notion of emotionally durable design, there will be a move away from mass production and
towards tailor-made articles and products designed and manufactured with greater craftsmanship, products
which will be repaired rather than replaced, in the same way as was done in our grandparents' time.
Companies will replace profit from bulk sales by servicing and repairing products chosen because we want
them to last.
Chapman acknowledges that it will be a challenge to persuade people to buy fewer goods, and ones that they
intend to keep. At the moment, price competition between retailers makes it cheaper for consumers to
replace rather than repair.

Products designed to be durable and emotionally satisfying are likely to be more expensive, so how will we
be persuaded to choose sustainability? Tim Cooper, from Sheffield Hallam University in the UK, points out
that many people are already happy to pay a premium for quality, and that they also tend to value and care
more for expensive goods. Chapman is also positive: "People are ready to keep things for longer," he says,
"The problem is that a lot of industries don't know how to do that." Chapman believes that sustainable design
is here to stay. "The days when large cor- porations were in a position to choose whether to jump on the
sustainability band- wagon or not are coming to an end," he says. Whether this is also the beginning of the
end of the throwaway society remains to be seen.

Questions 27-31: Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27. In the second paragraph, the expression 'conscience time' refers to the fact that the owners
A. feel that the tool will increase in value in the future.
B. would feel guilty if they threw the tool away immediately
C. wish they had not bought the power tool. => x
D. want to make sure the tool is stored safely. => x
28. Jonathan Chapman uses the word 'narrative' in the third paragraph to refer to the fact that the
owner
A. felt that the item became more useful over time.
B. was told that the item had been used for a long time.
C. told a story about how the item was bought.
D. was aware of how the item had come into being.
29. In the third paragraph, the writer suggests that mass-produced goods are
A. attractive because of their lower prices.
B. less tempting than goods which are traditionally produced.
C. inferior in quality.
D. less likely to be kept for a long time.
30. Lack of personal connection to goods is described as producing
A. a desire to demonstrate status through belongings.
B. a desire to purchase a constant stream of new items.
C. a belief that older goods are superior.
D. an attraction to well-designed packaging.
31. Jeans and teddy bears are given as examples of goods which
A. are valued more as they grow older.
B. are used by the majority of the population.
C. have been very well designed.
D. take a long time to show wear.
Questions 32-35: Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in reading Passage 3?
TRUE if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
FALSE if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

32. People often buy goods that they make little use of. => NG
33. Understanding the reasons for buying goods will help to explain why waste occurs. => T
34. People already rent more goods than they buy. => F
35. Companies will charge less to repair goods in the future. => T
Questions 36-40: Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below
A cure for our wasteful habits
The writer believes that the recipe for reducing our impact on the environment is a simple one. He states that
we should use less energy for things such as lighting or 36 ____D____ and buy 37 ___F_____ that will not
need to be moved across long distances. Some expensive items such as 38 ____H_____ could be shared, and
others which may be less expensive but which are not needed often, such as 39____C_____ could be rented
instead of being purchased. He believes that manufacturers will need to design high-technology items such
as 40___A______ so that they can be recycled more easily.

A. mobile phones D. laundry G. heating B. clothing E. computers

H. cars C. tools F. food I. teddy bears