2017 年度日本政府(文部科学省)奨学金留学生選考試験

QUALIFYING EXAMINATION FOR APPLICANTS FOR THE JAPANESE

GOVERNMENT (MONBUKAGAKUSHO) SCHOLARSHIP 2017

学科試験 問題

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

(学部・研究留学生)

UNDERGRADUATE・RESEARCH STUDENTS

英 語

ENGLISH

注意 ☆試験時間は 60 分。

PLEASE NOTE: THE TEST PERIOD IS 60 MINUTES.

 (2017)

Nationality No.
ENGLISH
(Please print your full name,
underlining your family name) Marks
Name

I Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence

1 They were given the task of protecting the man for the ( ) of the trial.
A attack B basis C duration D error

2 No one is ( ) to enter the premises while renovations are under way.

A denied B deserved C permitted D recorded

3 It would have been ( ) impossible to make sure all the information was
correct.
A alternatively B exactly C hopefully D virtually

4 That was ( ) the most spectacular success story in the country.

A arguably B enthusiastically C eventually D painstakingly

5 Those patients shouldn’t be expected to understand medical ( ) or

complex terminology.
A composure B diabetes C foundation D jargon

6 He was told that the board of directors had decided to ( ) the meeting
until early next month.
A get along with B put off C set up D take aback

7 New buildings should ( ) the existing environment while utilizing the

latest science and materials.
A construct B establish C memorize D preserve

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 8 Most of Mars’ surface was shaped later by meteorite impacts, volcanic eruptions,
and ( ) by dust and wind.
A adoption B erosion C resilience D violence

9 Those terror attacks have led to ( ) levels of security in airports in

many countries all over the world.
A dismissible B transient C unprecedented D vibrant

10 The researchers found that the system was in ( ) danger of collapse.

A imminent B precautious C presumptuous D recent

Ⅱ Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence.

1 Sorry, but I feel a little sick. Would you mind ( ) on the sofa?
A my laying B my lying C for me to lie D for me to lay

2 Because the project is far behind schedule, I think your boss will demand that
you ( ) it immediately.
A join B joining C to join D would join

3 If you’re not involved in your local community group, there isn’t ( ) you
can do for your town.
A a few B each C many D much

4 I haven’t been able to find my cell phone for four days, so I decided I’m going to
buy ( ) today.
A it B one C some D that

5 The philosopher’s main interest is how ( ) relates to the world.

A that we say B to say C should we say D what we say

6 To sum up, the point of his argument is that morality is ( ) than a set of
cultural conventions.
A as equal B everything less C not so much D nothing more

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 7 This picture, ( ) I paid ten thousand dollars, was painted by a famous
artist who was born in my hometown.
A for that B for which C that D which

8 If you visit the temple, you can see many monks in meditation ( ).
A for their eyes closed B for their eyes closing
C with their eyes closed D with their eyes closing

9 It took a long time, but it seems now she ( ) to new situations.

A is used to adjust B is used to adjusting
C used to adjust D used to adjusting

10 This shampoo includes many special ingredients which ( ).

A are smelled sweet B are smelled sweetly
C smell sweet D smell sweetly

Ⅲ In the following paragraphs, one of the underlined parts is grammatically incorrect.

Choose the incorrect part.

1 A Many birds travel in flocks, but the question of how they choose the leader has
long puzzled scientists. B Now a team of researchers from Oxford University
thought they have the answer. C “Some birds are naturally faster and
consistently get to the front, where they end up doing more of the navigation, D

which means on future flights they know the way better,” said study co-author
Associate Professor Dora Biro.

2 A In the mid-1980s, James Flynn made a groundbreaking discovery on human

intelligence. B The political scientist at the University of Otago in New Zealand
found that over the last century, C in every nation in the developing world where
intelligence-test results are on record, D IQ test scores had significantly risen
from one generation to the next.

3 A Analysis of the neck bones of an extinct member of the giraffe family reveals
how today’s giraffe got its exceptionally long neck. B In a recent study, scientists

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 describe the neck of a “transitional” or “intermediate” species C that existed seven
millions of years ago. D The findings are based on analysis of fossil vertebrae of
Samotherium major, a giraffid that roamed parts of Eurasia, including Greece,
South Italy, Turkey, Moldavia, Iran, and China.

4 A Even if we all ate the same meal, everyone would metabolize it different, B

according to a new study that suggests that there is no such thing as

one-size-fits-all dietary advice. Rather, C diets should be tailored to an individual’s

gut microbiome, or combination of gut bacteria. D “If my response and your

response to the same food are opposite, then by definition a similar diet cannot be

effective for both of us,” said co-author Dr. Elan Elinav.

5 A Astronomers have witnessed for the first time a star the size of our sun being

completely ripped apart and destroyed by a supermassive black hole. B The

scientists watched the process unfold as the star was grabbed and ripped to pieces.

C Stellar remnants not swallowed up by the black hole were shot out into space D

at close to speed of the light by powerful magnetic fields forming plasma jets.

6 A Headlines can paint a pretty grim picture of life across our planet. B On bad days,

they can make any of us want to seek shelter in home. C But in fact, doing the

opposite can produce surprisingly curative results. Spin the globe. Pack a bag.

Break bread with strangers. Soak in radical beauty. D In short – travel.

7 A Travelers often visit India to see its many temples and palaces, B but a new trip

provides the chance to explore the country’s lesser-known music and dance

heritage, spanning several thousand years. C The sixteen-day India Dance and

Music Tour concentrates in northern India. D Highlights include visiting

workshops that produce and sell Indian musical instruments, attending a recital

during a sunrise boat cruise, and touring one of the most famous schools of

Hindustani classical music.

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 8 A How many miles a week should I run to improve my health? B Surprisingly few,

it seems. C According to a new review of related studies to running and health, D

jogging for as few as five or six miles per week could substantially improve

someone’s health.

9 A Imagine that: B With a simple flash of light or heat, an unassuming piece of

paper folds itself into a crane C and, as the light or heat pulses, it flaps its paper

wings in flight. D Though the concept is still in its early days, scientists are closer

to making this a reality with the recent unveiling of a graphene-based self-folding

paper.

10 A In the United States, driverless cars are already taking to the street on an

experimental basis. B Manufacturers promise that these marvels of technology

will change our world. C The cars will communicate with one another, allowing

them to move fluidly through the streetscape while reducing traffic congestion,

time spent prowling for parking, and pollution. D With sharper senses and faster

reaction times than people, autonomous vehicles could theoretically make

car-on-car collision a thing of the past.

Ⅳ Choose the most suitable word or phrase from the list to fill each of the numbered
blanks in the passage below.

The word “cool” has been cool for a long time. Originally associated with
temperature, by the 16th century the term had evolved to describe not ( 1 ) the
atmosphere, but also an internal state of calm, almost icy composure. And by the late
1800s it began to signify style and hipness and some of the other meanings with which
it is associated today. Now, cool is used as a synonym for almost ( 2 ) good.
Music can be cool and restaurants can be cool. Every so often even a minivan seems
cool.
But not all words and phrases persist. In the 1940s, dress snappy and someone
might say you looked “spiffy.” In the 1950s, people might say you looked “swell.” These
days, teenagers might say you’re “on fleek.” What was ( 3 ) “awesome” is now

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“dope.” Tell someone today that they look spiffy and people will think that you are
caught in a time warp.
Language is constantly evolving. Certain words and phrases ( 4 ) on and
become popular while others die out and wither away. So what leads some phrases to
become more successful than others? Why do some stand the test of time while others
die out?
There is no record of every time someone utters a certain word or phrase, so to
study these questions, a colleague of mine and I turned to the next best thing: books.
For hundreds of years, of course, books ( 5 ) the words and phrases used to
express different ideas. This includes everything from Shakespeare’s sonnets to Jane
Austen’s description of the landed gentry, and many thousands of works by unknown
authors in ( 6 ). Books provide a written record of culture, a constantly evolving
collection of snapshots of ( 7 ) things were like across time and space.
Using a searchable database of more than five million books from the last 200
years, we were able to track the popularity of thousands of words and phrases over
time. Interestingly, we ( 8 ) that our senses (e.g., sight, smell and touch) have a
big impact on linguistic success.
There are multiple ways to convey the same thing, and phrases with similar
meanings often act as substitutes, competing for usage. A not-so-friendly person, for
example, can be described as unfriendly or cold. ( 9 ) student can be described
as smart or bright. For each of these pairs, one of the phrases relates to the senses (i.e.,
cold person or bright student) while its semantic analogue (unfriendly person or smart
student) does not.
While this might seem like ( 10 ) difference, it actually has a big impact on
linguistic success. Compared with their semantic equivalents (e.g., unfriendly person
or smart student), we found that phrases that relate to senses in metaphoric ways (e.g.,
cold person or bright student) became more popular over time.

1 A both B either C hardly D just

2 A anything B everything C nothing D something
3 A back B former C once D past
4 A advance B catch C hold D turn
5 A are documented B are documenting
C document D have documented
6 A all B between C that D time
7 A how B what C which D why

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 8 A discovered B invented C knew D researched
9 A A cheerful B A kind C An amusing D An intelligent
10 A a lot of B any C a big D a minor

Ⅴ PartⅠ: Read the following passage and select the best answer to each question
listed below it.

According to the UN, developed countries throw away around 30% to 40% of all
food purchased. And if food waste was cut by a quarter, world famine could be solved.
In the UK, of the 41 million tons of food that is bought each year, 15 million tons are
wasted.
You might think supermarkets are the biggest culprits, but the truth is that most
have made major strides in recent years. One UK waste-advisory charity’s best
estimate is that supermarket waste accounts for less than 2% of what gets chucked out
each year. Part of that is attributable to advances in supply-chain technology. As
you might guess, fresh food and short shelf-life products account for a lot of what gets
thrown away. But these days good demand-forecasting and inventory-planning
software can handle even the trickiest items.
Supermarkets have an interest in avoiding waste because margins on fresh
produce tend to be quite tight. If you make 25 pence for every £1 ($1.50) of broccoli
sold you have to sell three pieces to make up for the loss from one gone bad. So if you
have noticed fewer items with reduced stickers, it is because they are getting a grip on
the problem. What waste remains is at least partly driven by consumers expecting
fresh food items to be constantly available and stacked in attractive displays — both
factors pushing food retailers to order more than they can sell.
The biggest contributor to Britain’s food-waste shame is household rubbish,
which in the UK accounts for almost half the food thrown away. Many of us make bad
decisions about food, especially when we are hungry, over-ordering in restaurants and
over-buying in shops. The most primitive parts of our brains, faced with feast, react
as though famine were just around the corner.

And yet the game seems to be stacked against consumers. Supermarkets may
strive to eliminate spoilage while food is in their supply chain, but once you have paid
for something it is not their problem. They would argue, not unfairly, that they have

tried to ensure the food you buy is as fresh as possible to give you the best possible

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chance to consume it before it goes bad. Back in 2010, one British supermarket giant

even briefly experimented with a “buy one, get one free later” scheme to help reduce

waste. But for the most part, food retail is structured and incentivised to get us to buy

as much as possible, regardless of whether we actually need it.

In the developing world, anywhere from 6% to 15% of food gets thrown out despite

poorer infrastructure, less reliable logistics, hotter climates, and inferior refrigeration.

Indeed, weight for weight, in places such as sub-Saharan Africa and south and

southeast Asia, people waste only around a tenth of what the British do. The

overwhelming differentiator seems to be the value that we attach to food. Having a

full fridge to cater to our every whim and those of our families seems more important

than not having a full rubbish bin.

1 Although some people might think supermarkets are largely responsible for the
great amount of food waste in the UK, most of them ______________

A have almost solved the problem of world famine.

B have been a major influence in educating consumers about this problem.

C have made great progress in reducing the waste.

D have recently developed faster ways to put the waste into the bin.

2 Food retailers in the UK tend to order more than they can sell because some
consumers ______________

A always try to buy items with reduced stickers to avoid waste.

B believe attractive displays are necessary to reduce food waste.

C expect to find fresh produce in plenty on each and every visit.

D prefer food retailers that sell broccoli in packs of three.

3 In the UK, household rubbish accounts for almost half of the food waste, as many
people ______________

A buy more food than they can actually eat when they are hungry.

B fear there will be famine in the near future.

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 C feel ashamed of the amount of food waste in their country.

D save almost half of the food they buy.

4 Supermarkets in the UK ______________

A have instituted a program called “buy one, get one free later” in an attempt to

highlight waste.

B strive to reduce food waste while food is in their shops and also after

consumers have bought it.

C try to sell as much food as possible only when consumers actually need it.

D would maintain they have tried to provide food as fresh as possible to the

consumers.

5 According to the passage, the author thinks ______________

A differences in the amount of food waste in different countries are

attributable to the value people attach to food.

B in places like sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, people should be

allowed to throw away more waste than they do now.

C less food should be wasted in developing countries, considering hotter

climates and inferior refrigeration among other factors.

D people in the UK now believe that having a fridge full of food is less

important for their families than before.

Ⅴ PartⅡ: Read the following passage and select the best answer to each question
listed below it.

Philosophers, psychologists, and scientists have been puzzling over the essential
definition of human uniqueness since the beginning of recorded history. The Harvard
psychologist Daniel Gilbert says that every psychologist must, at some point in his or
her career, write a version of what he calls “The Sentence.” Specifically, The Sentence
reads like this:

The human being is the only animal that ______.

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 The story of humans’ sense of self is, you might say, the story of failed, debunked
versions of The Sentence. Except now it’s not just the animals that we’re worried about.
We once thought humans were unique for using language, but this seems less
certain each year; we once thought humans were unique for using tools, but this claim
also erodes with ongoing animal-behavior research; we once thought humans were
unique for being able to do mathematics, and now we can barely imagine being able to
do what our calculators can.
We might ask ourselves: Is it appropriate to allow our definition of our own
uniqueness to be, in some sense, reactive to the advancing front of technology? And
why is it that we are so compelled to feel unique in the first place?
“Sometimes it seems,” says Douglas Hofstadter, a Pulitzer Prize–winning
cognitive scientist, “as though each new step towards artificial intelligence, rather than
producing something which everyone agrees is real intelligence, merely reveals what
real intelligence is not.” While at first this seems a consoling position—one that keeps
our unique claim to thought intact—it does bear the uncomfortable appearance of a
gradual retreat, like a medieval army withdrawing from the castle to the keep. But the
retreat can’t continue indefinitely. Consider: if everything that we thought hinged on
thinking turns out to not involve it, then … what is thinking? It would seem to reduce
to either an epiphenomenon—a kind of “exhaust” thrown off by the brain—or, worse, an
illusion.
Where is the keep of our selfhood?
The story of the 21st century will be, in part, the story of the drawing and
redrawing of these battle lines, the story of human beings trying to stake a claim on
shifting ground, flanked by beast and machine, pinned between meat and math.
Is this retreat a good thing or a bad thing? For instance, does the fact that
computers are so good at mathematics in some sense take away an arena of human
activity, or does it free us from having to do a nonhuman activity, liberating us into a
more human life? The latter view seems to be more appealing, but less so when we
begin to imagine a point in the future when the number of “human activities” left for us
to be “liberated” into has grown uncomfortably small.
What then?

1 What is the purpose of “The Sentence”?

A To point out what is distinctively human.
B To catalog unique approaches of psychologists.

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 C To list common characteristics of animals.
D To differentiate between living and nonliving things.

2 Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way in which humans used to be

viewed as unique?
A the capacity to calculate
B the use of implements
C the sense of self
D the ability to communicate

3 Based on the information provided, which of the following statements is true?

A Because of “The Sentence,” we know what real intelligence is not.
B “The Sentence” was devised by the psychologist Douglas Hofstadter.
C Daniel Gilbert is mystified by what is termed “The Sentence.”
D No version of “The Sentence” has yet been adequately completed.

4 What does “the keep of our selfhood” mean in the passage?

A a strong wall to divide up our uniqueness
B the means of supporting and protecting our identity
C the final place of refuge for our individuality
D an impenetrable prison for our soul

5 Which of the following best reflects the author’s message?

A The prior century was a time of great struggle and endeavor for psychology.
B Technology is raising new questions about what it means to be human.
C Humankind’s comprehension of self will be in part because of “The Sentence.”
D Researchers should take up the notion that human beings are without equal.

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2016 年度日本政府(文部科学省)奨学金留学生選考試験

QUALIFYING EXAMINATION FOR APPLICANTS FOR THE JAPANESE

GOVERNMENT (MONBUKAGAKUSHŌ) SCHOLARSHIP 2016

学科試験 問題

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

(学部・研究留学生)

UNDERGRADUATE・RESEARCH STUDENTS

英 語

ENGLISH

注意 ☆試験時間は 60 分。

PLEASE NOTE: THE TEST PERIOD IS 60 MINUTES.

 (2016)

Nationality No.
ENGLISH
(Please print your full name,
underlining your family name) Marks
Name

Ⅰ Choose the word that best completes each sentence.

1 Although Paul and his brother did not show ( ) hostility towards each
other, their friends could tell they were on bad terms.
A clean B mischievous C overt D preventive

2 After finishing the splendid dinner, we spent the ( ) of the evening

talking to each other.
A latest B other C reminder D rest

3 Some local people were ( ) by the harmful chemicals which were

released into the river.
A addicted B affected C dispatched D trapped

4 When we got on the train, all the seats were ( ), so we had to stand
until we reached the next station.
A consumed B managed C notified D occupied

5 Their daughters are truly interested in one of the rare species that ( )
those islands.
A inhabit B live C localize D risk

6 If Alice had known Doug’s flight was going to be ( ) so long, she would
have come to the airport much later.
A delayed B delivered C late D waited

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 7 A suspicious-looking man had been seen in the ( ) of the bank shortly
before it was robbed yesterday.
A clearance B faculty C hindrance D vicinity

8 The famous nonfiction writer also wrote several novels under a ( ), but
only her family and her editor knew it.
A journalism B pseudonym C synonym D vandalism

9 Her colleagues believe that if the sales division ( ) market research on

it more thoroughly, the new product will sell much better than the previous one.
A conducts B finishes C relies D treats

10 Some critics say the 1990s saw what could be ( ) a computer revolution.
By the mid 1990s the number of people buying personal computers increased
significantly.
A changed B coined C termed D viewed

Ⅱ Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence

1. A ( ) number of people are involved in this project.

A considerable B considerate C consideration D considering

2. It was so unfortunate that we missed the last train ( ) a few seconds.

A at B by C in D on

3. I was driving on the beach this morning, so my car needs ( ).

A to have washed B to wash C washed D washing

4. ( ) having taught English in high school for 18 years, she returned to

graduate school to develop her teaching skills.
A After B Before C While D Since

5. If I have a few days off next week, I want to visit ( ) my father was born.
A in which B to where C where D which

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6. His marketing team works ( ) any other team in the company.
A harder than B hardest of C hardly as D less harder to

7. He didn’t manage to pass the exam, ( ) the fact that he worked very hard
all semester.
A although B despite C in spite D however

8. If we had started studying Spanish three years ago, we ( ) much more

fluent in it now.
A were B will be C would be D would have been

9. These old photos ( ) me of the happy days we spent there.

A remained B remembered C reminded D removed

10. The main issue we will discuss today is ( ) of urban poverty.

A it B that C this D which

Ⅲ In the following paragraphs, one of the underlined parts is grammatically incorrect.

Choose the incorrect part.

1. A A new research paper argues that the desire for personal happiness, though very
important in American history and culture, is valued less by other cultures.
B There are many parts of the world that are more suspicious of personal
happiness, C which are defined in the paper as experiencing pleasure, positive
emotion, or success. D Now empirical research is catching up with these cultural
beliefs.

2. A “Feeling really lucky,” Donald Johanson wrote in his diary on the morning of
November 24, 1974, while staying at a remote camp in northern Ethiopia’s Afar
region. B Hours later he discovered the 3.2-million-year-old remains of a
small-bodied early human, possibly on the lineage that gave rise to Homo sapiens.
C He and his collaborators named it Australopithecus afarensis, and D the skeleton
become known to the world as Lucy.

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3. A Many people believe that innovation happens when a solo genius has “aha”
moment, but that is usually not the way. In fact, B most innovations happen
through collaboration, with many false starts and mistakes along the way. Often, C
innovations result from combinations of many ideas, D even old ideas being
combined in new ways or being applied to new circumstances, notes Linda A. Hill
of Harvard Business School.

4. While A there is no denying that exceptional players can put points on the board
and enhance team success, B new research by Roderick Swaab and his colleagues
suggest that there is a limit to the benefit that top talents bring to a team. C Swaab
and his colleagues compared the amount of individual talent on teams with the
teams’ success, and D they found striking examples of more talent hurting the
team.

5. A librarian has discovered a rare copy of William Shakespeare’s First Folio in

France. A The 400-year-old book, one of the most valuable in the English language,
was found by the librarian in Saint-Omer B while preparing books for an exhibition
about links between the region and England. C An expert has been confirmed that
it is a copy of Shakespeare’s First Folio, D a find that delighted historians and
librarians.

6. The world’s thinnest, strongest material—graphene—was identified a decade ago,

but A the single-atom-thick sheet of carbon is still turns up surprises. Thought to
be an impermeable barrier, B research reported this week shows that graphene in
fact allows protons to pass through it, C which opens up the possibility of its use as
a membrane in fuel cells. Meanwhile, D a separate report reveals that graphene
outperforms steel in its ability to withstand projectiles.

7. A The world of haute couture fashion has descended on Australia’s state museums.
B Across the country, fashion lovers are being treated to fabulous exhibitions. At
the National Gallery of Victoria, viewers can experience The Fashion World of
Jean Paul Gaultier. The Queensland Art Gallery is currently showing Thirty Years
of Japanese Fashion and the Art Gallery of South Australia is hosting
Masterpieces from Paris. C As fashion takes hold of the country’s major museums,
a question is being raised: D Should fashion be classified to art?

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8. A A new species of ant has been discovered on the Spanish island of Mallorca, B but
it is already on the verge of extinction. C Lasius balearicus is the first ant known to
be restricted to a specific island in the Mediterranean. However, D there are not
many of them, they are confined to a small area, and it is low genetic diversity. As
a result, their discoverer Gerard Talavera of the Institute of Evolutionary Biology
in Barcelona, Spain, thinks the species has a “low probability” for survival.

9. A The finale of Gustav Mahler’s Second Symphony came from a “lightning bolt” of
inspiration while attending the funeral of a colleague— B such inspired was
Mahler that he rushed straight home C and wrote down the final movement of his
symphony that had so far eluded him. D Nice story, but not true, says Chris Walton,
author of a new book called: Lies and Epiphanies: Composers and Their
Inspiration from Wagner to Berg.

10. A More than 50 green sea turtles were released onto the Gulf of Mexico off the
Texas coast on Friday B after recovering from cold-stunning, or hypothermia,
brought on by a drastic drop in water temperature. C As with other reptiles, sea
turtles rely on their external environment to regulate body temperature. D
Cold-stunning occurs in sea turtles when water temperatures drop below 10
degrees Celsius. Symptoms include decreased heart rate and inactivity, which
increases the risks for sea turtles of injury or death by predators and boats.

Ⅳ Choose the most suitable word or phrase from the list to fill each of the numbered
blanks in the passage below.

In 6,000 B.C.E., Earth’s entire human population ( 1 ) between 5 and 20

million people. It took about 8,000 years to reach the one billion ( 2 ), yet just 100
years more to reach two billion in 1930. Eighty-five years later, that figure has more
than tripled, to about 7.3 billion people today.
This massive expansion has been fueled not by an increasing birth rate, ( 3 )
by a gradual extension of life expectancy and a huge reduction in infant mortality.
By 2025, the United Nations projects that our global population could ( 4 )
8.3 billion. Ninety percent of this growth will be concentrated in the poorest countries.
The most dramatic increases will take place in sub-Saharan Africa, where fertility
rates have remained high.

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 Population shifts are often driven by economic forces. In the late 15th and
( 5 ) 16th centuries, Europe’s conquest of the sea spurred trade, exploration and
settlements across the globe. The temperate zones of the Americas were especially
well-suited to their crops and livestock. Between the 16th and mid-19th centuries,
millions of black Africans were brought to the Americas ( 6 ) their will by the
Atlantic slave trade, victims of the New World’s voracious need for labor.
In the ( 7 ) nations of Europe, Japan, Canada and the United States, the
trend is towards zero population growth. Birth rates have also fallen in India and
China, yet 17 percent of the world’s people live in India, and 19 percent live in China.
In some countries, aggressive educational programs are ( 8 ) to change
old-fashioned beliefs, which held childbirth ( 9 ) a woman’s duty, and viewed large
families as proof of wealth, fortification against hardship and security for aging
parents.
( 10 ) of the factors which could limit population growth are so well
planned. In the end, the environmental pressures created by the rapidly expanding
population may deplete the very resources necessary for survival.

1 A laid B rated C sat D stood

2 A counts B mark C number D standards
3 A also B as well as C but D even
4 A achieve B exceed C get D reach at
5 A advancing B beginning C early D overdue
6 A against B contrary C opposite D upon
7 A industrialize B industrialized C industrially D industry
8 A helping B making C seeing D wanted
9 A as B at C to D on
10 A All not B Every not C Not all D Not every

Ⅴ Part I: Read the following passage and select the best answer to each question listed

below it.

I hate to be a cynic, but I suppose it was inevitable: With consumers today

increasingly willing to pay a premium for local and/or organic food, it was only a matter

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of time before the scam artists of the world exploited shoppers’ good intentions.

Just in the last couple of weeks, two separate investigations uncovered cases of

organic food fraud, or at least misrepresentation.

A Los Angeles television network exposed farmers’ market vendors, who were

lying about where and how their food was grown. Reporters bought produce at farmers’

markets across Southern California, and then made surprise visits to farms where the

items were supposedly grown.

Most were truthful, but a few weren’t: the reporters found weeds or dirt where

vegetables were supposed to be growing. In one case, a vendor admitted—after the

reporters followed his truck to the wholesale warehouses in downtown Los

Angeles—that he sold some items he had bought wholesale as his own, including
avocados from Mexico. The investigation also found produce advertised as

pesticide-free that tested positive for pesticides.

This sort of dishonesty isn’t confined to big cities like Los Angeles. Even in my

rural area, which has some good farm stands and farmers’ markets, there are people

who set up tables by the roadside and sell produce that couldn’t possibly have been

grown locally. (Plump, red tomatoes in June? Not around here.) As far as I know, they

don’t claim that they are selling locally grown produce. But they are taking advantage

of the assumption of most people—especially tourists—that vegetables sold by the side

of the road in a rural area are grown by a local farmer.

The other investigation was conducted by an independent research institute that

says it promotes “economic justice for family-scale farming.” The group rated organic

egg producers according to their animal welfare and environmental practices, and

found that some looked more like factory farms, at least by the research institute’s

standards.

In this case, part of the problem lies in the varied interpretations of “organic.” As

the report explains:

All organic egg producers claim to be following national organic standards,

but with different working definitions and viewpoints of what the standards
mean. For most consumers and many producers, organic farming means

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 respecting underlying principles of the organic farming movement…. For
others, especially industrial-scale producers, “organic” appears to be
nothing more than a profitable marketing term that they apply to the
agro-industrial production system—simply substituting organic feed in
their production model and eliminating harmful synthetic inputs, such as
pesticides and antibiotics.

The latter interpretation, even if it doesn’t match consumers’ expectations,

doesn’t necessarily equate to fraud. But in several cases, the independent research

group found, farms were clearly misrepresenting their operations in their marketing.

1 What does “to pay a premium” mean in the passage?

A. to pay part of a larger order

B. to pay more for higher quality

C. to pay now for additional items

D. to pay for goods in great demand

2 What can be inferred about food production from this passage?

A. Dishonest practices affect rural areas and cities alike.

B. Agricultural manufacturing is decreasing in urban areas.

C. Farming brings benefits with few complications.

D. Misrepresentation does not occur in rural communities.

3 Based on the information provided in the passage, which of the following

statements is true?

A. Reporters criticized the independent institute’s claims.

B. Reporters questioned the author about food fraud in Los Angeles.

C. Reporters paid unexpected visits to some vendors’ farms.

D. Reporters were deceitful about organic produce from Mexico.

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 4 Based on the information provided in the passage, which of the following

statements is NOT true?

A. Tomatoes grown locally in the author’s rural area are not ripe in June.

B. Shoppers take advantage of scam artists when it comes to organic produce.

C. A few farms were not accurately representing their operations in their

marketing.

D. Industrial-scale producers and consumers interpret the term “organic”

differently.

5 Which of the following statements best describes the author’s point of view?

A. He or she sees no need for economic justice.

B. He or she has contempt for farmers.

C. He or she is concerned for consumers.

D. He or she feels no pessimism.

Ⅴ Part II: Read the following passage and select the best answer to each question
listed below it.

In these days of go-anywhere adventure travel, it is possible to fly to the South

Pole or crunch your way to the North Pole in an icebreaker. Our ambition, more polar
bear than polar cap, took us 71 degrees north to a remote land that lies astride the
180-degree meridian in the Chukchi Sea off the northeast coast of Siberia.
Wrangel Island is one of the new destinations made possible by the rapid melt of
the polar icecap. Just 10 years ago, our voyage to this island would not have been
possible. In 2001, the mean summer, ice-free period was 92 days; by 2010 this had
increased to 135 days; by the time we arrived there at the end of August, 2011,
Wrangel was completely ice free.
Some scientists project that if the melt continues at the same rate as in the past
10 years, polar bears could be extinct in this region by the mid-21st century. Put
another way, if you want to experience these creatures in their natural habitat, you
should go sooner rather than later.

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 So this summer we set off on the long flight east via Moscow to Anadyr. We
stepped off the plane into the relief of fresh air, bright sunlight and a warm day. After
a walk round the town, 50 passengers and staff transferred to the ship, the Spirit of
Enderby, in several inflatable boats.
Our wildlife encounters started immediately: in the strong currents of the
estuary we could see the bobbing heads of spotted seals, and the flashing white bodies
of beluga whales.
For the next five days, as the Spirit of Enderby progressed towards Wrangel, we
settled into a happy routine of morning and afternoon boat rides, shore landings and
tundra walks, only twice prohibited by rough seas and wind conditions.
Passing through the Bering Strait, the 80km wide channel between eastern
Russia and Alaska, we continued on to anchor at Uelen, a native Chukchi village.
The Chukchi are a tough people who resisted colonization by the Russians for
more than 50 years and whose antecedents were among those who crossed to populate
the Americas, when the two continents were joined by an ice bridge.
We enjoyed seeing exquisite walrus tusk carvings, which illustrate their way of
life, and examples of clothing made from skins and fur. We were entertained by a
group performing traditional dances and were made very welcome.
We learned how they still hunt a subsistence quota of whales and walruses in
small boats and how the inland Chukchi herd reindeer. As we waved to them on our
way back to the ship, a grey whale broke the surface nearby and gave us a great tail
fluke display.
We sailed through the night to anchor off Kolyuchin Island and awoke to the
promising augurs of calm seas and patchy blue skies. The bridge announced
dramatically that there were polar bears in sight on land off the port side.
We clambered quickly to the top deck and watched for the next hour as a bear
entertained us by ambling along the brow of a distant hill, going into a derelict wooden
building and reappearing to sit on the porch before strolling off into the distance.

1 In 2001, it was not possible for tourists to visit Wrangel Island ______________
A because Wrangel Island was completely ice free.
B because polar bears were in danger of extinction.
C because the ice-free period in that region was too short.
D because the remote island lay astride the 180-degree meridian.

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 2 According to some scientists, if the polar icecap keeps melting at the same pace as
in the past
10 years ______________
A polar bears on the Earth could be extinct by the mid-21st century.
B it will be possible for tourists to experience polar bears only in this region.
C you will need to go to Anadyr in order to see polar bears in the mid-21st
century.
D you will not be able to see any polar bears on Wrangel Island in the mid-21st
century.

3 Soon after the ship set off from Anadyr, ______________

A it had a problem relating to the anchor.
B passengers started seeing some wildlife in the sea.
C it encountered strong currents and had to head back to the town.
D passengers were forced to use inflatable boats to evacuate the ship.

4 The Chukchi took a stand against colonization by the Russians for a long time and
______________
A some of their ancestors moved to settle in the American continents.
B some of their antecedents were popular among the American people.
C some of their ancestors helped construct an ice bridge between the two
continents.
D some of their antecedents used to hunt a subsistence quota of whales and
walruses in small boats.

5 While the ship was off Kolyuchin Island, passengers ______________

A entertained themselves by walking with a polar bear on the hill.
B were able to enjoy watching a polar bear strolling in the distance.
C went to bed, having been assured that they would see a polar bear the next
morning.
D went into an abandoned wooden building on land and reappeared to see a
polar bear.

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