CSB IAS ACADEMY

UPSC - CSE
PAPER-II (GENERAL STUDIES-1)
INDIAN SOCIETY
INTRODUCTION
VINAY KUMAR BAVANDLA
 GS PAPER 1- INDIAN SOCIETY-SYLLABUS
1. Salient features of Indian Society
• Diversity of India
2. Role of Women and Women’s Organization
3. Population and Associated Issues
4. Poverty and Developmental issues
5. Urbanization- problems and remedies
6. Effects of Globalization on Indian society
7. Social Empowerment
8. Communalism
9. Regionalism
10.Secularism
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 WHAT IS OUR PLAN OF ACTION?
Salient Features Secularism
of Indian Society, Regionalism
Diversity Communalism

Urbanization Impact of
Population and
Problems Globalization on
Associated Issues
Remedies Indian Society

Poverty and Role of Women

Social
Developmental and Women’s
Empowerment
Issues Organization

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 CSM-2022 GENERAL ESSAY PAPER
Section-B
You cannot step in the same river twice

CSM-2022 GENERAL STUDIES-1 PAPER

• Explore and evaluate the impact of ‘Work From Home’ on family
relationships.
• How is the growth of Tier 2 cities related to the rise of a new middle class
with an emphasis on the culture of consumption?
• Given the diversities among the tribal communities in India, in which
specific contexts should they be considered as a single category?
• Analyze the salience of ‘sect’ in Indian society vis-a-vis caste, region and
religion.
• Are tolerance, assimilation and pluralism the key elements in the making of
an Indian form of secularism? Justify your answer.
• Elucidate the relationship between globalization and new technology in a
world of scarce resources, with special reference to India.
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 CSM-2021 GENERAL ESSAY PAPER
Section-B
Hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.

CSM-2020 GENERAL ESSAY PAPER

Section-B
Culture is what we are, civilization is what we have.
Patriarchy is the least noticed yet the most significant
structure of social inequality.
There can be no social justice without economic prosperity
but economic prosperity without social justice is meaningless
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 Weightage in GS-I over the years (2013-2022)
Marks
100
90 90
90
80 75 75 75 75
70 62.5 65
60
50
50
40
40
30
20
10
0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

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 CSM-2021 INDIAN SOCIETY (GS PAPER-1)
1. Why is India considered as a sub-continent? Elaborate your answer.
(10)
2. Examine the uniqueness of tribal knowledge system when
compared with mainstream knowledge and cultural systems. (10)
3. Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment
of women in India. (10)
4. What are the main socio-economic implications arising out of the
development of IT industries in major cities of India? (15)
5. Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out
the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (15)
6. What is Cryptocurrency? How does it affect global society? Has it
been affecting Indian society also? (15)
7. How does Indian society maintain continuity in traditional social
values? Enumerate the changes taking place in it. (15)
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 CSM-2020 INDIAN SOCIETY (GS PAPER-1)
1. Has caste lost its relevance in understanding the multi-cultural
Indian Society? Elaborate your answer with illustrations.
2. COVID-19 pandemic accelerated class inequalities and poverty
in India. Comment.
3. Do you agree that regionalism in India appears to be a
consequence of rising cultural assertiveness? Argue.
4. Is diversity and pluralism in India under threat due to
globalization? Justify your answer.
5. Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to
obscurantism. Do you agree?
6. How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the
functioning of the educational system in the country?
Elaborate your answer.
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Classroom Notes

Institute Material

Special Handouts

Daily Newspaper
 • Sociology and Society
• Terms, Concepts and Their Use in Sociology
• Understanding Social Institutions
• Culture and Socialisation
• Social structure, stratification and social
processes in society
• Social change and social order in rural and
urban society

• Introducing Indian Society

• The Demographic Structure of the Indian
Society
• Social Institutions: Continuity and Change
• Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion
• The Challenges of Cultural Diversity
• Structural Change
• Cultural Change
• Change and Development in Rural Society
and Industrial Society
• Globalisation and Social Change
• Social Movements
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 LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR
“Man is by nature a social animal; an individual who is unsocial naturally and not
accidentally is either beneath our notice or more than human. Society is something
that precedes the individual.”- Aristotle 11
 Key Concepts & Basics
• Man is a ‘social animal’ • Diversity-Pluralism
– Aristotle • Religion
• What does the term ‘society’ • Communalism
mean? • Secularism
– Population • Stratification
– Territory • Caste, Casteism
– Interactions • Tribe
• Race
– Culture
• Ethnicity
– Psychic Unity
• Language
• Socialization
• Regionalism
• Culture
• Sub-nationalism
• Enculturation • Poverty
• Multiculturalism • Discrimination
• Cultural Pluralism • Social Empowerment
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 KEY TERMS
Society Culture Social Institutions
1. People (Members) 1. Social Heredity 1. Regulate the social
2. Geographical Territory 2. Transmitted from one behaviour, interactions
3. Interactions generation to the next and intercourse.
4. Awareness 3. Unique feature of human 2. Examples include:
5. Common culture (or) society • Family
shared culture 4. It is a collection of • Religion
6. Psychic Unity • Beliefs • Education
• Traditions • Caste System
• Customs • Work and Economy
• Morals • The State
• Knowledge • The Government
• Habits • The Media
• Art/art forms
• Food
• Costumes
• Language and the
Literature
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 CSB IAS ACADEMY
UPSC - CSE
PAPER-II (GENERAL STUDIES-1)
INDIAN SOCIETY
SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIETY
DIVERSITY OF INDIA
VINAY KUMAR BAVANDLA
 Indian Society is the product of a long and complex
historical process.
The emergence of
The entry of Non-
The Aryan Advent Indian protestant
Indic religions
religions

T K Oommen identifies seven (7) major events The Muslim

that contributed to the historical process. conquests

The partition of
the subcontinent The anti-colonial Western
in 1947 Freedom Struggle Colonialism

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 Diversity
Multiculturalism Unity
Cultural Pluralism
Kinship
Family
Marriage
Patriarchy
Balance Indian
between Society
individualism
and
Collectivism
Secularism
Religiosity
Syncretism Coexistence of
and Tradition and
Dynamism Modernity

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 Salient Features of Indian Society
• Multiculturalism, Cultural Pluralism
• Diversity
– Caste, Language, Religion, Region, Race, Ethnicity
• Unity in Diversity
• Kinship System- Joint Family, Marriage& Patriarchy
• Secularism
• Balance between spiritualism and materialism
• Coexistence of Tradition and Modernity
• The Indian Society is Syncretic and Dynamic
• Balance between Individualism and Collectivism
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 Learned& Culture is that complex whole
Acquired which includes knowledge, belief, art,
morals, law, custom, and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by
Diverse Shared by
man as a member of society.
the group

Culture
Behaviour
cumulative
Ideational

Changes&
Dynamic

Cultural lag refers to the phenomenon Cultural Lag

that occurs when changes in material
culture occur before or at a faster rate
than the changes in non-material
culture.
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Cultural Diversity - Multiculturalism
• Melting Pot Model
• Salad Bowl Model
• Cultural Mosaic Model

Cultural Diversity is the presence within the larger national,

INDIA
regional or other context of many different kinds of cultural
communities such as those defined by language, religion,
region, ethnicity etc., It is a multiplicity/ plurality of identities.

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THE MOSAIC MODEL

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Basis of Diversity –Associated Social Problem

Caste • Casteism

Region • Regionalism

Religion • Communalism

Language • Linguistic Sub-nationalism

Ethnicity • Ethnic Nationalism

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 Caste System in Indian Society

Caste based Diversity

Features of Caste System
Changes in Caste System-Factors
Status of Caste in Contemporary India

Caste is defined as a hereditary endogamous group, having a

common name, common traditional occupation, common culture,
relatively rigid in matters of mobility, distinctiveness of status and
forming a single homogenous community.
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10
 VARNA SYSTEM - CASTE SYSTEM

Brahmins

Kshatriyas
Upper Castes

Vaishyas

Shudras
Middles
Castes
Panchamas (Outcastes)
SCs

Later Vedic 2nd Cen. BC

Rig Vedic Proliferation
Period 1st Cen. AD
Period of Caste
‘Asat Shudra’ ‘Occupations’
‘Chaturvarna’ groups
(Untouchale) Jatis/Castes
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 Features of Caste System The notion
of Purity
Segmental Division of Society Pollution

Hierarchy

Restrictions on choice of Occupation

Restrictions on Commensality and Social

Intercourse

Endogamy

Civil and Religious Disabilities

Distinction in Customs, Dress and Speech (Life

Style)

Conflict Resolution Mechanism (Caste Panchayat)

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 Tolerance
towards inter-
caste
marriages

Decline in the Occupational

supremacy of choices
upper castes (Achieved)

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Changes
in Caste
System

Commensality
Challenge to
Or
Orthodoxy
Inter-dining
Improvement
in the position
of Lower
Castes
 Caste system-Changes
Purity of blood was one of the main aim of the caste system.
Trends for inter-caste As a result, inter-caste marriages were socially forbidden.
marriage Due to economic and social necessities, inter-caste
marriages on western lines are being performed at increased
frequency LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR
Orthodox practices of the caste system such as child
Challenge to marriage, ban on widow re-marriage, ban on conversion,
orthodoxy insensitiveness of superior class towards the low caste people
are being challenged in the wake of urbanization.
Due to frequent mixing of the people at meetings,
conferences, seminars etc., food habits have changed.
New food habits: Moreover, people have adapted to new social norms such as
eating at the same table, accepting food prepared by low
caste people without any reservations etc.
Occupational mobility has become the new feature. Leaving
Changes in behind their traditional roles, Brahmins have become traders
occupation
whereas Vaishyas have joined teaching etc.
Improvement in the Due to steps initiated by the government, position of lower
position of lower caste castes have improved economically as well as socially. 14
 Factors Contributing to the Changes in the Caste System

Sanskritization • Process by which low caste adapts the life style, values,
beliefs, culture and behavious of ‘Dwijas’

• Adapting western style of living- Language, dress, values

Westernization • Individualism, Materialism, Communication, EM, Mobility

• Rational attitude, Scientific Outlook, Liberty, Equality,

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Modernization Fraternity, Empathy,

• Mass Mobilization, Motivation, Specialization, Complex tasks

Industrialization • Growth of Industrial Towns& Cities, Migration to urban

areas
Urbanization • Public Places, Inter-dining, Communication

Caste& Politics • Dominant Caste, Caste associations, Vote Bank, Appeasement

• Jajmani System- Market Economy, Land Reforms
Caste& Economy

Role of State • PRIs, Democratic Decentralization, Legislations/Constitution

• Reservations- Political, Education and Public Employment
15
 CASTE SYSTEM IN INDIA

Caste based
Discrimination,
Untouchability
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Politicization Caste
of Caste Issues
Conflicts
Casteization Problems
of Politics Violence

Manual
Scavenging
16
 Is the Caste System/Caste Identity weakening?
YES NO
• Changes in rigid hierarchical • Caste-Politics nexus
structure and doing away with
the “purity-pollution”
• Democratic
• Breakdown of Jajmani System
Decentralization
• Industrialization, change in • Constitutional Provisions
occupational system and the Affirmative Action
• Urbanization, anonymity and by the State
discrete social relations • Legislative Measures
• Modernization
• Caste Associations and
• State’s Affirmative Action and
Collective Mobilization
other legal measures
Inter-caste Marriages Caste Associations, Honour Killings, Caste
Occupational Choice specific Matrimonies, Manual Scavenging
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Indian Society is broadly
divided into tribal, rural
and urban societies on Tribal
the basis of their
geographical Society
surroundings and socio-
cultural conditions

Indian
Society

Rural Urban
Society Society

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 Tribal Society Rural Society Urban Society
• Well-demarcated geographical • Village societies • Towns, cities, Metros
territory • Small sized communities • Higher density of population
• Strong Territorial affiliation • Small geographical area • Cultural heterogeneity
(sons-of the soil) • Lower population density • Distinct environment/ man-
• strong ethnic identity • Agriculture is the made environment
• Live in forests and hilly areas predominant occupation • Non-agricultural occupations
• Territory is relatively isolated/ • Face-to-face relationship • Social Mobility is found
semi-isolated • Social structure is based on • Class Structure
• Own culture, folklore, kinship & family relationships • Formal Social Control
cosmology and belief system • Joint families • Interactions based on
• Self-sufficient economy • Conservative and traditional secondary contact; Transient,
• Subsistence level economy • Informal Social Control need-based relations;
• Own and distinct language; • Group feeling and Mutual • Anonymity
generally do not have script cooperation • Materialism, Cultural
• Own political system; law and • Folk culture (unwritten, orally exhibitionism
order managed though family transmitted) • Economic organization is
and kinship ties • Homogenous based on market and
• Simple societies; based on • Caste system; hierarchical monetary economy
family and kinship ties system • Civic amenities, infrastructure
• Own religion and deities • Self-sufficient/static economy,
(animism, animatism, lack modern technology
naturism) • Ascriptive mode of living
• Sense of belongingness to • Mobility is restricted
their own community
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Religion and Religious Diversity in India

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 Language and Diversity
22 Scheduled 270 Mother tongues
Languages (Schedule 121 languages Thousands of dialects
VIII) (Census-2011)

The People’s Linguistic Survey of India (2010-

12) reported the existence of 780 languages (without
making a distinction between language and dialect).

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25
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26
 Ethnic and Racial Diversity

“Race” refers to physical differences that An ethnic group, or an ethnicity, is a

groups and cultures consider socially category of people who identify with each
significant. other based on similarities such as common
ancestry, language, society, culture or
B.S Guha (1931 Census): nation.
1. The Negrito
2. The Proto-Australoid An ethnic group is one whose members share a
3. The Mongoloid distinct awareness of a common cultural
4. The Mediterranean identity, separating them from other groups
5. The Western Brachycephals around them
6. The Nordic Ethnic Cleansing (Rohingya)
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28 LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR

• Racial Diversity means that each individual

is unique and have differences based on
genetic or ethnic origins.
• Race is genetically determined. Ethnicity
refers to people's background.
• India is ethnically diverse, with more than
2,000 different ethnic groups.
• There is also significant diversity within
regions, and almost every state and several
districts have their own distinct mixture of
ethnicities, traditions, and culture.
 Kinship System in India
Family is a group of persons
directly linked by kin Kinship system refers to a set of
connections, the adult persons recognized as relatives
members of which assume Family either by virtue of a blood
responsibility of caring for relationship or by virtue of a
children. marriage relationship.

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Changes
Patriarchy and Kinship
Issues

Patriarchy is a social structure in A Socially acknowledged or

which men are considered to approved sexual union between
have a monopoly on power and Marriage two adult individuals. When
women are expected to submit. people marry, they become kin
to each other.
30
 Marriage- Types, Importance and Changes
• Marriage is an important (universal) social institution.
• Marriage is an institution to satisfy the physical, psychological, social, cultural,
emotional, economic needs of men and women.
• It is a social institution for admitting man and women into family life, legitimizing off-
spring, and establishing other rights and obligations of husband, wife and children.
• It is also a set of cultural mechanisms which ensure the continuation of the family.

Functions of Marriage Marriage- Key Terminology

• Regularization of Sexual Relations • Polygyny, Polyandry, Monogamy
• Procreation and Nurturing of Children • Anuloma Vivaha, Pratiloma Vivaha
• Economic Cooperation& Security • Endogamy, Exogamy
• Companionship& Emotional Support • Incest Taboo
• Parallel Cousin Marriages
• Cross Cousin Marriages
• Sororate
• Levirate
• Brahma, Daiva, Arsha, Prajapatya, Asura,
Gandharva, Rakshasa, Paishacha (8 forms
of Hindu Marriage)
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 HINDU MARRIAGE MUSLIM MARRIAGE
1. Dharma  Nikah
2. Praja Objectives  Civil Contract
3. Rati  Between a man and woman
 For the purpose of legalizing the
 Religious Duty, purifies a person sexual relationship and procreation of
 Grihastha Ashram children
 Allows full participation in social and  Can be broken at the will of the
religious activities husband or wife
 Can also be broken if the
 Hindu Marriage is a ‘sacrament’ husband/wife fails to carryout the
 It purifies a person promises made at the time of
 Union of two souls which remain marriage
faithful and dutiful to each other  Solemnized in the presence of Maulvi
 No provision for ‘divorce’ in Hindu  Dower/Mahr
texts

 Eight (8) forms of Hindu Marriage  Four (4) forms of Muslim Marriage
 Brahma, Daiva, Arsha, Prajapatya,  Nikah/Sahi Nikah, Fasid, Muta, Batil
Asura, Gandharva, Rakshasa, Paishacha
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The Uniform Civil Code (UCC) calls for the
formulation of one law for India, which
would be applicable to all religious
communities in matters such as marriage,
divorce, inheritance, adoption.
Article 44 of the Indian Constitution:
The state shall endeavour to secure a
Uniform Civil Code for the citizens
throughout the territory of India.

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 Marriage-Contemporary Changes

Aim of the Marriage, Age at Marriage

Selection of Mate

Polygamy to Monogamy (Form of the marriage)

Inter-caste, Inter-faith Marriages , Widow Remarriage

Increase in Rate of Divorce and Desertion (Stability)

Co-habitation, Live-in Relationships, Same sex Marriages

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 Marriage- Legal Framework
Personal Laws are a set of laws in India that govern various aspects of a person's life like
family, marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption etc.,
Hindu personal laws have been by and large secularized and modernized by statutory
enactments.
The Hindu personal laws (that apply also to the Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists) have been
codified by the Parliament in 1956.
This Code Bill has been split into four parts:
1. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
2. The Hindu Succession Act, 1956
3. The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956
4. The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956
Apart from it, Christians and Jews are also governed by different personal laws.
• On the other hand, Muslim personal laws are still primarily unmodified and
traditional in their content and approach.
• The Shariat law of 1937 governs the personal matters of all Indian Muslims in India.
• It clearly states that in matters of personal disputes, the State shall not interfere and
a religious authority would pass a declaration based on his interpretations of the
Quran and the Hadith.
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 FAMILY
Family is a group of persons directly linked by kin connections, the adult members of
which assume responsibility of caring for children. (Or)
Family is a socially defined set of relationships between (at least) two persons who are
related by birth, marriage or adoption.
• It is a basic, definite and enduring group.
• Formed by the relatively durable companionship of husband, wife who procreate,
nurture and socialize the children.
• Family is generally smaller in size compared to other social groups, organizations and
associations.
Family - Characteristics
• Universality
• Emotional support
• Limited Size, common Residence
• Nuclear Position in Social
Structure
• Social Regulation
• Mating Relationship
• Reckoning Descent
• Economic System
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 Biological • Gratification of Sexual desire
• Procreation/ Reproduction, Physical Protection
Physiological
• Provisioning for Food/Clothing and other needs
Economic • Collective earning/earning by male head
• Assets and liabilities
Socialization
Family& its Functions

• Social norms, customs, values, role, Social control

• Material, non-material aspects of culture
Enculturation
Psychological • Love, warmth, affection, sacrifice, compassion
• Emotional support, recreation, joy
Emotional
• First site of learning
Educational • Epics, legends, stories

• Centre of all religious activities; rituals, rites

Religious • Worship, religious values, religious attitudes
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 Generation Depth

Rights and Obligations

Property Joint/
Extended Nuclear
Family Family
The life cycle of a joint family
depends on economic factors
rather than social values. Discuss.
(2014 - CSM GS-1)

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Structural and Functional Changes in Family Size of the
Family
Authority&
freedom of
children Decision
Making

Divorce Changes
Live-in in Family Household
DINK System

Production
Weak To
Kinship ties
Consumption
Equal
Status for
women
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Factors Contributing to the Changes in the Family System
Industrialization • Migration, weakening of joint family system
(simultaneously strengthening)
Urbanization • Employment of women

• Adapting western values and life style i.e., Liberty,

Westernization Individualism, Equality, emphasis on Materialism

Modernization • Improved literacy, employment and agency of

women, Changes in the Marriage system
Modern Education • Rational Attitudes, Emphasis on individualism

Functional • Crèches, Daycare Centres, Schools, Hostels, Old age

homes
Alternatives • Welfare measures by the Government

• Cost of Living
Economic • Property, Entrepreneurship

• Legislations, Policies and Schemes

Role of State • Women Empowerment
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 KINSHIP - MARRIAGE - FAMILY
Kinship: It is the social recognition and expression of family relationships
formed on the basis of marriage, procreation or adoption.

• Affinal Kinship- by ‘marriage’ KINSHIP DIAGRAM

• Consanguineal kinship- by ‘blood’
• Primary Kin
• Secondary Kin
• Tertiary Kin

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 Patriarchy
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Economic Survey 2017-18

63 million – Missing Women

(female foeticide, abortions)
21 Million – Unwanted Girls
(Neglect, Female Mortality,
Son meta-preference)

42
Six structures of
Patriarchy
Paid Work

State Sexuality

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Patriarchy

Household Culture

Violence

43
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 Salient Feature Description
Co-existence of • Traditionalism is upholding or maintenance of core values.
traditionalism • Modernity refers to questioning the tradition and moving towards
rational thinking, social, scientific and technological progress.
and modernity • Due to the spread of education and technological advances, modern
thinking among Indians has increased. However, the family life is still
bound by traditional value and belief systems.
Balance between • Spiritualism's main focus is to promote an individual's experience with
spiritualism and God whereas materialism is a tendency to consider material
possessions/ physical comfort as more important than spiritual values.
materialism • Indian society is largely possessing spiritual orientations.
• However due to increased westernization, materialistic tendencies
have also become quite visible.
Balance between • Individualism is a moral, political or social outlook that stresses human
Individualism and independence, self-reliance and liberty.
• Collectivism is the practice of giving a group priority over each
collectivism individual in it.
• There exists a fine balance between them in Indian society.
Syncretism and • Indian society promotes accommodation as well as assimilation.
Dynamism • Over the years, multiple tribes have lost their core indigenous culture
due to assimilation into the major population of Indian society.
• Such contacts with different cultures also gave birth to newer
practices. The society is dynamic as it is changing everyday.
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 Unity in Diversity & Integrity of India
• ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’
• Spiritualism Traditional
• Tolerance& Non-violence Hindu Way
of Life
• Collective Orientation
• Purusharthas (Dharma, Artha, Kama,
Moksha) Composite
• Four Ashramas (Stages of Life) Culture
• Doctrine of ‘Karma’
• Notion of ‘Rebirth’ Cultural
• Notion of ‘Rina’ Contacts,
• Ayurveda, Yoga Western
Influence
• Fine Arts
I
N
• Cultural Unity
T • Constitution
E
G • Territorial Continuity
R • Common Socio-economic Problems
A
T
• Art, Literature
I • National festivals
O
N
• National Flag, Anthem, Emblem
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 Unity in Diversity
• Factors leading to Unity in Diversity
– Constitutional Identity (Single Constitution)
– Religious co-existence (Freedom of Religion)
– Inner-state mobility (A. 19 (1) (d))
– Economic Integration
– Institution of pilgrimage and religious practices
– Fairs and festivals (Holidays)
– Climatic integration (monsoon)
– Sports and Cinema

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 Unity in Diversity
• Factors threatening Unity of India
– Regionalism
– Divisive Politics
– Development imbalance
– Ethnic differentiation and nativism
– Geographical Isolation
– Inter-religious Conflicts
– Inter-state Conflicts
– Influence of External Factors
E.g., Foreign organizations, Terrorist Organizations etc.,
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 Previous Year Questions
• Examine the uniqueness of tribal knowledge system when
compared with mainstream knowledge and cultural systems. (10)
• How does Indian society maintain continuity in traditional social
values? Enumerate the changes taking place in it. (15 M)
• Has caste lost its relevance in understanding the multi-cultural
Indian Society? Elaborate your answer with illustrations. (10 M)
• Is diversity and pluralism in India under threat due to
globalization? Justify your answer. (15 M)
• What makes the Indian society unique in sustaining its culture?
Discuss. (10 M)
• Do we have cultural pockets of small India all over the nation?
Elaborate with examples (15 M)
• “Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms.
Hence, caste system cannot be eradicated in India.” Comment. (10)
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 Previous Year Questions
• Why is India considered as a sub-continent? Elaborate your
answer. (10)
• In the context of diversity of India, can it be said that the
regions form cultural units rather than the States? Give
reasons with examples for your viewpoint. (10 M)
• The spirit tolerance and love is not only an interesting feature
of Indian society from very early times, but it is also playing an
important part at the present. Elaborate.
• Has the formation of linguistic States strengthened the cause
of Indian Unity? (12.5 M)
• Describe any four cultural elements of diversity in India and
rate their relative significance in building a national identity.
• The life cycle of a joint family depends on economic factors
rather than social values. Discuss.
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 50
 CSB IAS ACADEMY
UPSC - CSE
PAPER-II (GENERAL STUDIES-1)
INDIAN SOCIETY
SECULARISM
VINAY KUMAR BAVANDLA
 WHAT IS OUR PLAN OF ACTION?
Salient Features Secularism
of Indian Society, Regionalism
Diversity Communalism

Urbanization Impact of
Population and
Problems Globalization on
Associated Issues
Remedies Indian Society

Poverty and Role of Women

Social
Developmental and Women’s
Empowerment
Issues Organization

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Religion and Religious Diversity in India

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LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 4
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 5
 SECULARISM

Secularism is the principle which advocates the separation of religion from politics.
It is the principle of separation of government institutions and persons mandated to
represent the state from religious institutions and religious dignitaries.
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 SECULARISM
Background: French scholar Jean Bauberot
Secularism- 3 essential components
– Emperor Ashoka 1) separation of religion from the
institutions of the state;
– Sufi/Bhakti saints, 2) freedom of conscience for all
individuals, circumscribed only by
– Emperor Akbar the need for public order and the
– French Revolution- ‘laïcité’ respect of the rights of other
individuals;
– Definition of ‘Secularism’ 3) no discrimination by the state
• Differentiation against individuals on the basis of
their beliefs.
• Privatization
• Decline in Social significance of Religion
– Western Model of ‘Secularism’
– Indian Model of ‘Secularism’
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 INDIAN MODEL OF SECULARISM
• “Dharma Nirapekshata”
• “Sama Dharma Sama bhava”
• Positive Concept of Secularism
• To address religious plurality and sought to achieve
peaceful coexistence of different religions.
• Preamble- 42nd constitution Amendment Act (1976)
• Constitutional Provisions- 14, 15, 16, 25-28, 29-30
• “Basic Structure” of the Constitution
• Article 51-A: To promote harmony and the spirit of
common brotherhood and to value and preserve the rich
heritage of our composite culture.
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 8
 Secularism –India vs. The West
• In western model of secularism, the “State” and the “religion” have their own
separate spheres and neither the state nor the religion shall intervene in each
other’s affairs i.e., complete separation of religion and state
• In India, neither in law nor in practice any 'wall of separation' between religion
and the State exists.
• In India, both state and religion can, and often do, interact and intervene in each
other's affairs within the legally prescribed and judicially settled parameters.
• Indian model has chosen a positive mode of engagement.
• In India, the state provides all religious minorities the right to establish and
maintain their own educational institutions which may receive aid and
assistance from state.
• In Indian secularism, state shall interfere in religion so as to remove evils in it
(i.e., human rights violation, discrimination, domination).
• India has intervened by enforcing legislation against the practices of sati or
widow-burning, dowry, animal and bird sacrifice, child marriage, and preventing
Dalits from entering temples.
• Departments of Religious Endowments, Wakf Boards, etc. It is also involved in
appointing Trustees of these boards. LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 9
 Western Model of Secularism Indian Model of Secularism
Negative concept of Secularism Positive concept of Secularism
(i.e., hedge between state and religion) (i.e., giving equal respect to all religions)

The state is separate from the functioning of The state is neutral to all religious groups but not
all religious institution and groups. necessarily separate

Non-interventionist in nature Reformist in nature

(The state believes in total non-interference of (The essence lies in forging a positive relationship
religion) between the state and religion)

It does not believe in an open display of Expression of Religion is manifested equally with
religion with except for places of worship. support from the state.

The distinction between state and religion is There is no clear distinction between the state
clear and set in stone and religion in India.
The state treats all religions with equal
indifference. The state gives financial aids to a religious
It does not aid any religious institutions institution and taxes them as well
through financial means or taxes them.
10 LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR
 Threats to Secularism
• Mingling of Religion and Politics i.e., mobilisation of votes on
Politicization of grounds of primordial identities like religion (caste, ethnicity etc.,)
Religion • Politicization of one religious group leads to the competitive
politicization of other groups, resulting in inter-religious conflict.

• operate through communalization of social space, by spreading myths

and stereotypes against minorities,
Communal politics
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR

• through attack on rational values and by practicing a divisive ideological

propaganda and politics. (Polarization on the basis of Religion).

Rise of Hindu • in recent years it has resulted into mob lynching on mere
(Ultra) Nationalism suspicion of slaughtering cows and consuming beef.

Islamic fundamentalism • pushes for establishing Islamic State based on sharia law
which directly comes into conflict with conceptions of the
or revivalism secular and democratic state.

• forced closure of slaughterhouses,

• campaigns against ‘love jihad’,
Other Factors
• reconversion or ghar- wapsi (Muslims being forced to convert to
Hinduism), etc. reinforces communal tendencies in society.
What can France learn from the Indian Constitution’s approach to secularism?
French integration model, which is enshrined in the
country’s Constitution appears to be not in synergy with
the emergence of multiculturalism.

Philosophical underpinnings of Indian Secularism

1. Sarva Dharma Samabhava: Literally it means that the destination of the paths
followed by all religions is the same, though the paths themselves may be
different) which means equal respect to all religions.
2. Positive secularism: This concept, embraced and promoted by personalities
like Vivekananda and Mahatma Gandhi is called ‘Positive secularism’ that
reflects the dominant ethos of Indian culture.
3. Religious Plurality: Indian secularism is not an end in itself but a means to
address religious plurality and sought to achieve peaceful coexistence of
different religions.
4. Protection of Minority Rights: Indian Secularism deals not only with the
religious freedom of individuals but also with the religious freedom of minority
communities.
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 12
 DOCTRINE OF ESSENTIAL RELIGIOUS PRACTICES
Shirur Mutt Case (1954)

The doctrine was invented

by a 7-judge Bench of the
Supreme Court in the
‘Shirur Mutt’ case in 1954.
• The court held that the term “religion” will cover all rituals and practices “integral”
to a religion, and took upon itself the responsibility of determining the essential and
non-essential practices of a religion.
‘Essentiality’ Doctrine – Important Cases A more reasonable approach will be
to apply the test of constitutional
• Sardar Syedna Taher Saifuddin Saheb vs. morality and legitimacy to the issue
Bombay (1962)- Dawoodi Bohra Muslims- at hand.
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) • Applying the principles of equality,
• Ananda Margis- ‘Tandava’ (1983) dignity and civil rights to a
• Bijoe Emmanuel vs. State of Kerala (1986)- particular practice may be better to
Art. 19(1)(a), 25(1) decide the constitutionality of a
• Sabarimala Case (2018) practice than a theological enquiry.
• Santhara/Sallekhana (Jainism) LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 13
 UNIFORM CIVIL CODE (UCC)
“I personally do not understand why religion should be given this
vast, expansive jurisdiction, so as to cover the whole of life and to
prevent the legislature from encroaching upon that field. After all,
what are we having this liberty for? We are having this liberty in
order to reform our social system, which is so full of inequities, so full
of inequalities, discriminations and other things, which conflict with
our fundamental rights. It is, therefore, quite impossible for anybody
to conceive that the personal law shall be excluded from the
jurisdiction of the State.”

What is Uniform Civil Code (UCC)? Why Uniform Civil Code (UCC)?
A Uniform Civil Code aims to replace personal “The State shall endeavour to secure the
laws based on the scriptures and customs of citizen a Uniform Civil Code throughout the
various religious communities, with a common territory of India” – Article 44 ( PART IV-DPSP)
set of rules governing every citizen of the • Secularism
country. • Inter-religious inequality
• Personal Law is the law by which an • Intra-Religious inequality
individual is governed in respect of various • Abolition of Misogynist practices
matters such as, principles relating to • Gender justice
marriage, divorce, maintenance, adoption, • Mohd. Ahmad Khan vs. Shah Bano Begum
inheritance, guardianship, succession, etc. & Ors (Shah Bano Case-1985)
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR
The Uniform Civil Code (UCC) calls for the
formulation of one law for India, which
would be applicable to all religious
communities in matters such as marriage,
divorce, inheritance, adoption.
Article 44 of the Indian Constitution:
The state shall endeavour to secure a
Uniform Civil Code for the citizens
throughout the territory of India.

LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 15

 THE UCC DEBATE
The Prospects The Challenges
• To foster Social Justice: Ambedkar believed that the • Religious and Cultural Diversity: The UCC could be
wide jurisdiction given to religion would prevent the seen as a threat to this diversity, as it requires the
legislature from bringing about social justice. abandonment of personal laws specific to particular
• Gender Equality: Personal laws in India often religious or cultural communities.
discriminate against women, particularly in matters • Against the Right to Freedom of Religion: The right
related to marriage, divorce, inheritance. to freedom of religion is protected under the Indian
• Accessible, easier administration of Justice: UCC Constitution. (Article 25-28). Some argue that
would simplify the legal system by replacing the a uniform civil code would infringe on this right, as
current patchwork of personal laws with a single set it would require individuals to follow laws that may
of rules that apply to everyone. not be in accordance with their religious beliefs.
• Uniformity and Consistency in the application of the • Lack of Consensus: There is a lack of consensus
law. Discrimination can be averted. among the various religious and cultural
• Rule of Law: By eliminating discrimination based on communities in India on the issue of a uniform civil
religion, UCC ensures the same rights and code.
protections under the law. • Practical Challenges: There are also practical
• Modernization and Reform: The UCC would provide challenges to implementing a uniform civil code in
an opportunity to update and harmonise the laws India, such as the need to harmonise a wide range
with contemporary values and principles. of laws and practices, and the potential for conflicts
• By establishing the universal principles of equality, with other provisions of the Constitution.
humanity, and modernity, the UCC will help to • Political Sensitivity: The issue of a uniform civil code
maximise the Youth potential in nation-building. is a highly sensitive and politicised issue in
• Social harmony: The UCC could help to reduce India, and it has often been used for political gain by
tension and conflict between different religious or various parties. This has made it difficult to address
community groups by providing a common set of the issue in a constructive and non-divisive manner.
rules for everyone to follow.
 PREVIOS YEARS QUESTIONS
1. What are the challenges to our cultural practices in the
name of secularism (150 words)
2. How the Indian concept of secularism is different from
the western model of secularism? Discuss. (150 Words)
3. The spirit tolerance and love is not only an interesting
feature of Indian society from very early times, but it is
also playing an important part at the present. Elaborate.
(250 Words)
4. How do the Indian debates on secularism differ from
the debates in the West? (150 words)
5. Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to
obscurantism. Do you agree? (15m, 250words)
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR
 CSB IAS ACADEMY
UPSC - CSE
PAPER-II (GENERAL STUDIES-1)
INDIAN SOCIETY
COMMUNALISM
VINAY KUMAR BAVANDLA
 WHAT IS OUR PLAN OF ACTION?
Salient Features Secularism
of Indian Society, Regionalism
Diversity Communalism

Urbanization Impact of
Population and
Problems Globalization on
Associated Issues
Remedies Indian Society

Poverty and Role of Women

Social
Developmental and Women’s
Empowerment
Issues Organization

LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 2

Religion and Religious Diversity in India

LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR

 Basis of Diversity –Associated Social Problem

Caste • Casteism

Region • Regionalism
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR

Religion • Communalism

Language • Linguistic Sub-nationalism

Ethnicity • Ethnic Nationalism

4
 SOCIAL PROBLEMS/ ISSUES
• Social Exclusion • Poverty-Hunger • Skill Development
• Discrimination, Prejudice • Illiteracy-Education • Unemployment
• Casteism • Health • Underemployment
• Communalism • Domestic Violence • Informal Sector
• Radicalization • Skewed Sex Ratio • Problems of Rural Labour
• Religious Fundamentalism • Ageing • Middle Class
• Terrorism • Human Trafficking • Feminization of Agriculture
• Prostitution • Female Labour Force
• Regionalism
• PwDs Participation
• Racism
• Child Marriages • Problems of Working Women
• Xenophobia • Child Labour • Migrant Workers
• Urbanization • Child Sexual Abuse • Development-Dependency
• Slums, Poverty& Crime • Bonded Labour • Globalization, Liberalization
• Manual Scavenging • Juvenile Delinquency and Privatization
• Corruption • Problems of LGBTQs • Mass Media
• National Integration • Migration • Social Media
• Ethnic Nationalism • Environmental Degradation
• Ultra Nationalism • Sustainable Development

LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 5

 Origin
Evolution
Current Status

Social Issue Causes

Measures to
address the or or
problem Factors
Problem

Manifestations
Consequences
Implications
Impact
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 6
 COMMUNALISM
Communalism is an ideology based on the
• Definition belief that society is divided into religious
• Manifestation communities whose interests differ and are
opposed to each other and hence
• Types/ Forms antagonistic in nature.

• Evolution of Communalism
• Factors responsible for Communalism in India
– Political Factors
– Historical Factors
– Economic Factors
– Social Factors
• Measures to address Communalism
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 7
 COMMUNALISM
• Chauvinism (belief in the superiority) based on religious identity.
• The belief that religion supersedes all other aspects of a person’s or group’s identity.
• Chauvinism itself is an attitude that sees one’s own group as the only legitimate
worthy group, with other groups being seen as inferior, illegitimate and opposed.
• Usually accompanied by an aggressive and hostile attitude towards persons and
groups of other religious identities.
• It causes rivalry, violence and tension among masses.
• It is a multifaceted process based on orthodoxy and
intolerance.
• It also propagates intense dislike for other religions.
• It stands for elimination of other religions and its values.
• It adopts extremist tactics including use of violence against
other people.
• It is exclusive in outlook. A communalist considers his own
religion to be superior to others’.

1. Backwardness
2. Perceived (or) relative Deprivation
Key 3. Regional/Social Imbalance in Development
Factors 4. Political Mobilization on the Ground of
Religion
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 Evolution of Communalism In India
Pre-Independence India Post-Independence India
• Liberal Communalism • Nellie Massacre (1983)
 Post 1857 revolt till 1936 • Anti-Sikh Riots (1984)
 Aligarh Movement
 Syed Ahmed Khan Vs. INC • Exodus of Kashmir Hindu
 AIML (1906) formation Pandits (1989)
 Bengal Division, 1909 MMR, 1932 • Babri Masjid Incident (1992)
Communal Award
 Rise of Hindu Communalism • Godhra Riots (2002)
 Shuddhi, Tablighi Movements • Assam Violence (2012)
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LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR

• Extremist Phase • Muzaffarnagar Riots (2013)
 Post 1937
• Delhi Riots (2020)
 Aggressive and Extremist Communal
Politics • Beef ban, Lynching
 Mohammed Ali Jinnah • Ghar Wapsi Programme
 Hindu Maha Sabha
 RSS • Love Jihad
• More than 2,700 Sikhs were massacred in Delhi and many other parts of the country in 1984.
• Several thousands of Hindu Kashmiri pandits have been forced to leave their homes in the Kashmir
valley; they have not been able to return to their homes for more than two decades.
• >1,000 persons, mostly Muslims, were massacred during the 2002 post-Godhra riots in Gujarat. 9
Historical • British policy of “Divide and Rule”
• Backwardness of Muslim middle class in terms of education, low
Reasons representation in Government jobs.
(demand for Pakistan, Mappila Rebellion)
• Separate electorates for Muslims
• British historians: projecting the Indian history on the basis of
Religion.

Political • Religion-based politics, identity politics, partiality of political leaders

towards their communities, communal speeches and hate speeches
Factors by party leaders and politicians during elections
• The Mandir-Masjid politics, Babri masjid demolition
• Politics of opportunism

Social Factors • Backwardness, poor socio-economic indicators

• Poor Social Infrastructure
• Issues like beef consumption, Hindi/Urdu imposition, conversion
efforts by religious groups etc.,

Economic • Stagnant economy of India also pitted various religious communities

against each other.
Factors • Communalist elements exploited these circumstances. In fact, the
main social base for communalism was and continues to be middle
class people. LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 10
 Communalism in India
CAUSES CONSEQUENCES
 Communal Politics • Atmosphere of unrest
 Political opportunism • Violent clashes
 Unhealthy competition for opportunities
• Loss of life& property
 Different perception of history
• Hindrance to social
 Backwardness
change
 Relative Deprivation
• Continued distrust
 Colonial past and Partition
 Vested interests • Forced migration
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 Insecurity in religious minorities • Xenophobia

 Perception of threat even among • Ghettoization
majoritarian sections
• Political mobilization
 Minority appeasement
• Polarization
 International linkages/ role of foreign forces
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 11
 Measures to address Communalism
Short Term Measures Long Term Measures
 Building solidarity by fostering a  Legislations, Legal Reforms
secular culture  Special Courts and
 Swift and Prompt response to expeditious investigation,
radicalization (in any form) trial of the cases
 Political parties should be restricted  Police Reforms
in mobilizing voters on ‘religion’
 Implementation of Sachar
basis
Committee Report (2006)
 RPA, 1951: Section 123 (3)
 Secular Education
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 Inter-religious marriages
 Increased Employment
 Love Jihad
opportunities for Minorities
 Mob lynching, communal violence
cases should be addressed swiftly.
 Uniform Civil Code (UCC)
 Media, Movies and Social Media
regulation
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 12
 PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS
1. ‘Communalism arises either due to power struggle or
relative deprivation. Argue by giving suitable
illustrations.’ (10M, 150 Words)
2. The spirit tolerance and love is not only an interesting
feature of Indian society from very early times, but it is
also playing an important part at the present. Elaborate.
(15M, 250 Words)
3. Distinguish between religiousness/religiosity and
communalism giving one example of how the former has
got transformed into the latter in independent India.
(15M, 250 Words)
4. Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to
obscurantism. Do you agree? (15M, 250 Words)
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR
 CSB IAS ACADEMY
UPSC - CSE
PAPER-II (GENERAL STUDIES-1)
INDIAN SOCIETY
REGIONALISM
VINAY KUMAR BAVANDLA
 REGIONALISM
Definition:
• The ideology of commitment to a particular regional identity which
could be based on language, ethnicity and other characteristics in
addition to geography.
• Expression of a common sense of identity and purpose by people
within a specific geographical region, united by its unique language,
culture etc.
• Characteristics of Regionalism
• Types of Regionalism

LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR

• Evolution of Regionalism in India
– Pre Independence
– Post Independence (Justice Party, Akali Dal)
• Factors responsible for Regionalism in India
• Regionalism-India’s experience of dealing with it!
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 Characteristics of Regionalism
• Regionalism is conditioned by economic, social, political and cultural
disparities
• At times, it is a psychological phenomenon.
E.g., India and Pakistan were divided to solve problems that were perceived
and feared, rather than being actually present.
• It is built around an expression of group identity as well as loyalty towards
the region.
E.g., Tribals in Jharkhand-Chhattisgarh area consider their land to be sacred,
and trace their identity to a common ancestor of the region.
• It presupposes the concept of development of one's own region without
taking into consideration the interest of other regions.
E.g., The recurrent and ever ongoing river water disputes between states
and nations could be traced to such factors.
• Regionalism, at times, prohibits people from other regions to be benefited by
a particular region.
E.g., The demand for a ‘Marathwada’ (Maharashtra for Marathwadas)
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 3
National Socialist
Council of Nagaland
(NSCN) Dravida Nadu
Mizo National Front
(MNF)
NE states

River water
disputes
Border issues
Issues over
overlapping issues

Vidarbha,
Shiv Sena Marathwada
(Maharashtra) Saurashtra
Bodos Vs. Bengali Telangana
Speaking Harithapradesh
Muslims
(Assam)
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 4
 Reasons for Growth of Regionalism
Secessionism  Historical and geographical isolation
 Lop-sided development
 Continuous neglect of a region
 Insider-outsider complex that nurturers
Separatism nativism and son-of-the-soil ideology
REGIONALISM

 Internal colonialism, i.e., despite being rich

in natural resources some regions remain
economically underdeveloped.
Sub-nationalism  The reasons being either ill-conceived top-
down approach or survival of one region at
the cost of the other region. (E.g., Chhota
Nagpur plateau region)
Demand for Autonomy  Political vested interests can accentuate
and exploit regional loyalties.
 Reaction to an imposed ideology that can
Demand For Regional make its appearance as a reaction against
Autonomy within a State the perceived imposition of a particular
ideology, language or cultural pattern on
all people and groups.
Demand for Full  Linguistic aspirations that have remained a
Statehood formidable basis of regionalism.
 Expression of ethnicity.
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 5
 Regionalism is characterized by the
following often in combination with
each other: Loyalties
Geographical concentration, cultural,
historical (cultural heritage, folklore, Geographical
myths and symbolism), language, caste, Factors NE
religion, ethnic (tribal identity, racial Economic Growth,
identity) issues and economic factors Resources and Prosperity
Bundelkhand

TDP History Dravida Nadu

Politico-
Basis of Language
Administrative Tamil
DMK Regionalism Caste Nationalism
Basis
Religion Punjabi Suba,
Akali Dal J&K

Regionalism-Clashes
Regional Economic
1. Linguistic Organization of States Imbalances
2. Demand for Dravida Nadu Economic
3. Telangana Movement Basis Relative Deprivation
4. Shiv Sena against Non-natives
5. Bodoland Demand within Assam UK, TS, JH, Bodoland
6. Khalistan Movement
7. MNS targeting North Indians LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 6
 Impact of Regionalism
Positive Impact Negative Impact
• Inter-group solidarity in a particular • It can have adverse impact on national
region. E.g., Tripura Tribal Autonomous integration, as loyalty to a particular region
District Council (1985) remains stronger than loyalty to the nation
• Regionalism has become a source of thereby threatening the progress and unity of
identity among people. Harmonious the nation.
Accommodation of such identities is • It breeds contempt amongst local people as
healthy for maintaining the socio- regards people from other regions.
cultural fabric of India. Consequently, it accentuates regional/
parochial divide and augments identity
• It may induce competition among
politics on these bases.
people of a region and propel them to
do better to improve the status of their • Regionalism can be exploited and used for
region. political leverage in order to garner votes.
• Unbalanced development, regionalist and
E.g., Competitive federalism in India
secessionist demands, law and order issues
• Regional recognition in terms of and violence.
statehood or state autonomy gives self-
• If regionalism has violent manifestations, it
determination to the people of that
can be a source of internal security challenges
particular region and they feel
and may even give a leeway to external
empowered and happy. factors. LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 7
 Impact of Regionalism on Indian Polity
• Rise of regional parties.
• Renewed focus on regional issues.
• Regionalist tendencies often stir inter-state hostility as its spillover effect.
• Regional movements often result in violent agitations, disturbs not only the
law and order situation but also have negative implications on the economy
of the state as well as the nation.
• Regionalism sometimes undercuts the national interest by being a hurdle in
international diplomacy.
• For instance- the opposition of regional/state parties of Tamil Nadu
against the stand of the central government had a direct implication on
the relation of India with Sri Lanka.
• The disagreement of political leadership in West Bengal with the central
government over the Land Boundary Agreement and Teesta River Water
sharing treaty with Bangladesh resulted in increased tensions between
the two nations.
• Regionalism can become a shield for militancy, extremism to create an
internal security threat. (E.g., Kashmir militancy) LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 8
 Regionalism and the lessons to be learnt!
Even after 7 decades of independence regional aspirations ranging from demands of statehood and
economic development to autonomy and separation keep coming up, creating tensions and testing the
capacity of democratic politics and keeping issues of National integration remain unresolved.
 Regional aspirations are very much a part of democratic politics. Expression of regional issues is not
an aberration or an abnormal phenomenon. (E.g., UK, Spain, France, Sri Lanka).
• A large and diverse democracy like India must deal with regional aspirations on a regular basis.
Nation building is an ongoing process. (E.g., Sikkim’s merger)
 The best way to respond to regional aspirations is through democratic negotiations rather than
through suppression. (E.g., Situation in the 1980’s –Punjab, North-east states like Mizoram, Assam,
Jammu& Kashmir).
 Significance of power sharing: It is not sufficient to have a formal democratic structure. Besides that,
groups and parties from the region need to be given share in power at the State level to deal with the
feeling of injustice and alienation. The regions together form the nation. So, the regions must have a
share in deciding the destiny of the nation (Regional Autonomy).
 Regional imbalance in economic development contributes to the feeling of regional discrimination.
Regional imbalance is a fact of India’s development experience. The backward states or regions in
some states feel that their backwardness should be addressed on priority basis and that the policies
of the Indian government have caused this imbalance. If some states remain poor and others develop
rapidly, it leads to regional imbalances and inter-regional migrations.
 Asymmetric, Flexible Federalism (6th Schedule): It indicates the farsightedness of the makers of our
Constitution in dealing with questions of diversity. While most of the states have equal powers, there
are special provisions for some states like J&K and the states in the north-east. These provisions
proved crucial in resolving some very complex political problems in the north-east.
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 9
 Is Regionalism a challenge to National Integration and Federalism?
• Regionalism is not opposed to national integration.
• Both can exist together in a creative partnership.
• Both are in favour of development.
• If we want to reconcile the competing claims of regionalism and national
integration, the political system of the country should remain federal and
democratic.
• Regionalism is not disruptive of national solidarity. The important condition for
national solidarity is that nationalism should be able to hold the different types
of regional sub-nationalities together.
• There should be healthy reconciliation between regionalism and nationalism.
• Regionalism can make federalism a greater success. In this aspect, the
accentuation of regional identities should not-become problematic.
• It is quite natural that regional communities, who are conscious of their
distinctive culture, should interact with federal government on the basis of a
more equal partnership.
• It will reduce the centralizing tendencies in a nation and power will shift from
the centre to the states.
Conceived in any form, regionalism and sub-regionalism are unavoidable in a country as vast and
diverse as India. Regionalism is a part and parcel of democratic politics.
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 10
 A Snapshot!
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR

Communalism Regionalism Secularism

It favours a single community It favours a single region It is neutral to all religions

Its effects are disastrous It is a threat to the stability of It seeks to foster unity and
a nation integrity

Manifests as instrument of Used as a political tool Secularism is neutral to all

power religions

It is caused by socio- It is the manifestation of Usually employed where

economic, historical and perceived inequalities while multiple religious groups are
political issues belonging to a large federal present
structure

11
 CSB IAS ACADEMY
UPSC - CSE
PAPER-II (GENERAL STUDIES-1)
INDIAN SOCIETY
GLOBALIZATION&
IMPACT ON INDIAN SOCIETY
VINAY KUMAR BAVANDLA
 What is Globalization?
Globalization as a concept fundamentally
deals with flows.
 Ideas  Scale
 Culture  Speed
 People
 Commodities/Goods
 Services worldwide
 Capital/Investment interconnectedness
 Technology

Globalization is a process of increasing

interdependence, interconnectedness and
integration of economies and societies to
such an extent that an event in one part of
the globe affects people in other parts of
world.
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Globalization envisages a borderless world or seeks the world as a global village.

ATTENTION!!
• Globalisation' is a value-neutral term. However the impact of globalization is positive for some
social groups, institutions and process and proved to be negative for others.
• For/On the very same social group or institution, Globalization may have both positive and
negative effects at the same time.
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Globalization is not a One-way Street!!

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 Impact of Globalization on Indian Society
Structure Culture
• Social Groups • Cuisine/Food
– Women
– Youth • Costumes/ Dressing Styles
– Elderly (Old age) • Language, Literature
– Dalits and Adivasis
• Social Institutions
• Beliefs, Traditions, Customs,
– Family/ Marriage Morals, Habits
– Caste System • Festivals
– Political Systems/State
– Education • Art- Dance, Music, Painting
– Economy, Environment • Architecture, Construction
• Positive Impact (or) • HOMOGENIZATION
Progressive Change • HYBRIDIZATION [OR]
• Negative Impact (or) GLOCALIZATION
Regressive Change • REVIVAL OF CULTURE
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 Impact of Globalization on Culture (Life Style)
Positive Impact Negative Impact
• English +IT + Internet => youth • Missionary led Religious conversions via lure of
from small town/ villages => social money -Naxalism-North East- Secessionism
empowerment. • Middle-East Jihadi funding to Madressa.
• Job, Prosperity, Free flow of Ideas • Internet, Facebook, Whatsapp: Brainwash and
Radicalize the youth to join ISIS; Mob Lynching;
=> social taboos & caste structure
Communal Riots in UP, Delhi; piracy.
less rigid. e.g. Girl can cremate
• Decline of classical art, language, literature.
father’s body.
(more money in English novel than vernacular).
• Social networking, media, candle • Valentine’s day, live-in relations, kiss-of-love
marches => Nirbhaya campaign, (Kerala), commodification/Objectification of
More voices against domestic women, Pornography, MMS-Voyeurism, vulgar
violence, crime against women. reality shows, etc.,
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• Indian literature, music, movies got • Divorce, Nuclear families, erosion of traditional
international recognition and vice value base in child upbringing
versa. Free flow of ideas and • Individualism, Conspicuous Consumption,
influence both ways. Materialism, bribery, exploitation, Apathy (for
poor, elderly etc.,)
• Fusion in fashion, food, lifestyle.
• Fast-food, 24×7 social networking: obesity,
lifestyle diseases; Bird-flu, HIV, Ebola
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 Globalization and Women
Positive Impact Negative Impact
• Increased opportunities for • Issues related to employment
women and workplace
• Independence/self confidence – low paying jobs, have less
• Development/Manifestation social security.
of entrepreneurial attitude • Exploitation of women in
• Spread of Feminist movement work place
• Improvement access to • Dual responsibility
education and health care • Commodification of women
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facilities • exposed to work exploitation

• Skills and vocational training and occupational hazards
• Impact on rural women • Prostitution, abuse and dowry
• Cultural change related suicides
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 Globalization and Youth
Positive Impact Negative Impact
• Education and Enterprise • Increased urban poverty
– Ambition to become ‘rich’ – Rural-to-urban migration
– High paying jobs in technical – Unemployment
sector
• Consumerist attitude
• Becoming a Global teenager
– Clothes, vehicles, gadgets
– Adoption of western popular
– Expensive/branded goods
culture
• Cultural change • Status of youth in family
– Materialism, – Gap with older generation
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– Individualism – Loss of wisdom, or

• Attitude towards religion
experiential knowledge
– Scientific temper • Depression, suicides
– Rationalism • Social Media/Game Addiction
– Spiritualism • Virtual Social Networking
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 Globalization and the Elderly
Positive Impact Negative Impact
• Healthcare: Advanced medical • Fallouts of disintegration of joint
technologies, decreased costs, families: isolation, rejection and
increased accessibility to health loneliness, psychological distress;
care for the elderly and crimes against them.
– Rise in average life • Unclear roles: Improved modern
expectancy education, rapid technological
– Improved living standards. changes have rendered their
• Communication: easy interaction knowledge obsolete; loss of status,
loneliness and worthlessness.
• Assistive Technologies: Ease of
living, comfort, accessibility • Rapid Cultural change& shock
• Economy: Improved employment • High Inflation and faster depletion
opportunities, room for economic of savings
Prosperity; ability to save more • Psychological problems- sense of
for their old age. dependence, insecurity and
• Better Institutional Care System alienation.
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 IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION
Dalits Adivasis
• Still bear the burden of acute poverty • systematic cuts in welfare expenditure
and worst types of social degradation. • privatization of public sector
• Absence of Freedom of occupation • drop in investment in agriculture
• Low earnings • Dismantling of the PDS
• Development induced displacement
• Implicit restrictions of needs
• Deforestation
• Stigma on menial labour
• Land alienation
• ‘structural adjustment’ programmes • Mining- Entry of MNCs
• Liberalization- lower allocations to • Commercialization of Forest produce
social sector- likely to adversely affect • Capital Intensive Agricultural Policy
the poor and Dalits. – Costly Inputs, mechanization
• Small gains made by the Dalits • Loss of Biodiversity, Bio-piracy
through reservations are being • Promoting over consumption- change
reversed. in lifestyles of tribals
• Impact of New economic policies, • Disruption of traditional crafts and
land reforms Small scale Industries- Unemployment
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 Globalization& State Sovereignty  Involvement of international institutions
in decision making: Many of the problems
1. Globalisation results in an erosion of afflicting the world today - such as poverty,
state capacity, that is, the ability of environmental pollution, economic crises,
government to do what they do. organized crime and terrorism – are
• ‘Welfare State’ increasingly transnational in nature, and
• ‘Minimalist State’- core functions cannot be dealt with only at the national
• Market, MNCs level, or by state to state negotiations.
2. The primacy of the state continues to  Role of Bureaucracy: Now the bureaucracy
be the unchallenged basis of political has not only to deal with the public service
community. delivery but also, they are playing a huge
• The state continues to discharge its role in setting up of international norms
essential functions (law and order, related to trade, environment, security etc.
national security etc.,)
3. In some respects state capacity has
received boost with Globalization.
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• With enhanced technologies

available at the disposal of the
state to collect information about
its citizens.
• With this information, the state is
better able to rule, not less able.
1
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0
 Globalization and Family
Structure Function
• Disintegration of joint family • Increased urban poverty
– Increasing mobility of younger – Rural-to-urban migration
generation in search of new
employment and educational – Unemployment
opportunities has weakened • Consumerist attitude
the family relations.
– Clothes, vehicles, gadgets
• New forms of family are emerging:
– Expensive/branded goods
– Single parent households,
– live-in relationships • Status of youth in family
– Female headed households – Gap with older generation
– Reconstituted Families – Loss of wisdom, or
– Dual-career family (both experiential knowledge
husband and wife are working) • Depression, suicides
– Same sex couples etc.

LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 11

 Globalization and Caste System

• Weakening of caste system - Due to globalization, there has been

expansion of economic opportunities, education and liberal thoughts,
which has resulted in weakening of the caste system.
• Acceptance of Inter caste marriage - Inter caste marriages are
becoming more common and are being accepted gradually
• Caste free division of labour - Traditional division of labour was
breaking down due to industrialization; this was given a boost by
globalization.
• Decline in Casteism and Caste based identity- Increasing use of
modern communication facilities, increased interaction between
members of different castes has led to decrease in feeling of Casteism.
• Secular pattern of living - Globalization has resulted into growing
urbanization, which has facilitated secular pattern of living and hence
impacted “separation of contact” aspect of caste system.
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 Globalization and the Economy
Positive Impact Negative Impact
• Trade liberalization, Generation of • Vulnerability to global economic shocks
employment • MNC Mining=> tribal land alienation, tribal
• Shift from Agrarian Economy to culture society diminishes
Manufacturing or Service sector based • Resource exploitation=> Climate change=>
Economy Extreme Weather Events=> Lives, Livelihoods
• Increased Global/National GDP, Growth • MNC=> Local artisans, small MSME hurt =>
Rate Jobless growth, income inequality
• Better provisioning of Social services • Income inequality=> crime, child labor, liquor,
(Education, Health, Skills, Employment etc.,) drug abuse, domestic violence.
• Increase in Innovation - Culture of startups • Stiff competition to Indian corporate
• Access to Global capital reserves, FDI/FIIs • Steep and fast reductions in custom duties
encouraged imports and entry of global
• More space to the private sector
players.
• Development of tourism sector globally
• Increase in unemployment (Jobless Growth)
• Revolution in IT and Telecom sector
• Uncontrolled urbanization and associated
• Reduction in Poverty, Access to Quality problems- Formation and proliferation of
Global Education slums, stress on urban Infrastructure,
• Affordable, customized and quality products resources, crime etc.,
• Improved access to health technology • Spread of diseases, pandemics

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 Globalization and Employment
• Globalization has resulted in casualization of labour, informalization of employment,
low wages, lack of Social security benefits.
• Real wages of casual labour increased faster than in the past- both among agricultural
and industrial workers.
• There has been a shift in the composition of labour force in favour of the skilled labors,
in general, and more significantly in the unorganized sector.
• Labour productivity indicated faster improvement both in organized and unorganized
sectors.
• International mobility of labors across borders accelerated
– persons with technical skills and professional expertise to the industrialized
countries
– unskilled and semi-skilled workers to the oil exporting countries of the Middle East.
– Tremendous growth in exports of IT and software services from India
– Employment opportunities for the Indian labour, particularly when the country
boasts to have very large pool of English speaking people.
– Stability in the country’s balance of payments.
• Woman labour: Feminization of the workforce increased after liberalization.
• Child labour: Though child labor persists, there has been a decline in participation of
children aged 5- 14 years in the workforce.
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 Globalization and Agriculture
• Shift from traditional food crops to cash crops: such as cotton and tobacco.
• Uneven spread of farm mechanization - Appropriate use of agricultural equipment’s,
suited to the crops and the region of cultivation, lead to efficient utilization of farm
inputs, making farming financially viable and profitable.
• Introduction of water saving techniques - such as drip irrigation. (Israel Model)
• Capitalist farming and contract farming - There has been a gradual shift from
Subsistence farming to capitalist farming and contract farming
• Increased access to developed country markets - However Indian farmer still find it
difficult to export their products to rich countries because of their inferior technology
and stringent quality parameters imposed by foreign consumers.
• Increase in input cost - Seed prices have increased due to entry by seed producing
MNCs like Monsanto. There are also concerns related to patent rights on seeds. The
large scale farmer suicides in Karnataka, Punjab and Haryana under the burden of
heavy loans is attributed to rising cost of inputs and thin margins on profit.
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• Trading of agricultural commodities has increased which at times lead to fluctuation of

prices of these commodities.
• Feminization of agriculture: Rural-to-urban migration of men; As per the 10th
Agriculture Census (2015-16), agriculture sector employs 80% of all economically
active women; they comprise 33% of the agricultural labour force and 48% of self-
employed farmers.
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 Globalization and Environment
1. Globalization has led to an increase in the consumption of products, which has impacted the
ecological cycle (Decline in the capacity for Regeneration/Replenishment).
 Increased consumption leads to an increase in the production of goods, which in turn puts
stress on the environment.
2. Globalization has also led to an increase in the transportation of raw materials and food from
one place to another. The amount of fuel that is consumed in transporting these products has
led to an increase in the pollution levels in the environment. Transportation has also put a
strain on the non-renewable sources of energy.
3. Greenhouse Effect& Global Warming
4. Climate Change and associated risks/consequences
5. Ozone layer depletion
6. Waste Generation- lack of RRR approach, littering, dumping into water bodies.
7. Oil spills from oil tankers threat pose threat to marine environment.
8. Due to globalization and industrialization, various chemicals have been thrown into the soil.
This toxic waste has caused a lot of damage to plants by interfering in their genetic makeup.
9. Land Degradation, Changed land use patterns, Deforestation etc.,
10. Globalization increases the vulnerability of ecosystems and societies, and the least resilient
ecosystems. The livelihoods of the poorest communities are most at risk.

Not only does globalization impact the environment, but the environment impacts the pace,
direction and quality of globalization.
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 16
 Previously Asked Questions
Popular Themes:
• Impact of Globalization on any Social Group/Social Institution/Social Process
• Is Globalization threatening the local culture, traditional institutions, values?
Evaluation of Impact of Globalization!
1. Are we losing our local identity for the global identity?
Discuss. (15 Marks, 250 words)
2. ‘Globalization is generally said to promote cultural
homogenization but due to this cultural specificities appear to be
strengthened in the Indian Society. Elucidate. (15 Marks, 250
words)
3. To what extent globalization has influenced the core of cultural
diversity in India? Explain. (200 Words, 12.5 Marks)
4. Discuss the positive and negative effects of globalization on
women in India. (250 Words, 15 Marks)
5. Critically examine the effects of globalization on the aged
population in India. (10 Marks, 150 Words)
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 CSB IAS ACADEMY
UPSC - CSE
PAPER-II (GENERAL STUDIES-1)
INDIAN SOCIETY
POPULATION
ASSOCIATED ISSUES
VINAY KUMAR BAVANDLA
 Why do numbers matter?
Say it in Words! Say it in Numbers!
There is high incidence of • As per official estimates In India, in 2011-12, 21.9% of the
poverty in India population lies below poverty line.
• One on Five persons in India is poor.
Indian women face • One woman reported a rape every 15 minutes on an
discrimination and violence. average in India in 2021
• NCRB Report 2021: India registered 31,677 cases of rape
in 2021 - an average 86 daily - while nearly 49 cases of
crime against women were lodged every single hour.
The malnutrition burden in India • India is home to 46.6 million stunted children, a third of
is huge and needs urgent world's total as per Global Nutrition Report - 2018.
redressal.

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 Population Census is the total process of
collecting, compiling, analyzing or
otherwise disseminating demographic,
economic and social data pertaining, at a
specific time, of all persons in a country or
a well-defined part of a country.
The Sample Registration System (SRS) is a large-scale • As such, the census provides snapshot
demographic survey for providing reliable annual of the country's population and housing
estimates of Infant mortality rate, birth rate, death rate at a given point of time.
and other fertility & mortality indicators at the national
Relation to head of the household
and subnational levels. Sex, Age at last birth day
Current marital status
A systematic and modern population census, in its Age at marriage
present form was conducted non synchronously between Religion
1865 and 1872 in different parts of the country. Name of Scheduled Caste / Scheduled Tribe
Mother tongue
This effort culminating in 1872 has been popularly
Other languages Known
labeled as the first population census of India. Highest educational level attained
• Viceroy Lord Mayo If attending educational institution

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However, the first synchronous census in India was held Disability status
in 1881. Worker / non –worker
Main Worker / Marginal Worker
Since then, censuses have been undertaken Economic activity of the main or marginal worker
uninterruptedly once every ten years. Non –economic activity of Marginal worker and
non –worker
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) is the United
Marginal worker or non-worker – seeking /
Nations sexual and reproductive health agency. available for work
UNFPA works directly to tackle Sustainable Development Distance and mode of travel to place of work
Goal 3 on health, Goal 4 on education and Goal 5 on gender Place of Birth
equality. Place of last residence 5
 Term Description
Birth Rate The Number of live births per 1000 population.
Death Rate The number of deaths in a given area during a given time per 1000 population.
Rate of Natural Increase Difference between the birth rate and the death rate. (when this difference is
zero or very small, then we say that the population has ‘stabilised’, or has
reached the ‘replacement level’)
Fertility Rate The number of live births per 1000 women in the child-bearing age group,
usually taken to be 15 to 49 years.
(Total fertility rate, TFR, is the ‘the average number of births to a cohort of
women up to the end of the reproductive age period)
Infant Mortality Rate Number of deaths of babies before the age of one year per 1000 live births.
Maternal Mortality Rate The number of women who die in childbirth per 1,00,000 live births.
Life Expectancy The estimated number of years that an average person is expected to
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survive. (2011-12: It was 67.3 years for male and 69.6 years for female)
Age Structure The proportion of persons in different age groups relative to the total population.
Dependency Ratio It is a measure comparing the portion of a population which is composed of
dependents (i.e., elderly people who are too old to work, and children who
are too young to work) with the portion that is in the working age group,
generally defined as 15 to 64 years.
Demographic Dividend A falling dependency ratio can be a source of economic growth and prosperity
due to the larger proportion of workers relative to non-workers. This is
sometimes referred to as the ‘demographic dividend’, or benefit flowing from
the changing age structure. However, this benefit is temporary. 6
 The Malthusian Theories of Population Growth
• Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834).
• “Essays on Population”
• According to him there are two
important things that matter.
(i) Population – People
(ii) Means of human subsistence
• According to him, population grows in
‘geometric progression’ (2, 4, 8,16,
32, 64 …) i.e., faster, uncontrollable
manner.
• Agricultural Production grows in
arithmetic progression (2,4,6,8,10 ).
• It is slow. As a result there is an
• Unfortunately, humanity has only a limited ability
imbalance in society.
to voluntarily reduce the growth of its population
• Therefore humanity is condemned to
live in poverty forever because the
(through ‘preventive checks’ such as postponing
growth of agricultural production will marriage or practicing sexual abstinence or
always be overtaken by Population celibacy).
growth. • Malthus believed therefore that ‘positive checks’ to
• Population is growing uncontrollably, population growth – in the form of famines and
land is not able to sustain the large diseases – were inevitable because they were
population which leads to poverty, nature’s way of dealing with the imbalance
hunger, saturation etc. between food supply and increasing population.
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 Theory of Demographic Transition
Demographers have observed that many countries followed a similar pattern of population change following
the Industrial Revolution (in Western Europe), and they have developed a theory of demographic transition
to describe the nature of this pattern.
• The theory focuses on explaining what happens to a population when it switches from having high birth
and death rates to low birth and death rates.

There are three basic phases of population growth.

1. Low population growth in a society that is underdeveloped and technologically backward. Growth rates are low
because both the death rate and the birth rate are very high.
2. A transitional stage of movement: characterized by very high rates of growth of population, so that the
difference between the two (or the net growth rate) is low.
3. The third (and last) stage is also one of low growth in a developed society where both death rate and birth rate
have been reduced. LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 8
Does the theory hold good for India?

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LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 10
 A Snapshot-What are we going to learn here?
KEY ASPECTS OF POPULATION DETERMINANTS OF POPULATION
• Size of the population • Fertility
• Population Growth • Mortality
• Population Density
• Literacy • Migration
• Sex Ratio
• Age Structure

POPULATION- KEY ISSUES POPULATION& POLICY

• Illiteracy; Gap between Female • Evolution of India’s Population
and Male Literacy Policy
• Skewed Sex Ratio • National Population Policy-2000
• Differential Age Structure & • India’s Population Control
Regional Variations Strategies
• Ageing of the Population • Comparison with China’s
• TFR& Replacement Level Fertility Population control policy
• Reproductive Rights • Emerging Policy Changes
1
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1
 SIZE AND GROWTH OF INDIA’s POPULATION

12 LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR

 CENSUS 2011- POPULATION DENSITY
TOP 10 States/UTs
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BOTTOM 5 States/UTs

13
 India (average) = 382

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 LITERACY

Literacy and education are important indicators in a In census, a person aged seven years
society and play a central role in human
development that impacts overall social-economic
and above who can both read and
development milieu. write in any language, is treated as
Higher levels of literacy and education lead to: ‘literate’.
• better attainment of health and nutritional status
All children of six years age or less are
• economic growth
• population control treated as ‘illiterate’ even if the child is
• empowerment of the weaker sections and going to a school and has picked up
community as a whole. reading and writing skills.
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 15
 LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR
Sustainable Development Goal No.4

"Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote

lifelong learning opportunities for all” (SDG #4)

SDG 4 aims to provide children and young people with quality and
easily accessible education plus other learning opportunities.
One of its targets is to achieve universal literacy and numeracy. 16
 SEX RATIO
The number of females per 1000 males in a given area at a
specified time period.

• Biologically normal sex ratio at birth is 1,050 males

to 1,000 females or 950 females to 1,000 males.
• The SRS Report 2018 shows that sex ratio at birth in
India, declined marginally from 906 in 2011 to 899 in
2018

Regressive Mindset, illiteracy, Technology (Sonography,

Ultrasound Scanning), Lax implementation of PCPNDT Act,
1994, Preference for boys, SRB, sex-selective abortions, sex
17
ratio of children and sex-differentials in mortality
 Indicator No. (Source)

Sex Ratio 943

(Census-2011)

Child Sex Ratio (CSR) 919

(Census-2011)

Sex Ratio at Birth 904

(SRB) (SRS 2017-19)

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 Skewed Sex Ratio at Birth: Reasons, Implications and Measures
Reasons Implications Measures& Way Forward
• Gender Bias: According to • Gender-imbalance: Amartya • Bringing about Behavioural
information from the UNPFA, Sen, in his world famous Change: Increasing female
reasons for female infanticide article “Missing Women” has education and economic
include anti-female bias, as statistically proved that during prosperity help to improve the
women are often seen as the last century, 100 million ratio.
subservient to men. women have been missing in • Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
• Son-Preference: In addition, south Asia. • Sensitizing Youth: There is an
parents believe they will be • This is due to discrimination urgent need to reach young
better taken care of in their old leading to death, experienced people for reproductive
age by men, as men are by them from womb to tomb health education and services
perceived as the principal in their life cycles. as well as to cultivate gender
wage earners of the family. • An adverse child sex ratio is equity norms.
• Social Practices: Parents of also reflected in the distorted • ASHA Workers
girls are usually expected to gender makeup of the entire • ANMs
pay a dowry, which could be population. • Anganwadi Services
avoided by raising males. • Distortion in the Marriage • Stringent Enforcement of
• Counter Effect of Rise in System-Haryana& Punjab- Law: India must implement the
Income: Contrary to popular poor sex ratios- ‘import’ PCPNDT Act, 1994 more
perception, in India’s SRB brides from other States- stringently and dedicate more
declined even as per capita exploitation of these brides. resources to fighting the
income increased. This could • Skewed sex ratios lead to more preference for boys.
be because of easy access to violence against women and
sex-selective procedures. human-trafficking. LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 19
 Social construct discriminating girls on the one
hand, easy availability, affordability and
subsequent misuse of diagnostic tools on the
other hand, have been critical in declining CSR.
The strong socio-cultural and religious biases,
preference for sons and discrimination towards
daughters has accentuated the problem

This is a joint initiative of Ministry of Women

and Child Development, Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare and Ministry of Human
Resource Development.
The objectives of this initiative are:
1. Prevention of gender biased sex selective
elimination
2. Ensuring survival & protection of the girl
child
3. Ensuring education and participation of
the girl child
The happiness of a nation lies in the dignity of
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR its daughters. 20
Age Structure of the Indian Population

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21
 POPULATION-AGE STRUCTURE-DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA): Demographic Dividend is "the economic growth potential that can
result from shifts in a population’s age structure, mainly when the share of the working-age population (15 to 64)
is larger than the non-working-age share of the population (14 and younger, and 65 and older)".

Demographic Dividend in India

• India has one of the youngest populations in an aging world.
• The median age in India is 28, compared to 37 in China and the US, 45 in Western Europe, and 49 in Japan.
• Since 2018, India’s working-age population (people between 15 and 64 years of age) has grown larger than the
dependent population — children aged 14 or below as well as people above 65 years of age. This bulge in the
working-age population is going to last till 2055, or 37 years from its beginning.
• This transition happens largely because of a decrease in the total fertility rate (TFR, which is the number of
births per woman) after the increase in life expectancy gets stabilised.
• The window of demographic dividend opportunity in India is available for five decades from 2005-06 to 2055-
56, longer than any other country in the world.
• This demographic dividend window is available at different times in different states because of differential
behaviour of the population parameters. LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 22

• Building human capital: Investing in people through healthcare, quality education and skills helps build
Demographic Dividend

human capital, which is key to supporting economic growth, ending extreme poverty, and creating a
more inclusive society.
How to reap

During the course of DD, there are 4 mechanisms through which

• Quality, equitable, inclusive Education
the benefits are delivered. They are Increase in Labour Supply;
• Academic-industry collaboration
Increase in Savings; Human Capital Formation; Increase in
• Skill Development Domestic Demand. However, the demographic dividend is
• Healthcare services neither automatic nor permanent. It has to be reaped when the
• Employment generation window is available, else will be a wasted opportunity.
• Promote sustainable urbanisation
• Forward looking policies to correct inter-state variations in fertility, age structures etc.,
 INTER-STATE VARIATIONS IN TFR &AGE STRATURES
INTER-STATE VARIATIONS IN DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND WINDOW AVAILABILITY

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23
Determinants of the age structure:
• Level of development
• Average life expectancy
• High infant and maternal mortality rates
With development, quality of life improves and
with it the life expectancy also improves.
This changes the age structure; relatively smaller
proportions of the population are found in the
younger age groups and larger proportions in the
older age groups. This is also referred to as the
ageing of the population.

24
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 25
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR
2036
 Three (3) Key Determinants of Population
Fertility Mortality Migration
Factors: High IMR& Reasons: Permanent, temporary or seasonal
• Religious Ideologies 1. Socio-economic change in place of residence.
factors
• Universality of the institution like poverty, caste, low• Immigration: Migrants who move
of marriage educational status etc., into a new place are called
• Early marriage and early child- 2. Early marriages Immigrants.
bearing 3. Skewed healthcare access • Emigration: Migrants who move out
• Preference for sons ingrained 4. Lack of Immunization of a place are called Emigrants.
in the Indian culture Misuse of technology Two sets of factors that influence
migration.
• Lack of right of self- 5. Political factors like less
• Push factors: The place of origin
determination with reference spending on health
may seem less attractive for
to reproduction
reasons like unemployment, poor
• High infant and child mortality High MMR (113 in 2018)-
living conditions, political turmoil,
rates (unsatisfactory health, Reasons: unpleasant climate, natural
low nutritional status and 1. Poor Infrastructure at disasters, epidemics and socio-
poverty) also contribute to a PHCs economic backwardness.
large family size 2. Socio-Economic Factors • Pull factors: The place of
• Economic, social, cultural as 3. Patriarchy destination may seem more
well as religious value of 4. Obstetric causes attractive than the place of origin
children in the Indian society 5. Unplanned Pregnancy for reasons like better job
• Lack of availability of 6. Mass Literacy opportunities and living
contraceptives and awareness 7. Political Reasons conditions, peace and stability,
on contraceptive methods security of life and property and
• Unpopularity of Adoption LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR pleasant climate.
 Total Fertility Rate (TFR)& National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21)
• The TFR declined from 2.2 to 2.0 at the national
level between NNFHS 4 and 5.
• There are only five states in India which are above
replacement level of fertility of 2.1.
• These states are Bihar (3.4), Meghalaya (3.0),
Uttar Pradesh (2.7), Jharkhand and Manipur (2.6).
• Replacement level fertility is the total fertility
rate—the average number of children born per
woman—at which a population exactly replaces
itself from one generation to the next, without
migration.
Highest and Lowest Fertility Rate:
• Bihar and Meghalaya have the highest fertility
rates in the country, while Sikkim and Andaman
and Nicobar Islands have the lowest.
Area wise:
• In rural areas, TFR has declined from 3.7 children
per woman in 1992-93 to 2.1 children in 2019-21.
• The corresponding decline among women in
urban areas was from 2.7 children in 1992-93 to
1.6 children in 2019-21.
Community Wise:
• Muslims’ fertility rate has seen the sharpest
decline among all religious communities over the
past two decades.
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28

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 Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
TFR is the number of children a mother would
have at the current pattern of fertility during her
lifetime.
• Replacement rate is the average number of
children born per woman—at which a
population exactly replaces itself from one
generation to the next, without migration.

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29
 The National Family Health Survey (NFHS)
• NFHS is a large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in a
representative sample of households throughout India.
• Five rounds of the survey have been conducted since the
first survey in 1992-93.
• The survey provides state and national information for
India on fertility, infant and child mortality, the practice of
family planning, maternal and child health, reproductive
health, nutrition, anaemia, utilization and quality of
health and family planning services.
• The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW),
Government of India, designated the International
Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) Mumbai, as the
Trends in Mortality Indicators nodal agency. for the survey.

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30
 MIGRATION
Migration is the movement of people away from their usual place of residence (permanently
or semi-permanently), across either internal (within country) or international (across
countries) borders.

Migration on the basis of Origin and Destination Another way to classify migration is:
1. RURAL-RURAL (i) intra-state
2. RURAL-URBAN (ii) inter-state
3. URBAN-RURAL In 2011, intra-state movement accounted for
4. URBAN-URBAN almost 88% of all internal migration (39.6 crore)
• As per the 2011 census, there were 21 crore rural-rural migrants which formed 54% of classifiable
internal migration
• Rural-urban& urban-urban: 8 crore migrants each;
• Urban-Rural: 3 crore (7% of internal migration).
• Note: Census did not classify 5.3 crore people as originating from either rural or urban areas.
• As per the Census, India had 45.6 crore migrants in 2011 (38% of the population) compared to 31.5
crore migrants in 2001 (31% of the population).
• Between 2001& 2011, while population grew by 18%, the number of migrants increased by 45%.
• In 2011, 99% of total migration was internal and immigrants (international migrants) comprised 1%.

• As of 2011, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar were the largest source of inter-state migrants while Maharashtra
and Delhi were the largest receiver states.
• Around 60 lakh people from across India had migrated to Maharashtra by 2011.
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 31
 Push Factors Pull Factors
 Armed conflict  Better security
 War  Better Education
 Natural disasters  Better job opportunities
 Lack of job opportunities  Prospect of a more exciting life
 Lack of possession of economic and  Better transport Facilities
cultural capital  Infrastructure
 Family break up  Medical/Health Services
 Dissatisfaction with one’s own life and  Entertainment, Recreation
surroundings  Family Ties/links

LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 32

Reasons for inter-state migration

Reasons for intra-state migration

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 ISSUES FACED BY MIGRANT LABOUR
Article 19(1)(e) of the Constitution, guarantees all Indian citizens the right to
reside and settle in any part of the territory of India, subject to reasonable
restrictions.
However, people migrating for work face key challenges including:
1. lack of social security and health benefits
2. Discrimination& Violence (Sons of Soil)
3. Neglect by the Political Class and apathy in Government Officials
4. Poor implementation of minimum safety standards
5. lack of portability of state-provided benefits especially food
provided through the public distribution system (PDS)
6. lack of access to affordable housing and basic amenities in urban
areas.
7. Poor implementation of protections under the Inter-State Migrant
Workmen Act, 1979 (ISMW Act)
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 34
Population and Emerging Issues Population& Government Initiatives
1. Total Fertility Rate and Achievement of 1. National Population Policy-2000
Replacement Rate (2.1) 2. PCPNDT Act, 1994
2. Population Distribution and differential 3. National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)
age structure across states 4. Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)
3. Ageing of the Population 5. Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)
4. Adverse/Skewed Sex Ratio 6. Universal Immunization Programme (Mission
5. Child Mortality and Infant mortality Indradhanush)
6. Reproductive Health 7. Pradhan Mantri Matritv Sahyog Yojana
(PMMSY)
8. Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana

Delayed/Late Marriages
Minimum Age of Marriage Employment Opportunities
Sexual abstinence
Raising the status of Women Development of Agriculture
Family Planning
Education and Industry
Recreational Facilities
Adoption Standard of Living
IEC/ Persuasion and Social
Change in Social Outlook Urbanization
Influence
Social Security LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 35
Incentives
 POPULATION POLICY IN INDIA
Cairo International Conference on
Population and Development (1994 )
The ‘Cairo Consensus’ called for a promotion
of reproductive rights, empowering women,
universal education, maternal and infant
health to untangle the knotty issue of
poverty and high fertility.
Governments have no business regulating
how many children people have. Instead they
should respect people's life choices and end
any invasive and punitive controls over
people's family planning decisions

1952: India was the first country in the world to launch a national programme, emphasizing
family planning to the extent necessary for reducing birth rates "to stabilize the population at a
level consistent with the requirement of national economy“.
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LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR

1966: Creation of a separate Department of Family Planning in the health ministry in 1966 (later
changed to family welfare) and an extension approach was adopted.
1976: Increasing legal age for marriage, Freezing seats in Lok Sabha, linking central assistance to
performance
1975-77: Emergency: Coercion and pressure, Central assistance of 8% was linked with the family
planning performance, states’ laws on compulsory sterilization
Post 1977: Information-Education-Communication (IEC), Literacy, Women education&
empowerment, Socio-economic development, Mother& Child health, NGOs etc., 36
 National Population Policy - 2000
1. To address the unmet needs for contraception, 1. Make school education up to age 14 free and
health care infrastructure& health personnel, compulsory, and reduce drop outs (to <20%).
and to provide integrated service delivery for 2. Reduce IMR to below 30 per 1000 live births,
basic reproductive and child health care. MMR to below 100 per 100,000 live births.
2. To bring the TFR to replacement levels by 2010, 3. Achieve universal immunization of children
3. To achieve a stable population by 2045, at a against all vaccine preventable diseases.
level consistent with the requirements of 4. Promote delayed marriage for girls, not earlier
sustainable economic growth, social than age 18 and preferably after 20 years of age.
development, and environmental protection. 5. Achieve 80 percent institutional deliveries and
100 percent deliveries by trained persons.
• Voluntary and informed choice 6. Achieve universal access to information/
• Target free approach counseling, and services for fertility regulation
• Achievement of replacement level of fertility by and contraception with a wide basket of
simultaneously addressing the issues of choices.
contraception, maternal health and child survival. 7. Achieve 100 per cent registration of births,
The successes achieved are enumerated below: deaths, marriage and pregnancy.
1. TFR has declined from 2.9 in 2005 to 2.2 in 2017 8. Contain the spread of AIDS, and promote
(SRS). greater integration between the management
2. 25 out of 37 States/UTs have already achieved of reproductive tract infections (RTI) and
replacement level fertility of 2.1 or less. sexually transmitted infections (STI).
3. The Decadal growth rate has declined from 9. Prevent and control communicable diseases.
21.54% in 1999-2000 to 17.64% during 2001-11. 10. Integrate Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM) in
4. The Crude Birth Rate (CBR) has declined from the provision of reproductive and child health
23.8 to 20.2 from 2005 to 2017 (SRS). services, and in reaching out to households.
5. The Teenage birth rate has halved from 16 % 11. Promote vigorously the small family norm to
(NFHS III) to 8 % (NFHS IV). achieve replacement levels of TFR. 37
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 Family Planning & National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5)
• Modern contraceptive use: Modern
contraceptive use by currently
married women has increased from
48 percent to 56 percent between
2015-16 and 2019-21.
• Female sterilization is still the most
popular contraceptive method,

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used by 38 percent of currently
married women.
• Source of modern contraceptive
methods: Sixty-eight percent of
modern contraceptive method
users obtained the method from
the public health sector. 38

• Contraceptive discontinuation: In the five years preceding the survey, 50 percent of the women
who started using a contraceptive method discontinued the method in less than 12 months. The
leading reason for discontinuation is a desire to become pregnant (11%).
• Unmet need for family planning: Nine percent of currently married women have an unmet need
for family planning, down from 13 percent since 2015-16.
• Hysterectomy: Three percent women have had a hysterectomy. More than two-thirds (70%) of
hysterectomies were performed in the private health sector.
 Lessons to learn- China’s Population Policy& Implications
• China's population trends have over the years been • Demographic distortions
largely shaped by the one-child policy, which was • The one-child policy also led to a
introduced in 1979 to slow population growth. severe gender imbalance in the
• Families that violated the rules faced fines, loss of country.
employment and sometimes forced abortions.
• The traditional preference for
male children led to large
numbers of girls being abandoned
or placed in orphanages, or cases
of sex-selective abortions or even
female infanticide.
• Slow Down in Population Growth
• 2020 Census: Lowest number of
births recorded since the 1960s.
• Shrinking Labour Market and
Impact on Production and
Economic Development
• Ageing of Population

In 2016, China had scrapped its one-child policy to replace it with a two-child limit, but this failed to
lead to a sustained upsurge in births. Now, China allows the couples to have three children.
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 39
Declining Birth Rate: The extinction threat for Japan
• Japan's Prime Minister (Fumio Kishida) says his
country is on the brink of not being able to function
as a society because of its falling birth rate.
• "Focusing attention on policies regarding children
and child-rearing is an issue that cannot wait and
cannot be postponed."
• In 2020, researchers projected Japan's population to
fall from a peak of 128 million in 2017 to less than 53
million by the end of the century.
• By 2050, it could lose a fifth of its current population.
The population is currently just under 125 million,
according to official data.
• Japan has continued implementing strict immigration
laws despite some relaxations, but some experts are
now saying that the rules should be loosened further
to help tackle its ageing society.
• Japan now has the world's second-highest
proportion of people aged 65 and over (28%), after
the tiny state of Monaco, according to World Bank
data.
• Falling birth rates are driven by a range of factors,
including rising living costs, more women in
education and work, as well as greater access to
contraception, leading to women choosing to have
fewer children. 40
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR
 Important Goals of National Health Policy-2017
• Increase health expenditure by Government as a percentage of GDP from the existing 1.15% to 2.5 %
by 2025.
• Increase Life Expectancy at birth from 67.5 to 70 by 2025.
• Establish regular tracking of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) Index as a measure of burden of
disease and its trends by major categories by 2022.
• Reduction of TFR to 2.1 at national and sub-national level by 2025.
• Reduce Under Five Mortality to 23 by 2025 and
• Reduce Maternal Mortality Rate from current levels to100 by 2020.
• Reduce neo-natal mortality to 16 and still birth rate to “single digit” by 2025.
• Achieve global target of 2020 which is also termed as target of 90:90:90, for HIV/AIDS, i.e., 90% of
all people living with HIV know their HIV status, 90% of all people diagnosed with HIV infection
receive sustained antiretroviral therapy, and 90% of all people receiving ART will have viral
suppression.
• Achieve and maintain a cure rate of >85% in new sputum positive patients for TB and reduce
incidence of new cases, to reach elimination status by 2025.

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• Reduce the prevalence of blindness to 0.25/1000 by 2025
• Reduce the disease burden by one third from current levels.
• Reduce premature mortality from CVD, cancer, diabetes/ chronic respiratory diseases by 25%.
• Increase utilization of public health facilities by 50% from current levels by 2025
• Antenatal care coverage to be sustained >90% and
• skilled attendance at birth above 90% by 2025.
• More than 90% of the newborn are fully immunized by one year of age by 2025.
• Meet need of family planning above 90% at national and sub national level by 2025. 42
 GS-I a)‘Population Explosion’ in India is a Myth. Justify
Indian b) Development is the best contraceptive. Examine the statement in
Society the socio-cultural context of India. (15 Marks)
• 2019-Aug 15 PM’s Speech
• India: 17% Population (2.4%, 4%)
• UN-DESA
• The Economic Survey 2018-19
• National Family Health Survey (NFHS)
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
• Replacement Rate TFR
• Three (3) vital factors which are
responsible for high fertility:
A. Illiteracy (especially of girls)
B. Poverty and
C. Poor access to health services

1. expand the basket of contraceptive

choices
2. Promote Male Sterilization
3. Improve educational outcomes
4. Increase productivity and workforce
participation
VINAY KUMAR BAVANDLA 43
 PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS
1. “Empowering women is the key to control population growth”.
Discuss. (150 Words)
2. Critically examine whether growing population is the cause of
poverty OR poverty is the main cause of population increase in
India. (250 Words)
3. How do you explain the statistics that show that the sex ratio in
Tribes in India is more favourable to women than the sex ratio
among Scheduled Castes? (150 Words)
4. Discuss the changes in the trends of labour migration within
and outside India in the last four decades. (150 Words)
5. Why do some of the most prosperous regions of India have an
adverse sex ratio for women? Give your arguments. (150
Words)
6. Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point
out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (250 words)
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 44
 CSB IAS ACADEMY
UPSC - CSE
PAPER-II (GENERAL STUDIES-1)
INDIAN SOCIETY
URBANIZATION
PROBLEMS& REMEDIES
VINAY KUMAR BAVANDLA
 URBANIZATION- DEFINITION, STATUS& CAUSES
The tendency to concentrate in towns and cities is called urbanization.
• Urbanization (or the growth of urban settlement), is the process of becoming urban, moving to
cities, changing from agriculture to other pursuits common to cities, such as trade, manufacturing,
industry and management, and corresponding changes of behavior patterns.
In the 20th century urbanization has
taken place at such a fast pace that
there has been an unprecedented
increase in urban population in
almost all the countries of the
world.

CHARACTERISTICS
• Social Heterogeneity
• Differentiation
• Achievement based social
Mobility
• Freedom from Social Control
• Voluntary Associations
• Individualism Industrialization and Migration are the key processes underlying
• Social Mobility growth of urbanization (mainly rural to urban migration of people).
• Availability of facilities • After independence, urbanization in India is increasing at very
• Anonymity: Transient or high pace.
superficial relations LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 2
URBANIZATION

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 URBANIZATION IN INDIA - STATUS
The census of India, 2011 defines
urban settlement as :-
1) All the places which have
municipality, corporation,
cantonment board or notified town
area committee
2) All the other places which satisfy
following criteria :
a) A minimum population of 5000
persons
b) At least 75 % of male main
working population engaged in
non-agricultural pursuits; and
c) Population Density of at least 400
persons per square kilometer
The cities and towns are classified
into a 6-fold classification:
More than 100,000; 99,000 to
50,000; 49,999 to 20,000; 19,999 to
10,000; 9,999 to 5000; less than
5000
UN World Urbanisation Prospects Report-2018: 34% Urban population in India LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 4
 Global scenario Indian scenario
In 2007, population living in Urban areas Census 2011: 377 million Indians (about 31.2%
(towns and cities) surpassed rural of the total population) is living in urban areas.
population.
Currently, around 55% of the world Currently, around 35% of India’s population is
population (about 4 billion) is living in cities. living in cities.

UN projections show that 70% of the world UN projections show that about 50% of the
population is predicted to live in urban population in India (870 million) is predicted to
settlements by 2050. live in urban settlements by 2050- by far the
highest among all nations.
• Delhi is likely to become the world’s most
populous urban agglomeration by 2030,
surpassing Tokyo.

Globally, 1.8 billion people are living in slums. Around 6.5 crore people in India (about 18% of
Around 3 billion lack basic hand washing and urban population) live in slums.
sanitation facilities. • Over 1 crore each in Maharashtra and Andhra
Pradesh live in slums.
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 KEY TERMS/CONCEPTS
Statutory Town All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified
town area committee etc., notified under law by the concerned State/UT
Government and have local bodies like municipal corporations,
municipalities, municipal committees etc.,
Urban Agglomeration Census-2001: UA is a continuous urban spread constituting a town and its
(UA) adjoining outgrowths (OGs), or two or more physically contiguous towns
together with or without outgrowths of such towns
Out Growth (OG) A viable unit such as a village or a hamlet or an enumeration block made
up of such village or hamlet and clearly identifiable in terms of its
boundaries and location.
E.g., Railway colony, University campus, Port area, military camps, etc.,
which have come up near a statutory town outside its statutory limits but
within the revenue limits of a village or villages contiguous to the Town.
Over Urbanization Over-urbanization is a phenomenon wherein the level of urbanization
surpasses the level of industrialization.
In an over urbanized area, population growth outstrips its job market and
the capacity of its infrastructure. (can also be referred as Urbanisation
without Industrialisation)
Sub Urbanization Over a period of time, people from the Over-Urbanized area start moving
towards the fringe area around the cities. Such areas around the cities
gradually start developing as an urban area. LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 6
 Characteristics of Indian Urbanization
In the context of India, the process of urbanization • Urbanization as a structural process of
is seen as a socio-cultural process, an economic change is generally related to
process, and a geographical process. industrialization, but it is not always the
result of industrialization.
Socio-Cultural • Urbanization results due to the concentration
Process of large-scale and small scale industrial and
commercial, financial, and administrative set
up in the cities; technological development in
transport and communication, cultural and
Urbanization recreational activities.
• Urbanization is an integral part of economic
development.
• As the economy develops, there is an increase
Economic Geographic
Process Process in the per capita income and also the demand
for non-farm goods in the economy.

• Indian towns are growing more on the basis of tertiary sector rather than the secondary sector.
• The growth in the Tertiary Sector i.e., communication sector, transport, services and construction were
the main factors for the growth of Indian cities.
• In developed countries, it is the manufacturing sector which led to the growth of cities.
• South India is more urbanized than that of Northern and Eastern India.
• This is because of the historical, socio-cultural and educational resource factors widely available.
• With the introduction of globalization in India, the development of South India was very high due to
high FDI and establishment of various kinds of industries in these states. LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 7
 Urbanization- Problems and Remedies
• In terms of population and geographical area, poorly planned
Unplanned Urban sprawl urbanization has encroached upon the agricultural and forest
lands.

Overcrowding • It has led to annually recurring instances of floods, diseases

and fire in many cities.
Haphazard development

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Rising Demands for Basic • Clean air& water, Infrastructure (Physical& Social),
Transportation, Hygiene& Sanitation, Sewage treatment and
Services Housing.

Huge quantities of Waste • Lapses in segregation, collection, recycling, safe disposal,

Generation reuse which are posing a serious health problem.
8

• Urban Heat Islands, Air pollution, Groundwater pollution and

Water Scarcity
Environmental concerns • Cities account for 60-80% of energy consumption and generate
70% human-induced greenhouse gas emissions

Urban Poverty • Unemployment, socio-economic inequalities, Apathy

Urban Crime • Discrimination& violence against migrant workers
 • Urban Governance
Institutional • Planning
Challenges •
•
Finances
Regulation and Regulators
URBANIZATION

• Affordable Housing
Infrastructural • Safe Drinking Water
• Hygiene& Sanitation, Waste Management
Challenges • Healthcare Services and Education
• Urban Public transport

• Environmental concern

Other Issues •
•
Urban Crime
Poverty
• Provision of Employment

• Lack of modern planning framework- ineffective land utilization, inability to meet changing
needs.
• 74th Amendment Act- Lack of proper implementation, Incomplete delegation of functions,
functionaries and funds.
• The state governments have not given enough autonomy to ULBs to generate revenues
• ULBs have failed to utilize even those tax and fee powers that they have been vested with.
• Low level of urban infrastructure investment and capacity building.
• Wide inter-state disparity in urbanization levels also poses a challenge to the urban planners.
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Urbanization- Proliferation of Slums

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10
 Urbanization- Proliferation of Slums
Slums are illegal urban settlements on public land and usually grow over a period of time in a
constant and irregular manner.
Slums may also be described as “a chaotically occupied, unsystematically developed and
generally neglected area, which is overpopulated by persons and overcrowded with ill-
repaired and neglected structures"
 Financial Insecurity 1. By 2030, India is expected to be home to seven
 Informal sector, low/irregular mega-cities with populations above 10 million.
wages, Lack of bargaining power 2. 17% of the country’s urban population live in
 Social Security, Social Services slums.
 Education, Health
 Dilapidated Houses, Lack of Hygiene
 Disease burden, Standard of Living
 Poverty, Hunger, Unemployment
 Victims of social evils: Smuggling,
Organ harvesting, Prostitution,  Smart Cities Mission
beggary and Child Trafficking  Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal
 High Incidence of Crime, due to State Mission (JNNURM)
negligence of Education, Law and  Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban
Order, extending government services. Transformation (AMRUT)
 Neglect by the Political class,  Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana- to achieve housing
Invisibility for all by 2022. LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 11
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 12
 By 2030
 Ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services
 Upgrade slums.
 Provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all,
improving road safety
 Expand public transport, with special attention given to the needs of those in vulnerable
situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons.
 Enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization
 Enhance capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement
planning and management
 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage.
 Significantly reduce the number of deaths caused by disasters, disasters, with a focus on
protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations.
 Reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special
attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management
 Provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces
 Develop and implement adaptation and mitigation measures in line with the Sendai
Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-30 for holistic disaster risk management.
LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 13
 Urbanization- Policies, Schemes
Remedies

National urban policy framework 2018: to

rebuild Indian cities around clusters of human
capital.
PM SVANidhi- Pradhan Mantri Street Vendors’
Atmanirbhar Nidhi
 targeting the street vendors who were affected by
the lockdown that was imposed.
 A collateral free working capital of Rs.10,000 is
made available to the street vendors.
 Industrial Corridors (5)
 Metro Trains, Mono Rail
 City Projects- Dholera, GIFT city, Palava
 National Urban Housing Fund: Rs.60,000 Cr.
 National Mission on Sustainable Habitat: ECBC,
Public Transport, Urban Planning, Solid-Liquid
Waste Management LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 14
• The Smart Cities Mission aimed at promoting cities that provide core infrastructure and give a
decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable environment, and the application of
‘Smart’ Solutions.
• This includes assured water and electricity supplies, efficient sanitation, solid waste
management, and public transport, adequate healthcare and education facilities, and affordable
housing, especially for economically weaker sections of society. LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 15
 Remedies& Way Forward
• Green cover: Increasing green cover especially in urban areas must be an indispensable part of
urban planning. Initiatives such as afforestation, the greening of highways, etc. must pick up.
• Efficient, comprehensive and Integral City Planning, far-sightedness, use of the latest
technological know-how, resisting political interference
• Better urban planning based on models like transit-oriented development (TOD), integrated and
accountable transport authority, empowered local bodies, scientific waste management, etc.,
• To encourage public transport and non-motorized transport so that the dependence on personal
motor vehicles is reduced
• Adopting Pragmatic Housing Policy like Affordable Housing for All
• Environment pollution: New industries should not be given permission to start their
establishments near residential areas. On the other hand, industries should be established far
away from the cities. The scientific arrangement is to be made to dispose of solid waste, including
the garbage.
• Eradication of manual scavenging in urban areas
• Sanitation, as a matter of hygiene and public health, must be given due priority and emphasis in
all urban areas.
• Municipal bodies should be encouraged to take responsibility for power distribution in their areas.
Municipal building bye-laws should incorporate power conservation measures.
• Create better job opportunities for the urban people.
Some Case Studies:
• Kerala Kudumbashree
• Solid waste management in Okhla
• Delhi Metro LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 16
 Urban Development and Governance
Problems/Issues Constraints Way Forward
 Rise in urban population  The absence of a modern  City needs to be distinct unit
 Stress on resources spatial planning framework of economy
 Unplanned development  Lack of human resource  City Economic Councils
 Urban Governance issues capacities  Technology, Dashboard for
like Parastatal bodies and  Lack of financial autonomy transparency in governance
overlap/ inefficiency in  Inability of municipalities to  Fiscal decentralisation
administration of urban levy taxes  Financial self-sufficiency
areas  Overlapping responsibilities  Optimizing return on assets
 Urban Floods- Mumbai, among departments.  Market oriented Revenue
Hyderabad, Bengaluru  Conflict, difference of models
 Traffic congestion opinion between the elected  PPP in urban infrastructure
 Pollution- Air, Water, Noise Members and the  Value capture methods
 Decline in Green Cover Bureaucrats/ Officials  Local functions to be
 Urban Heat Island Effect  Bureaucratic Redtapism transferred to ward
 Lack of Affordable Housing  Political Adventurism committees
 Slum development  Unfinished agenda of  States should transfer 12th
 Retrofitting of cities Decentralised urban schedule funds, functions to
 Mobilization of Funds governance ULBs
 NSDC, Sector skill council
 City Watch groups, Public
Participation
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5 Pillars: Services, Finance, Policy,
Technology and Governance
 Education
 Health
 Housing and Shelter
 WASH and SWM
 Mobility
 Safety and Security
 Recreation
 Level of Economic Development
 Economic Opportunities
 Environment
 Green Spaces
 Buildings
 Energy Consumption
 City Resilience
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LECTURE BY: VINAY KUMAR 19
 PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS
1. With a brief background of quality of urban life in India,
introduce the objectives and strategy of the ‘Smart City
Programme’. (12.5 Marks)
2. “The growth of cities as I.T. hubs has opened up new avenues
employment but has also created new problems. Substantiate
this statement with examples. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
3. Discuss various social problems which originated out of the
speedy process of urbanization in India. (10 Marks, 200 Words)
4. What are the main socio-economic implications arising out of the
development of IT industries in major cities of India? (15 Marks,
250 words)
5. How is the growth of Tier 2 cities related to the rise of a new
middle class with an emphasis on the culture of consumption?
(10 M- 150 W)
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 CSB IAS ACADEMY
UPSC - CSE
PAPER-II (GENERAL STUDIES-1)
INDIAN SOCIETY
POVERTY
DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES
VINAY KUMAR BAVANDLA
Poverty is the worst form of violence - Gandhiji
Poverty is the parent of revolution and crime —
Aristotle

“Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity

everywhere”- ILO Declaration of Philadelphia, 1944
“It is too difficult to think nobly when one thinks
only of earning a living”- Rousseau
“Poverty is like a punishment for a crime you didn’t
commit."— ELI KHAMAROV
“The law barks at all but bites only the poor, the powerless, the illiterate, the ignorant.”
-Justice Krishna Iyer
“This achievement (Independence) is but a step, an opening of opportunity, to the great
triumphs and achievements that await us… the ending of poverty and ignorance and disease
and inequality of opportunity”- Jawaharlal Nehru, Constituent Assembly (1947)
“No society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the members
are poor and miserable” - Adam Smith
“The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have
much; it is whether we provide enough for those who have too little.”- Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and
essentials for a minimum standard of living.
According to World Bank, Poverty is Types of Poverty
pronounced deprivation in well-being, and
Absolute Poverty
comprises many dimensions.
It includes: A condition where household income is below a
necessary level to maintain basic living standards .
 Low incomes and the inability to acquire
 This condition makes it possible to compare
the basic goods and services necessary for between different countries and also over time.
survival with dignity.  It was first introduced in 1990, by the World
Poverty also encompasses: Bank, the “dollar a day” poverty line measured
 Low levels of health and education absolute poverty by the standards of the world's
 Poor access to clean water and sanitation, poorest countries.
 Inadequate physical security  In October 2015, WB reset it to $1.90 a day.
 Lack of voice, and  It was updated in September 2022 to US$2.15
per person per day.
 Insufficient capacity and opportunity to
better one's life. Relative Poverty
• In India, 21.9% of the population lives  It is defined from the social perspective that is
below the national poverty line in 2011. living standard compared to the economic
standards of population living in surroundings.
• In 2018, almost 8% of the world’s workers
Hence, it is a measure of income inequality.
and their families lived on less than  Usually, relative poverty is measured as the
US$1.90 per person per day (international percentage of the population with income less
poverty line). than some fixed proportion of median income.
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 What is Poverty? Terminology
Two scholars, Shaheen Rafi Khan and • Monthly Calorie Intake
Damian Killen, put the conditions of the • Consumption Expenditure
poor in a nutshell: • Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (MPCE)
• Poverty is hunger. • Head Count Ratio
• Poverty is being sick and not being
able to see a doctor.
• Poverty is not being able to go to
school and not knowing how to
read.
• Poverty is not having a job.
• Poverty is fear for the future,
having food once in a day.
• Poverty is losing a child to illness,
brought about by unclear water.
• Poverty is powerlessness, lack of
representation and freedom.
Head Count Ratio (HCR): Proportion of the population
that exists, or lives, below the poverty threshold.

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 How Poverty is estimated? What is Poverty Line?
• The poverty line defines a threshold income.
• Households earning below this threshold are
considered poor.
Committee Rural Urban
Y K Alagh 2400 Cal/Day 2100 Cal/Day
Suresh MPCE ₹673 MPCE ₹860
Tendulkar
C. Rangarajan Rs. 4800/ Month/ Rs. 7050/ Month/
Family of Five Family of Five

• “Poverty and Unbritish Rule in India”- earliest estimation of poverty line

Dadabhai Naoroji • ₹16 to ₹35 per capita per year (at 1867-68 prices)
• Based on the cost of a subsistence or minimum basic diet (rice or flour,
(1901)
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dal, mutton, vegetables, ghee, vegetable oil, and salt).

National Planning • Poverty line was also based on a minimum standard of

living perspective in which nutritional requirements were implicit.
Committee (1938) • Ranging from ₹15 to ₹20 per capita per month

The Bombay Plan • Proponents of the plan suggested a poverty line of ₹75 per
(1944) capita per year.
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5
Planning Commission  It formulated the separate poverty lines for rural and urban areas (₹20 and
Expert Group (1962) ₹25 per capita per year respectively)
VM Dandekar&  first systematic assessment of poverty in India (based on NSS data)
N Rath (1971)  Unlike previous scholars who had considered subsistence living or basic
minimum needs criteria as the measure of poverty line, VMD& NR were of the
view that poverty line must be derived from the expenditure that was
adequate to provide 2250 calories per day in both rural and urban areas.
 Expenditure based Poverty line estimation, generated a debate on minimum
calorie consumption norms.

Alagh Committee  Task force constituted by the Planning Commission

(1979)  Constructed a poverty line for rural and urban areas
 Nutritional requirements and related consumption expenditure.
 Poverty estimates for subsequent years were to be calculated by adjusting the
price level for inflation.
Lakdawala Committee based on the assumption that the basket of goods and services used to
(1993) calculate CPI-IW and CPI-AL reflect the consumption patterns of the poor, made
the following suggestions:
• Consumption expenditure should be calculated based on calorie
consumption as earlier.
• State specific poverty lines should be constructed and these should be
updated using the CPI-IW in urban areas and CPI-AL in rural areas.
• Discontinuation of scaling of poverty estimates based on National Accounts
Statistics.

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Tendulkar Expert Group  Recommended a shift away from basing the poverty lines from calorie
(2009) norms used in all poverty estimations since 1979 and towards target
nutritional outcomes instead.
 Recommended a uniform all-India urban PLB across rural and urban
India.
 It recommended incorporation of private expenditure on health and
education while estimating poverty.
 Instead of monthly household consumption, consumption expenditure was
broken up into per person per day consumption, resulting in the figure of
₹32 and ₹26 a day for urban and rural areas.
 The national poverty line for 2011-12 was estimated at ₹816 per capita per
month for rural areas and ₹1,000 per capita per month for urban areas.
 Current estimates of poverty are based on this committee report.
Rangarajan Committee  It reverted to the practice of having separate all-India rural and urban
(2014) poverty line baskets and deriving state-level rural and urban estimates
from these.
 It recommended separate consumption baskets for rural and urban areas
which include food items that ensure recommended calorie, protein & fat
intake and non-food items like clothing, education, health, housing and
transport.
 It has raised the daily per capita expenditure to ₹47 for urban and ₹32 for
rural from ₹32 and ₹26 respectively at 2011-12 prices.
 Monthly per capita consumption expenditure of ₹972 in rural areas and
₹1407 in urban areas is recommended as the poverty line at the all India
level.
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 Challenges in Estimating Poverty
• Determining components of Poverty Line Basket (PLB)
• Variations across states
• Demographic& Economic Dynamics: consumption
patterns, nutritional needs and prices of components
keep on changing.
• Lack of consensus among the states
• Most of the governments have mothballed the reports
of committees and panels: because this issue is not
only politically sensitive but also has deeper fiscal
ramifications.
• Problem of determining threshold: If the poverty
threshold is high, it may leave out many needed people;
while if it is low, then it would be bad for fiscal health of
the government.

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 MULTI-DIMENSIONAL POVERTY
• India has by far the largest number of poor people
worldwide at 22.8 crore, followed by Nigeria (9.6
crore).
• The incidence of poverty fell from 55.1% in 2005/06
to 16.4% in 2019/21 in the country.
• The deprivations in all 10 MPI indicators saw
significant reductions as a result of which the MPI
value and incidence of poverty more than halved.
• As many as 41.5 crore people moved out of poverty
in India during the 15-year period between 2005-06
and 2019-21.

India’s rank is 66 out of

109 countries (2021)
NITI AAYOG- MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX

10
 Poverty and Its Causes
Rapid Growth of Population
Demographic
Larger Size of Family
Regional Disparities in Factors
Illiteracy, ill-Health
distribution of natural
resources, availability
Spatial Political • Improper Policies
of financial resources
Factors Factors • Vote Bank politics
E.g., NE, BIMARU states
• Communal Tensions
• Bias in allotment and
“A country is poor, execution of
because it is poor”
Development Projects
• Rain-fed and -Ragnar Nurkse
• Exclusion of Vulnerable
Monsoon dependent Natural/ Social/
Agriculture
Climatic Religious
• Recurrent Natural
Disasters Factors Factors
• Epidemics The main victims of caste, religion
Economic and other discriminatory practices
(i) Unemployment, Under Employment, factors are poor.
Low Wages, Indebtedness (i) Social Inequality
(ii) Low Economic Growth, Inflation (ii) Landlessness, Indebtedness
(iii) lack of infrastructure (iii) Caste based Social exclusion
(iv) Lack of Entrepreneurship (iv) Unemployment, Low wages
(v) Low Agricultural Productivity (v) Bonded Labour, Rites& rituals
(vi) lack of social/ welfare nets. (vi) Unequal distribution of wealth.
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11
 Colonial Exploitation, Historical reasons

Population Explosion, Low Resource Endowment

Low Agriculture Production& Productivity

Inequality in distribution of assets and income

Causes of Poverty

Inadequate Economic Growth/ Development

Climatic Factors, Natural Disasters, Epidemics

Unemployment, Low Wages, Indebtedness, Price rise

Lack of Capital and Entrepreneurship

Social Factors- Exclusion, Illiteracy, Ill Health

Religious Factors- rites& rituals, Bonded Labour

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 Government’s Approach to Poverty Alleviation in India

Growth Oriented Approach (or) Trickle Down Approach (1950's and 1960's)
Planned Economic Development, Five Year Plans, Rapid Growth, Creation of
1 more Employment Opportunities
Population Growth resulted in low growth in per capita incomes, widening of
income inequalities, Green Revolution led to regional economic disparities

Specific Poverty Alleviation Programmes (Post 3rd FYP)

Creation of Assets, Generation of Work
2
Self-employment and Wage Employment Programmes
E.g., REGP, PMRY, SJSRY, Self-Help Groups

Government Providing Minimum Basic Amenities (Post- 5th FYP)

Government’s expenditure on social consumption needs i.e., subsidy food
3 grains, housing, water, education etc.,
E.g., PDS, ICDS-MDM, PMGSY, VAMBAY, National Social Assistance
Programme, (PMAY, MGNEGS, PMJDY, Stand Up India)

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 Land Reforms,
Irrigation, Inputs

Green Revolution, PDS

Poverty Alleviation Strategies

Self-Employment
Wage Employment, SHGs

Education, Health, Nutrition,

ICDS

Housing, Slums Upgradation

Skilling, Reskilling, Up skilling

Social Security
Financial Inclusion
14
 Poverty alleviation and Planning in India
Poverty alleviation has been one of the guiding principles of the planning process in India.
First FYP (1951- 1956) The plan focused mainly on agriculture and irrigation and aimed at
achieving an all-round balanced development.
Second FYP (1956-1961) It focused on the growth of basic and heavy industries, expansion in
employment opportunities, and an increase of 25 per cent in the national
income.
Third FYP (1961-1966) The Chinese aggression (1962), Indo-Pak war (1965), and the severest
drought led to the complete failure of the third five-year plan. It was
replaced by three annual plans that continued from 1966 to 1969.
Fourth FYP (1966-1974) It aimed at increasing national income by 5.5 per cent, creating economic
stability, reducing inequalities in income distribution, and achieving
social justice with equality.
Fifth FYP (1974-1979) This plan mainly focused on the removal of poverty (Garibi Hatao) and
aimed in bringing larger sections of the poor masses above the poverty
line. It also assured a minimum income of Rs. 40 per person per month
calculated at 1972-73 prices. The plan was terminated in 1978 instead of
(1979) when the Janata Government came to power.
Sixth FYP (1980-1985) Removal of poverty was the main objective of the sixth five-year plan
with a major focus on economic growth, elimination of unemployment,
self-sufficiency in technology, and raising the lifestyles of the weaker
sections of the society.
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Seventh FYP (1985-1990) 7th FYP aimed in improving the living standards of the poor with a
significant reduction in the incidence of poverty.
Eighth FYP (1992-1997) 8th FYP aimed at employment generation but later failed in achieving
most of its targets.
Ninth FYP (1997-2002) 9th FYP focused on the areas of agriculture, employment, poverty, and
infrastructure.
Tenth FYP (2002-2007) This plan aimed at the reduction of the poverty ratio from 26 per cent to
21 per cent by the year 2007 and also to help the children in completing
five years of schooling by 2007.
Eleventh FYP (2007-2012) 11th FYP targets towards reducing poverty by 10 percentage points,
generating 7 crore new employment opportunities, and ensuring
electricity connection to all villages.
Twelfth FYP (2012-2017) 12th FYP intended to reduce poverty by 10 per cent during the Plan.

• Government • NGOs • Civil Society

• Philanthropists
• Charities

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 List of Poverty Alleviation Programmes in India
Scheme/Programme Year Ministry/ Agency Objectives
Integrated Rural 1978 Ministry of Rural  To raise the families of identified target groups
Development Development living below the poverty line through the
Programme (IRDP) development of sustainable opportunities for
self-employment in the rural sector.
Pradhan Mantri Gramin 1985 Ministry of Rural  To create housing units for everyone along
Awaas Yojana Development with providing 13 lakhs housing units to the
rural areas.
 To provide loans at subsidized rates to the
people.
 To augment wage employment opportunities
to the households by providing employment
on-demand and through specific guaranteed
wage employment every year.
Indira Gandhi National 15th Ministry of Rural  To provide pension to the senior citizens of
Old Age Pension August Development India of 65 years or higher and living below the
Scheme (NOAPS) 1995 poverty line.
 It provides a monthly pension of Rs.200 for
those aged between 60-79 years and Rs.500
for the people aged above 80 years.
National Family Benefit August Ministry of Rural  To provide a sum of Rs.20,000 to the
Scheme (NFBS) 1995 Development beneficiary who will be the next head of the
family after the death of its primary
breadwinner.
17
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Scheme/Programme Year Ministry/ Agency Objectives
Jawahar Gram 1st April, Implemented by the  Developing the infrastructure of the rural
Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) 1999 Village Panchayats. areas which included connecting roads,
schools, and hospitals.
 To provide sustained wage employment to
the families belonging to the below poverty
line.
Annapurna 1999-2000 Ministry of Rural  To provide 10 kg of free food grains to the
Development eligible senior citizens who are not
registered under the National Old Age
Pension Scheme.
Food for Work 2000s Ministry of Rural  It aims at enhancing food security through
Programme Development wage employment.
 Food grains are supplied to states free of
cost, however, the supply of food grains
from the Food Corporation of India (FCI)
godowns has been slow.
Sampoorna Gramin – –  The main objective of the scheme
Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) continues to be the generation of wage
employment, creation of durable economic
infrastructure in rural areas and provision
of food and nutrition security for the poor.
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Scheme/Programme Year Ministry/ Agency Objectives
Mahatma Gandhi 2005 Ministry of Rural  100 days of assured wage-employment every year
National Rural Development to every rural household.
Employment  1/3rd of the proposed jobs would be reserved for
women.
Guarantee Act
 National Employment Guarantee Fund and State
(MGNREGA) Employment Guarantee Fund
 If an applicant is not provided employment within
15 days, she will be entitled to a daily
unemployment allowance.
National Food 2007 Ministry of  To increase production of rice, wheat, pulses and
Security Mission Agriculture coarse cereals through area expansion and
productivity enhancement in a sustainable manner
in the identified districts of the country
National Rural 2011 Ministry of Rural  It evolves out the need to diversify the needs of the
Livelihood Mission Development rural poor and provide them jobs with regular
income on a monthly basis. Self Help groups are
formed at the village level to help the needy
National Urban 2013 Ministry of Housing  To organize urban poor in Self Help Groups,
Livelihood Mission and Urban Affairs creating opportunities for skill development leading
to market-based employment
 To help them to set up self-employment ventures
by ensuring easy access to credit
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 Scheme/Programme Year Ministry/ Agency Objectives
Pradhan Mantri Jan 2014 Ministry of Finance  It aimed at direct benefit transfer of
Dhan Yojana subsidy, pension, insurance etc.,
 It achieved the target of opening 43
crore bank accounts.
 The scheme particularly targets the
unbanked poor.
Pradhan Mantri 2015 Ministry of Skill  It will focus on fresh entrant to the
Kaushal Vikas Yojana Development and labour market, especially labour
Entrepreneurship market and class X and XII dropouts
Saansad Aadarsh Gram 2014 Ministry of Rural  To develop the institutional and
Yojana (SAGY) development physical infrastructure in villages.
 The scheme aims to develop five
‘Adarsh Villages’ or ‘Model Villages’
by 2024.
Pradhan Mantri Jeevan 2015 Ministry of Finance  The scheme provides life insurance
Jyoti Bima Yojana coverage to the poor and low-
income section of the society.
 The scheme offers a maximum
assured amount of Rs.2 lakhs
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Scheme/Programme Year Ministry/ Agency Objectives
Pradhan Mantri 2015 Ministry of Finance  Accidental insurance policy to the people
Suraksha Bima Yojana belonging to the underprivileged sections
National Maternity 2016 Ministry of Health  To provide a sum of Rs.6000 to a pregnant
Benefit Scheme & Family Welfare mother who is aged above 19 years.
(MoHFW)  The sum is provided normally 12–8 weeks
before the birth in three instalments and can
also be availed even after the death of the child.
Pradhan Mantri 2016 Min. of Petroleum  It envisages the distribution of 50 million LPG
Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) and Natural Gas connections to women below the poverty line
Solar Charkha Mission 2018 Ministry of MSME  It aims at Employment generation for nearly
one lakh people through solar charkha clusters
in rural areas
National Nutrition 2018 Ministry of  to reduce the level of under-nutrition and also
Mission (NNM) Women and Child enhance the nutritional status/ nutritional
Poshan Abhiyan Development outcomes of adolescents, children, pregnant
women and lactating mothers
Pradhan Mantri Shram 2019 Ministry of Labour  It is a central government scheme that is
Yogi Maan-Dhan and Employment introduced for old age protection and social
(PM-SYM) security of Unorganised Workers (UW)
Prime Minister Street 2020 Ministry of  It aims to provide micro-credit facilities to street
Vendor’s AtmaNirbhar Housing and Urban vendors affected due to COVID-19 pandemic
Nidhi – PM SVanidhi Affairs (MoHUA)
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CHALLENGES WITH POVERTY
ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES Regional Variance

Feminization of
Poverty

INEFFECTIVENESS OF POVERTY
Rapid

ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES
Identification &
Urbanization Targeting Issues

Human Resources Overlapping of

Development Government Schemes

Over Population

Corruption

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 ECONOMIC • Economic growth refers to an increase in the real output of
goods and services in the country.
GROWTH

ECONOMIC • Economic development implies changes in income, savings and

investment along with progressive changes in socioeconomic
DEVELOPMENT structure of country (institutional and technological changes).

SUSTAINABLE • Development that meets the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
DEVELOPMENT needs.

INCLUSIVE • Inclusive growth is economic growth that is distributed

DEVELOPMENT fairly across society and creates opportunities for all.

HUMAN • UNDP: It is a process of enlarging people’s choices.

• At all levels of development, the three essential choices for
people include to live a long and healthy life, to acquire better
DEVELOPMENT knowledge and to have access to resources needed for a decent
standard of living.

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 What is Development? How it is different from Growth?
What type of Development is desirable? (or) required?
Sustainable Development Goals- Agenda 2030 (UNDP)
Is Economic Growth desirable if it is? 1 No Poverty
2 Zero Hunger
3 Good Health and Well-being
Jobless 4 Quality Education
5 Gender Equality
6 Clean Water and Sanitation
ruthless 7 Affordable and Clean Energy
8 Decent Work and Economic Growth
UNDP 9 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
HDR-1996 rootless
10 Reduced Inequality
11 Sustainable Cities and Communities
12 Responsible Consumption and Production
voiceless 13 Climate Action
14 Life Below Water

futureless 15 Life on Land

16 Peace and Justice Strong Institutions
17 Partnerships to achieve the Goal
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 Poverty and Inclusive Growth
That economic growth is a necessary but insufficient condition for poverty and inequality reduction is
axiomatic in development policy circles.
• Indeed, evidence over time and across countries testifies to a highly variable relation between economic
growth, income inequality and poverty.
Inclusive growth is a
comprehensive growth to slow down
the poverty rate and also initiate
participation of people into the
development of the country (UN).
Government is implementing various
programmes/schemes for creating better
employment opportunities,
strengthening social infrastructure and
providing basic amenities like water,
electricity, roads, sanitation and housing
for covering all sections of population.
• MGNREGS
• PMEGP, PMRPY
• DDU-GKY
• DDU-NULM
• AYUSHMAN BHARAT- NHPS
• PMJDY, PMJBY, PMSBY, MUDRA
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 WORLD INEQUALITY REPORT-2022

29
 POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Gross Domestic Product, or GDP, is a very
crude indicator of the economic
achievements of a nation.
The human development concept
emerged 30 years ago precisely as a
counterpoint to myopic definitions of
development.
Human development is about empowering
people to identify and pursue their own
paths for a meaningful life, one anchored
in expanding freedoms.

HDI is a summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development: a long
and healthy life, being knowledgeable and have a decent standard of living. The HDI is the geometric
mean of normalized indices for each of the three dimensions.
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 Issues with Development

Development & Displacement Environmental Degradation& Sustainability

 Direct Displacement  Fragile Himalayan Ecosystem

 Indirect Displacement (Migration)  Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh

 Domino Effect  Recent Glacial lake Outburst Floods

 Disruption in kinship relations, Gender  Developmental Projects- Dams, power plants,

Impacts, loss of livelihood and other Infrastructural Projects

 Cultural conflicts, Cultural threat  Waste Management

 Agriculture=>Non-agricultural labourers  Air Pollution, Water Pollution

 Poverty incidence  Unplanned Urbanization

 Rehabilitation policies  Indiscriminate Exploitation of Natural

 Tribals and Ethnic Groups resources

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Access to the ‘bare necessities’ has improved across all States in the country in 2018 as compared to 2012

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 Previously Asked Questions
1. COVID-19 pandemic accelerated class inequalities and poverty in India. Comment.

1. Despite implementation of various programmes for eradication of poverty by the

government in India, poverty is still existing. Explain by giving reasons. (2018)

2. An essential condition to eradicate poverty is to liberate the poor from deprivation.

Substantiate this statement with suitable examples. (2016)

3. Critically examine whether growing population is the cause of poverty or poverty is

the main cause of population increase in India. (2016)

Poverty is a situation that people want to escape. So, poverty is a call to action — for the poor
and the wealthy alike — a call to change the world so that many more may have enough to eat,
adequate shelter, access to education and health, protection from violence, and a voice in what
happens in their communities.

THANK YOU