INTRODUCTION

The Robocar is an innovative project focused on

creating a versatile and mobile robotic car that
can be operated seamlessly using a remote
control. The robocar is designed for precise
movement, speed control, and agility. Through
the remote control, users can drive the vehicle
forward, backward, turn, and stop with ease,
making it a practical and enjoyable solution for
both learning and entertainment. It is equipped
with a robust and reliable motor system that
ensures smooth operation across various
surfaces. By focusing on user interaction and
vehicle motility, this robocar demonstrates the
core principles of robotics and remote
operation, offering endless opportunities for
experimentation.
 OBJECTIVE
The objectives of my basic robocar project are
to learn and apply key concepts from robotics
and engineering, while also developing practical
skills in building and controlling a robot. By
designing and assembling the robocar, I aim to
understand how motors, circuits, and basic
components work together to make the vehicle
move. The project will help me improve my
problem-solving skills as I address challenges
like mobility and power management.
Additionally, through this robocar, I will gain a
better understanding of energy efficiency,
simple programming, and basic electronics,
which will help me in future engineering
projects. Overall, the objective is to turn
theoretical knowledge into a hands-on learning
experience that prepares me for more advanced
robotics in the future.
 HISTORY
The history of robotics dates back to ancient
times, with early concepts of mechanical
devices and automata. In ancient Greece,
philosophers like Hero of Alexandria created
early mechanical devices, such as self-operating
machines powered by water or steam. During
the Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci designed a
mechanical knight, one of the earliest ideas for
a human-like robot.

In the 20th century, robotics began to take

shape with significant developments. The term
"robot" was first used in 1920 by Czech writer
Karel Čapek in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's
Universal Robots), where robots were artificial
beings designed for labor. In the 1950s and
1960s, pioneers like George Devol and Joseph
Engelberger developed Unimate, the first
industrial robot used in factories, marking the
beginning of automation in manufacturing.

Throughout the late 20th and early 21st

centuries, robotics advanced significantly with
the integration of artificial intelligence (AI),
allowing robots to perform more complex tasks.
Robots now play key roles in industries such as
healthcare, space exploration, and autonomous
vehicles.
 TYPES & USES
Automated robots come in various types, each
designed for specific tasks and applications.
Here are some common types of automated
robots:

1. Industrial Robots:
→ These robots are used in manufacturing
and production environments for tasks
such as assembly, welding, painting, and
material handling. They are typically
mounted on a stationary arm and are
capable of precise, repetitive actions.
Examples include robotic arms used in car
assembly lines.

2. Service Robots:
 → Service robots are designed to assist
humans in non-industrial settings. They
can be used in healthcare (e.g., surgical
robots, rehabilitation robots), hospitality
(e.g., robot waiters), and customer service
(e.g., information desk robots). These
robots often interact with people and are
equipped with sensors and AI for
navigation and communication.

3. Collaborative Robots (Cobots):

→ Cobots are robots designed to work
alongside humans in a shared workspace.
Unlike traditional industrial robots, which
are often isolated for safety reasons,
cobots are designed to safely interact
with human workers, assisting with tasks
such as lifting, assembly, or packaging.
They are used in industries like
manufacturing and healthcare.
4. Mobile Robots:
 → These robots are designed to move
around a space autonomously. They are
often used for tasks like inspection,
cleaning, and surveillance. Examples
include robot vacuum cleaners (like
Roomba) and drones for aerial surveillance
or delivery.
5. Medical Robots:
→ Medical robots are used in healthcare
settings for tasks like surgery, diagnosis,
and rehabilitation. Surgical robots like the
da Vinci system allow for precise,
minimally invasive surgeries, while
rehabilitation robots assist patients in
physical therapy.
6. Exploration Robots:
→ These robots are used in environments
that are dangerous or difficult for
humans to reach, such as space,
underwater, or deep mining. They include
space rovers, underwater drones, and
 robots used for hazardous material
handling.
7. Educational Robots:
→ These robots are designed to teach
robotics and programming concepts. They
are often used in schools or training
programs to help students learn about
automation, AI, and coding through hands-
on experience. Examples include LEGO
Mindstorms and VEX Robotics kits.

Each type of robot is optimized for its specific

task, utilizing different sensors, actuators, and
control systems to perform automated
functions efficiently and safely.
 CYRAX: THE
ROBOCAR
Cyrax is a simple, mechanically operated
vehicle that relies on manual control and
external power sources, rather than
advanced sensors or self-contained
energy storage. Here’s a breakdown of
how it works:

Components:

1. Chassis:
• The structural frame of the
robocar, which supports all other
components. It is typically made
from lightweight materials such as
plastic or metal. The chassis
 provides the foundation for the
motors, wheels, and other parts.

2. Motors and Wheels:

• The car uses motors to turn its
wheels, enabling movement. These
motors are typically small DC
motors that power the front or
rear wheels, allowing the robocar
to move forward, backward, and
turn. The wheels are mounted to
the chassis and driven by the
motors via gear mechanisms or
direct coupling.

3. Remote Control System:

 • The robocar is operated by a
remote control, which sends signals
to the vehicle. When a button on
the remote is pressed, it triggers a
specific action such as moving
forward, backward, or turning left
or right.

4. Wires and Connections:

• The robocar is powered by an
external power supply, such as a
direct connection to an outlet or a
plug-in adapter. The motors and
remote control receiver are
connected through wires, which
transfer the necessary power and
control signals.
How It Works:

• Power Source: Since this robocar

doesn’t use a battery, it relies on an
external power supply. This could be
a wired connection to an electrical
outlet or another power source (like
a plug-in transformer).
• Manual Control: The robocar’s
movement is controlled entirely by
the user through the remote
control. The remote sends commands
to the car, and the motors respond
by rotating the wheels in the
desired direction (forward,
backward, turning left or right).
Features:

• Simple Operation: With no sensors

or battery, the robocar operates in
the most basic form. It requires
constant manual input from the user
and is limited to simple, direct
movement.
• External Power Supply: Instead of
using a battery, the robocar is
powered through an external power
source, which can be convenient for
longer operation without the need to
recharge a battery.
• Limited to Manual Control: The
robocar cannot navigate
autonomously or avoid obstacles. All
movement and navigation are
 controlled by the user with the
remote.

Fundamental Principles:

1. Mechanical Movement (Motors

and Wheels):
• Motors: The robocar uses electric
motors to create movement. These
motors convert electrical energy
into mechanical energy, which
powers the wheels of the car.
Typically, small DC (Direct Current)
motors are used for their simplicity
and effectiveness in driving the
wheels.
 • Wheels: The wheels are attached to
the motors via a gear system or
direct coupling, which translates the
rotational movement of the motors
into motion on the ground. The
wheels are crucial for allowing the
robocar to move forward, backward,
or turn based on the motor’s
direction.

2. Mechanical Stability and Balance:

• Chassis Design: The chassis (or
body) of the robocar provides the
necessary support for all its
components. The balance of the
robocar is critical to its operation,
ensuring that it moves smoothly and
 doesn’t tip over during turns or
motion.
• Wheel Alignment and Gear System:
The wheels must be properly aligned
with the motor gears to ensure
smooth movement. The gear ratio
can influence how quickly the car
moves and how much torque (force)
is applied to the wheels.

MOTION &
FORCES
➢ Types of Motion:
1. Linear Motion: The robocar moves in
a straight line.

2. Rotational Motion: The wheels rotate,

causing the robocar to move.

➢ Newton's Laws of Motion:

1. First Law (Law of Inertia): The
robocar remains stationary or moves
with a constant velocity unless acted
upon by an external force (e.g., friction,
motor torque).

2. Second Law : The force (F) applied to

the robocar by the motors is equal to
the mass (m) of the robocar multiplied
by its acceleration (a).

F = ma
3. Third Law (Action-Reaction): When
the motors apply a force to the wheels,
the wheels exert an equal and opposite
force on the motors.

➢ Other Physics Laws:

1. Friction: Frictional forces oppose
the motion of the robocar,
converting some of the energy into
heat. It is proportional to normal
force (Fn) and coefficient of
friction (μ).

Ff = μ × Fn
2. Torque and Rotation: The motors
produce torque, causing the wheels to
rotate and the robocar to move.

3. Normal Force (Fn): Perpendicular to

the surface, equal to the robocar's
weight (mg). Fn = mg

CALCULATIONS
&
OBSERVATIONS

Kinematics plays a crucial role in

understanding the motion of the
robocar. Here are some key kinematic
concepts and equations relevant to the
robocar:

1. Distance and Displacement:

Δx = x₂ - x₁ (displacement)

Δs = v × t (distance traveled)

2. Velocity and Speed:

v = Δx / Δt (average velocity)

v = ds / dt (instantaneous velocity)

v = √(vₓ² + vᵧ²) (resultant velocity)

3. Acceleration:

a = Δv / Δt (average acceleration)

a = dv / dt (instantaneous
acceleration)
 a = √(aₓ² + aᵧ²) (resultant
acceleration)

4. Rotational Motion:

θ = s / r (angular displacement)

ω = Δθ / Δt (angular velocity)

α = Δω / Δt (angular acceleration)

Robocar-Specific Kinematics:

1. Wheel Rotation:

ω = v / r (angular velocity of wheels)

θ = ω × t (angular displacement of
wheels)

2. Robocar Movement:

v = ω × r (linear velocity of robocar)

Δx = v × t (displacement of robocar)
Example Calculations:

1. If the robocar moves at a constant

velocity of 0.5 m/s for 2 seconds, what
is its displacement?

- Δx = v × t = 0.5 m/s × 2 s = 1 m

2. If the wheel radius is 0.05 m and

the robocar moves at a velocity of 0.2
m/s, what is the angular velocity of the
wheels?

- ω = v / r = 0.2 m/s / 0.05 m = 4

rad/s

BIBLIOGRAPHY
• www.google.com
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.physicswallah.com
• www.toppr.com
• www.byjus.com
• www.shiksha.com