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Biology Class Notes

The document provides an introduction to biology, covering the study of life, key characteristics of living organisms, and the basic unit of life, the cell. It also discusses genetics, evolution, and ecology, highlighting important concepts such as natural selection and ecological organization. Key figures like Gregor Mendel and Charles Darwin are mentioned for their contributions to genetics and evolution, respectively.

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8 views2 pages

Biology Class Notes

The document provides an introduction to biology, covering the study of life, key characteristics of living organisms, and the basic unit of life, the cell. It also discusses genetics, evolution, and ecology, highlighting important concepts such as natural selection and ecological organization. Key figures like Gregor Mendel and Charles Darwin are mentioned for their contributions to genetics and evolution, respectively.

Uploaded by

naqibmdarsyad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Biology

Chapter 1: The Study of Life


Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms. It is a broad field that covers
various aspects such as structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of
living organisms.

Key Characteristics of Life:


- Organization
- Metabolism
- Homeostasis
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Response to stimuli
- Evolution

Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Function


The cell is the basic unit of life. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

Main Cell Organelles:


- Nucleus: Contains genetic material.
- Mitochondria: The powerhouse of the cell.
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Synthesizes proteins and lipids.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
- Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes.

Chapter 3: Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.

Gregor Mendel is known as the father of modern genetics. He discovered the fundamental
laws of inheritance.

Basic Concepts:
- Gene: A segment of DNA that codes for a protein.
- Allele: Different forms of a gene.
- Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism.
- Phenotype: Observable characteristics.
Chapter 4: Evolution
Evolution is the process by which different kinds of living organisms have developed and
diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.

Charles Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection, explaining how species evolve
over time.

Chapter 5: Ecology
Ecology is the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another
and to their physical surroundings.

Levels of Ecological Organization:


- Organism
- Population
- Community
- Ecosystem
- Biome
- Biosphere

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