Lesson 5 Greek culture introduced the idea of perfection
Choice or Freedom is a prerequisite of ethics or ENCULTURATION, INCULTURATION AND
morality. ACCULTURATION
Every human person has freedom or choice and so is ENCULTURATION – an anthropological term.
expected to be ethical or moral. Margaret Mead – defined the term as the process of
Lower forms of animals have no choice, they are learning a culture in all its uniqueness and particularity.
governed by instincts and so ethics or morality does not Enculturation – is a process of learning from infancy till
apply to them. death, the components of life in ones culture.
To truly understand ethical or moral, we must Latter refers to values while the former refers to tools
internalize or possesses to be moral standards, “ I did it such as a hoe or mask.
my way “ because I am convinced have to do it “ my
way “ and not because others tell me so. Inculturation – refers to the missiological process in
which the gospel Is rooted in particular culture and
Lesson 6 latter is transformed by its introduction to Christianity.
What is culture? Inculturation raises two related problems
Culture is the integrated pattern of human knowledge, Evangelisation of cultures ( rooting the gospel in
beliefs and behaviors. cultures ) and the cultural understanding of the gospel.
Consists of: Aculturation - is the process by which people learn and
- language adapt a new culture.
- ideas
- Cultural modifications of an individual, group or
- customs
people by adapting to or borroweing traits from
- morals
another culture.
- laws
- taboos Culture definitely affects the way we evaluate and judge
- institutions things.
- tools
- technique and works of art Culture influences the human person, who is the moral
agent
The magisterium of church explain culture as “ the set
of means used by mankind to become more virtuous Culture affects human behavior, not all cultural practices
and reasonable in order to become fully human. “ are morally acceptable.
Sociologist categorize culture into material and non Lesson 7
material culture.
Cultural Relativism – is the view that all beliefs, customs
Non-Material culture : Consist of language, values, and ethics are relative to the individual within his/her
rules. Knowledge and meanings shared by members of own social context.
society.
Cultural relativism is the idea that a person beliefs,
Material culture : is the physical object that a society values and practices should be understood based on
produce-tools, streets, homes and toys to name a few that persons own culture, rather than be judged against
object. the criteria of another.
Aristotelico-thomistic culture - is a Greco roman Ethical practices are shaped by cultural norm no
culture which has influenced and shaped the moral life universal right or wrong.
of those who have been exposed to it. Educated under
Absolute relativism is self contradictory and impossible,
this culture are persuaded that there is a god, that is
absoluter relativism states “ there are no absolute
divine order and law keep and govern the world.
truths: which is an absolute truth itself, so absolute - Ability so survive
relativism contradicts itself.
Cultural perspective – is to understand peoples beliefs,
Kami mentality – a filipino term which means “us”,
values and practices in the context of their culture.
referred to this way of thinking as group centerednedd
Having a perspective of ones culture, is needed to
or group thinking.
understand people. But it does not follow that morality
must be based on said culture. Sakop mentality – sakop may refer to persons relatives,
peer, classmates, townmates, officemates, etc. this
Lesson 8 mentality explains pakikisama in both positive and
Weaknesses of the filipino character negative sense. It explains the barkada attitude,
euphemism, the laughter of affirmation of gutter
Extreme family centeredness – excessive concern for language. It explains subservience to an illegal or
family usings ones office and power to promote family immoral order.
interest and thus factionalism patronage, political
dynasties and protection of erring family members. Guilt cultures emphasize punishment and forgiveness
as ways of restoring the moral order while shame
Extreme Personalism – Takes things personally, cannot culture stress self denial and humility as ways of
separate objective task from emotional involvement. restoring the socialorder.
Lack of discipline – A casual attitude toward time and Hara-kiri ( suicide )
space manifested in lack of precision and
compulsiveness, in poor times management and Lesson 9
procrastination.
Universal Values - a value is a universal if it has the
Passivity and lack of initiative – waiting to be told what same value or worth for all or almost all, people, the
to do, reliance on others, complacence, lack of sense of things that we all deserve to have.
surgency.
A set of core prnciples or beliefs that are shared by
Colonial Mentality – Lack of patriotism, or of an active people across different cultures, societies and historical
awareness appreciation and love of the Philippines and periods.
an actual preference for things foreign.
Plato talked about :
Kanya-kanya syndrome, talangka mentality – Done by
- Values or Virtues of temperance
tsinmis, intriga unconstructive criticism.. it is evident in
- Courage
the personal ambition that is completely insensitive to
- Wisdom
the common good, lack of service among people in the
government bureaucracy. Jesus christ preached the value of love from which:
Lack of Self analysis and self reflection - the tendency - Springs patience
to be superficial and somewhat flightly. - Kindness
- Goodwill
Emphasis on porma rather that substance – this lack of
- Forgiveness
analysis and emphasis on form is reinforces by an
- And compassion
educational system that is more that substance.
Confucius taught :
The strength of the filipino character are:
- Righteousness
- Pakikipagkapwa tao
- Human heartedness
- Family orientation
- Filial piety
- Joy and humor
- Flexibility, adaptability, and creativity Universal are immaterial and immutable, beyond
- Hard work and industry ( transcendent ) space and time, or spatio-temporal
- Faith and religiosity conditions. In words of van peursen, they are termed as
“ logical structures “ underlying the material world and
making the world possible.
J. Paderog RN, MANC, PHD, JD, Rcrim, LPT, MDrhE
Dr. kent m. keith 2023 Imperical findings on the “
“universal values “
He came up with a list of fundamental or universal
moral principles that can be found throughout the world
These grouped into negative and positive statements as
follows
- Do not harm
- Do good
Universal values are for human survival
Universal values are the ultimate bases for living
together and learning how to live together.
