ENGLISH

GRAMMAR
A2

WRITTEN BY ENWA DİL

UNIT 1 Wh-Questions
Grammar Notes
WH- QUESTIONS
A. Introduction
Questions are a common part of conversations in English.
Learning how to ask and answer different types of questions is important.
There are two main types of questions:
• Yes/No Questions (e.g., Do you like burgers?)
• Wh- Questions (e.g., What kind of burger do you like?)

Symbol Part of Speech Meaning

Auxiliary verb

When, What, Where,

Wh- Wh- words
Why etc.

a word that “helps” the

main verb
Aux Auxiliary verb
(do, be, have, will, can,
etc.)

the person or thing

S Subject
doing the action

V Verb the action

the person or thing

O Object
receiving the action

1
 Who is calling Ahmet is
Who Person
you? calling me.

What are you I am writing

What Thing
doing? an essay.

Where are you I am from

Where Place
from? Turkiye.

When are you I am coming

When Time
coming back? back at 7 a.m.

Why did you I didn't like

Why Reason
quit your job? the boss.

How can I Boil the pasta

How Method
cook Pasta? and add sauce.

Which one is Red one is

Which Choice
yours? mine.

It is our
Whose dog is
Whose possession neighbor's
that?
dog.

EXERCISE 1
Draw a line between the Wh- word and its most common use.

1. When 1. Reason
2. Who 2. Time
3. What 3. Person
4. Which 4. Place
5. Where 5. Choice
6. Possession
6. Whose
7. Thing
7. How
8. Method
8. Why

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EXERCISE 2
COMPLETE THE QUESTION

Choose the best Wh- word for each question. Use each Wh- word only once.
Example
Where
................... is your home town?
Who

Which
1. ................... car is that?
2. ................... is your father's birthday? What
3. ................... do you study?
4. ................... happened to your arm? Where

5. ................... are you feeling today?

When
6. ................... wrote that book?
7. ................... do you prefer coffee or tea? Whose

8. ................... do you want to go abroad?

Why

EXERCISE 3 How

Please write a question according to the answer.

1. ...............................................................................................................
1. I had dinner with my best friend.
2. ...............................................................................................................
2. Aleyna comes from Turkiye.
3. ...............................................................................................................
3. Because I really like my colleagues and boss.
4. ...............................................................................................................
4. My father is 40 years old.
5. ...............................................................................................................
5. I prefer white chocolate mocha. I don't like tea.
6. ...............................................................................................................
6. I usually read books in my spare time.
7. ...............................................................................................................
7. It is my notebook.
8. ...............................................................................................................
8. I usually study English.

3
EXERCISE 4

Please write questions according to answers.

1. ...............................................................................................................
- I am Turkish.
2. ...............................................................................................................
- My friends and I went to the gym yesterday.
3. ...............................................................................................................
I am waiting for my best friend.
4. ...............................................................................................................
I chose the red skirt.

UNIT 2

PAST SIMPLE TENSE

PAST PRESENT FUTURE

We use the simple past

TIME MARKERS to talk about finished
actions that happened
YESTERDAY
in the past.
AGO
Time markers are too
WHEN important for us in
every tense because we
LAST can
find out the tense by
using time markers!!!

4
 POSITIVE SENTECES

I talked to my father
REGULAR VERBS base verb + -ed, -d, -ied
yesterday.

IRREGULAR I went to the USA last

various changes*
VERBS year.

BE VERB I / he / she / it + was I was sick yesterday.

They were at the mall

BE VERB you / we / they + were
two days ago.

NEGATIVE
SENTENCES

did not / didn’t +

REGULAR VERBS I did not pass the exam.
base verb

IRREGULAR did not / didn’t +

We did not do our homework.
VERBS base verb

was not / wasn’t She was not at the party last night.
BE VERB
were not / weren’t The books were not on the table.

EXERCISE 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct form.

1.I ............. (fly) to Madrid 5 years ago.

2. My father .............. (work) 55 years and he is retired now.

3. Sena .............. (study) English and she ............ (finish) her homework earlier today.

4. Gülsüm ............. (be) my favorite student last term.

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 QUESTION
SENTENCES

did + subject +
base verb
Did you go to school today?
REGULAR VERBS
Wh- + did + What did you do today?
subject + base
verb

did + subject +
base verb

IRREGULAR Did you meet Semra today?

Wh- + did +
VERBS What did you eat today?
subject + base
verb

was / were +
subject Were you at home?
BE VERB
Wh- + was / were How was your day?
+ subject

EXERCISE 2
Fill in the blanks with the correct form.

1. Zeynep Sude .................. (not do) her last homework.

2. Beyzanur ............... (not go) to the USA before her graduation.
3. Mahmut ............. (not lose) his keys yesterday.
4. Mr. Akayoglu ............... (not drink) coke because he is on a diet.

6
EXERCISE 3
Ask a question according to the picture.

When

How many

Where

EXERCISE 4
Write a paragraph about your last vacation.

MY LAST
VACATION

7
 PRESENT SIMPLE

Repeated Actions
We use the simple present for actions
that happen over and over. Time markers
(words that indicate the tense of a verb)
are common with repeated actions.
Common Time True Facts
EXAMPLES
Markers We use the simple present if the sentence is
always true.
Evey I eat eggs every day. • Water boils at 100 degrees.
(every week, Every • Leaves fall off the trees in autumn.
year Mrs. Maria go to Schedules
We often use the simple
every day etc.) office every week.
present for schedules in
English. This includes TV
Once, Twice, three He brushes his teeth schedules, transportation
times etc. three times in a day. timetables, school schedules,
personal schedules, etc.
My father always • Bus 114 leaves from the station every 10 mins.
sleeps.
Adverbs of Time markers are too
Frequency important for us in every
She never does her
tense because we can find
homework.
out the tense by using time
markers!!!

Form

The simple present is formed from Base Verb

the base verb (the verb with no endings). (run, eat, talk, like, etc.)
OR
We must add -s to a verb when the subject
is he, she, it, a singular count noun, or a
non-count noun.
Base Verb + -s
(runs, eats, talks, likes, etc.)

Multiple-Choice
Choose the correct answer.
1. The show ............. at 9:00 3. Mehmet ......... shower twice a week.
pm. a) take b) takes
a) starts b) start
2. She .......... a lot of
4. They ......... sausages every Sunday.
text messages every day.
a) gets. b) get
8 a) eats b) eat
 EXERCISE 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct form.
1. They ........... hockey at school. ( play)
2. My son never ........... cartoons. (watch)
3. She .......... two brothers. (have)
4. Andy's brother .............. in an office. (work)

Negative Question
Example Example
Sentences Sentences

I YOU WE THEY They don't eat DO + Do you usually play

DO NOT - DON'T meat. I YOU WE THEY mobile games?

HE SHE IT
He doesn't study Does she have got a
DOES NOT - DOES + HE SHE IT
English. dog?
DOESN'T

Fill in the blanks with the correct word and form.

1. He .................... cartoon because his father doesn't let him. PLAY
2. Ayse ........................ espresso every week. SWIM
GO
3. Do you ........................ a letter to your parents?
DRINK
4. We sometimes ............... in the pool with our friends. WRITE
5. Mehmet .............. late and he can't catch the school bus. SEE
6. I .................... him often because he doesn't come to the home regularly. WATCH
7. My nephew .................. his teeth every morning and night. BRUSH
WAKE UP
8. My mother ................ let me .............. video games.
9. John usually ............... to the Gobeklitepe because he likes visiting museums.

Write questions according to answers.

1. ..................................................................................................................?
1. Yes, she does. (write a diary)
2. .........................................................................................................................?
2. No, they don't. (have breakfast every morning)
3. ...................................................................................................................?
3. Yes, he does. (go to the office every day)

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Write your daily routine

Example:
I wake up at 6:00 am every day.
I take a shower, wash my face,
and brush my teeth.
At 8:00 am, I eat breakfast...

Exercise 4
Choose the correct alternative
Ali: What do you do?
Ayse: I am an English Teacher. I teach/teaches English.
Ali: Where do you live?
Ayse: I live/lives in Bolu.
Ali: Are you from Bolu?
Ayse: No, I am/am not from Bolu. I am from Hatay.

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 ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

Adverbs of frequency (also known as

frequency adverbs or adverbs of time)
answer the question how often.

Examples:
FREQUENCY ADVERB
• He goes swimming.
How often does he go swimming?
%100 Always He sometimes goes swimming.

Almost
%90 • My sister eats a burger.
always
How often does she eat a burger?
She usually eats a burger.
usually,
%80 often,
frequently

sometimes,
%50
occasionaly

not very
%20 often, Patterns
seldom
Adverbs of frequency have two common sentence
patterns in English.
%10 rarely

1. Adv + V
almost
%5 Adverbs of frequency are usually
never
placed before the verb they describe.

%0 never She never cries.

My friend usually plays baseball with us.

2. BE + Adv

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With the verb to be (is, am, are), adverbs of frequency
come after the Be verb. The adverb usually describes
an adjective.
My brother is always thirsty.
 Take Note!

We can move sometimes, Be careful! Not very often has a

often, and usually around different sentence pattern:
in a sentence. do/does + not + V + O + very
These examples are all correct often
and have the same meaning: • She doesn’t go to parties very
• Sometimes he is late. often.
• He is sometimes late.
• He is late sometimes.

Frequently, occasionally, and seldom are formal words that

aren’t
common. Use often/usually, sometimes, and not very often
instead.
We frequently visit our grandparents. (formal)
We often/usually visit our grandparents. (more common)
She occasionally cleans her room. (formal)
She sometimes cleans her room. (more common)
They seldom drink coffee. (formal)
They don’t drink coffee very often. (more common)

Answer the following questions

How often do you check your messages? %80
...............................................................

How often do you wear running shoes? %10

...............................................................

How often do you eat junk food? %100

..................................................

How often do you go to the dentist? %50

........................................................

How often do you go to bed before 8:00 pm? %0

...................................................................

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 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Present Progressive We use the present

Pattern: progressive when an
be + -ing verb action is happening now.
It is a continuing action.

COMMON TIME
EXAMPLES
MARKERS Did you know?
Non-action verbs are verbs that aren’t an action
(= no movement). These verbs usually can’t be
now I am writing now. in the present progressive tense. The present
progressive is for action verbs.
She is hungry now.
She is sleeping She is being hungry now.
right now
right now. He has a dog.
He is having a dog.
I am not going to Do you like pizza?
nowadays Are you liking pizza?
school nowadays.
We know all the countries in Europe.
We are knowing all the countries in Europe.
My father is busy Ice cream tastes delicious.
these days
these days. Ice cream is tasting delicious.

My sister is doing
at the moment her homework at
the moment.

We are talking at
at this time
this time.

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 Multiple Choice
Choose the correct answer.

1. The student............ to the school now. 2. Shh! The lesson .......... .

a) are going a) is starting
b) is going b) are starting

3. The players ............ in the field. 4. You .......... in your notebook.

a) are running a) am writing
b) is running b) are writing

5. My neighbor ......... the leaves.

a) is raking
b) am raking

Fill in the Blanks

Choose a verb from the box, and write the correct
present progressive form in the sentences below.

wear
1. We are ............... to school at the moment.
2.They are ............. the guitar right now. drink

3. My father is ........... tea.

play
4. I am .......... a red shirt today.
5. My mother is .............. to radio now. listen

walk

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 Questions & Answers

Questions Short Answers

Are you eating a pizza? Yes, I am. / No, I am not.

Are they playing basketball? Yes, they are. / No, they aren't.

Is he watching TV? Yes, he is. / No, he isn't.

Write the question for each answer using the words in parentheses.

1. ...............................................
Yes, they are. (write an email)

2. ................................................
No, I’m not. (clean the house)

3. ...............................................
Yes, she is. (feed her dog)

4. ...............................................
No, they aren’t. (watch TV right now)

RIGHT
NOW
CURRENTLY
AT THE
MOMENT

15
Fill in the blank with present simple or present simple
progressive

Izzet: Hello. I'm Izzet. I .................. (work) here in the

teaching department.
Genco: Nice to meet you. I'm Genco, from ENWA Turkiye.
I ......... (visit) the head office here in Istanbul.
Izzet: Ah yes. I heard you were here. Would you like a
cigarette?
Genco: No, thanks. I .......................... (smoke)But please
go ahead.
Izzet: Thanks. So where in Turkiye .......................
(come)from, Genco?
Genco: I'm from Hatay.
Izzet: And how long .............................. (stay) here in
Istanbul?
Genco: I ................ (work) here for three months. I
.................... (learn) about ENWA's operations in the
Turkiye. What about you? Are you based in Istanbul?
Izzet: Yes. I .................. (have) a permanent office here,
but I ..................... (travel) abroad a lot - three, or
sometimes four days a week.
Genco: Where ................... (go) on your business trips?
Izzet: To Europe, and sometimes South America.

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

There are 3 ways to express a future time in English:

will + base verb, be going to + base verb, or be + -ing verb.
What’s the difference between these forms?

A. Will + base verb

This form is used when you are deciding future plans at the moment.
For example, if someone invited you to go to a meeting next Saturday, you could answer,
“Sure, I will go with you.”
Will + base verb is also a formal way of forming the future.

Examples:
• A: Do you want to go to the market later?
B: Sure, I will go.
• She will do whatever her mother tells her to do.
• When you enter the class on Friday, you will see a paper on the table.

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 B. Be going to + base verb

This form is used when plans

have already been made in advance.

For example, if you have plans to go skiing next weekend and someone
asks you what you are going to do, you could answer,
“I’m going to go skiing next weekend.”

Examples:
• He is going to study all weekend for his exam.
• They are going to go to Paris next spring.
• I am definitely going to call her after the meeting.

Pronunciation Note:
Going to sounds like gonna.
Use gonna when speaking,
but never write gonna!

C. Be + -ing verb
Sometimes English speakers use the
present progressive as a future form.
It is used the same way as be going to
(when plans are already made).

The present progressive is an informal way of

forming the future. It is most often used for the
near future (tonight, tomorrow, next weekend, etc.).
Examples:
• My brother is going to Florida next weekend.
• We are planning to discuss this at the next meeting.
• I am writing to him back tomorrow.

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D. Quick Review
Will Be + going to Be + ing

Use when
Use when Use when future
future
deciding plans have
Use plans have
future plans at already
already
the moment. been made.
been made.

Casual future
Formal future
form
form
(preferred in Casual future
(preferred in
speaking; form
writing;
most (preferred in
it may be used
Notes common speaking;
formally
form; used especially for
even when plans
going to is the
have
often near future)
already been
reduced to
made)
gonna)

I am going to
I will visit my visit my I am visiting my
Positive grandma next grandma grandma next
week. next week. week.

I am not
I won't visit my I am not visiting
going to visit
Negative grandma next my grandma next
my grandma
week. week.
next week.

Are you
Will you visit your going to visit Are you visiting
Question grandma next your your grandma
week? grandma next week?
next week?

18
 TIME MAKERS

• tomorrow

• the day after tomorrow

• next (next week, next

month, next year, etc.)

• from now (two days

from now, three weeks
from now, etc.)

• in (in four days,

in two months, etc.)

• when (when two future

sentences are joined
together

Fortune-Telling
A. Write Fortunes
Write five fortunes with will and five with won’t.

WILL WON'T

19
 Please choose the correct option.

Gamze: Hi, Semih.

Semih: Hello, Gamze. Are we all ready for the big meeting tomorrow? It (is/is
going to be) at ten in the morning, right?
Gamze: Yes, in meeting room B.
Semih: (Are you working/do you work) on that today?
Gamze: Yes, just a few things to finish off. Mr. Gulcu rang to say he (isn't/won't
be) there.
Semih: Oh, that's a shame. (I'll call/I'm going to call) Aleyna in the sales
department to see if we (can/are going to) get a replacement for him.
Gamze: There's one more problem, I'm afraid.
Semih: The caterers? Please don't tell me there (isn't/won't be) any food there.
Gamze: No, that's fine. They (ring/are ringing) me at 5 today to confirm the
order.
Semih: So what's the other problem?
Gamze: I can't come!
Semih: Why not, Gamze. I (need/am needing) you!
Gamze: I told you my daughter (has/is having) her baby tomorrow.
Semih: Of course she is! I forgot completely!

Answer these speaking questions imagine you are

talking to a friend.

What do you think the world

will look like in 50 years?

What will transportation

What will you do look like in the future?
when you retire?

20
Here you have Behlul's schedule ask and answer five questions
according to table with be+going to

TIME Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

Math Science
MORNING GYM Tennis Club
Class Class

Lunch
Dentist's
AFTERNOON GYM with
Appointment
Friends

Dinner
Homework Pizza
EVENING with
Club night
family

example
What is Behlul going to do on Wednesday evening?
He is going to join Homework Club.
.....................................................
.....................................................
.....................................................
.....................................................
.....................................................
.....................................................
.....................................................
.....................................................
.....................................................
.....................................................
.....................................................

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 WILL OR BE GOING TO? (WILL & BE GOING TO)
Complete the following sentences using the correct form of will or
be going to with the verb provided. Use contractions whenever
possible.

I am going to the movies would you like to come with me?

Yeah, I will go with you.

“Will” is used when making a decision at the moment.

Next summer he is going to participate work and travel.

“Be going to” is used when plans are already made.

Fill in the blanks with ''will'' or ''be+going to''

Yusuf: Hi, our father had an accident this morning. You have to come here asap.
Enes: What?? Is he okay? I .............. (buy) the first ticket to Hatay.
Yusuf: Thanks to god his situation is not dangerous but he has some broken
bones.
Enes: Did you call the police about the accident?
Yusuf: No, I didn't but you are right. I ..............(call) them when we exit the
hospital.
Enes: The police ............. (ask) you some questions about the accident learn all
details from our father and give them all details that you get.
Yusuf: Exactly, I .............. (prepare) my answers.

Choose the correct option

My darling ............. to the hospital after school.

a) is going to go
b) will goes
c) is going to going

My teachers ............. us next Monday.

a) will visiting
b) are visiting
c) are going to visit
Geroge ............ his cat to the vet today.
a) will taking
b) will take
c) will takes

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 Common Future Time
Example Sentences
Expressions

tomorrow I think I will go jogging

(one day after today) tomorrow.

the day after tomorrow Deniz is flying the day

(two days after today) after tomorrow.

next week Simal starts pre-school

(the week after this week) next week.

in a year
Mehmet is going to be a
(a specific period of time
pilot in a year.
in the future)

this morning Adnan has an

(the closest morning in the appointment this
future) afternoon.

on Monday Esraf is going to Atlanta

(a specific day) on Monday.

Go ask your family about their goals. Try to use the expressions
above.

23
 Predictions

We can use these

I think... phrases while we
I guess... predict future events.
I predict... We can share our
I suppose... opinions about the
I am sure... future. We can use
these phrases at the
Definitely,
begining of the
Possibly,
sentence.

Make predictions about the future. What things can

change in the future?
flying cars, robots, jobs, food, cultures, people,
technology, computers.

I think there will be flying cars in the future, in

30 years' time, in the near future.

24
 Modals of Necessity
Modals of Necessity
Modals are words that come before a main verb and
give it extra meaning such as ability (can), advice
(should), necessity (must), possibility (could), etc.

FORM: Modal + Base Verb

Modals are always followed by a base verb.
A base verb is a verb with no ending (no -s, -ed, -ing, etc.)

Take note!
Must never changes, but have to and
have got to will change to match the subject.
• Use have for I, you, we, they,
and plural count nouns.
• Use has for she, he, it, non-count nouns,
and singular count nouns.

POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

Must not
Must Must
Mustn't

I must practice I musn't smoke Must I go to the

English. cigarete here. class?

POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

Have to Don't have to

Have to
Has to Doesn't have to

They have to Does she have

He doesn't have
fasten their seat to take the
to run here.
belt. exam?

25
 *Don’t Have To
Be careful! Don’t have to and
must not have very different
meanings in English.

Must not has a strong meaning:

you can’t do something (forbidden).

Don’t have to means it’s your

choice. You can do it if you
want to. It’s optional.

Fill in the blanks with must not or don’t have to and the verb.
1 Mr. Edip ............... (smoke) anymore because it’s bad for his health.

2 You ............... (write)the entire email if you don’t want to.

3 She’s lucky. She ............... (finish)her tasks today.

4 We ............... (go) to the repair shop right now. We can wait until tomorrow.

5 Pupils ................. (cheat)on the exam.

6 English learners ................ (be) late for class.

7 You ................... (say sorry) It wasn’t your fault.

8 My cousin .............. (forget) to feed her pet.

Write questions that match the answers below.

..........................................................................?
Yes, she does. (she has to go to school every day.)
..........................................................................?
No, they don't. (They don't have to wear suit.)

..........................................................................?
Yes, I do. (I have to finish writing this book.)

26
 Writing Practice
Now write some sentences about your household
rules and chores.

I have to walk with my dog.

Hospital Rules
Rewrite the hospital rules using modals of necessity.
You must be quiet at the hospital. (be quiet)

(talk loud)

(sleep in corridors)

(get food and drink)

(carry pets)

27
 Listen and Watch

Listen to these songs to practice

grammar structures

Kelly Clarkson-Stronger
Katty Perry- Dark Horse
Jessie J-Nobody's Perfect
Look at the lyrics while you listen to these pieces
of music.
Try to sing as they do.

Watch these videos to practice

present simple and present continuous.
ed.ted.com
-How many verb tenses are there in
English?
-The unexpected math of origami.
-The hidden meaning of yin and yang.

Listen to these podcasts to see

the structure of present tenses.

Present simple and continuous- 6

minutes grammar
The Present Mind Podcast

28
 Listen and Watch

Listen to these songs to practice

modals.

The Clas-Should I stay or Should I go

Riles-Should I
Roxette- It must have been love
Look at the lyrics while you listen to these pieces
of music.
Try to sing as they do.

Watch these videos to practice

modal verbs
ed.ted.com
-Can the economy grow forever?
-Can machines read your emotions?
-Should we eat bugs?
-Why should you read "Hamlet"?

Listen to these podcasts to see

the modal verbs.

What we can, must, and should say

about modals- Lingthusiasm
Have to: Modals of obligation-
Books4Language

29
 Listen and Watch

Listen to these songs to practice

future tenses.

Celine Dion- My Heart Will Go On

Whitney Houston- I will always love you
The Proclaimers-I'm gonna be
Look at the lyrics while you listen to these pieces
of music.
Try to sing as they do.

Watch these videos to practice

ed.ted.com Future tenses.

-How long will human impacts last?

-Will we ever be able to teleport?
-When will the next ice age happen?

Listen to these podcasts to see

the future tenses.

.future- Microsoft
The Future is now- Isaac Roughton
Future Talks- Fab Lab Barcelona

30
 Unit 5
Past simple and Past contınuous

Past Simple Past continuous

We use past simple to talk about We use past continuous to talk
completed action in the past. about a pas action that was in
-Yesterday, I had dinner with my progress at a specific time frame
friends. in the past.
-Last week, I was in Ankara. -I was playing football at 8 p.m
yesterday night.
Form:
Base verb+ (-ed) or Form:
irregular form of verb was/were + Ving

I was playing
basketball

8 pm 9 pm
You called
me

When you called me,

I was playing basketball with my
friends

Past time markers

-yesterday
-ago
-last week, last weekend, last year
-when, while

31
 ExcerCise Time!

Dialogue
A: Hey! I called you yesterday, but you .............
(not answer)
B: Oh!Sorry, I ............ (play football) at 9 p.m.
with my friends. Then, I ........ (see) your message
but I .......... (forget) to call you back.
A: It's OK. What else ......... you ..........
yesterday(do)?
B: I ........... some time with my friends(have).
Oh, I ........ (see) your boyfriend while I ............
(have) dinner.
A: Really? .......... you ......... (talk)?
B: Nah, I just ........ at him. (smile)

LANGUAGE POINT
PAST SIMPLE
(+) V+ -ed or irregular I wanted a mockingbird when I was a
child.
I bought a mockingbird yesterday.
(-) did not. I didn't have a mockingbird when I was a child
(?)Did you.....
Did you have a mockingbird when you were a child?

32
 int
po
e PAST CONTINUOUS
uag
ng
aL I was watching
(+) was-were Ving
TV with my family at 8 p.m
yesterday
night.
(-) was-were not Ving
I was not watching TV with my family at 8 p.m
yesterday night, I was sleeping.
(?) Was-Were....... Ving.......?
Were you sleeping yesterday night?

Homework
Write your childhood memories by using time markers, past
simple and past continuous.

You can check your grammar mistakes on

grammarly.com 33
quillbot.com
Unit 6 Present Perfect

Have/Has+ V3 form (+)

Form Have/has not +V3 form(-)
Have/has.....you/he.....V3(?)

We use present perfect to show an

Explanation activity that started in the past, but
continues to the present

1999

Diagram
2022

Example

I have known her since 1999.

It means:
We met in 1999, I still know her, we are friends for 23 years.
Instead of making 2 sentences, I use present perfect tense and make it
short.

We met in 1999. + I still know her.

= I have known her since 1999.

I started to teach English in 2017 + I am still

an English teacher.
=
I have taught English for 5 years.

34
 Language Point
We use present perfect to give new
information about the action that happened
just before the conversation.
For example:
Oh! I've cut my finger.
This action happened a short time ago.
After a couple of hours, we can say,
"I cut my finger in the morning!"
Because, it is completed.

Time Markers
Yet Already
Already means
Yet refers to a time
which starts in the past before or by now or
and continues up to the time in
present. Generally used
question.
with present perfect
negative sentences. I have already
I haven't eaten yet. eaten.

Since For
"Since" shows the starting "For" shows the duration of
point of an activity. It does an activity, it shows a time
not show the whole period. period.
I have learned English since I have learned English for
2017. 12 years.

"2017" is the starting point, "12 years" is a period.

and this action still
continues.

35
 Exercises

9 p.m 11 p.m

-She has done her homework

for 2 hours.

She started to She is still doing her

do her homework. homework.

Make sentences
according to the pictures.

1980 2022
since/cook

...............................

He started to He is still a
cook in 1980 cook.

since/be
...............................
They met in They are
university. still friends

36
 Language Point
Ever Never
We use "ever" to point any We use "never" to point no
time in the past. It is
time in the past. It is used
generally used in positive
in positive sentences but
and question sentences.
the meaning is negative.
-Have you ever ridden a
horse?
I have never ridden a
horse.

Exercise

A: I am so hungry! What are you going to

eat?
B: I think I'll have sushi. ........ you ..........
sushi?(ever/eat)
A: I ..........never............ Is is delicious?
(try)
B: Yes! You should try. I ..................... to
Japan and I ate there. It was perfect. (be)
A: Oh! When did you go to Japan?
B: Five years ago. ........ you ............. to
Japan?(ever, be)
A: No I haven't. I ............... to China
before. I went there 2 years ago for a
business holiday. (be)

37
 Speaking and Writing

-Ask and answer these questions by yourself, record your

speech and listen.

-What are some places you've been on

vacation?
-What are some strange types of food
you've eaten?
-What are some hobbies you've tried?
-Have you ever ridden a horse? When?
Where?
-Have you ever eaten sushi?

-Write the things that you have never done

before.

I have never been to Paris.

38
 Useful Language

When I was a child.. . .

A while ago.. A long time ago..

Before, After

Then, All of a sudden

When, While

Look at your dictionary, learn the meanings of these

phrases and create a story from your childhood.
Record yourself.

39
 Grammar Notes

five minutes
four hours

two days
a long time
AGO
couple of
months
one year

three weeks

The movie started five minutes ago.

I graduated from university one year ago.
I saw her a long time ago.
I quitted smoking couple of months ago.
I went to the hair dresser three weeks ago.
I did my homework four hours ago.

Read these sentences

aloud.

40
 Grammar Notes

morning
week

holiday
year
LAST
May winter

weekend

We went to Antalya last summer.

I met him last May.
I got married last weekend.
My sister started to university last year.
My family went to Uludağ last winter.

Read these sentences

aloud.

41
 Grammar Notes

AT
9.00 am
noon
lunchtime

ON
15th January
1st October
Friday, my last birthday

IN
1999
the 18th century, the 60's

I woke up at 9.00 am last morning.

I ate burgers at lunchtime.
I went to cinema with my friends on Friday night.
I came back from hotel on 15th January.
I drunk wine on my last birthday.
I was born in 1999.
There was a World War II in the 20th century.
42
 Practice Time!

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs.

1) I ................(teach) English since I ......... (start) to live abroad.

2)I ........... a law student for 4 years. (be)

3)I ......... never ........ crocodile before. (eat) When I........ to the USA
last summer, I .............. (go) to my friend's house, they .............. (eat)
crocodile but I ............ (try).

4)She ............ already .............. her dinner.

5) Mom: Hey! ......... you .......... your homework?

Son: No, I .................. it yet. But I will finish, I promise.

6)A: Hello mate! ........... you ............ ? Let's eat out!

B: Sorry, I ......... just ......... . I am full!

7)I ....... never ........(be) to Vienna but my father ........ (go)last year and
he (get)........ me some coffee, they ........ delicious.

8) At the weekend, I ........ (play) football with my co-workers then we

..........
(eat) dinner in the evening.

9) When you .......... (come) last night I ........... (read) book at 8 pm.

10) ........ you ......... (meet) a celebrity in your life?

43
 Let's read!

Hello, I'm Aleyna. Because I've had a

hectic week, I've recently felt under the
weather. The meeting I held with my
new students last Friday left me
exhausted, but I found it to be a very
positive experience. I made an effort to
get to know my pupils because I was
curious about their goals for the
upcoming term. They were paying close
attention as I spoke to them about our
course of action. They gently responded
to my inquiries about how they were
studying English. They were really
eager to learn English and become
better people! My amazing Enwadil
Team and I left the meeting and went
for coffee.. While we were drinking our
coffee, we talked about our plans for the
new term and created some ideas for
our students. I have never been
happier!

IDIOM
If you say that you are under the weather,
you mean that you feel slightly ill. I was still
feeling a bit under the weather. Synonyms:
ill, unwell, poorly
44
 Read the passage again,
underline the past simple,
past continuous and
present perfect verb
tenses. Write them down.

Speakıng Challenge
NEW
YORK

past Present

Describe the pictures. Talk about the past more.

Use these phrases,
There were...
There was....
In the past, New York......

45
 Listen and Watch

Listen to these songs to see past simple and

past continuous structures.
Mary Hopkin- Those were the days
Jad Madela - The Past
Coldplay- Paradise
Lukas Graham- 7 years
Listen to these songs, look at the lyrics, and try to
sing as they do.

Watch these videos to see past simple and past

continuous structures.
ed.ted.com
-History vs Cleopatra
-The complicated story of surfing
-The history of tattoos
-A brief history of plastic

Listen to these podcasts.

The history hour- BBC World Service

History of everything- Stakuyi
Ottoman History Podcast
 Listen and Watch

Listen to these songs to see the present perfect

structures.
Lil Peep- I have been waiting
Johnny Cash- I have been everywhere
She's gone- Steelheart
Listen to these songs, look at the lyrics, and
try to sing as they do.

Watch these videos to see past simple and past

continuous structures.
ed.ted.com
What is color?
How miscommunication happens?

Listen to these podcasts.

Have you ever? - Svein Clouston,

Rowan Morisson
Have you ever heard of?- Gold Dragon
Media
 USED TO
Use"used to" talk about a past habit or situation which is not
the same now.

Past habits Present habits

(Repeated actions) (Repeated actions)

I used to live in Turkey. I usually have a Turkish

(But now I live in Canada. tea for breakfast.

Past states- no longer true I usually go to school by

bus
I used to be blonde.
(But now I am not blonde)

SUBJECT USED TO INFINITIVE

I,YOU,WE,THE V1
POSITIVE USED TO here.
Y,HE,SHE,IT (LIVE)

I,YOU,WE,THE DIDN'T USE TO V1

NEGATIVE here.
Y,HE,SHE,IT NEVER USED TO (LIVE)

V1
QUESTION DID YOU USE TO here?
(LIVE)

48
Practice 1: Complete the questions with using "used to"

1. I_______________ live in a flat when I was a child.

2. She _______________ love eating chocolate, but
now she hates it
3. He _______________ smoke.
4. I _______________ play tennis when I was at school
5. She _______________be able to speak French, but
she has forgotten it all
6. They both _______________have short hair
7. I _______________ hate school
8. I _______________ listen to music when I was a
child.
9. They_______________ live in the country, but now
they live in the city

Practice 2:Choose the correct answer.

1.I like it now, but I ____. 4.He never _____ eat spinach.
A. didn't use to A. used
B. didn't used to B. used to
6. I used to ____ up this early.
2. I ____ play football on A. get
Saturdays when I was at school. B. getting
A. was used to 7. I used to ____ a lot.
B. used to A. read
B. reading
3. Before I started cycling, I _____
go to work by bus.
A.used to
B.use to

49
Practice 3: Look at the pictures and complete the sentences.

THEN NOW
1. I____________ drink __________
every morning but now I
drink__________________.

2. She ______________ live in

___________but now she lives in
___________________.

3. Emily ___________ have

____________ but now she has
_________________________.

4.I ______________ eat

________________but now I eat
___________________________.

5. Alice___________ be
_____________, but now she
is________________.

50
Practice 4: Complete the text with using used to, didn’t use to, did … to

Interviewer: What 1) ____________________ (you/be) like

when you were a teenager?
John:I 2) ____________________ (wear) very big clothes, and
I 3) ____________________ (be) quite short. I 4)
____________________ (not like) my appearance very much
but I had a great teenage years.
Interviewer: What 5) ____________________ (you/do) for
fun?
John: We 6) ____________________ (not have) phones and
our neighborhood 7) ____________________(be) safer than
now, so we 8) ____________________ (play) outdoors all the
time.
Interviewer: 9) ____________________ (you/get) good marks
in school?
John: No, I 10) ____________________ (not study)hard.

51
Practice 5: Rewrite the sentences with the opposite meaning.

1. I used to play piano with my sister.

_______________________________________________________________________
2. He used to work with this company.
______________________________________________________________________
3. She didn't use to have a classical car.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. I used to hang out with the kids who were younger than me.
______________________________________________________________________
5. Kate used to do yoga with personal trainer.
______________________________________________________________________
6. I used to use Samsung phone.
______________________________________________________________________
7. Liam didn't use to go to bed at 11p.m.
______________________________________________________________________
8. They didn't use to have money.
______________________________________________________________________
9. I used to go the gym for exercising.
______________________________________________________________________
10. Jim didn't use to play basketball.

______________________________________________________________________

Practice 6:Write short paragraph about changes in your life.

*I used to play the piano but I don't play the piano now.

52
 PURPOSE

1. TO+INFINITIVE
Use TO+INFINITIVE to I go to the market to buy
talk about the reason
bread every day.
or purpose for an
action.

2. IN ORDER (NOT) TO+ INFINITIVE

You can also use They came to home in order to

IN ORDER(NOT) have dinner

TO+INFINITIVE to
They came to home early in
talk about order not to miss the dinner.
purposes.

3. SO THAT
You can also use
I'll go to shopping so
SO THAT+SUBJECT+VERB
that I can buy you
to talk about purposes. flowers.

53
 REASON
&
RESULT

1.BECAUSE
Use
BECAUSE+SUBJECT+ VERB to talk about a cause.

She bought a lot of fruit because her sister was ill.

Because her sister was ill, she bought a lot of fruit.

2. SO
Use
SO+SUBJECT+ VERB to talk about a result of an action.

Her sister wal ill so she bought a lot of fruit

I lost my car's keys so I went to the office by bus.

54
Practice 7: Complete the questions with using "to", "in order not
to", "so that"

1. She's studying at the moment _________________pass her exams

next week.
2. I bought a book_______________ help with my reading skills.
3. He went to bed early_______________ he wouldn't be tired in the
morning.
4. We have to get up early. We set the alarm for six o'clock in
_______________ oversleep.
5. He waited for two hours _______________ he could meet her.
6. Some people do not eat before exercises _______________ feel
nauseated.
7. Do exercise regularly _______________ have excellent health.
8. John gave physics lessons ________________earn some money.

Practice 8: Complete the questions with using "because" or "so"

1. Jack is late______________ he will have to take a taxi.

2. Emily is tired______________ she has walked for six miles.
3. It is an amazing restaurant ____________ the food here is delicious and
cheap.
4. They are too busy______________ they can't go the cinema this night.
5. He is going to have a drink of water ______________ he is thirsty.
6. I am staying in bed today______________ I am very exhausted.
7. Ashley is studying English______________ she loves languages.
8. She didn't go to their party ______________ they didn't invite her.
9. I have a lot of money______________ I can buy that expensive coat.
10. The weather is cold______________ they can't swim.

55
Practice 9: Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.

1. Helen can't come tonight _____________ she will work late

A. because
B. so
C. in order to
D. so that

2.Read your text silently ___________disturb the others

A. because
B. so
C. in order not to
D.in order to

3. We went to the station ____________________ buy tickets for our

journey.
A. because
B. so
C. in order to
D. so that

4. We're saving our money _______________ go travelling.

A. because
B. so
C. in order to
D. so that

5. I had to work on Sunday_______ I couldn't go to Kate's party.

A. because
B. so
C. in order to
D. so that

56
RELATIVE CLAUSE

A relative clause(an adjective

clause) is type of dependent
clause that describes a noun.

Nouns can be about "people,

things, places"

We use relative clause to

explain the noun that we
We use relative pronouns are talking about.
after the nouns;

For
WHO people WHOSE Possession

For

WHICH
For
animals, THAT people,
animals,
objects,
or objects,
ideas

WHERE For
places WHEN Time

*You can use THAT instead of WHICH/WHO

57
 My sister lives in Germany.
She is standing in front of the door.

We have two information here.

My sister who lives in Germany is standing in front of the door.

Main clause Relative clause
Main clause

We need to use who because "who" comes after

person/people. You can also use "that" here.

The relative clause "who live in Germany" refers to "my

sister" (main clause)

In the relative phrase, we find extra

information about the subject (noun).

58
LET'S CHECK EXAMPLES
onoun
Relative pr

WHO/THAT The man who bought this house was rich.

relative clause

n
ive pronou
Relat

WHICH/THAT The house which Mr.Geller bought was expensive.

relative clause

n
ive p ronou
Relat

WHOSE The man whose dog is barking is our neighbor.

relative clause

n
ive pronou
Relat

WHERE We went to the restaurant where our boss recommended.

relative clause

n
ive pronou
Relat

WHEN I remember the day when I moved to London.

relative clause

59
Practice 1: Complete the sentences with using relative pronouns.

1. The vase ______ I broke.

2. The articles ______ I read.
3. The restaurant ______I eat.
4. The man______ I met.
5. The city______ I was born.
6. The girls______ I saw.
7. The car______ I bought.
8. The bike______ I rode.
9. The sea______ I swim.
10. The coffee______ I ordered
11. The computer________ I bought.
12. The friends_________I love.

Practice 2: Complete the sentences with using relative pronouns.

1. The waitress__________was wearing a red shirt was rude .

2. My friend_________lives in Australia is having a baby.
3. The television__________was bought yesterday was stolen.
4. The vase__________ belongs to my aunt got broken.
5. The girl___________ is from Japan works in a bank.
6. The woman___________ is wearing a black dress is in the
garden.
7. Jack loves books__________ have happy endings.
8. I sent an email to my sister_______________ lives in Poland.
9. The cake___________I bought yesterday forJohn's birthday was
delicious.
10. We saw the man_____________car was broken yesterday.

60
Practice 3: Connect to sentences with using relative pronouns.

1.A crocodile is an animal. It is strong.

_______________________________________________________________________
2. A poet is a person. He writes poems.
_______________________________________________________________________
3. The girl speaks French. Her mother is a teacher.
_______________________________________________________________________
4. The detective was young. He solved the crime.
_______________________________________________________________________
5. Emily is my friend. She lives in NYC.
________________________________________________________________________
6. This is the ring. My fiancé gave this ring to me.
_______________________________________________________________________
7. This restaurant is my favorite. They cook the best pasta ever.
_______________________________________________________________________

Practice 4: Correct the mistakes.

1.The new math teacher whose comes from Spain is good at

playing the guitar.
________________________________________________________________________
2.The students who test scores were low had to take courses to
pass the exam.
____________________________________________________________________
3. The store when we generally buy our products has new owners.
____________________________________________________________________
4. I like movies whose have a lot of crime and violence.
____________________________________________________________________
5.The teacher yelled at the girl which had forgotten her
homework.
____________________________________________________________________
6. I've lost the notebook whose I had written my computer's
password.
_________________________________________________________________________
_ 61
Practice 5: Choose the best option.

1.The old woman ....... moved in next 7.A Laptop is a computer.............. can be
door seem very grumpy. carried around.
A.where A.where
B. who B. who
C. which C. which

2.The sales assistant ..... answered the 8.I won't eat in a restaurant ............ meals
phone was polite and respectful. are stale.
A. when A.that
B. which B.whose
C. that C.when

3. The girl ........ ordered the taxi is 9. New York is a place............you can do a
crying. lot of things.
A. whose A. who
B. where B. where
C. who C. whose

4. I've lost the necklace ........... my 10. This is a book.............author is accused

grandfather bought for me. of plagiarism.
A.who A.whose
B.whose B.who
C.that C.when

5.The movie ...... lasted for two hours 11. Where's charger................I gave you last
was so boring. night?
A.which A.whose
B.who B.who
C.whose C.which

6.The singer ......... career was ruined 12. I like people............can control their
by mental problems was on TV behaviors easily.
yesterday. A. who
A. whose B.whose
B.where C.which
C.who

62
 Practice 6: Complete the text with using relative pronouns.

Yoga 1)_________ is my favorite exercise is an

ancient practice 2)__________ includes
physical positions, mental focus, and deep
breathing.
The Sanskrit word for "union" or "yoke" is
yoga.Yoga 3)____________ aim is bring the
body, mind, soul, and global consciousness
into harmony.

Yoga 4)____________ is an ancient system of

physical, mental and spiritual exercises is
essential notion to make ourselves happy VOCAB
and relaxed. Yoga practices 5) __________ Consciousness(n): The
condition of being
include breathing techniques, postures, conscious : the normal
relaxation, and other forms of meditation state of being awake and
make people to connect with themselves. able to understand what
is happening around you.
Yoga 6) ________ comes in a wide variety of
Emphasis(n): special
forms, each with its own special emphasis is importance, value, or
the most popular exercise in the World. prominence given to
something.

Practice 7: Match the sentences 1-6 with a-f.

1. People who win the lottery A.was broken

2. The bike that my father gave me B. is my sister's son.
3. This is Julia whose sister C. needs renovated.
4. The gift which you bough to me D. you met at the party.
5. The boy who is swimming E. was amazing.
6. The house which we bought yesterday F. are lucky

1________ 4________
2________ 5________

63
3________ 6________
 TOO MUCH/TOO MANY/TOO/ENOUGH

We use it to mean more

Use with uncountable
TOO MUCH than we want or need of
nouns.
something.

We use it to mean more

Use with uncountable
TOO MANY than we want or need of
nouns.
something.

We use it to mean more

Use with
TOO than we want or need of
adjectives/adverbs
something.

We use it to say all that is

ENOUGH Use it with nouns
necessary.

Use too much w

ith
uncountable no
uns
such as coffee,
water, rice,chee
se

as negative She eats too mu

Too h ch Use
g.
meanin chocolate t
unc oo man
o yw
suc untabl i
h as e no th
ouse is too ora
peo uns
This h nge ple, ca
r us. I've s, d rs,
small fo got
too
ays
...
pen many
cils
.
Use enough to say
something is OK.
enough+noun
OR There is enough
This house is
adjective+enough food for
big enough.
everyone.

64
 Practice 8: Complete the sentences with using "too many/too much,
too, enough"

1. You've got___________ T-shirts and I haven't seen that you wear

them before.
2. There were __________students in the room. It is very crowded.
3. This book is short__________ to read for children.
4. I've eaten _____________chocolate and I feel sick!
5. She put_______________ things in this suitcase. We can't close it.
6. I haven't got_____________ money to go to the concert that you
talked about. I can't go sorry.
7. There are____________ people on the metro. It's crowded!
8. The film was________ long ,so I was bored.
9. Don't worry! there is ____________time to complete our project.
10. There are___________ eggs in the fridge ,so you don't have to go
shopping.

Practice 9 : Choose the best option for "too much", "too many"

1. Helen generally gives too ___ 4. Istanbul has too___ traffic

awful advice, you shouldn't listen to during rush hour.
her! A.many
A.many B.much
B. much
5. There are too ___ cars on the
2. India is very crowded city, there road.We can't manage to go
are too ___ people! there!
A.much A.much
B.many
B.many

3. Jack has too ___ money and too

6. Sorry, I'm so busy! I have
much time. He's lucky.
too ___ duties to complete
A. much
today!
B.many
A. many

65 B. much
 Practice 10. Complete the sentences with using "enough" or "too"

1. Our car isn't fast_______ .It is ____________slow .

2. There are __________ many students but there
aren't _________ desks.
3. Russia is __________ cold.It isn't warm_________.
4. Jack is 13 years old. He is ___________ young. He
isn't old____________ to drive.
5. I don't drink ___________ water.I drink ___________
much coke.
6. The red car is___________expensive, but the blue
car is cheap______________.
7. The tea is_________ cold,but the coffee is
hot___________.

Practice 11: Choose the best option for "too", "enough"

1.There are ....... many answers to 5.The boots were ..... so I didn't buy
ask so I need help. them
A.too A.too big
B.enough B.small enough

2. I couldn't buy the dress because 6. I haven't got ....... to go on a

it was........ holiday.
A. expensive enough A.enough time
B. too expensive B. too much time

3. The room wasn't ....... so I opened 7. Let me help you! It is ...... to carry
the windows. for you.
A.too cold A. too heavy
B. cold enough B. heavy enough

4. The food was .... to eat so I left it 8. This city isn't ......... because of
for a minute to cool. that we can't do something
A.too hot different
B. hot enough
66 A.too big
B. big enough
 Listen and Watch

Listen to these songs to practice

Used to.
Gotye - Somebody That I Used To Know (feat.
Kimbra)
Selena Gomez-Charlie Put- We don't talk
anymore
Sandro Cavazza, Lou Elliotte - Used To
Miley Cyrus - Slide Away
Dua Lipa- Love again
Look at the lyrics while you listen to these
pieces of music.
Try to sing songs as they do.
Watch these videos to practice
ed.ted.com Used to
-There no scraps of men- Alberto
Cairo.
-Why are airplanes slower than they
used to be?
-The mathematician who cracked
Wall Street- Jim Simons.

Listen to these podcasts to see

used to
'Used to' BBC world service.
5)Used to BBC world service.
03. Music&The Beatles/Interview with
Mum/ language focus: Used to.

67
 Listen and Watch

Listen to these songs to practice

relative clauses

Nirvana - The Man Who Sold The World

Adele- Hello
Gotye - Somebody That I Used To Know (feat.
Kimbra)
Look at the lyrics while you listen to these pieces
of music.
Try to sing songs as they do.

Watch these videos to practice

ed.ted.com relative clauses
-Saving for a rainy day: Keith Chen
on language that forecasts weather
— and behavior
-The method that can "prove" almost
anything- James A. Smith
-The work that makes all other work
possible- Ai-Jen Poo

Listen to these podcasts to see

relative clauses

-Defining relative clauses BBC world

service.
-Relative pronouns and Relative
Clauses/Learn English about
-8-minute English- Relative Clause

68
Unit 9 COMPERATIVE

M
O
RE
SUPERLATIVEE MOST
TH
Comperative adjectıves

One way of using comparative adjectives is to indicate

change or compare things:
This phone is better, but it's more expensive.

She is feeling happier after hearing her grandfather is getting healthier.

This bag is heavier.

PRACTICE TIME

1) The maths exam was ......... (easy), however, most of the

students failed.

2) I need a .........(new) notebook because I poured coffee on this

one.

3) My family is living in an _______ (old) house, they have been

living there since my childhood.

4) If you have any ............(far) questions, I can happily answer.

69
5) He feels ______ (strong) after all those workout sessions.
 If we want to compare someone/something to another we
use than:

He is older than me.

Ankara is bigger than Bursa.

Their volleyball team is worse than our team.

PRACTICE TIME

1) A chick is ................(small) a shark.

2) My grandfather is ..............(old) my little

girl.

3) My friend Josh seems _______ (sad)

Liam. I wonder if there is something
wrong.

4) A giraffe is ...............(tall) other land

animals in the world.

5) Venus is _______ (hot)Neptune

because it is closer to the sun.

70
We can use two comparatives with and when we desribe the changes:

The car gets faster and faster.

Things are getting more and more expensive.

She is looking younger and younger.

PRACTICE TIME

1) Amy is getting richer and richer as

she is earning good money from her
company.

2) My younger brother seems taller

and taller because he is being an
adolescent now.

3) This city has become................ (cold)

since we moved here.

4) Could you please turn the volume

down? This place is getting
___________ (noisy) because of
your music.

5) My sister goes to the gym

everyday. She is getting
____________ (strong).

71
 Usually we use the with comparative adjectives when
we want to show one thing depends on another:

The closer you are, the clearer you can see.

(When you are closer, you can see clearer.)

The higher we climb, the colder it gets.

(When we climb higher, it gets colder.)

PRACTICE TIME

1) The earlier we leave the house, the

sooner we will arrive at school.

2) The more you try to communicate in

English, the faster you will learn.

3).......... you spend money on unnecessary

items, ......... you will save.

4) _______ (tall) you are, _______ (easy)

you can reach higher shelves.

5) The more people remember my

birthday, _______ (happy) I am.

72
 SUPERLATIVE adjectıves
As the name implies, superlative adjectives describe
qualities that are at the top or bottom of the scale.

I am the youngest person in my family.

(The other family members are older than me.)

My name is Barry Allen and I am the fastest man alive.

(Other people are slower than me.)

PRACTICE TIME

1) Everest is the highest mountain on the planet.

2) Emily is the friendliest person I ever know.

3) It was ________ (hot) summer of all times.

4) Neptune is ............(far) planet to the Sun.

5) Russia is _______ (large) country in the world.

73
 We use 'the most' for long adjectives.

She is the most successful student in the class.

My mother is the most beauitful woman in my life.

PRACTICE TIME

1) Chinese is the most difficult language for me.

2) I don't have the money to buy the most expensive

car in the store.

3) Tarkan is one of ...............(popular) singers in Turkey.

4) The old lady in the next apartment is ________

(generous) person, she always gives money to the
children in the festivals.

5) I watched ___________ (boring) movie yesterday

night. I slept whole the movie .

74
ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

HOT HOTTER THE HOTTEST

FAST FASTER THE FASTEST

HIGH HIGHER THE HIGHEST

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

DIFFICULT MORE DIFFICULT THE MOST DIFFICULT

GENEROUS MORE GENEROUS THE MOST GENEROUS

EXPENSIVE MORE EXPENSIVE THE MOST EXPENSIVE

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

BAD WORSE THE WORST

FAR FURTHER THE FURTHEST

LITTLE LESS THE LEAST

75
 PRACTICE TIME
The people below are the participants of a chess game.
Read the information and answer the questions accordingly.

NAME: Emma NAME: Rick NAME: Jimmy

AGE: 22 AGE: 35 AGE: 14
HEIGHT: 168 HEIGHT: 176 HEIGHT: 155
WEIGHT: 55 WEIGHT: 69 WEIGHT: 45
Hi, My name is Emma. I Hi, I am Rick. I am not Hi there! I finished
feel so happy because I good at chess, and I the game in the
win the race in chess. failed. I don't feel sad second place. I am
about it. happy!

1) Emma is heavier than Jimmy, but she is ________ (slim) than Rick.
2) Jimmy is _____________ (young) participant in the game.
3) Rick is _____________ (tall) person among them.
4) Emma is _____________ (succesful) person in the game.
5) Rick is ____________ (old) participant in the game.
6) Jimmy is ___________ (happy) than Rick.
7) Emma is ___________ (old) than Jimmy but she is ________
(young) than Rick.

76
 ARTICLES
What are artıcles??
We use articles to define if a noun is spesific or unspesific.
There are two types of articles in English; the definite
article and indefinite articles.

the defınıte artıcle

The definite article in English is the word the. "The"
specifies a noun to one particular thing. It can be used
with singular, plural or uncountable nouns.

examples

Can you pass me the salt?

Are you coming to the party this Thursday?

Do you remember the book I told you about?

I bought the blue phone I sent you yesterday.

Last week I went to the movie everyone was AVENGERS

talking about.

77
 INDEFINITE ARTICLES
Indefinite articles have two forms. With the words
beginning with a consonant like banana, computer,
movie, hammer, watch; we use a, a banana, a
computer, a movie, a hammer, a watch.

With the words beggining with a vowel like apple, eye,

artist, elephant, eagle, oven, umbrella; we use an, an
apple, an eye, an artist, an elephant, an eagle, an
oven, an umbrella.

examples
There is an eagle flying above us.

It will rain tomorrow, let's buy an umbrella.

Thieves stole a watch from the shop.

They are watching a movie.

We need an apple for our pie.

I fell uncomfortable right now, can you give me a

pillow.

EXCEPTIONS
If the spelling of the word is different
from the written form ''honest'' ''honor''
''universe'' ''university'', choosing a or
an depends on spelling.
She is an honest woman.

78
We live in a universe, and it is enormous.
 PRACTICE TIME

1) If you are having ___ bad day, we can

hang out together.

2) I saw ___ awful insect on the floor.

3) I went ___ movie last weekend. ___

movie had an interesting topic.

4) Could you please pass me ___ salt,

please?

5) I heard on ___ TV that there was ___

accident on the city center this evening.

6) My classmate has ___ Japanese

girlfriend.

7) I met with ___ man yesterday. ___ man

offered me ___ job.

8) Excuse me! Where is ___ nearest

hospital?

9) ___ moon goes around ___ earth.

10) It has been ___ hour since I finished

doing my assignments.

79
 MAKING GUESSES
When you want to give an opinion about a matter, and you do not
have much information about it, you make guesses.

There are several ways to express your guesses.

When you feel certain about the information, or when you have a
clear idea that it will happen, you use;

Definitely,
I'm sure
It must be
I bet

examples

1) The sky seems so cloudy, I'm sure It is going to rain.

2) The doorbell rings, It must be my father at this hour in

the evening.

3) I coughed a few times today. I bet I will get sick.

4) I studied so hard for this maths test, I will definitely

get a high score.

80
 When you are not certain about the information, and you feel your
guess might not be true, you can use;

It's difficult to say

Probably
I think
Could be
I guess
Might be
Perhaps
Maybe
I am not sure

examples

1) It is difficult to say that my team will win because

our rivals fought very well.

2) Amy seems extra sad today. I think she is having

a bad day.

When you feel you sure about the information that it will not happen, you use

There is no way/chance
Definitely not
It can't be

examples

1) She will definitely not want to see you. You lied to her.

2) There is no way you can persuade her to come to the

horror movie. She is afraid of it.

81
 PRACTICE TIME
Place the guessing expressions you learned to the table.

CERTAIN POSITIVE NOT CERTAIN CERTAIN NEGATIVE

I'm sure

It can't be

Maybe

Fill in the blanks. There can be more than one answer.

1) It is very hot today, _________ our ice cream will

melt until we get home.

2) Do not blame him! ________ he did not steal your

notes.

3) _________ we can go to the class picnic today

because our teacher got sick.

4) __________ I will not be able to attend the party

today, I have tons of homeworks to do.

5) ___________ my computer is broken! It is new, I

have bought it a few days ago!

82
 Listen and Watch

Listen to these songs and try to

sing as they do.

Extreme- More than words

Axwell Ingrosso- More than you know
Roxy Music- More Than This

Watch these videos to see

comparative and superlative forms.
ed.ted.com
Your brain is more than a bag of
chemicals.
What is invisible? More than you
think.

Listen to these podcasts.

Comparatives and Superlatives- 6

minute Grammar
All about addjectives- Learn
English Podcast

83
 Unit 10 USES OF
LIKE
lıke as a verb
I don't like to eat cake.
Like is used to talk about
I like reading a lot.
things people enjoy or I like how my dad cooks.
have positive feelings. I like Sonia, she is a nice person

lıke as a preposıtıon
That sounds like broken. Like can be used as
She looks like my sister. 'similar to'. It is often used
I am like my uncle. with the sense verbs as,
This tastes like strawberry. feel, seem, taste...

would lıke
Would like is used to Would you like to eat some ice
cream?
offer or ask in a polite
I would like to have a cup of
way. coffee please.

lıke as a conjuctıon

Like I showed you, don't Like can be used instead

put too much salt in it. of ''as''.

84
 1) What is the weather like 4) What is your sister like?
this evening?
a) She likes fries a lot.
a) It is short, blonde and ugly.
b) Calm and easy-going
b) It likes eggs and bacon.
c) Short and dark haired.
c) It is wild, there is too much
rain and wind.

2) What do you like for 5) What do you like to do?

lunch?

a) Pizza and chips. a) I like swimming and hiking

b) Tall and fat b) I have long curly hair
c) I'd like a toast please. c) I would like some pasta

3) What does she look like? 6) How is she like?

a) She likes a long coat and a hat a) She likes dark chocolate
b) She is tall, blonde and b) She is sick
beautiful. c) She is nice
c) She likes cake.

In speaking, likes serves many

purposes and is used widely. It
can be a filler, or you can use it
to focus on some points, ask for
an example, for reported
speeches.
85
 PASSIVE
VOICE
(Past-Present Simple)

We generally use passive voice when we don't know who

performed the action like;
"The twitter was bought."
In this example we do not know who bought the house and
instead of saying
''Somebody bought the twitter'' we use the passive form.
When we want to adress to the performer as well, we use ''by''
at the end of the sentence as;
''The twitter was bought by Elon.''

As can be seen from the

examples in passive sentences
the subject *recieves* the
action verb; however in
active sentences it *performs*
the action verb.

let's practıce
Rewrite the sentences in passive forms.
1-Somebody killed that man.
That man was killed.
2-.A person stole her car yesterday.

3- She scored the winning goal.

4- Jensen ate the cake.

86
 how to form sentences
ın passıve voıce

to be rest of the
subject (conjugated)
past partıcıple
sentence

SIMPLE PRESENT
The room is cleaned every week

SIMPLE PAST

The room was cleaned every week

Five people robbed a bank yesterday evening. They took three

hostages. Police officers chased them for fifteen minutes. The
officers caught them quickly. Then they took the thieves to the
police station. They sent thieves to prison.

People try to rob banks sometimes. They steal the money. But
mostly police officers catch them. People tell me that robbery is
decreasing nowadays.
Rewrite the paragraph in passive form.
A bank was robbed by five people yesterday evening.

87
 COMPLAINING
We complain when something is wrong, not satisfactory
or when we express our displeasure or annoyance.

how to complaın

makıng complaınts requıestıng somethıng

I'm sorry to say this but

I'd like to make a complaint I was hoping.....
about.... Do you think you could...?
Excuse me, but there is a Wouldn't it be nice if.....?
problem... Would you mind.......
Sorry, but there is something I'd rather have
wrong with.......
That's not acceptable

posıtıve responses negatıve responses

My apologies on.... I'm afraid there is nothing I can

I'll sort it out as soon as possible do.
I'm very sorry to hear that.... That's way beyond me, I'm
I'll check it out afraid.
I'll see what I can do. Sorry, there is nothing we can
do about it.

88
 Listen and Watch

Listen to these songs to practice

grammar.

Ellie Goulding- Love me like you do

Adele- Someone like you
Maroon 5- She will be loved

Watch these videos to practice

grammar structures that you have
learned.
What it's like to have
autism?
Why do we, like,hesitate,
when, we, um, speak?

Passive Voice in English- Espresso

English Podcast
Active and Passive Voice- 6 minute
Grammar

89
Unit 11 If clauses

Form: if+ present tense, will+base verb

Use: The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition
and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in
the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple
future.

Examples
If it rains, you will get wet.
You will get wet if it rains.
If Gürkan is late again I will be mad.
I will be mad if Gürkan is late again.
If you don't hurry, you will miss the bus.
You will miss the bus if you don't hurry.

Don't forget!

If something happens,
something will happen.

90
 Let's practice!

Burak: Are you up for a movie tonight?

Can: I don't know, the weather is bad lately.
Look, it’s raining again.
1) Burak: Well, if it........(clear up) later, we .....
(go) out. I’m so bored!
2) Can: OK. But if it .......(not, rain) I .....(not, go)
with you.

Writing Challenge
Complete the sentences with your own words.

If she gains
more weight,

If they have
a baby girl,

If my car
isn't fixed,

If he is late for
work again,

91
 Practice makes it perfect!

1. If she ……………….. (invite) me to her wedding, I

………………. (go).
2. If it ……………………. (rain) today, we ……………………
(cancel) the match.
3. If I ……………….. (get) a promotion, I …………………
(buy) a car first.
4. If he ………………. (be late), we …………………. (go)
without her.

5. If you ………………. (ask) more politely, I …………………

(get) you coffee.
6. If you …………………. (cry), I ………………. (not, take)
you with me.
7. If he ……………….. (pass) the university exam, his
mother ……………… (be) happy.
8. If he ……………….. (get) proper medical care, he
………………. (survive)
9. If the drought …………………… (continue), plants and
animals …………… (disappear).

92
Let'sk!
Spea
Ask these questions to your friend or a family member.

1) If you go on a
vacation soon, where
will you go?
2)If you visit a friend
this weekend, who will
it be?
3) If you watch a movie
tonight, what will it be?
4) If the weather is
beautiful at the
weekend, what will you
do?

93
 Matching

Match the sentences with their halves.

1) If you overeat,
2) If you do sport every day,
3) If you don't drink enough water,
4) If you sleep enough,
5) If you walk at least 30 minutes every day,
6) If you eat too much candy,
7) If you be careful about what you eat,
8) If you don't eat balanced,
9) If you go to the gym every day,
10) If you don't take enough vitamins.

a) you will get sick.

b) you will gain weight.

VOCAB
c) you will feel better.
d) you will be dehydrated.
e) your teeth will rot.
big up(v): to make one's body
f) you will big up. larger and more muscular, as
g) you will be unhealthy. through weight-training.
h) you will lose weight.
rot(v): decay or cause to
i) you will feel weak. decay by the action of
j) you will become tight. bacteria and fungi;
decompose.

94
 Reading

My new year's resolutions

It will soon be 2023! I'm hoping this year

will be successful and lovely for me. I
have a ton of plans for the upcoming year
to help me grow as a person and have fun!
I expect a fantastic outcome! If I have
enough money, I'll travel to Europe. Of
course, I'm now putting a lot of effort into
it! If my mother wishes to accompany me,
we will travel everywhere together,
including Berlin, Paris, Rome, and Venice.
But if she chooses not to go, I will go
alone. I have a good feeling that I will
enjoy both situations. If I travel alone, it
will be a once-in-a-lifetime experience.
I'll also go to Belgium if I have the time.
I'll bring some delicious chocolate for my
younger sister if I go to Belgium! I'll enroll
in a cooking class after I return from
Europe because I love to cook! I'd like to
develop my culinary skills. If I can master
the art of cooking, I'll make every meal
for my family!

95
 HOMEWORK
Write your new year's resolutions by using if clauses.

96
1. If we .............., we ............ home on time. (hurry, get)
2. I ............... skating if my leg................ (not/go, recover)
3. If you ............ hard, you ..........successful in your lessons.
(study, be)
4. We ................. for a picnic tomorrow if the weather
........................ nice. (go, stay)
5. Everyone ....................... you if you .............. them the truth.
(believe, tell )
6. If he .................. up, he....................to work on time. (not wake,
not get)
7. If she ................... late again, her boss ................. mad at her.
(be, be)
8. If my mother ............. me to go to the party, I ................. you.
(allow, inform)
9. You ............ an accident if you ............... sleepless. (have, drive)
10. I .................... him if he................ me the truth. (not forgive,
not tell)
11. If you ................... the house now, you ............... for a drink
(not clean, not go)
12. Aleyna ......... to the party unless you ................. her. (not
come, invite)
13. I................. the dishes if you...................... tired. (do, be)
14. We....................... any free seat for the performance unless we
................ them in advance. (not find, buy)
15. If you ................yelling at me, I .....................to you. (not stop,
not listen)

unless: if not
used to say what will or will not happen if something
else does not happen or is not true; except if: She
won't go unless you go (= If you do not go, she will
not go either, but if you go, she will go).

97
Unit 12 Reported Speech
(Indirect Speech)

We use indirect speech to report what somebody

said.
direct speech:
"I love Disney movies!" she said.
indirect speech:
She said she loved Disney movies.

I love Disney movies.

She said she loved Disney movies.

Don't forget this!

We should change the verb tense to backward.
For example;
present simple-----past simple
simple past---------past perfect
present progressive--------past progressive

98
Note that!
We should change the pronouns as
well.
Ege: I work in a new company.
Ege said he worked in a new
company

Simal: I love you.

She said she loved me.

Deniz: I will work as a waitress when I go to the USA.

She said she would work as a waitress when she went to the USA.

İzzet: I am going to watch the match tonight.

He said he was going to watch the match tonight.

Gamze: I am going through hard situations nowadays.

She said she was going through hard situations nowadays.

Çağatay: You can eat whatever you want!

He said I could eat whatever I want.

Zeynep: I don't get on well with my mother.

She said she didn't get on well with her mother.

Father: Go home! (imperative sentence)

My father told me to go home.

Mother: You should come back home early.

My mother said I should come back home early.

Don't forget to change

the pronouns according to
the meaning of the
sentences.

99
Exercise 1
Report these sentences, beginning with “The doctor said that...”
When an infinitive verb is required, use “The doctor told us...”

You will take these pills three times a day.

……………………………………………….

I am going to have surgery on Wednesday.

……………………………………………………

Eat healthily!
………………………………………….

The arm is broken.

……………………………………………

You should drink orange juice.

……………………………………………

You can go home when you are ready.

…………………………………………………

Change the direct speech to the reported speech

Aleyna: When do you get up?

Izzet: I get up 10 a.m.
Aleyna: Do you go for a walk every morning?
Izzet: No, I usually go to the gym.

Aleyna asked Izzet …………………………

Izzet told her ………………………………..
Aleyna asked him again ………………………………
Izzet said that ………………………………………

100
 Let's practice
more!

Read the dialogue and fill in the blanks with the correct verb tense.

Hande: Hey! How are you doing today?

Caner: Oh! I am pretty good, what about you?
Hande: Can't complain. Have you heard from Ayca
recently?
Caner: Yeah, she said she 1) ................ to Italy this
week. (go)
Hande: Oh! Really? It is good to hear that. Her
sister said she 2)............... (want) to go to
Amsterdam as well. I guess she wants to travel all
over Europe haha!
Caner: I think so. Are you going on holiday this
summer?
Hande: Yeah, my father said we 3)...................... to
Bodrum for a week. (go)
Caner: What a nice plan! My brother said he
4)...................
(want) visit the USA next fall. So we are not going
to go on vacation this summer.

Let's look at the different I'm good,

ways to say I am doing well
"I am fine" I am alright,
Aren't you bored to say "I
Not bad,
am fine" all the time?
Not too shabby,
Can't complain
Pretty good.

101
 IF CONDITIONALS
TYPE 2

If I won the lottery,

We use type 2 conditionals to
explain an unlikely or hypothetical I would buy a new big house.
condition and its possible action.
Pattern: If........past simple,
These actions are imaginary, not
................ would +Vbase
real.
Explanation: The possibility of winning
We use past simple in the if clause
the lottery is almost impossible but I
even if the meaning is not past. imagine this condition and I point the
possible outcome.

Examples
-If I had wings, I would fly to Amsterdam.
There is no chance for me to have wings, I just imagine
this situation and create a possible outcome.
-If I had time, I would help you to do your homework.
I would help, but I don't have any time right now.
-If I had your phone number, I would call you.
But I don't have your phone number.
-If I could speak English very well, I would find better
jobs.
-If she weren't ill, she would go to school today.

Don't forget, the verb tense is past but the MEANING IS

PRESENT.

102
 Exercises
Match the sentences with their halves.

1) If I were rich, … a. If she were rich

2) If I had a house, … b. If I could save money
3) I would go to school… c. I would call the emergency service
4) I would buy a car… d. If I found a better job
5) I would quit my job… e. I would travel to Frankfurt
6) If I saw a bad car accident, … f. I would rent it
7) I would move… g. I wouldn’t try again
8) If I spoke German, … h. If I had something to wear
9) If I failed the course, … i. If I knew anyone there
10)Feriha would feel good… j. I would travel all around the world

WRITING CHALLENGE
Answer these questions by using the correct verb tenses.
1) What would you do if you were rich?
I would buy a big house if I were rich.

2)What would you do if you met a big star?

.................................................................

3)What would you do if you found a ring in the street?

.........................................................................

4)What would you do if you saw a bear in the forest?

.................................................................................

5)What would you do if you were a country leader?

..............................................................................

103
 Let's Listen!
Listen to these songs to see If clauses!

Johnny Orlando- What if

Bread- If
Fiddler on the roof- If I were a rich man

Listen to these songs and try to sing as they

do.

Watch these videos to see if clauses!

ed.ted.com

What if superpowers were real?

If you want to tackle big problems try to
think like a bee.
What if there is nothing wrong with you?

Listen these podcasts to see if clauses!

If I were you- Headgum

If you were an engineer- Primary Engineer
If my mom were- Midas-Caterina

104
 ANSWER KEY
UNIT 1 EXERCISE 4
WH QUESTIONS What is your nationality?
What did you do
EXERCISE 1 yesterday?
WHEN-TIME Who are you waiting for?
WHO-PERSON Which skirt did you choose?
WHAT-THING
WHICH-CHOICE UNIT 2
WHERE-PLACE
WHOSE-POSSESSION EXERCISE 1
HOW-METHOD flew
WHY-REASON worked
studied
EXERCISE 2 was
WHOSE
WHEN EXERCISE 2
WHERE didn’t do
WHAT didn’t go
HOW didn’t lose
WHO didn’t drink
WHICH
WHY EXERCISE 3
When did you get up? /wake up
EXERCISE 3 How many hours did you run?
1. Who did you have dinner with? Where did you swim last summer?

1. Where does Aleyna come from? EXERCISE 4

Answers may vary.
1. Why do you like your job?

1. How old is your father? UNIT 3 Present Simple

1. Which one do you prefer, tea or coffee? MULTIPLE CHOICE

2. What do you do in your free time? A
3. Whose notebook is this? A
4. How often do you study English? B
B

EXERCISE 1
play
watches
has
works
EXERCISE 2 EXERCISE 3
1. doesn’t watch Are they writing an email?
2. drinks Are you cleaning the house?
3. Write Is she feeding her dog?
4. Swim Are they watching TV right now?
5. wakes up
6. doesn’t see EXERCISE 4
7. brushes work
8. doesn’t - play am visiting
9. goes don’t smoke
do you come
EXERCISE 3 are you staying
1. Does she write a diary? am working
2. Do they have breakfast every morning? am learning
3. Does he go to the office every day? have
travel
EXERCISE 4 1. do you go
1. teach 2. are you enjoying
2. live 3. are you finding
3. am not

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
UNIT 4
EXERCISE 1 FUTURE TENSE
1. I usually check my messages.
2. I rarely wear running shoes. EXERCISE 1
3. I always eat junk food. Fortune Telling
4. I sometimes go to the dentist. Answers may vary.
5. I never go to bed before 8 pm.
EXERCISE 2
1. is
2. are you working
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE 3. won’t be
4. I’ll call
EXERCISE 1 5. can
1. B 6. won’t be
2. A 7. are ringing
3. A 8. need
4. B 9. is having
5. A
EXERCISE 3
EXERCISE 2 answers may vary
1. Walking example answers
2. Playing What is Behlul going to do on Thursday afternoon?
3. Drinking He is going to have lunch with his friends.
4. Wearing
5. Listening
EXERCISE 4 6- Had
will buy 7- Saw
will call 8- Was having
is going to ask you 9- Did …. talk?
will prepare 10- Smiled

EXERCISE 5 Unit 6 Present Simple

A
C Exercise 1
B 1)He has cooked since 1980. 2)They have been fr

MODALS OF NECESSITY
EXERCISE 1
mustn’t smoke Exercise 2
don’t have to write 1) Have..... eaten?
doesn’t have to finish 2) Have.... tried
don’t have to 3) Have been
mustn’t cheat 4) Have … ever been
mustn’t be 5) Have been
don’t have to say
mustn’t forget Writing and speaking activities are free activities
your mistakes on quillbot.com or grammarly.com
EXERCISE 2
1. Does she have to go to school every day? Practice time!
2. Do they have to wear a suit? 1. Have taught, started
3. Do you have to finish writing this book? 2. Have been
3. Have never eaten, travelled, went, ate, didn’t t
EXERCISE 3 4. Has already eaten
Answers may vary. 5. Did you do, have not done
6. Did you eat? Have just eaten 7. Have never bee
EXERCISE 4 8. Played, had,
1. You mustn’t talk loudly at the hospital. 9. Came, read
2. You mustn’t sleep in corridors at the hospital. 10. Have you met?
3. You mustn’t get food and drink at the hospital.
4. You mustn’t carry pets to the hospital.
Unit 7
Practice 1:
Unit 5 1. Used to
Past Simple and Past Continuous 2. Used to
Dialogue 3. Used to
1- Didn't answer 4. Used to
2- Was playing 5. Used to
3- Saw 6. Used to
4- Forgot 7. Used to
5- Did.... do 8. Used to
9. Used to
Practice 2:
1. A
2. B
3. A
4. B
6. A
7. A

Practice 3:
1. I used to drink coffee every morning but now I drink tea.
2. She used to live in London but now she lives in New York.
3. Emily used to have long hair but now she has short hair.
4. I used to eat fast food but now I eat healthy food.
5. Alice used to be fat but now she is thin/ slim.

Practice 4:
1. Did you use to be
2. Used to wear
3. Used to be
4. Didn't use to like
5. Did you use to do
6. Didn't use to have
7. Used to be
8. Used to play
9. Did you use to get
10. I didn't study

Practice 5:
1. I didn’t use to play piano with my sister.
2. He didn’t use to work with this company.
3. she used to have a classical car.
4. I didn’t use to hang out with the kids who were younger than me.
5. Kate didn't use to do yoga with personal trainer.
6. I didn’t use to use a Samsung phone.
7. Liam used to go to bed at 11 PM.
8. They used to have money.
9. I didn’t use to go the o gym for exercising.
10. Jim used to play basketball.
Practice 6:
Student’s own composition.
Practice 7: Practice 2:
1. To 1. Who/that
2. To 2. Who/that
3. So that 3. Which /that
4. In order not to 4. Which/that
5. So that 5. Who /that
6. In order not to 6. Who/that
7. To 7. Which/that
8. To 8. Who/that
9. Which/that
Practice 8: 10. Whose
1. So
2. Because Practice 3:
3. Because 1. A crocodile which is an animal is strong.
4. So 2. A poet is a person who writes poems.
5. Because 3. The girl whose mother is a teacher speaks French.
6. Because 4. The detective who solved the crime was young.
B 5. Emily who lives in NYC is my friend.
7. Because 6. this is the ring which my fiancé gave to me.
8. Because 7. this restaurant which cooks the best pasta ever is my favorite.
9. So
10. So Practice 4:
1. The new math teacher who/that comes from Spain is good at playing
Practice 9: the guitar.
1. A 2. The students whose test scores were low had to take courses to pass
2. C the exam.
3. C 3. The store where we generally buy our products has new owners.
4. C 4. I like movies which/that have a lot of crime and violence.
5. B 5. The teacher yelled at the girl who/ that had forgotten her homework.
6. I have lost the notebook in which/that I had written my computer’s
Unit 8 password.

Practice 1: Practice 5:
1. Which/that 1. B
2. Which /that 2. C
3. Which/that 3. C
4. Who/that 4. C
5. Which/that 5. A
6. Who/that 6. A
7. Which/that 7. C
8. Which/that 8. B
9. Which /that 9. B
10. Which/that 10. A
11. Which /that 11. C
12. Who/that 12. A
Practice 6: Practice 11:
1. Which/ that 1. A
2. Which/ that 2. B
3. Whose 3. B
4. Which/that 4. A
5. Which/ that 5. A
6. Which/that 6. A
7. A
Practice 7: 8. B
1. F
2. A
3. D Unit 9
4. E
5. B Answer Key
6. C
Practice Time
Practice 8:
1. Too many Easier
2. Too many
3. Enough Newer
4. Too much
5. Too many Older
6. Enough
7. Too many Further
8. Too
9. Too much Stronger
10. Too many

Practice Time 2
Practice 9:
1. B Smaller than
2. B
3. A Older than
4. B
5. B Sadder than
6. A
Taller than

Practice 10: Hotter than

1. Our car isn’t fast enough. It is too slow.
2. There are too many students but there aren’t enough desks.
3. Russia is too cold. It isn’t warm enough. Practice Time 3
4. Jack is 13 years old. He is too young. He isn’t old enough to drive.
5. I don’t drink enough water. I drink too much Coke. 3) colder and colder
6. The red car is too expensive, but the blue car is cheap enough.
7. The tea is too cold, but the coffee is hot enough. 4) nosier and nosier

5) stronger and stronger

 Practice Time 8 Articles
Practice Time 4
A
3) The less...... the more
An
4) The taller ….. the easier
A, the
5)…. The happier
The

The, an
Practice Time 5
A
3)the hottest
A, the
4)the furthest
The
5)the largest
The, the

An
Practice Time 6

3)the most popular Practice Time 9

4)the most generous Certain positive: Definitely, I bet

5) the most boring Not Certain: Maybe, might be

Certain negative: there is no way, definitely not.

Practice 10
Practice Time 7 Answers can be changed. It is a free activity.

Slimmer Unit 10
Uses of Like Multiple Choice
The youngest
C
The tallest
C
The most successful
B
The oldest
B
Happier
A
Older, younger
C
 Matching
Passive Voice
1. b
2.j
2. Her car was stolen yesterday.
3.d
4.i
3. The winning goal was scored by her.
5.c
6.e
4.The cake was eaten by Jensen.
7.h
8.a
9.f
Passive Writing
10.g

Rewrite the passage in passive form.

Excersise
A bank was robbed yesterday. Three hostages
Hurry, will get
were taken. They were chased by police
Don't go, will recover
officers for fifteen minutes. They were caught
Study, will be
by the officers quickly. The thieves were taken
Go, will stay
to the police station. The thieves were sent to
Believes, will tell
prison. Banks are tried to rob sometimes. The
Doesn't wake, won’t get
money is stolen, but mostly they were caught
Is, will be
by police officers.
Allows, will inform
Will have, drive
Last sentence is active.
Won't forgive, doesn’t tell
Don't clean, won’t go,
Will not come, invite
Unit 11
Will do, are
Answer Key
Won't find, buy
Let’s practice
Don't stop, won’t listen
1)clears up, will go
2)doesn’t rain, won’t go
Unit 12
Writing Challenge
Exercise 1
Possible answers;
The doctor said I would take these pills three
If she gains more weight, you will be
times a day.
unhealthy.
The doctor said you were going to have a
If they have a baby girl, they will be happy.
surgery on Wednesday.
If my car isn’t fixed, I will buy a new car.
The doctor told me to eat healthily.
If he is late for work again, he will be fired.
The doctor said the arm was broken.
The doctor said I should drink orange juice.
Practice makes it perfect!
The doctor said I could go home when I was
Invites, will go
ready.
Rains, will cancel
Gets, will buy
Is late, will go
-Change the direct speech to reported speech.
Asks, will get
Aleyna asked İzzet when he got up.
Cries, won’t take
İzzet told her he got up 10 a.m.
Passes, will be
Aleyna asked him again if he went for a walk
Gets, will survive
every morning.
Continues, will disappear
Izzet said he usually went to gym.
practice More
1)went
2)wanted
3)went
4)wanted

IF conditionals type 2 exercise

1)j
2)f
3)h
4)b
5)d
6)c
7)i
8)e
9)g
10)a
Writing Challenge is a free activity.