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Bihar Economic Survey (2024-25) | Chapter 1: Overview of Bihar’s EconomyChapter 1:

Overview of Bihar’s Economy

● Economic Growth: Bihar’s Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) grew by 15.5% at
current prices and 10.6% at constant prices in 2022-23, indicating strong
economic expansion.
● Per Capita Income: The nominal per capita income rose by 13.9% to ₹59,637,
while the real per capita income increased by 9% to ₹35,119, reflecting an
upward trend in individual earnings.
● Sectoral Contribution to GVA:
○ Tertiary sector (Services): 60% – continues to be the dominant
contributor.
○ Primary sector (Agriculture & Allied): 20% – remains a crucial part of
the economy.
○ Secondary sector (Industry & Manufacturing): 20% – indicating
industrial progress.
● Inflation Rate: The Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation stood at 5.5%, showing
moderate price rise in the economy.
● Regional Economic Disparities:
○ Highest per capita GSDP: Patna – ₹1,14,541.
○ Lowest per capita GSDP: Sheohar – ₹18,980, indicating income
inequalities across districts.
● Investment Trends:
○ Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF): 4.7% of GSDP, reflecting the
state’s investment in infrastructure and long-term assets.

 Prosperous and Impoverished Districts of Bihar (2022–23 and 2023–24)

Criteria / Year Most Prosperous Districts Most Impoverished Districts

Per Capita GSDP (in ₹), Patna (₹1,21,396), Sheohar (₹19,561), Sitamarhi (₹21,931),
2022-23 Begusarai (₹49,064), Araria (₹22,204)
Munger (₹46,795)

Petrol Consumption per Patna (17.7), Muzaffarpur Lakhisarai (4.9), Banka (5.1), Jehanabad
1000 persons (MT), 2023-24 (11.8), Purnea (10.9) (5.6)

Diesel Consumption per Patna (35.9), Sheikhpura Sheohar (8.9), Siwan (11.2), Gopalganj
1000 persons (MT), 2023-24 (34.9), Aurangabad (27.7) (11.7)

LPG Consumption per 1000 Patna (24.9), Begusarai Araria (7.5), Banka (8.0), Kishanganj (8.2)
persons (MT), 2023-24 (16.5), Muzaffarpur/
Gopalganj (15.7)

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Bihar Economic Survey (2024-25) | Chapter 2: State Finances

Chapter 2: State Finances

● The state government’s budget has grown considerably over the years, enabling
significant investments in infrastructure crucial for Bihar’s economic development.
● More funds have been allocated towards achieving developmental goals, leading
to visible improvements across various sectors.
● Despite increased spending, the government has maintained fiscal discipline,
ensuring financial sustainability.
● Its flexible financial management has helped avoid potential risks and ensured
economic resilience.

Break-up of Total Expenditure (₹2,52,082 crore):

● Scheme Expenditure: ₹1,01,835 crore (40.4%)
● Establishment & Committed Expenditure: ₹1,50,247 crore (59.6%)

Functional Allocation of Expenditure (2023-24):

● Social Services: ₹83,225 crore (43.7%)
● General Services: ₹59,218 crore (31.1%)
● Economic Services: ₹48,071 crore (25.2%)

Key Area Highlights

Revenue Receipts – Grew from ₹1,98,230 crore (2022-23 RE) to ₹2,19,547 crore (2023-24
BE)
– Further estimated at ₹2,34,459 crore in 2024-25 (BE)

Own Tax Revenue – Rose from ₹42,483 crore (2022-23) to ₹48,361 crore (2023-24)
– Share in total revenue: 22.4%

Own Non-Tax Revenue – Increased from ₹4,135 crore (2022-23) to ₹5,257 crore (2023-24)
– Growth: 27.1%

Share in Central Taxes – Amounted to ₹1,08,774 crore in 2023-24 (approx. 49.6% of total
revenue receipts)

Grants-in-Aid from Centre – ₹57,067 crore in 2023-24, projected to reduce to ₹53,677 crore in
2024-25

Revenue Expenditure – Estimated at ₹2,20,014 crore in 2023-24 BE and ₹2,28,563 crore in

2024-25 BE

Capital Expenditure – Targeted at ₹49,634 crore in 2024-25, representing 17.8% of total

expenditure

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Fiscal Deficit – Estimated at ₹25,567 crore (2.97% of GSDP) in 2023-24 and ₹29,466
crore (3.45% of GSDP) in 2024-25

Public Debt – Total liabilities estimated at ₹2.85 lakh crore in 2023-24 (33.3% of
GSDP), projected at ₹3.18 lakh crore (34.7% of GSDP) in 2024-25

Key Takeaway:
Bihar’s state finances are showing a stable growth trajectory with an emphasis on increasing
own revenue generation and fiscal prudence. Although dependence on central taxes
remains high, efforts are visible in boosting internal revenues. The capital expenditure focus
highlights a developmental push, while the state manages to keep its fiscal deficit within
permissible limits.

Bihar Economic Survey (2024-25) | Chapter 3: Agriculture and Allied Activities

Agriculture’s Economic Role and Growth

● Agriculture continues to be the mainstay for over 75% of Bihar’s population.

● Under the Fourth Agriculture Roadmap (2023–28), the state is focusing on
mechanisation, sustainability, and market integration.
● Growth rates in 2022–23 (as per quick estimates):
○ Crops: 6.7%
○ Fisheries: 11.1%
○ Livestock: 2.7%

Land Use and Cropping Patterns

● More than 50% of the state’s land is under cultivation.
● Buxar and Bhojpur have the highest land under cultivation.
● Supaul and Jehanabad recorded the highest cropping intensity.
● Major crops:
○ Kharif: Rice, Maize
○ Rabi: Wheat
● Maize production has grown by over 65% in 3 years.
● Jute is gaining importance in select districts.

Horticulture and Floriculture

● Bihar is a major producer of:
○ Mango, Litchi, Banana, Guava, Makhana
● Supported schemes include:
○ Makhana Development Scheme
○ Betel Leaf Support Scheme
● Marigold accounts for over 90% of the state’s flower production.
Livestock and Dairy Sector
● Promotion of indigenous breeds through:

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○ Desi Gaupalan Protsahan Yojana

● Expansion of milk cooperatives in 7,000 villages is underway.
● New livestock insurance scheme introduced for financial safety.
Fisheries and Aquaculture
● Boost through:
○ Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana – focuses on fish value chain.
○ Chaur Vikas Yojana – aims to utilize wetlands for aquaculture.
Organic and Sustainable Farming
● Key initiatives:
○ Jaivik Corridor Yojana – organic zones in all districts.
○ Jaivik Kheti Protsahan Yojana – promoting natural farming.
○ Dhaincha cultivation gets 90% subsidy on green manure seeds.
○ Gobar Gas Units and Hari Khad Programme promote biogas and
organic fertilisers.

Institutional and Digital Interventions

● JEEViKA-led initiatives:
○ Women’s Farmer Producer Companies branded under Green Delights.
○ Custom Hiring Centres and Tool Banks for equipment access.
○ Training youth as agri-entrepreneurs.
● Digital platforms launched:
○ BIHAN App – real-time monitoring of schemes.
○ Mukhyamantri Harit Krishi Sanyantra Yojana – for machine subsidies.
○ Single Window Portal – one-stop access to agri-services.

Irrigation and Water Infrastructure

● Large-scale infrastructure under execution:
○ Eastern Gandak Canal System – boosting canal irrigation.
○ Ganga Water Supply Scheme – drawing water from Ganga to dry
zones.
○ Nikrish Pump Canal Scheme – pumping-based irrigation in low-lying
areas.
● Revival of state tubewells and support for private irrigation systems are ongoing.
Schemes mentioned in Chapter-3

Scheme Name Objective Focus Area

Jaivik Kheti Protsahan Promote organic farming; Organic farming across 38 districts
Yojana 90% subsidy on Dhaincha
seeds

Jaivik Corridor Yojana Promote organic clusters Organic clusters in 13 districts

and input support

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Desi Gaupalan Protsahan Dairy units with 2-4 Cattle rearing; focuses on EBC/SC/ST
Yojana indigenous cows/heifers

Cattle Insurance Scheme Financial protection against Milch cattle insurance

(Saat Nishchay-2) livestock loss

Formation of Milk Products Set up milk societies in 7000 Dairy cooperatives

Cooperative Committee villages

Mukhymantri Samekit Convert Chaur lands into Waterlogged lands, aquaculture

Chaur Vikas Yojana aquaculture-based
integrated farming

Pradhanmantri Matsya Enhance fish production Fisheries and aquaculture

Sampada Yojana with cost-sharing

Tea Development Scheme Promote tea cultivation Tea estates in Kishanganj

with 50% subsidy

Betel Development Scheme Support betel leaf 6 districts including Vaishali, Gaya
cultivation

PARAG (Beekeeping & Boost honey quality and Apiculture and agrarian income
Honey Production) production

Groundwater Irrigation Revive tubewells and install Irrigation infrastructure

Scheme private ones

• State Tubewell Scheme Revive 3472 non-functional Groundwater irrigation

state tubewells

• Mukhyamantri Niji Install 35,000 private Small and marginal farmers

Nalkoop Yojana tubewells

Gobar/Biogas Unit Promote biogas units 100 units sanctioned for 2024-25

Hari Khad Karyakram Support organic manure 18,600 quintals target in 2024-25
production

Namami Gange Scheme Promote organic farming in 12 districts over 3 years (2021-22 onwards)
Ganga basin districts

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PKVY (Pradhan Mantri Krishi Promote sustainable Implemented in 11 districts

Vikas Yojana) agriculture with 60:40
funding model

Kisan Chaupal Disseminate information to Farmer awareness

farmers about schemes

Bihar Economic Survey (2024-25) | Chapter 4: Enterprises Sector

Chapter 4: Enterprises Sector

1. Role and Performance of Secondary Sector

● The secondary sector contributed 21.5% to Bihar’s GSDP in 2023-24.

● Construction accounted for 50.2%, and manufacturing for 37% of the secondary
sector’s GSDP.
● The construction sector witnessed a 22% growth between 2021–22 and 2022–23.
● Major industry by count: Non-metallic mineral products (1,234 units).
● Bihar’s contribution to India’s GVA stands at 0.5%.
● Gross Capital Formation (GCF) share from Bihar is 1.7%, with GVA to GVO ratio at
11.2%.

2. Unincorporated Sector Insights

● 99.3% establishments are proprietary; only 14.5% of proprietors are women.
● 59 lakh workers are engaged in non-agricultural establishments:
○ Rural: 43.6 lakh (68% in OAEs, 32% in HWEs)
○ Urban: 16.6 lakh
● Female workforce participation:
○ 9.27 lakh women work in such establishments.
○ 81.5% rural women among them are employed in OAEs/HWEs.

3. Key Industries and Production Stats

Industry Highlights

Sugar 9 mills; 68.77 lakh quintals of sugar; 88.5 MW power capacity

Dairy 2305.1 thousand kg milk collected (38.7% increase YoY)

Textiles 14 districts active; 3 silk varieties; total 60.5 tonnes raw silk produced

Handloom ₹33.34 crore power subsidy, ₹10,000 working capital for artisans

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4. Operational Industrial Units by Sector

Sector Operational Units

Food Processing 353

Tourism 26

Textile 20

Renewable Energy 13

IT & ITES 12

Wood Industry 10

Ethanol 12

5. Sector-Wise Investments
● Food Processing: ₹3,517.09 crore
● Ethanol:
○ ₹1,363.38 crore in 12 operational units
○ ₹30,747.55 crore proposed (41% of total investment)
● Cement: ₹872.94 crore
● Renewable Energy:
○ ₹568.91 crore invested in 13 units
○ ₹10,613.20 crore (Stage-I clearances for 75 proposals)

6. Industrial Clusters (BIADA)

Nine clusters set up across: Patna, Bihta, Motipur, Muzaffarpur, Hajipur, Darbhanga, Gaya,
Begusarai, Bhagalpur-Saharsa-Purnia.
7. Entrepreneurship & Support Initiatives
● Udyog Mitra assisted 2,153 entrepreneurs in 2023-24.
● Mukhyamantri Udyami Yojanas (women, youth, SC/ST, minorities, small
entrepreneurs) are active.
○ Bihar Small Entrepreneurs Yojana was most prominent in 2023-24.
● JEEVIKA Initiatives:
○ Bag manufacturing cluster in Muzaffarpur
○ Art & craft support to 4100 artisans across 20 districts
○ 4846 loans sanctioned under women-led enterprise promotion
8. Startup Policy 2022 (YUVA Framework)
● Yes to Startups (awareness, mentoring)
● Unleashing regulatory enablers
● Vibrant education ecosystem
● Access to finance/incubation
● MoU with 21 incubation centres

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● ₹15 lakh post-seed funding provision

Bihar Economic Survey – Chapter 5: Labour, Employment and Skill Development

Chapter 5: Labour, Employment and Skill Development

1. Labour Force Participation and Employment Status
● Bihar’s Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) in 2022–23 is 43.4%, lower than the
national average of 56%.
○ Male LFPR: 70.6%
○ Female LFPR: 15.6%
● The Unemployment Rate is 3.4%, slightly higher than the national average of 3.2%.
● Youth unemployment (urban, age 15–29): 10.8%.
● High dependence on self-employment and casual labour, especially in rural areas.
● Agriculture continues to dominate employment, but construction and trade
sectors are growing sources of jobs.
● Out-migration remains significant, especially among young rural males.
2. Skill Development Initiatives
● Kushal Yuva Programme (KYP):
○ For youth aged 15–28.
○ Offers training in soft skills, communication, and IT.
○ Nationally recognised; awarded by SKOCH and appreciated by NITI
Aayog.
● Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL):
○ For those aged 18–59 with informal sector experience.
○ Enables certification under NSQF, helping transition into formal jobs.
● SANKALP Yojana:
○ A World Bank-supported initiative.
○ Emphasises innovative, sector-specific, and demand-driven skill
training.
● Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY):
○ Focused on rural poor youth.
○ Implemented in Bihar through JEEVIKA as a support partner.
● Rural Self-Employment Training Institutes (RSETIs):
○ Provide training in agriculture, product manufacturing, and general
trades.
○ Aim to promote micro-entrepreneurship.
● Mega Skill Centres (Patna):
○ Developed under the hub-and-spoke model.
○ Focused on providing high-quality training in urban Bihar.
3. Achievements and Recognition
● Bihar won 13 medals (4 Gold, 2 Silver, 5 Bronze) in the World Skills Competition
2023.
● BSDM organised state-level contests in partnership with NSDC.

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● Steps being taken to map industry demand and update training curricula
accordingly.

4. Passport Issuance Trends

● Over the past 5 years:
○ 1,703.9 thousand passport applications were received.
○ 1,683.1 thousand passports were issued.
● Banka district recorded the highest growth in passport applications at 70%.
Conclusion
Bihar continues to face structural challenges in employment, including low female LFPR and
high youth unemployment. However, the state has expanded its skill development
ecosystem, driven by targeted schemes like KYP, DDU-GKY, and SANKALP. These initiatives
are aligning youth training with market demand, promoting formal employment and self-
reliance.

Bihar Economic Survey | Chapter 6: Physical Infrastructure

1. Importance and Economic Contribution

● Physical infrastructure is a major driver of socio-economic development in Bihar.

● The transport, storage, and communication sector grew at 7.6% (3rd highest
growth sector).
● Contribution to GSVA rose from 7.3% in 2011–12 to 10.2% in 2023–24, reaching
₹47,313 crore at constant prices.
● The state government achieved the target of connecting Patna from any district
within 5 hours.
2. Roads and Bridges
● Bihar has over 3 lakh km of road network (8th rank in India).
● 26 Bharatmala projects approved covering 1652 km.
● Double Decker Flyovers under construction in Ashok Rajpath (₹422 crore) and
Chapra (₹411.3 crore).
● Mukhyamantri Gramin Setu Yojana (2024):
○ Goal: improve rural bridge connectivity to NH, SH, MDR.
○ Target: 600 bridges with outlay of ₹3000 crore.
3. Rural Transport and E-Mobility Initiatives
● Mukhyamantri Gram Parivahan Yojana (MMGPY):
○ Strengthens rural transport systems.
● Mukhyamantri Prakhand Parivahan Yojana (2024):
○ Enables seamless mass transportation to remote areas.
● Clean Fuel Policy (2019 & 2023):
○ Bans 15+ year-old government and commercial vehicles in Patna,
Gaya, Muzaffarpur.
4. Rail and Air Connectivity

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● Rail network: 4509 km, forming 3.4% of India’s total rail track.
● Air transport contribution to GSVA increased from ₹31 crore (2011–12) to ₹282
crore (2023–24).
○ Annual growth: 21% in 2023–24.

5. Building and Postal Infrastructure

● Key projects under Building Construction Department:

○ Rajgir Khel Academy (₹889.26 crore), APJ Abdul Kalam Science City
(₹640.55 crore), BASU, Bapu Tower.
● Postal Export Centres: 46 functional across Bihar.
● Post Office Passport Seva Kendras: 35 as of March 2023.
6. E-Governance and IT Infrastructure
● Emergency Response Support System (ERSS): receives 68,000 calls/day; avg.
response time: 15 mins.
● E-Shikshakosh: monitors school education delivery.
● BHAVYA: digitises hospital-level processes from registration to discharge.
● Land record, PDS, DBT all digitised.
Digital Backbone:
● Teledensity: 55.59
● Internet density: 42.1
● Panchayat Onboard (BharatNet): 100%
Major Projects:
● BSDC 2.0 (State Data Centre), BSWAN 2.0 (Wide Area Network), and Secretariat
LAN for secured digital governance.
Conclusion
The infrastructure sector in Bihar has shown substantial expansion in both physical and
digital domains. Roads, bridges, and flyovers are reshaping connectivity, while digital
initiatives are strengthening service delivery. With rising investments and sectoral
contribution to GSVA, this sector continues to serve as a critical pillar for Bihar’s inclusive
growth.

Bihar Economic Survey | Chapter 7: Agriculture and Allied Sectors

1. Agricultural Production and Inputs

● In 2023–24, agricultural growth in Bihar remained strong, driven by favourable

weather, input subsidies, and support schemes.
● Crop coverage:
○ Paddy: 14.72 lakh farmers adopted improved practices.
○ Vegetables: 10.78 lakh farmers.
○ Maize: 5.84 lakh farmers.
○ Kitchen gardens: 17.76 lakh households.
● Fertiliser Use:

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○ 3867.1 thousand tonnes used in 2023–24 (25.3% increase over 2

years).
○ Urea forms 2/3 of total usage; Purnea reported highest NPK usage.
● Irrigation:
○ 64.1% of gross irrigated area covered via groundwater (wells,
borewells).
○ 30.3% via canals and surface sources.
2. Agricultural Mechanisation and Support
● Mukhyamantri Harit Krishi Sanyantra Yojana:
○ Mobile app developed for farmers to access subsidised equipment.
● Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT):
○ ₹120.83 crore given as input subsidy to 1.87 lakh beneficiaries.
○ ₹55.50 crore diesel subsidy transferred to 20.93 lakh farmers.

3. Agricultural Marketing and Cold Chain

● Bihar has invested in agricultural marketing infrastructure and cold storage.

● Strengthening rural haats and promoting Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs).
● Cold chain development is being linked with food processing and horticulture.

4. Horticulture and Floriculture

● Vegetable Development Scheme: Implemented in 23 districts with ₹13 crore in
2023–24.
● Flower Production:
○ 1350 ha land under marigold, total production: 12.8 thousand tonnes.
○ Marigold accounts for 96% of total flower output.
● Centres of Excellence:
○ Vegetables: Chandi (Nalanda)
○ Fruits: Desari (Vaishali)
● Subsidies:
○ 80% subsidy for micro-irrigation systems under PMKSY for
small/marginal farmers.
5. Animal Husbandry, Dairy, and Fisheries

● Livestock: Increased by 35.5% (2003–2019), Poultry: 18.3%.

● Dairy Production (2018–24):
○ Milk: 30.9% increase
○ Eggs: 95.1% increase
○ Fish: 45% increase
● Samagra Gavya Vikas Yojana:
○ ₹48.48 crore approved for dairy units of various sizes in 2024–25.
6. Institutional and Digital Reforms

● Agricultural Single Window: Streamlining farmer services.

● BIHAN App: Monitors crop targets, pest management, pesticide use, and market
prices.

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Conclusion : Bihar’s agriculture and allied sectors have demonstrated resilience, with rising
productivity, expanded input support, and improved marketing infrastructure. The
government’s focus on crop diversification, digital services, women farmers, and livestock
development is playing a critical role in sustaining rural incomes and boosting food security.

Bihar Economic Survey | Chapter 8: Social Sector

1. Public Expenditure on Social Services

● Expenditure on social services increased 13 times between 2005–06 and 2023–24.
○ Health sector saw a 13-fold rise.
○ Education spending rose 10 times during the same period.
● This expansion aims to improve the Human Development Index through
investments in health, education, welfare, and public services.
2. Health Sector Initiatives and Outcomes
● Mukhyamantri Digital Health Yojana (MDHY) launched in 2022, now operational
in 20 districts.
○ Services: Online OPD appointments, Ayushman Bharat ID creation,
emergency support, digital consultations.
● National Health Mission (NHM) funding rose by 43% in 2023–24 from the
previous year.
○ Focus on RMNCH+A, communicable and non-communicable disease
control.
● Immunisation Coverage:
○ Rise from 11.6% in 1998–99 to 71% in 2019–20 (NFHS-5).
● Life Expectancy at Birth (2016–20):
○ Male: 68.9 years
○ Female: 70.1 years
○ Overall: 69.5 years
● Prevalence of Disease:
○ Top cause of reported illness: Dog bites (2.44 lakh cases) in 2023–24.
● Infrastructure:
○ 116 blood centres, 71 blood collection units.
○ e-Raktkosh portal for blood availability tracking.

3. Drinking Water and Sanitation

● Bihar scored 98 in SDG-6 (2023–24), 3rd rank nationally.
● Improved Drinking Water Access:
○ From 98.4% (2015–16) to 99.2% (2019–20).
● Sanitation:
○ Improved from 26.5% to 49.4% during the same period.
● Schemes:
○ Har Ghar Nal Ka Jal: 70 LPCD potable water to 2 crore households.
○ Lohiya Swachh Bihar Abhiyan & Shauchalaya Nirmaan Yojana: ₹12,000
support per toilet.

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4. Education and Child Development

● Dropout rate in secondary schools declined by 62.25%.
● E-Shikshakosh launched for real-time monitoring of schools.
● Kishori Manch and Child Cabinet (Bal Sansad) active in promoting participation
and leadership among children.

5. Women and Child Welfare

● Mukhyamantri Mahila Udyami Yojana:

○ ₹451.35 crore disbursed to 7596 women entrepreneurs (2021–24).
○ Initiatives include bag clusters and solar enterprises.
● Civil Seva Protsahan Yojana:
○ ₹50,000 to ₹1,00,000 incentive to women qualifying UPSC/BPSC
prelims.
● Welfare Schemes:
○ Mission Vatsalya: Central and state-supported child protection
programme.
○ Parvarish: ₹1000/month per child for vulnerable families (orphans,
HIV-affected, mentally ill parents).
● JEEVIKA Health Help Desks:
○ Functional in 38 districts; served over 14 lakh patients.
Conclusion
Bihar’s social sector has seen a substantial increase in investments and reforms, especially in
health, education, sanitation, and women-child development. With digitisation, inclusive
schemes, and community participation, the state aims to build a robust social foundation
aligned with its demographic transition and SDG commitments.

Bihar Economic Survey | Chapter 9: Poverty, Inequality and Standard of Living

Chapter 9: Poverty, Inequality and Standard of Living

1. Poverty Trends and Multidimensional Aspects

● According to the NITI Aayog Multidimensional Poverty Index (2023):

○ Bihar has highest poverty rate: 33.76% (2021–22), down from 51.91%
(2015–16).
○ Around 3 crore people exited multidimensional poverty in this period.
○ Most deprived indicators: maternal health, nutrition, and access to
cooking fuel.
● Rural vs Urban:
○ Rural poverty: 36.72%
○ Urban poverty: 13.55%

2. Consumption and Expenditure

● Based on the 2022–23 Household Consumption Survey (NSO):

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○ Average monthly per capita consumption:

■ Rural: ₹2,346
■ Urban: ₹3,224
○ Bihar has lowest consumption expenditure among all major states.
● The Engel Ratio (share of food in consumption):
○ Bihar: 52% in rural, 47% in urban (indicates food dominates household
spending).
3. Inequality Indicators

● Gini Coefficient (2022–23):

○ Rural: 0.26
○ Urban: 0.33
○ Indicates low but rising inequality, especially in urban areas.
● Asset Ownership:
○ 89% of rural households and 67% of urban households owned their
homes.
○ Electricity access: 95% rural, 99% urban.
○ Toilet access: 80% rural, 97% urban.
○ LPG usage: 69% rural, 94% urban.
4. Government Initiatives Targeting Poverty Reduction
● Food Security Schemes (e.g., PDS, Antyodaya):
○ Improved access to cereals, pulses, and cooking gas.
● Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT):
○ Reaching 2.6 crore beneficiaries through Aadhaar-seeded accounts.
● Mukhya Mantri Gramin Awas Yojana:
○ Helps households not covered under PMAY to get housing support.
Conclusion
Bihar has made significant progress in reducing multidimensional poverty, yet it still has the
highest poverty rate among Indian states. While inequality remains relatively low,
consumption levels are still modest, particularly in rural areas. Continued focus on nutrition,
fuel access, and maternal care, alongside effective delivery of targeted welfare schemes,
remains crucial for inclusive growth.

Bihar Economic Survey 2024–25 | Chapter 10: Environment, Climate Change and Disaster
Management

Chapter 10: Environment, Climate Change and Disaster Management

1. Climate Trends and Challenges

● Bihar has a humid subtropical climate with hot summers (up to 46.4°C in 2012)
and mild winters (as low as 1.1°C in 2013).
● Annual average temperature increased from 21.2°C (2017) to 24.7°C (2023).

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● Average annual rainfall during 2011–2024 was 1004.6 mm, with 88% from the
southwest monsoon.
● Highest rainfall (2024): Kishanganj (2127.5 mm); Lowest: Kaimur (711.2 mm).

2. Environmental Protection and Green Budget

● The Green Budget, introduced in 2020–21, allocated ₹13,823 crore in 2024–25
(BE), rising over 4 times in five years.
● Total allocation of ₹41,809 crore during 2020–25 towards sustainable
environment initiatives.
● The Jal-Jeevan-Hariyali scheme received ₹4515.7 crore, with a focus on
afforestation, water conservation, and climate resilience.
3. Forest and Carbon Stock
● Forest cover increased by 687 sq. km (2011–2023); now totals 13,896 sq. km
(14.75% of state area).
● Major increases seen in West Champaran and Kaimur.
● Forest sector GSVA grew from ₹4187 crore (2011–12) to ₹13,549 crore (2023–24),
contributing 2% to overall GSVA.
● Carbon stock (2023): 58,451 thousand tonnes, with highest share from soil
organic carbon (63%).
4. Renewable Energy and Green Infrastructure
● Solar Power: 2589 rooftop solar units (22 MW), floating solar in Supaul and
Darbhanga.
● Hydropower: 13 mini hydro projects (54.3 MW) operational, more in pipeline via
BSHPC.
● Prominent schemes: Shyama Prasad Rurban Mission, Mukhyamantri Gramin Solar
Street Light Yojana.
5. Biodiversity and Wildlife Conservation
● Protected areas include:
○ Valmiki Tiger Reserve, Kaimur, Rajgir, Udaipur sanctuaries.
○ Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, Gogabil, Bhaluni Dham
conservation reserves.
● Initiatives:
○ Dolphin Research Centre (Patna), Gharial Incubation Centre (Bettiah),
Bird Monitoring (Bhagalpur).

6. Wetlands and River Management

● 133 wetlands selected for conservation; 84 covered under 2024 Waterbird Census.
● Projects like Gaya Ji Rubber Dam, Ganga Jal Apurti Yojana, and Tal Area
Development Plan aim at long-term water storage and supply.
7. Disaster Risk Management
● Floods (2023–24): Affected 3.16 lakh people in 6 districts.
● Casualties: Lightning – 242 deaths, Heatwave – 12 deaths.
● Bihar State Disaster Management Service cadre formed for local response.

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● Early Warning Systems: MMC in Patna and PMC in Birpur forecasting floods in 5
major river basins.

Conclusion
Bihar is witnessing intensifying climate patterns but has responded with increased green
investments, forest protection, and disaster preparedness. The state has institutionalised
environmental efforts via flagship schemes and expanded infrastructure, while actively
managing biodiversity and promoting renewable energy to ensure ecological sustainability.

Bihar Economic Survey 2024–25 | Chapter 11: Financial Institutions

1. Banking Infrastructure in Bihar

● Bihar has 7485 commercial bank branches, up from 7453 last year.
● Banking density (branches per lakh population): 6.1 in 2022–23, slightly lower
than 6.2 in 2021–22.
● ATM density: 5.8 per lakh persons.
● Priority Sector Lending forms 63.3% of total advances.

2. Credit Flow and CD Ratio

● Total Bank Credit (March 2023): ₹2,70,832 crore
○ Priority Sector Loans: ₹1,71,390 crore
○ Non-Priority Sector Loans: ₹99,441 crore
● Credit-Deposit (CD) Ratio:
○ Bihar: 47.6% (2022–23), among the lowest in India.
○ Urban CD Ratio: 60.1% vs Rural CD Ratio: 35.3%
○ Despite an increase in banking presence, low CD ratio reflects limited
credit penetration, especially in rural Bihar.

3. Cooperative Credit Institutions

● Cooperative Banks: Bihar State Cooperative Bank and 22 District Central
Cooperative Banks.
○ They disbursed ₹5,011 crore in 2023–24 (target: ₹7,000 crore).
● Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS):
○ Total: 8463
○ Functional: 8145
○ Total Loans disbursed: ₹2500 crore
● Bihar State Cooperative Bank’s net profit: ₹50 crore (2023–24), up from ₹42 crore
in previous year.

4. Microfinance Institutions (MFIs)

● Client Base: 88.25 lakh active borrowers

● Loan Portfolio: ₹29,265 crore (March 2023)

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● Loan Size: Mostly small-ticket loans for self-employment, group-based lending

model.
5. Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and JEEViKA

● Under BRLPS-JEEViKA, 12.33 lakh SHGs formed.

● Bank linkage of SHGs:
○ Cumulative loan sanctioned: ₹18,500 crore
○ Outstanding: ₹10,332 crore
● SHG NPA (Non-performing assets): only 2.01%, showing strong repayment culture.
6. Financial Inclusion Measures
● 3.32 crore accounts opened under PM Jan Dhan Yojana.
● 86.5% accounts are Aadhaar seeded.
● Bank Mitra Model: Functional in 1,688 Gram Panchayats.
Conclusion

Bihar’s banking network is expanding steadily, but issues such as low credit penetration,
rural credit deficit, and low CD ratio persist. However, SHGs, MFIs, and cooperative banks
play a vital role in grassroots financial inclusion. Strengthening credit delivery, especially in
rural areas, remains essential for inclusive economic development.

Bihar Economic Survey 2024–25 | Chapter 12: Governance and Public Service Delivery

1. E-Governance Vision and Infrastructure

● Bihar aims to enhance public administration using ICT tools ensuring transparency,
fairness, and inclusiveness.
● Teledensity: 55.59; Internet density: 42.1; Panchayat digital onboarding: 100%.
Major Infrastructure Initiatives:
● Bihar State Data Centre (BSDC 2.0), Bihar State Wide Area Network (BSWAN 2.0),
and Secretariat LAN have improved backend efficiency.
● Bihar Aadhaar Authentication Framework (BAAF), Mobile Service Delivery
Gateway (MSDG), and NIELIT training centres are helping drive digital inclusion.
2. Key Public-Oriented Platforms and Applications
● E-Shikshakosh: Real-time monitoring of school education quality.
● BHAVYA: OPD/IPD digitisation in health facilities.
● ERSS (Emergency Response Support System): Handling ~68,000 calls/day with ~15-
minute response time.
3. Law and Order–Centric Digital Services
● Crime and Criminal Tracking Network System (CCTNS) and CHAKRA enable real-
time data exchange on crimes.
● TISCO: CCTV-integrated smart traffic in 9 cities.
● e-Courts, e-Prisons, ICJS, FASTER, and e-Sakshya systems digitise judiciary and
policing services.

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4. Local Governance and Panchayat Reforms

● e-Panchayat: Facilitates payments under the Sixth State Finance Commission
awards.
● Project Monitoring Tools:
○ PMIS: Real-time infrastructure progress monitoring.
○ I-GRAM: GIS-based asset management for roads.
○ IMMIS: Ensures transparency in mineral management.
○ Land Record Digitisation: Expanding transparency in revenue and land
acquisition.
5. Sector-Specific Governance Platforms
● Transport: Vahan, Sarathi, e-Challan, m-Parivahan.
● Fiscal Governance: CFMS, GST portals, GAIN, e-Stamping.
● Agriculture:
○ Agricultural Single Window and BIHAN App for real-time pest/market
tracking.
○ DBT transfers of ₹120.83 crore (input subsidy) and ₹55.5 crore (diesel
subsidy) to lakhs of farmers.
○ Mukhyamantri Harit Krishi Sanyantra Yojana with app-based support
for agri-machinery.
6. Disaster and Emergency Digital Management
● EOC (Emergency Operation Centre) and Multi-Hazard Portal manage floods,
heatwaves, and cold waves.
● Decision Support System (DSS): Web/mobile-based for efficient disaster response.
● Flood Forecasting Models:
○ Mathematical Modelling Centre (MMC) and Physical Modelling Centre
(PMC) provide 72–120 hour lead-time forecasts for five major river
basins.
7. Green and Sustainable Digital Initiatives
● VanMitra, VanApp, Bird Monitoring System, Wood Industry Portal, etc., track
forest health, biodiversity, and plantations through digital modes.
Conclusion : Bihar has institutionalised digital governance across core sectors like education,
health, law enforcement, disaster management, and agriculture. By expanding citizen-facing
services, backend digitisation, and transparency tools, the state is strengthening service
delivery and inclusive governance for long-term transformation.

Bihar Economic Survey 2024–25 | Chapter 13: Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Chapter 13: Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

1. Bihar’s Overall Performance in SDG Index (2023–24)

● Bihar continues to rank low in the NITI Aayog’s SDG India Index.

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● Out of 113 total indicators, Bihar performed better than national average in 9 out
of 28 indicators related to children.
● Bihar’s strongest performance was in:
○ SDG-6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) – Ranked 3rd with a score of 98.
○ Notable progress in drinking water access, sanitation, and school toilet
infrastructure.

2. SDG Progress in Key Sectors

● Education (SDG-4):
○ Number of out-of-school children (2023–24): 33,285 in age group 6–13.
○ Implementation of child cabinets (Bal Sansads) in schools to promote
child participation.
● Health and Nutrition (SDG-3):
○ Steady reduction in stunting, wasting, underweight as per NFHS-5.
○ Continued high levels of infant and child mortality remain a concern.
● Gender Equality (SDG-5):
○ Focused programmes like Kishori Manch to reduce dropout of
adolescent girls.
○ School infrastructure now includes 92% with girls’ toilets.
● Water & Sanitation (SDG-6):
○ Households with access to safe drinking water: 99.2% (up from 98.4%).
○ Sanitation coverage: improved from 26.5% to 49.4% between NFHS-4
and NFHS-5.
3. Child-Centric Initiatives Supporting SDGs

● Mission Vatsalya and Parvarish schemes for vulnerable children.

● Mukhya Mantri School Safety Programme (MSSP) for safety drills and disaster
awareness.
● Track Child portal and Child Helpline 1098 aiding child protection services.

4. Inclusive Development and Participation

● SPARSH programme for visually impaired children under inclusive education.

● Provision of sports material in over 75,000 schools and development of rural
playgrounds.
● Shift to NEP’s 5+3+3+4 system to align early childhood care with formal schooling.

Conclusion
Bihar has taken measurable steps to align its development efforts with SDG targets,
especially in sectors like water, sanitation, education, and child welfare. However,
challenges remain in areas like nutrition, mortality, and gender equity. The focus is now on
translating progress into consistent state-wide impact through data-backed governance and
sustained investments.

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Bihar Economic Survey (2024-25)| Chapter 14: Tourism

Chapter 14: Tourism

1. Strategic Vision and Policy Framework

● Bihar Tourism Policy 2023 aims to integrate tourism with the state’s overall
economic development.
● Branding and Marketing Policy 2024 focuses on national and international
outreach by promoting the Ramayana Circuit, Buddhist Circuit, and Jain Circuit.
2. Tourist Footfall (2023)
● Domestic Tourists: 815.86 lakh
● Foreign Tourists: 5.47 lakh
● Total: 821.33 lakh visitors
3. Major Investments (2023–24 and 2024–25)
Tourism Infrastructure Approved in 2023–24 (₹497.71 crore):

● Gaya Ji Dharamshala: ₹120.16 crore

● Punaura Dham, Sitamarhi: ₹72.47 crore
● Pathway and shed at Vishnupad Temple, Gaya: ₹61.97 crore

Tourism Budget Allocated in 2024–25 (₹204.99 crore):

● Budget hotel at Janki Vihar, Sitamarhi: ₹29.87 crore

● Service plaza and notch in Supaul: ₹29.54 crore
● BTDC office building, Patna: ₹28.87 crore

4. Eco-Tourism Development

● Key Attractions: Valmiki Tiger Reserve, Rajgir Zoo Safari, Kaimur Wildlife
Sanctuary
● New Projects:
○ Glass bridge and suspension bridge in Rajgir
○ Parks in Gaya, Bodh Gaya, Piparghatti, and Bharkund (Aurangabad)

Visitor Data (2023–24):

Eco-Tourism Site No. of Visitors

Venuvan, Rajgir 4,11,277

Bihar Sharif Park 4,18,276

Nature Safari, Rajgir 3,12,125

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Ghora Katora & Jay Prakash Udyan, Rajgir 1,15,184

Total 12,56,862

Conclusion
Bihar is positioning tourism as a major growth engine by investing in cultural heritage sites
and expanding eco-tourism infrastructure. The focus is on integrating religious tourism with
modern facilities and enhancing global outreach through branding and policy support.

Bihar Economic Survey 2024–25 | Chapter 15: Outlook and Policy Directions

1. Growth Prospects and Sectoral Performance

● GSDP (2023–24) shows 14.5% growth at current prices and 9.2% at constant
prices.
● Service Sector continues to lead the economy with a 58.6% share in GSVA.
● Agriculture Sector contributes 19.9% and remains the primary source of
employment.
● Industry Sector contributes 21.5%, showing momentum especially in food
processing, ethanol, and mineral-based industries.

2. Investment Trends
● Strong investment growth in micro and large enterprises:
○ Micro enterprises: 135% increase
○ Large enterprises: 131% increase
● Employment generation linked to these investments has shown significant
uptrend (107% and 187% respectively).

3. Fiscal Outlook and Priorities

● Fiscal Deficit reduced from ₹44,823 crore in 2022–23 to ₹35,660 crore in 2023–24;
projected at ₹29,095 crore for 2024–25.
● Revenue surplus projected at ₹1,121 crore for 2024–25.
● Focus on Capital Outlay and developmental expenditure:
○ Total Expenditure: ₹2.79 lakh crore (BE 2024–25)
○ Development Expenditure: ₹1.77 lakh crore

4. Policy Directions for Medium-Term Development

● Agriculture: Implementation of Fourth Agriculture Road Map (2023–28) to
increase yield, crop diversification, and agri-processing.
● Industry & Enterprises: Leveraging Startup Bihar, Ethanol Policy, and cluster-based
development to drive industrial growth.
● Infrastructure: Continue expansion in connectivity, digital services, and power
supply.

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● Human Capital: Prioritise health, education, and skills via JEEViKA, SHGs, Skill
Mission, and nutrition schemes.
● Environmental Focus: Integrating climate-resilient infrastructure, renewables, and
eco-tourism into development strategies.

Key Challenges Acknowledged

● Low Credit-Deposit Ratio, especially in rural areas.
● Persistent regional disparity across districts in income and consumption.
● Need for greater private sector participation in infrastructure and industry.
Conclusion
Bihar’s economic outlook reflects a strong recovery path anchored on fiscal prudence,
targeted sectoral investments, and policy reforms. The survey envisions an inclusive growth
model with focus on agriculture transformation, youth-driven entrepreneurship, robust
infrastructure, and sustainable development.

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