1
LABORATORY INSTRUCTION FOR
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS (MoMLab)
HYDRAULIC AND MECHANIC OF MATERIALS
LABORATORY
(BFC 21201)
General Report Guideline:
1. Mechanics of Material Laboratory instructions. It consists of SIX (6) main
sections, which are MoMLab 1, MoMLab 2, MoMLab 3, MoMLab 4, MoMLab 5
and OEQ. Each question from each section must be answered in order.
2. Each group (max. of 5 students) are allowed to prepare the MoMLab report
using hand writing or computerized.
3. Please include the cognitive rubric as the front page. Fill in the names of the
group members, the matric number, and the section.
Prepared by:
CLUSTER OF STRUCTURAL & MATERIALS ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
MoMLab Semester II Session 2023/2024 - AFK
MoMLab PSYCHOMOTOR RUBRIC 1
STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING CLUSTER
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Name of Group Members: SECTION: 12 Matric No.:
NOOR AIMAN HADI BIN NOOR FAADI CF240202
MUHAMMAD ISYRAF IMRAN BIN AMIRULBAHRI CF240186
NISA HADIRAH BINTI ZAINURI CF240044
NUR IMAN NABIHAH BINTI MOHD FAIZAL CF240182
NUR AIN EZZATI BINTI ABDUL RAHMAN MANISELVAN CF240099
10 Marks [CLO2, PLO5]
CRITERIA / Mark
Very Poor = 1 Poor = 2 Moderate = 3 Good = 4 Very Good = 5 W Marks
DOMAIN LEVEL Scale
Demonstrate leadership Unable to show the Less leaderships Moderate leaderships Ability to show good Ability to show very
skills (20) – P1 leadership skills, there skills, there isno task skills, butstudents are leadershipsskillswith good leaderships skills
4
Map to: the physical lab. is no task (LA work) (LA work) able to distribute their good task (LA work) with structured task (LA
activity works distribution distribution task (LA work) distribution work) distribution
Unable to apply the Ability to show good Ability to show very
Skill of Laboratory Work Lesstechnicalskillon Moderate technical skill
basic technical on technical skill on good technicalskillon
sample preparation on sample preparation
(20) – P2 sample preparation sample preparation sample preparation 6
according to specific according to specific code
Map to: MoMLab 5(ii) according to specific according to specific according to specific
code of practice of practice
code of practice code of practice code of practice
Able to perform very
Able to perform Able to perform moderate Able to perform good
Accuracy Unable to perform good calculation
calculation and calculation and calculation and
(20) – P3 accurate calculation procedure and 4
measurement, but measurement, the measurement,
Map to: MoMLab 5(iii) and measurement measurement, very high
notaccurate accuracy is acceptable complete and accurate
accuracy
Poor lab. testing SOP Good lab. testing SOP
Technical Competency Excellent lab. testing
Unable to deliver a SOP and application of Moderate lab. testing SOP and application of
and Decision Making SOP and application of
for lab. testing and code of practice, as and application of code of code of practice, as
code of practice, aswell
(40) – P4 false in making decision well as in decision practice, as well as in well as in decision 6
as in decision making
Map to: MoMLab (iv) and according to specific making according to decision making according making according to
according to specific
MoMLab 5(v) code of practice specific code of to specific code of practice specific code of
code of practice
practice practice
TOTAL MARKS (100 M)
MoMLab Semester II Session 2023/2024 - AFK
MoMLab AFFECTIVE RUBRIC 2
STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING CLUSTER
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Name of Group Members: SECTION: 12 Matric No.:
NOOR AIMAN HADI BIN NOOR FAADI CF240202
MUHAMMAD ISYRAF IMRAN BIN AMIRULBAHRI CF240186
NISA HADIRAH BINTI ZAINURI CF240044
NUR IMAN NABIHAH BINTI MOHD FAIZAL CF240182
NUR AIN EZZATI BINTI ABDUL RAHMAN MANISELVAN CF240099
10 Marks [CLO3, PLO9]
CRITERIA /
Very Poor = 1 Poor = 2 Moderate = 3 Good = 4 Very Good = 5 Mark Scale W Marks
DOMAIN LEVEL
Teamwork Unable to show the
Good participati on in Very good commitment
teamwork spirit (no Less participation in Moderate
(35) – A2 group during and participation as
participation) in group during LSV parti cipation in group 4
Map to: the completion of group during LSV work
LSVwork, shows the well as helpful in group
during LSV work
LSV tasks during PA commitment during LSV work
work
Safety Unable to show Moderate awareness Abilityto show good Ability to show very
Less awareness on
awareness on safety on safety in awareness on safety good awareness on
(20) – A2 safety inlaboratory 8
in laboratory laboratory in laboratory safety inlaboratory
Map to: MoMLab 5(i) operational
operational operational operational operational
Very poor Moderate
Discipline Poor professional Good professional Very good professional
professional professional attitude
attitude and time attitude and time attitude, time
(20) – A1 attitude and time and time
management
management during
management during management with high 4
Map to: the completion of management during
during the meeting the meeting with motivation during the
LSV tasks during PA the meeting with the meeting with
with lecturer lecturer meeting with lecturer
lecturer lecturer
Discipline
X is how many times student attend the lab session Please insert the value of X =
(10) – A1
4
Mapp to: e-class (CLASS
Y is the total lab session that students must attend Please insert the value of Y =
ATTENDANCE)
TOTAL MARKS (100 M)
MoMLab Semester II Session 2023/2024 - AFK
3
MoMLab COGNITIVE RUBRIC
STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING CLUSTER
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Name of Group Members: SECTION: 12 Matric No.:
NOOR AIMAN HADI BIN NOOR FAADI CF240202
MUHAMMAD ISYRAF IMRAN BIN AMIRULBAHRI CF240202
NISA HADIRAH BINTI ZAINURI CF240044
NUR IMAN NABIHAH BINTI MOHD FAIZAL CF240182
NUR AIN EZZATI BINTI ABDUL RAHMAN MANISELVAN CF240099 30 Marks [CLO1, PLO4]
Very Poor = 1 Poor = 2 Moderate = 3 Good = 4 Very Good = 5
QUESTION / Incomplete calculations, Able to perform mediocrity Able to perform sufficient Able to perform good Able to perform excellent Marks
DOMAIN LEVEL critical analysis and/or calculations, critical analysis calculations, critical calculations, critical calculations, critical and/or
discussions and/or discussions analysisand/or discussions analysisand/or discussions discussions
a(i) – C1
MoMLab
a(ii) – C1
a(iii) – C2
1
a(iv) – C2
a(v) – C2
25
a(i) – C1
a(ii) – C2
MoMLab
2
a(iii) – C2
a(iv) – C2
20
a(i) – C1
MoM
Lab 3
a(ii) – C2
a(iii) – C2
15
a(i) – C2
MoM
Lab 4
a(ii) – C2
a(iii) – C2 15
OE 1
OEQ
OE 2
OE 3 15
REPORT FORMAT/
WRITING SKILL 10
TOTAL MARKS
(100 M)
MoMLab Semester II Session 2023/2024 - AFK
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
LABORATORY REPORT
Course HYDRAULIC AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS LABORATORY
Code BFC21201
Semester 2 2024/2025
Section SECTION 12
Group No. GROUP 4
Group Member No. Name Matric
1 NOOR AIMAN HADI BIN NOOR FAADI CF240202
2 MUHAMMAD ISYRAF IMRAN BIN CF240186
AMIRULBAHRI
3 NISA HADIRAH BINTI ZAINURI CF240044
4 NUR IMAN NABIHAH BINTI MOHD FAIZAL CF240182
5 NUR AIN EZZATI BINTI ABDUL RAHMAN CF24099
MANISELVAN
Lecturer PROF. MADYA DR. HILTON@MOHD HILTON BIN AHMAD
Submission
Date 4/6/2025
Mark Learning Outcome Mark Allocated Mark Received
CLO1 - PLO4 (C) 30%
CLO2 - PLO2 (P) 10%
CLO3 - PLO5 (A) 10%
TOTAL 50%
Examiner Comments:
MoM Lab 2 (CLO 1): Bending Moment and Bending Stress in
Beam
(a). Place the hangers at any positions along the beam. Please consult with
your respective lecturer for the total number of hangers to be used in this
experiment. You are allowed to use any configurations of mass on each
hanger without exceeding WTOTAL < 300 g.
(i) Sketch the idealized model and free body diagram of the beam. Fill
Table 1.1 with the proposed mass configurations. Modify the table if
necessary for any additional information.
(ii) Calculate shear force at cut-section for each load cases, and complete
Table 1.1 from the findings of laboratory test.
(iii) Discuss the outcomes from question 1a(ii) in terms of the relationship
between the external forces and shear forces obtained. You may use
any type of graphical illustrations in your discussions.
(iv) Calculate and sketch shear stress distribution at the cut-section for any
load cases. Use the beam cross section 20 mm of width and 3 mm of
thickness.
(v) Describe how shear stress works, why it's significant in design, and
how it may be decreased without reducing the external loading applied
on the beam.
(a). Place the hangers at any positions along the beam. Please consult with
your respective lecturer for the total number of hangers to be used in this
experiment. You are allowed to use any configurations of mass on each
hanger without exceeding WTOTAL < 300 g.
(i) Sketch the idealized model and free body diagram of the beam. Fill
Table 1.1 with the proposed mass configurations. Modify the table if
necessary for any additional information.
Load Vx(N) Mx (Nmm)
cases (Under Load Cell) % Error (at cut-section) % Error
analytical Laboratory analytical Labroratory
1 0.1 0.3 200 49.5 37.5 32.5
2 0.2 0.5 150 65.01 62.5 4.01
3 0.2 0.43 115 155.68 53.75 189.64
2.0 METHODOLGY
BENDING MOMENT
The experimental hardware is a simply supported beam “cut” by a pivot. The beam fixes to the
Structures Test Frame. Besides, students apply loads at set positions using hangers holding various
masses. To stop the beam collapsing, a moment arm bridges the cut on to a load cell thus reacting
(and measuring) the bending moment force. A Digital Force displays forces during experiments.
Instrument:
1. Bending moment in a beam apparatus
2. Weight (loading)
Figure (2.0) – Bending Moment In A Beam
Experiment 2: Bending moment in a beam
In simple word bending moment is the product of force applied on beam with the distance between
the point of application of force and fixed end of the beam. In this experiment load of different
magnitude will be applied on beam at the same place and bending moment will be calculated using
the following formula. For design purpose, value of bending moment used is maximum value. Value
of maximum bending moment can be decided with determine location from shear force diagram.
Shear force line cut axis x = 0, is the position that occurrence of maximum moment. It is point of
bending moment that exchange from negative to positive or positive to negative. So, the total moment
in that point is equal to zero.
(ii) Calculate shear force at cut-section for each load cases, and complete
Table 1.1 from the findings of laboratory test.
(iii) Discuss the outcomes from question 1a(ii) in terms of the relationship between the external
forces and shear forces obtained. You may use any type of graphical illustrations in your
discussions.
Based on the result that has been obtained,it shows a big difference for load cases 1 between the
calculated value and the laboratory value.The value of shear force shows that the percentage error
from analytical and laboratory,are higher that 100% which is 200% where the value is 0.1 for
analytical and 0.3 for laboratory.For load cases 2,the percentage different is is also higher than
100% which is 150% and the value is 0.2 for analytical and 0.5 for laboratory.Lastly for load cases
3,percentage different is also recorded more than 100%,which is 115% and for the value is 0.2 for
analytical and 0.43 for laboratory. These differences may be caused by the error while handling the
laboratory equipment that the bending moment value were influenced by the shear forces.
Shear force diagrams are analytical tools used in conjunction with structural analysis to help
perform structural design by determining the value of shear force at a given point of a structural
element such as a beam. It may not be obvious at first sight, but the functions corresponding to
shear force Ve) and bending moment MC) are intimately correlated which mean you can use one
of them for calculating the other one. Generally known that the relationship between the external
force and bending moment is directly proportional. It shown by data obtained where if the
difference between the external load applied increases.
(iv) Calculate and sketch shear stress distribution at the cut-section for any
load cases. Use the beam cross section 20 mm of width and 3 mm of
thickness.
(v) Describe how shear stress works, why it's significant in design, and
how it may be decreased without reducing the external loading applied
on the beam.
Shear stress is the internal force per unit area within a material that resists the sliding of one
layer over another. It arises when a structural element, such as a beam, is subjected to transverse
or vertical loading. In such cases, the force attempts to cause adjacent layers of the material to
shift relative to each other. The magnitude of shear stress at any point in a beam's cross-section
depends on the internal shear force, the geometry of the section, and the location of the point being
analyzed. In rectangular beams, shear stress is typically zero at the outer fibers and reaches its
maximum at the neutral axis.
Shear stress is significant in design because it can lead to structural failure if it exceeds the
material’s capacity. Excessive shear may cause cracking, slipping, or even complete structural
collapse, particularly near supports where shear forces are highest. As a result, engineers must
ensure that all structural elements can safely resist anticipated shear stresses to maintain the
overall integrity and safety of the structure. It also plays a role in determining the appropriate
materials and dimensions used in construction.
To reduce shear stress without decreasing the external loading on a beam, designers can increase
the moment of inertia (I) of the cross-section, which helps distribute stresses more effectively. This
can be achieved by modifying the cross-sectional shape, such as using an I-beam instead of a
rectangular beam. Increasing the beam’s width at points where shear is critical or using composite
materials to strengthen the section can also help. Additionally, adding shear reinforcements like
stirrups in concrete beams or web stiffeners in steel beams can redistribute and manage shear
forces more efficiently. These strategies allow for safer structural designs without compromising on
load-bearing requirements
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXTENAL FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT
External force is a load that we apply to the beam at specific place. Bending
moment isthe beam reaction to the load. Which is caused the beam to bend. From the
experimentwe apply different value of external force at the same place. We measure
the Bending Moment at the cut section and observed that if the external force value
increased, so that value of the bending moment also getting bigger.
1.1 DISCUSSION
External force are those which are applied to the boundary of a structure. This
includes explicit externally applied forces as well as the forces that are applied by the
supports to restrain the structure. A bending moment is a measure of the bending effect
that can occur when an external force or moment is applied to bending a structural
element. This concept is important in structural engineering as it is can be used to
calculate where, and how much bending may occur when forces are applied.
1.2 CONCLUSION
The goal of this bending experiment was to see how the bending moment
changes as the point load increases. The theoretical bending moment has a linear
relationship with the load, which means that the value of the theoretical bending
moment increases as the applied load increases and decreases as the applied load
decreases. With differences in bending moment values, experimental and theoretical
bending moments demonstrate a perfect connection with applied load. The goal of shear
laboratory was to see how shear force changed as the point load increased. According
to the findings, the shear force at the cut portion increases. The reading has a little
percentage inaccuracy, which might be attributable to many restrictions in these
experiments, but the are consistent with what was predict
APPENDIX
