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THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY

MARKING GUIDELINE

Please note that we have not included mark allocations so that

learners might be encouraged to develop their answers as fully as
possible.

These answers are guidelines only; accept valid alternative responses.

CHAPTER 1
1.1
1.1.1 Describe the setting of the introductory chapter.
The studio is filled with roses and other beautiful objects and the fragrances from
the lush garden waft through when the door is open. The windows are covered with
silk curtains. The view from the studio opens up to the beauty of the trees in the
garden as well as the unmown grass. In the centre of the room, is the portrait Basil
Hallward is working on.

1.1.2 Explain why you think the novel opens in this setting.
The setting creates a sense of the opulence that characterise the main characters‟
lifestyles. The studio is luxurious and this conveys the wealth of the aristocrats. The
sensory details provided by the author link to the characters‟ appreciation of all
things beautiful. An atmosphere of tranquillity and peace is established and one gets
a sense that these characters operate in a sheltered environment, somewhat
removed from the ordinary lives of those around them. The studio is also significant
as it is where Basil Hallward creates the portrait that will dominate the story. The
natural beauty of the garden is a stark contrast to the aesthetic beauty of the canvas.

1.2 Refer to pages 7 – 8: „Lord Henry elevated … of any emotion.‟

Discuss the impression created of Lord Henry by referring to the diction in the above lines.
The word, „fanciful‟ means highly ornamental and is a reminder that Lord Henry has
a flair for the dramatic and a greater regard for the creative than for reality. Lord
Henry‟s smoking of the „opium-tainted‟ cigarette is an indication of his hedonistic,
decadent lifestyle. The use of „reputation‟ suggests the value placed on creating the
right impression and possibly hints at the influence Lord Henry will have on the
reputation of Dorian Gray. Lord Henry is also portrayed as self-absorbed as he
regards „not being talked about‟ as worse than „being talked about‟.

1.3 „Why, my dear Basil, he is a Narcissus‟ (8).

Comment on the allusion to Narcissus to describe Dorian.

Narcissus alludes to the Greek myth of a beautiful youth who pines away for love of
his own reflection and who is then turned into the narcissus flower. Lord Henry is
implying that, based on the portrait, Dorian Gray is highly attractive and someone to
be admired. The reference suggests that Dorian may fall in love with his own
reflection and become so self-absorbed that it will be to his detriment.

1.4 Refer to pages 9 – 10.

Sum up Lord Henry‟s attitude to marriage.

Lord Henry reveals a disdainful, cynical attitude to marriage. He considers deception
to be a necessary part of marriage. He and his wife live quite separate lives and
really just humour each other, rather than being interested in each other.

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1.5 Lord Henry states on page 12 that Lady Brandon „is a peacock in everything but beauty‟.

Explain the significance of this remark.

The above statement implies that Lady Brandon may be proud in all other ways but
her beauty is something of which she cannot be proud. Lord Henry regards her as
physically unattractive. The value Lord Henry places on physical beauty will
ultimately corrupt Dorian by instilling the belief in him that his attractiveness is a
sign of virtue. Instead, Dorian‟s obsession with his looks becomes his vice.

1.6 „Don‟t spoil him ... Your influence would be bad.‟ (19)

Account for Basil‟s warnings to Lord Henry.

Dorian is young and immature. He is impressionable and Basil fears that Lord
Henry‟s influence will corrupt Dorian. Lord Henry is convincing when espousing his
aesthetic philosophy and he is able to make the immoral sound appealing. Basil
knows that these theories could ruin Dorian‟s innocence.

1.7 Discuss why the reader is initially introduced to Dorian via his portrait.
This emphasises the importance of superficial beauty that is an ideal of aestheticism.
Art and the image of art will become more important than Dorian himself. Later, the
portrait becomes central to Dorian‟s existence and reduces his real worth. It creates
an exaggerated image that will ultimately lead to Dorian‟s destruction.

CHAPTER 2
2.1 „You are too charming.‟ (23)

2.1.1 Explain what makes Dorian charming when he is introduced.

Dorian is seated at the piano with his back to Basil and Henry, which creates an air of
mystery. His innocence and inexperience is endearing. He is described as „wilful‟
(22), „petulant‟ (22) and used to getting his own way. When he sees Lord Henry, he
blushes. His youthful enthusiasm and „candour‟ (23) enhances his purity to which
Lord Henry and Basil are attracted. His fine physical features would also add to his
charm.

2.1.2 Does Dorian maintain a charming impression by the end of the chapter? Justify your
response.
No. He threatens to leave if Lord Henry leaves. Dorian is already drawn in by Lord
Henry‟s „bad influence‟ (25) when he ignores Basil‟s advice about Lord Henry. Lord
Henry‟s words „touched some secret chord that had never been touched before‟ (26)
and he is thrilled by these paradoxes. Dorian becomes aware of his own beauty and
as he gazes at „his own loveliness‟ (33), he fears aging. His vanity grows and he
loses his pleasantness. He behaves in a rather spoilt manner at times. Finally, Dorian
makes a pact with the portrait as he is prepared to give his soul to remain „always
young.‟ (33)

OR

[A „Yes‟ response is highly unlikely but allow for mixed responses that are justified.]

2.2 „There is no such thing as a good influence.‟ (25)

2.2.1 Explain how Lord Henry‟s beliefs are summed up in the above quote.
The quote might imply that, in and of itself, nothing can influence a person unless
he/she wants to be influenced or it might mean that influence is always negative.
Lord Henry believes that being influenced by another prevents a person from „self-
development‟. He believes that one must follow one‟s urges and not be influenced by
what others consider virtues. According to him, the highest duty is the duty that one
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owes to oneself. This is a self-centred philosophy. Regarding ethics as „scientific‟

(25) prevents one from developing sympathy and kindness.

2.2.2 What does this reveal about Lord Henry‟s character and attitude?
Lord Henry is a charming talker who is known for his witty paradoxes. His theories
are radical/unorthodox and tend to shock conventional notions. He does not
consider the ramifications of what he says. He is a self-proclaimed hedonist and
encourages the pursuit of immoral experiences. Rather than do something good for
society, he opts for self-indulgent behaviour. His attitude is selfish and cynical.

2.2.3 Based on what you have read so far, what sort of influence do you think Lord Henry
will be on Dorian? Justify your response.
Lord Henry‟s influence will be negative. He will corrupt Dorian‟s innocence as he
makes Dorian aware of youth and beauty; Lord Henry tells him, „It is only shallow
people who do not judge by appearances.‟ (29) He encourages Dorian‟s vanity and
the pursuit of a hedonistic lifestyle in which the principles of self-pleasure and a lack
of humanity are paramount. Dorian loses his fear of pursuing his passions as Lord
Henry inspires him to yield to his temptations (30).

2.3 „Nothing can cure the soul but the senses, just as nothing can cure the senses but the soul.‟
(28)

Comment on Lord Henry‟s antithetical statement.

The above statement inspires a new and unsettling feeling in Dorian. Lord Henry
suggests that, by yielding to the pleasure that the senses can bring, Dorian can
satisfy the desires of his soul. At the same time, he suggests that, if Dorian puts his
whole soul into exploring the beauty that surrounds him, his senses will be indulged
and restored. Lord Henry makes Dorian aware that he can give in to his temptations
and explore new experiences without guilt. Lord Henry's words captivate Dorian.
Dorian had been blissfully ignorant and innocent but he is now filled with a
restlessness to explore these feelings.

2.4 Discuss Dorian‟s reaction to his portrait.

Dorian flushes with pleasure when he sees the painting for the first time. A look of
joy appears in his eyes as he becomes aware of his own beauty. This awareness is
„like a revelation‟ (32) to him. When thoughts of becoming „‟dreadful‟ and „hideous‟
(33) cross his mind, Dorian makes a wish that the painting would show those
horrible signs of age that he fears, leaving him forever young. This indicates his
propensity for vanity and his superficial nature.

2.5 Explain why Basil reacts „with a look of pain‟ (38) to Dorian‟s leaving with Lord Henry.
Basil is hurt when Dorian chooses to leave with Lord Henry. Despite having just met
Lord Henry, Dorian declines an invitation to dine with Basil who is a long-term friend.
Basil fears the influence Henry will have on Dorian. He is aware of the consequences
this will have on Dorian‟s innocence. He feels that he has failed in his attempts to
protect Dorian from this bad influence.

CHAPTER 3
3.1 What does the opening paragraph of this chapter suggest about Lord Fermor?
Lord Fermor is a „genial, rough-mannered old bachelor‟ (40) who is considered selfish
by those who do not know him but as generous by those who are entertained by him.
He is a wealthy aristocrat who worked for his father who was a diplomat and who
resigned when his father did. He owns property and a coalmine but disassociates
himself from the actual running of the industry. He leads an idle life. He is „capricious‟
(40) and is filled with self-importance. His principles are archaic. He is conservative
and disdainful of those who are not of his standing.

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3.2 Refer to Lord Fermor‟s greeting of Lord Henry: „Well, Harry,‟ … I never pay mine.‟ (41)

What is suggested about the relationship between the two men?

Lord Henry and Lord Fermor are both cynical of the other‟s motives. However, there
appears to be an understanding between the two that allows an affable and civil
exchange. The nephew is regarded as irresponsible while the uncle is a typical
grumpy old man.

3.3 Explain fully what Lord Henry learns about Dorian‟s background.
Dorian Gray is Lord Kelso‟s grandson. His mother was Lady Margaret Devereux. She
eloped with a „penniless young fellow‟ who, shortly after their marriage, was killed in a
fight, which was apparently staged by Lord Kelso. Lady Devereux was brought to live
with her father but died within a year after having given birth to Dorian. Dorian is left
an orphan and is left in the care of „the old and loveless man‟. He stands to inherit his
mother‟s and his grandfather‟s fortunes when he comes of age.

3.4 „So that was the story of Dorian Gray‟s parentage … almost modern romance.‟ (44)

Discuss the main ideas presented in the above lines.

The manner in which Lord Henry refers to Dorian‟s background indicates that he
views life in artistic terms. The story appeals to him because of its romantic element
and makes Dorian even more intriguing.

3.5 „There was something fascinating in this son of Love and Death.‟ (46)

Account for the capitalisation of „Love‟ and „Death‟.

The concepts of love and death are personified. Both concepts define Dorian‟s
upbringing. His parents must have shared a deep love if his mother was willing to defy
her father. The death of both his parents has shaped Dorian.

3.6 Comment on the impression given of the aristocracy in this chapter.

The aristocracy are haughty and self-centred. Their discussion about the Americans is
condescending. The aristocrats believe that they are superior to American society and
it is below Dartmoor‟s breeding to select a woman who is not of his class. They are
disparaging of the woman‟s background as her family are tradesmen („pork-packers‟).

3.7 „I can sympathise … the joy of life.‟ (49)

Discuss how this statement adds to our understanding of the character of Lord Henry at this
point in the novel.
Lord Henry wants to deny any of the hardships and suffering that life might hold. His
focus is on the pursuit of pleasure and an aesthetic lifestyle. He lacks compassion,
has no sympathy for suffering, and is condescending of the East End. He is charming
and very witty and this allows him to get away with his frivolous statements. Lord
Henry‟s theories are radical but he fails to realise the implications of what he says.

3.8 „To get back one‟s youth, one has merely to repeat one‟s follies.‟ (50)

Comment on the advice given to the Duchess about regaining her youth.
Lord Henry suggests that one retains one‟s youth if one behaves as one did when one
was younger. He implies that youthful behaviour is characterised by foolishness. The
advice given to the Duchess will prove to be prophetic for Dorian too. The pact he
makes with the portrait allows him to retain his physical beauty while not holding him
accountable for his actions. Dorian will commit folly after folly and this will result in
his moral regression.

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3.9 Explain how Lord Henry‟s influence over Dorian is conveyed in this chapter.
When Lord Henry announces that he is going to the park, Dorian offers to accompany
him. Lord Henry is aware that Dorian has promised to visit Basil. It appears that
Dorian is under Henry‟s spell as he tells him that „No one talks so wonderfully as you
do.‟ (52).

CHAPTER 4
4.1 Comment on Wilde‟s attention to detail in the description of Lord Henry‟s library.
In his description of the „luxurious arm-chair‟ (54), Wilde reveals the opulent lifestyle
of the aristocracy. Lord Henry has various interests that are reflected in the beautiful
objects with which he surrounds himself. Everything in the room is aesthetically
pleasing. The „gilt daisies‟ convey his materialistic lifestyle. The book referred to by
Wilde is a book of French short stories about sex; this is a reminder of Lord Henry‟s
hedonistic preoccupations.

4.2 Explain the significance of Sibyl Vane‟s name.

Sibyl means „prophetess‟ or „fortune teller‟. The manner in which she is treated by
Dorian is a predictor of his lack of compassion and moral deterioration, as well as
his confusion of art and reality. Their relationship – and her fate – predicts the
outcome of his future relationships. Dorian‟s terrible treatment of Sibyl is the first
mark left on the portrait – another prediction of what may happen in the future.
Sibyl‟s surname might be linked to something like a weather vane that points to the
direction in which the wind is blowing; it might be argued that Sibyl‟s death points to
the direction in which Dorian is heading. The homophone, „vain‟ is a reminder of
Dorian‟s vanity and narcissism; even after her death, Dorian is more wrapped up in
himself than in mourning her death.

4.3 „Women represent the triumph of matter over mind, just as men represent the triumph of
mind over morals.‟ (57)

What does Lord Henry‟s assertion imply about him?

Lord Henry is arrogant and condescending towards women. He implies that women
are incapable of thinking and therefore more concerned with practical matters. He
asserts his superiority, suggesting that men are able to use their intellectually
powers to overcome concerns about morality. He is disparaging of women
throughout the novel.

4.4 Explain why Lord Henry says that Dorian‟s nature is „so deep‟ (59).
Dorian has revealed his love for Sibyl to Lord Henry, saying it is the „greatest
romance of [his] life‟ (58). Once again, Lord Henry contradicts conventional thinking
by saying that people who only love once in their lives are „shallow‟ (59). Lord Henry
tries to convince Dorian that he is simply experiencing his first, but not his greatest,
romance and that he should not be concerned about faithfulness. Dorian, who is
likely to want to be considered „deep‟, would be flattered into following Lord Henry‟s
unconventional philosophy. Lord Henry‟s agenda of wanting to influence and shape
Dorian would be achieved.

4.5 Comment on Lord Henry‟s description of Dorian as being like „the wilful sunbeams of life‟
(61).
Sunbeams are bringers of light and are connected to the idea of joyfulness. It is a
cheery and positive image. Associating Dorian with this image suggests that he
brings light and joy into people‟s lives, and that he could never be linked to anything
harmful. Lord Henry‟s description of the sunbeams as „wilful‟ indicates that Dorian
has acted independently by declaring his love for Sibyl. He is pleased that Dorian is
giving in to his desires.

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4.6 In your opinion, is Dorian really in love with Sibyl? Critically comment.
No. Dorian has fallen in love with the characters Sibyl portrays on stage. He only
knows Sibyl through her performances. He is “in love” with her talent and the
characters she plays. He is enthralled by her performances and has confused art and
reality. Sibyl, and the world she represents, is a new experience for him – part of his
pursuit of hedonism. She appeals to him aesthetically as she is all the „great
heroines in the world in one.‟ (64). Dorian is too self-absorbed to be in love with her.

OR

[A „Yes‟ response is unlikely but should be marked on its merits.]

CHAPTER 5
5.1 Explain why Mrs Vane discourages Sibyl‟s love for Dorian.
Initially, Mrs Vane discourages Sibyl because she does not want her to be distracted
from fulfilling her acting commitment to Mr Isaacs, to whom they owe fifty pounds.
She might be afraid that Sibyl will suffer the same fate as she did with the
„gentleman‟ who abandoned her, leaving her penniless and with two children.

5.2 Throughout the chapter, references are made to Sibyl as a „rose‟ (71).

Explain the significance of this description.

Sybil is a delicate and innocent creature. She is described as „entirely divine‟ (64)
and „beautiful‟ (86); her physical beauty would appeal to Dorian‟s aestheticism, just
as the beauty of a rose would. A rose is a symbol of love and romance; qualities she
inspires in Dorian, albeit briefly. Like a rose removed from its bush, Sibyl will wilt
quickly and die; her hope of being admired and loved will be temporary and short-
lived.

5.3 „The joy of a caged bird was in her voice.‟ (72)

Discuss the effectiveness of the above image in characterising Sibyl.

A caged bird does not necessarily recognise its entrapment and continues to sing.
The metaphor suggests that Sibyl is trapped but does not realise it. She is trapped
by her romantic notions, thinking that Dorian truly loves her and will rescue her from
her life of poverty. She becomes a prisoner of Dorian‟s love.

5.4 „She was free in her prison of passion.‟ (72)

Comment on the paradox in the above line.

A prison is associated with confinement and a lack of freedom. However, Sibyl is
convinced that the love and passion she feels for Dorian will free her from her
circumstances. She does not realise that these very emotions will trap her forever.
The pure joy she expresses at being in love is poignant.

5.5
5.5.1 Explain James Vane‟s attitude to „society‟ (74).
James Vane is contemptuous of those who are considered to make up respectable
„society‟. He is hostile and bitter towards them as he holds them responsible for his
inferior position in society. He resents their luxurious lifestyles and patronising
attitudes.

5.5.2 Do you think his attitude is justified? Motivate your answer with reference to chapters 1 – 5.
Yes. Class distinctions are obvious: the homes, food-laden tables and pleasure-
seeking lives of the aristocracy contrast to the shabby homes, „meagre meal‟ and
debts owed by the working class. The condescending attitude of Lord Henry to
the suffering of the East End reveals how „society‟ treats the downtrodden. It is
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inevitable that James would feel resentment towards those who lead idle lives while
his mother and sister have to work for a pittance and he has to find work on another
continent.

5.6 Contrast Sibyl‟s love with Dorian‟s view of love as presented in the previous chapter.
Sibyl‟s love is innocent, pure and true. It becomes so consuming that she can no
longer concentrate on, or find fulfilment in her art. She is particularly vulnerable to
Dorian because of her naivety; her only experience up until this point is her
sheltered life on the stage. This inexperience leads to her suicide, as Dorian‟s
rejection is too much to bear. Dorian‟s concept of love is based on how beautiful and
aesthetically pleasing objects appear to be. Sibyl becomes an artistic experience for
him and his love is superficial.

5.7 Describe the relationship between Mrs Vane and her son.
The relationship between James Vane and his mother is strained. When James
enters the room, his mother becomes overly dramatic, almost as if she is playing a
part and he is her audience. He finds her manner pretentious. Mrs Vane feels „ill at
ease‟ (74) when she is alone with him. There appears to be a reversal of roles in their
relationship as James constantly warns his mother to watch over Sibyl. He does not
seem to trust her parenting skills and he is quite abrupt towards her. There is an
underlying aggression in his manner.

CHAPTER 6
6.1 Briefly explain, in your own words, what Lord Henry‟s hopes are for Dorian, as
expressed on page 87.
Lord Henry hopes that Dorian marries Sibyl and adores her for six months, after
which he becomes fascinated by someone else.

6.2 What are the implications of Lord Henry‟s assertion that Dorian „would make a wonderful
study‟ (87)?
Earlier in the novel, Lord Henry expresses an interest in seeing whether Dorian might
be moulded into becoming what Lord Henry wishes him to become. He is interested
in seeing how easy it might be to influence Dorian. He shows little concern for the
effect that such manipulation might have on a person. He simply wants to observe
Dorian‟s behaviour and does not care about the consequences. Here, Lord Henry
mocks Dorian‟s love for Sibyl and suggests that fidelity is misplaced. He dismisses
the relationship as nothing more than a „study‟, something to analyse and nothing
more.

6.3 „You don‟t mean … pretend to be.‟ (87)

Discuss the validity of Basil‟s assessment of Lord Henry.

Basil‟s assessment is valid. Lord Henry is known for his controversial aphorisms
that espouse a hedonistic philosophy. These paradoxes have a profound impact on
Dorian but there is no proof that Lord Henry engages in the sort of lifestyle he
advocates. He claims to approve of both moral and immoral deeds but does not do
anything immoral himself.

6.4 Explain the significance of Dorian‟s referring to Sibyl as a „white narcissus‟ (89).
A narcissus is a narrow-leafed plant with white blossoms. In Greek mythology,
Narcissus was a young man who spurned the affections of Echo, fell in love with his
own image reflected in a pool of water, and was turned into a flower. It is Sibyl‟s
purity and beauty that attract him and her feelings for him are a reflection of the love
he feels for himself. It is ironic that he refers to Sibyl as a narcissus as it is a more
fitting description for him since he adores himself more than anything else.

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6.5 Comment on Basil's reaction to Dorian‟s impending marriage.

Basil is concerned that Dorian is marrying in haste and to someone of a lower social
class. He is worried that she may not be worthy of Dorian. There is an element of
jealousy in Basil‟s reaction.

CHAPTER 7
7.1 Discuss the changes that take place in Dorian‟s character in the chapter.
At the start of the chapter, Dorian is love-struck and besotted with Sibyl Vane. He
has been impressed by her ability to act but when he realises how bad her acting has
become, he rejects her with little consideration for her feelings. He feels contrite
when he notes the cruel sneer that appears around the mouth of the portrait. He
resolves to make amends by marrying Sibyl but this reflects his selfishness rather
than a sincere concern for her. He fears hurting himself and the portrait.

7.2 Account for Lord Henry‟s and Basil‟s departure from the theatre.
Lord Henry and Basil are unimpressed by the tatty theatre and its rough patrons and
even less impressed by Sibyl‟s mediocre acting. Lord Henry acknowledges that Sibyl
is beautiful „but she can‟t act.‟ (99) He suggests that „It is not good for one‟s morals
to see bad acting.‟ (99) Although Basil is more subtle and sympathetic (he suggests
that Sibyl might be ill and that they should come to see her perform on another
night), he also feels that he cannot endure such a poor performance any longer

7.3 Explain the significance of Sibyl‟s playing the character of Juliet.

In Shakespeare‟s play, Juliet is the tragic heroine whose fortune is unexpectedly
reversed by the man she loves. Like Juliet, Sibyl falls in love with the wrong person.
Juliet keeps her love for Romeo a secret from her family while Sibyl does not reveal
Dorian‟s identity to her family. Sibyl commits suicide when Dorian forsakes her.

7.4 In your view, does the character of Lord Henry develop at all in this chapter? Justify your
answer by referring to examples from this chapter.
No. Lord Henry‟s reaction towards the „common, rough‟ (95) theatre-goers indicates
his snobbish, condescending attitude. He remains cynical – „If she knows as little
about life as she does about acting, she will be a delightful experience‟ (99) – and
dedicated to the espousal of a hedonistic lifestyle. He is quite unsympathetic to
Dorian‟s distress, which is indicative of his self-centred nature.

OR

[A „Yes‟ response is unlikely but should be marked on the merits of the argument
presented by the candidate.]

7.5 „You have freed my soul from prison.‟ (101)

7.5.1 Discuss the effectiveness of the imagery used in Sibyl‟s response.

The metaphor captures the freedom that love has offered Sibyl. She is no longer
imprisoned by the stage. Her reality has changed and she now sees acting as an
„empty pageant.‟ (101) She believes that love offers her the freedom to be who she
really is and the shadows of the various characters she adopts disappear.

7.5.2 Explain why her response is ironic.

It is ironic that Sibyl‟s realisation of reality results in Dorian‟s love for her being
„killed‟. He is in love with the characters that she plays and the art of performance.
Once Sibyl rids herself of the illusion, Dorian rejects her, as he dislikes the reality
she now represents. Although Sibyl sees Dorian as her saviour, his rejection of her
leads to her killing herself.

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7.6 „Would it teach him to loathe his own soul?‟ (107)

Discuss to what extent this line foreshadows Dorian‟s perceptions of himself.

The above line foreshadows Dorian‟s deterioration and ultimate demise. He will
begin to feel that his sin is so great that he can no longer be saved. His visits to the
opium dens will offer temporary escape from the loathing he feels. When Dorian kills
Basil, he will lose his last chance to save himself. He is unable to ask for forgiveness
and this leads to his death. He hates what he sees himself becoming but he is also
unwilling/unable to change.

7.7 „The picture changed or … visible emblem of conscience.‟ (107)

Discuss why the portrait has become the mirror of Dorian‟s conscience.
The portrait symbolises the state of Dorian's soul and spirit. The portrait mirrors the
dissipation that Dorian‟s own body is spared. Dorian‟s callous attitude to Sibyl Vane
is reflected in the cruel mouth. The wish Dorian made for his painting to age while he
remains young is shown to be a pact made with the devil. Dorian is happy to benefit
from the promise of eternal youth at the expense of his soul. Each time he sees the
deterioration of the portrait, he is reminded of, and feels guilty about his sinful
behaviour.

7.8 Refer to page 4 of the Preface:

„Those who go beneath the surface do so at their own peril.‟

Explain how the above quote from the Preface relates to the character of Dorian.
The quote implies that art should be appreciated for its appearance. It has no depth
or underlying meaning. However, if one delves beyond the surface, the
consequences could be dangerous or risky. When Dorian begins to „delve‟ into the
symbolism of the portrait, it becomes a reflection of who he is. The pact he makes
with the devil allows his own corruption to surface. As long as Dorian is entranced
by Sibyl‟s „surface‟ appearance, he is happy. When he realises that the surface is not
what he expected, he is left disappointed. His cruel rejection of Sibyl is „at [his] own
peril‟ because it sets him on his immoral journey.

CHAPTER 8
8.1 „We live in an age when unnecessary things are our only necessities.‟ (109)

Using what you know of the novel to this point, comment on what this paradox suggests
about the aristocratic Victorian lifestyle.
The aristocracy live lives of ostentation, surrounded by luxury and excess. They are
materialistic and show little concern for the poverty of the lower classes. This
indicates the selfishness of the rich and the power that money gives them. The
decadence of the society is evident as they pursue pleasures in spite of the impact
the Industrial Revolution has on the poor.

8.2 „You cut life to pieces with your epigrams.‟ (113)

Comment on Dorian‟s observation about Lord Henry in the above line.

Dorian is not oblivious to the destructiveness of Lord Henry‟s epigrams. He is aware
that Lord Henry‟s cynicism is a negative trait but he seems unable to resist being
influenced by Lord Henry. He is intrigued by the lifestyle that Lord Henry champions.
It is Dorian‟s commitment to this lifestyle that „cuts [his] life to pieces‟.

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8.3 Refer to page 115.

What danger does Dorian perceive himself to be in?

On the one hand, Dorian may fear that he will be regarded as a murderer as Sibyl
killed herself because of him. More significantly, he realises that he stands on a
precipice and he is in danger of committing himself to an immoral lifestyle – „there is
nothing to keep me straight‟. He reflects on his lack of compassion and his sense of
detachment. He is afraid of his own response and of what he may become.

8.4
8.4.1 Explain the significance of the manner in which Sibyl dies.
Sibyl commits suicide and it is suspected that she swallowed prussic acid. The night
before her death, she played Juliet who died after drinking poison. The tragic manner
in which Sibyl dies will appeal to Dorian‟s aesthetic sensibilities

8.4.2 Discuss how Dorian‟s reaction to Sibyl‟s death is typical of his character.
Dorian‟s reaction is selfish as he is more concerned about how it affects him. He is
moved by the drama of Sibyl‟s death rather than the loss of Sibyl herself. He is
egotistical and regards Sibyl as being „selfish‟ (115). He says that it is not his fault
that the tragedy prevents him from doing what is right. He thinks Sibyl‟s death has
the beauty of a Greek tragedy, which indicates his detached and callous attitude.

8.5 Refer to pages 118 - 119.

Discuss Lord Henry‟s attitude to women.

Lord Henry offers the opinion, based on a conversation he had with a woman with
whom he had once been romantically involved, that women want relationships to
continue despite their having come to a natural end. He says that women do not
forgive men for ending relationships. He considers women to be „charmingly
artificial‟ (118) and not as equals. According to Lord Henry, women are simply
„slaves looking for their masters‟ and „they love being dominated‟. His attitude is
condescending and demeaning, and reflects his lack of respect for women.

8.6 Explain the effect of the rhetorical questions used on page 121.
The rhetorical questions reveal Dorian‟s need for reassurance. They also reveal the
inner conflict he is experiencing. He has a lot on his mind and the rhetorical
questions reflect how his mind is overwhelmed by these thoughts.

8.7 Explain why it is so easy for Lord Henry to convince Dorian that he is not responsible for
Sibyl‟s death.
Lord Henry appeals to Dorian‟s aesthetic sensibilities by saying that there is
something „beautiful about her death‟ (119). He suggests that, because Sibyl always
played a role, she was never really real and therefore she cannot really die. He also
tells Dorian to feel flattered by Sibyl‟s „killing herself for love‟ of him before he had
an opportunity to become bored of her. Dorian has already been influenced by Lord
Henry‟s philosophies and because he does not want to feel guilty, Dorian is very
happy to accept Lord Henry‟s argument.

8.8
8.8.1 Explain the symbolic significance of the portrait.
The portrait becomes a symbol of Dorian‟s soul. As his soul becomes more corrupt,
its evil becomes visible on the surface of the canvas. The portrait is a constant
reminder of Dorian‟s sinful deeds and becomes his conscience – „bear the burden of
his shame‟ (121). It represents Dorian‟s yearning to keep his beauty and youth.
Hiding the portrait represents how Dorian hides his evil ways from society. The
picture represents his inner self, which become increasingly grotesque as he
commits more evil deeds.
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8.8.2 Discuss how the portrait contradicts Lord Henry‟s philosophy about life imitating art.
Dorian admires the portrait when it is completed but he does not realise that he will
become a slave to it. The portrait (art) reflects the evil acts (life) committed by Dorian
thus art appears to imitate life, unlike Lord Henry‟s assertion. The painting becomes
distorted and disfigured as Dorian‟s soul grows perverted. The corrupt deeds
committed by Dorian cannot retain the beauty with which art is associated.

CHAPTER 9
9.1 Refer to page 125.

Why does Basil believe that it is „impossible‟ for Dorian to have gone to the Opera?
Basil assumes that Dorian is in mourning. He is sure that Dorian will be heart-broken
and overwhelmed by emotion. Going to the Opera would suggest that Dorian was
unaffected by Sibyl‟s death and was enjoying an evening‟s entertainment. Basil does
not think that Dorian is that shallow. His admiration of Dorian does not allow him to
consider Dorian being anything but devastated by Sibyl‟s death.

9.2 Consider Basil‟s reaction to Sibyl‟s death.

Explain what his reaction suggests about Basil‟s character.

Basil is sincere and heart-broken. He is concerned about Sibyl‟s family. He is not
self-centred. He is a decent man who proves to be a good friend.

9.3 Account for Dorian‟s attitude to Sibyl‟s death. (Refer to page 126.)
Dorian prefers to ignore the „horrid‟ subject. He believes that if an unpleasant
experience is not acknowledged, then it is as if it did not happen. He is self-centred,
seeing Sibyl as nothing more than art and her death is treated like her „finest
tragedy‟. He is convinced that her death has caused him his share of „suffering‟.
Dorian‟s superficial and shallow nature does not allow him to be genuinely affected
by Sibyl‟s death.

9.4 „It is only shallow people who require years to get rid of an emotion.‟ (126)

Comment on the significance of the above line.

The line is ironic as shallow people are unlikely to feel emotions deeply and
therefore will not be affected for too long. Furthermore, Dorian, who would not like to
consider himself shallow, is exactly that. Despite the assertion, Dorian will find it
difficult to cope after Sibyl‟s death. His addiction to opium will fail to soothe his guilt
and he becomes obsessed with the portrait. All his attempts to avoid the reality of
his sin will fail. Unfortunately, Dorian‟s only escape will be death.

9.5 „Something has changed you completely.‟ (126)

According to Basil, how has Dorian changed?

Basil notes that Dorian is no longer the „simple, natural … affectionate‟ and
„wonderful boy‟ who used to sit for Basil. Previously, Dorian was the „most unspoiled
creature in the whole world.‟ Now, according to Basil, Dorian has „no heart‟; he lacks
compassion or pity. Basil bemoans the influence Lord Henry has over Dorian.

9.6 „You only taught me to be vain.‟ (127)

Explain the foreshadowing in the above line.

Dorian accuses Basil of having encouraged his vanity by using him as a model for
his paintings. The admiration and compliments meted out by Basil instil in Dorian an
obsession with his physical appearance.

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9.7 How does Dorian respond to Basil‟s request to exhibit the portrait? Account for his
response.
Dorian does not want Basil to see the portrait, let alone exhibit it. He promises not to
speak to Basil again if he even looks at the picture. Dorian is terrified that Basil will
see the changes to the portrait and realise that they are a reflection of Dorian‟s
tarnished soul.

9.8 Read page 134: „Lord Henry had the charm of being very dangerous.‟

Explain why Basil would be a better influence for Dorian than Lord Henry.
Basil is a sincere and loyal friend. He reveals his depth of emotion by showing
genuine sympathy for Sibyl‟s death. He is there to console Dorian and shows his
concern for Sybil‟s family. Basil is morally superior to Lord Henry.

9.9
9.9.1 Use your own words to outline Basil‟s secret.
Basil confesses his obsession with Dorian. The portrait is a reflection of his idolatry
and adoration of Dorian. He says that he has put too much of himself in the picture.

9.9.2 Comment on Dorian‟s reaction when Basil makes his confession.

Dorian thought that Basil knew about the changes to the portrait and he is relieved to
discover that, that is not the case. The risk of his secret‟s being discovered is over.
He feels safe but feels pity for Basil. Dorian is self-absorbed and will continue to
seek a life filled with pleasure, however, he will no longer be able to enjoy his life as
he fears that his secret will be discovered.

CHAPTER 10
10.1 Refer to page 138 – 139.

Explain the effect of the personification of the portrait.

The portrait is personified as a dead body that needs to be covered by a pall. Dorian
uses a purple bedspread to cover the portrait, like a „pall for the dead‟ (138). In this
way, he hopes that he can cover up the evidence of his corruption and degradation.
The personification indicates just how much power and control the portrait has over
Dorian‟s decisions.

10.2 „What the worm … away its grace.‟ (138)

Discuss the significance of these words.

Worms feed off dead corpses. Similarly, as Dorian‟s debauchery increases, there will
be visible signs on the painting. The portrait becomes disfigured as Dorian‟s soul
becomes corrupt. Like a dead body is disfigured by the worms, the image in the
portrait is marred by his evil deeds. The grace and beauty Dorian once possessed
will be destroyed by his sins.

10.3 „I don‟t go in much at present for religious art‟ (140)

Explain the significance of this comment in relation to Dorian‟s character.

Art of a religious nature would remind Dorian of the sins he has committed. He has
abandoned the moral teachings of the church and he doesn‟t want any reminders of
this in his home. His soul has become corrupt and he feels little genuine remorse for
his sinful deed. When he does attempt to repent, he does so for selfish reasons.
Dorian is tortured by guilt at times but it does little to alter his behaviour.

10.4 Discuss the impact of the yellow book on Dorian.

Dorian is enthralled by the yellow book and adopts it as a blueprint for his life. It
contributes to his descent into debauchery and corruption. It might be argued that
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Dorian‟s commitment to the lifestyle he reads about in the book is a case of life
imitating art.

10.5 Provide evidence from this chapter that Dorian distrusts people.
Dorian suspects Victor (his valet) of peeping at the portrait. He refuses to allow his
housekeeper to dust the old schoolroom and he insists on being given the key. He
sends his valet on an errand while the portrait is being moved so that its location is
kept secret from the staff. Dorian feels that there is something „sly‟ and „treacherous‟
about Victor. Mr Hubbard, the frame maker, asks if he may look at the painting but
Dorian refuses.

10.6 Could Dorian‟s childhood and his relationship with his grandfather be responsible for the
person he has become? Justify your response with evidence from the novel.
Yes. The estranged relationship Dorian had with his grandfather has possibly led to
his lack of trust in others. His childhood is described as „lonely‟ (141) and the lack of
love from his grandfather might account for his lack of empathy and his inability to
develop intimate relationships with people. It might also be the reason why he is so
easily influenced by Lord Henry.

OR

No. Dorian describes his childhood as having a „stainless purity‟ (141). This
contrasts with the dissipation of his current state. Earlier, Basil mentions Dorian‟s
boyish purity and Dorian recalls the time spent in his schoolroom with fondness. It
seems horrible to him that the portrait is to be hidden there.

[Accept valid alternative responses.]

CHAPTER 11
11.1 Explain the symbolism of the yellow book.
It is widely agreed that the yellow book alludes to a French novel entitled A Rebours
[Against Nature] which is about the sensual life of a young Parisian who loves both
virtue and vice, and who experiences both. Dorian identifies with the protagonist
whose life seems to be his own. The contents of the novel appear to give Dorian
licence to behave in a hedonistic manner. It represents the poisoning of Dorian‟s
mind and his slow descent into a life of debauchery where the boundaries between
virtue and vice become blurred.

11.2 According to this chapter, why is Dorian „not really reckless‟ (149)?
Despite frequenting unsavoury places and indulging in questionable moral conduct,
Dorian is aware that he needs to maintain the appearance of being a respectable
member of his society. He hosts stylish, elegant parties and dresses exquisitely in
order to conceal his sordid behaviour.

11.3 „He grew more ... of his own soul.‟ (148)

Discuss what is suggested about Dorian in the above line.

Dorian becomes increasingly vain while being intrigued by the effect his debauchery
has on the painting. He is able to indulge his temptations, knowing that his physical
appearance will not reveal his sinful soul. Instead, the portrait exhibits Dorian‟s sins.

11.4 Explain why young men idolise Dorian.

They worship his beauty. He is admired for his exquisite taste and for surrounding
himself with magnificent works of art. He is renowned for his style of dress and
many young men imitate him. He is regarded as a trendsetter.

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11.5 Using your own words, explain the „new Hedonism‟ (151).
The passionate pursuit of pleasure is the key focus of the „new Hedonism‟. It is a
form of resistance against the conventional morality that Lord Henry spends so
much of his time criticizing. It rejects the conservatism of the Victorian Age.

11.6 Refer to page 152.

Explain why Dorian is attracted to the rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.
Dorian enjoyed the performance element of the Church‟s rituals. To him, there is an
aesthetic element to the various rites performed by the priest, who is surrounded by
a variety of beautiful objects. The concept of depriving oneself of sensual pleasure,
as encouraged by the Church, is as much an intriguing experience for Dorian as the
indulging of such pleasures is.

11.7 Outline the hobbies and interests Dorian pursues.

Dorian immerses himself in a wide range of interests. He begins by being intrigued
by religion and philosophy but later becomes obsessed with the study of perfumes,
music, gemology, embroideries and tapestries. With each fascination, Dorian
collects not only the objects but also the romantic stories behind them.

11.8 Explain Dorian‟s growing anxiety.

The portrait alters its appearance as it reflects the real degradation of his life. He is
anxious about being separated from the picture that has become an integral part of
his life. He is afraid that someone might gain access to the room and find the
portrait, thus revealing his secret.

11.9 Refer to page 159.

Discuss Dorian‟s motives for „accumulat[ing] the most exquisite specimens‟.

These treasures „were to be to [Dorian] means of forgetfulness, modes by which he
could escape‟ (160). They offer him a sense of relief as they represent beauty which
in a stark contrast to the reality of his sinful deeds. By surrounding himself with
these „exquisite specimens‟, he is able to escape his sordid reality, and compensate
for the degradation of the portrait and his life.

11.10 Refer to page 163: „Manners are of more importance than morals.‟

Comment on what this implies about Dorian‟s society.

Despite the corrupt nature of Dorian‟s soul, and despite his utter lack of an
acceptable moral code, he continues to be welcome into society merely because of
his good looks and his charming personality. This is an indication of the superficial
nature of society. Despite hearing terrible rumours about Dorian, members of his
society choose to ignore them. Their judgment is clouded by Dorian‟s status,
manners and appearance. Dorian‟s questionable behaviour is pardoned because he
is innocent looking and behaves in a genteel manner.

CHAPTER 12
12.1 „Sin is a thing that writes itself across a man‟s face. It cannot be concealed.‟ (171)

Explain the irony of Basil‟s words.

Basil is of the misguided opinion that one‟s physical appearance is an accurate
indicator of one‟s moral character. It is ironic that Basil says this to Dorian who has
committed many sins but Basil is unable to see beyond Dorian‟s charming physical
appearance. Basil is duped by Dorian‟s beauty into believing that he is pure of
character.

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12.2 What does Basil‟s conversation with Dorian suggest about Basil‟s character?
Basil is genuinely concerned about Dorian. He displays loyalty when he informs
Dorian of the „hideous things‟ that people are whispering about him. He cautions
Dorian about tarnishing his reputation. He demonstrates integrity. He might be seen
as naïve as he refuses to believe anything negative about Dorian.

12.3 Quote a line from page 173 that indicates Basil‟s disapproval of a hedonistic lifestyle.
Explain your choice.
„You have filled them with a madness for pleasure.‟ OR „They have gone down into
the depths.‟

Hedonism is the pursuit of pleasure but Basil considers it a „madness‟ which

suggests it is a ludicrous, foolish and dangerous obsession.

12.4 Based on your understanding of the novel, comment on the changes seen in Basil‟s
character in this chapter.
Previously, Basil was concerned with physical appearances. Now, he is less focused
on aesthetic concerns and more worried about the state of Dorian‟s soul. He is
anxious about Dorian‟s purity and goodness. He has moved beyond the superficial
aspects of Dorian‟s character. However, he is unable to separate art from reality and
cannot perceive the dissipation of Dorian‟s soul.

12.5 „“Come upstairs, Basil” ... come with me.‟ (176)

Comment on the tone of these lines.

Dorian‟s tone is sinister/foreboding/menacing/ominous/malicious. He is about to
reveal his soul to Basil. There is something portentous about this as he has gone to
great lengths to keep the portrait safely hidden away.

[Accept valid alternatives.]

CHAPTER 13
13.1
13.1.1 Explain why Dorian wants Basil to see the portrait.
Dorian blames Basil for stimulating his vanity and for introducing him to Lord Henry.
He believes that Basil deserves to know about the degradation of the portrait as he
holds Basil responsible for what has happened in his life. He wants to share his
burden and he might hope that this will rid him of his guilt.

13.1.2 Discuss Basil‟s reaction to the portrait.

Basil is horrified by what he sees. He recognises the painting as his work but
regards it as a „foul parody‟ (179). He is speechless and breaks out into a sweat. He
cannot understand how the alterations are possible. Seeing the portrait makes Basil
realise that the rumours about Dorian are true and he urges Dorian to repent.

13.1.3 How does Dorian respond to Basil‟s concerns?

Dorian feels that his sin is so great that he can no longer be saved. The combination
of his pride and despair keeps him from seeking forgiveness. He states that he does
not know whether he regrets the wish that he originally made.

13.2 „leprosies of sin were slowly eating the thing away.‟ (181)

Comment on the effectiveness of the image in the context of this chapter.

Leprosy is a contagious disease that affects the skin. This alludes to Dorian‟s
having become diseased by his sins. His sins are eating away the very core of his
goodness. The image personifies the portrait which adds to the horror of its
degradation.
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13.3 Account for Dorian‟s „uncontrollable feeling of hatred for Basil‟ (182).
When Basil confronts Dorian about his behaviour, it pricks Dorian‟s conscience
which he is trying so hard to escape. He is unable to accept that Basil takes no
responsibility for his guilt. He becomes resentful of Basil‟s Puritanical manner and
cannot believe that Basil is not affected in any way. Dorian is frantic when Basil
urges him to repent as Dorian is unable to pray and ask for forgiveness. His pride
drives him to commit murder.

13.4 Describe the course of events after Dorian murders Basil.

Dorian opens the door and listens for the sound of anyone stirring. When he is
satisfied that no one has heard anything, he exits, locking the room behind him. He
returns to the library and hides Basil‟s belongings in a secret compartment in the
wall, and then slips quietly out of his house. After a few moments, he rings the
doorbell to wake his servant. This creates the impression that he has been out all
night. The servant reports that Basil had been to visit, and Dorian says he is sorry to
have missed him.

13.5 Refer to page 183: „The thing was seated in the chair‟.

Explain the significance of referring to Basil as „the thing‟.

While referring to Basil as „the thing‟ dehumanises Basil, making his murder seem
less significant, it also magnifies how grotesque Dorian‟s crime is; he can barely
acknowledge Basil. This might be Dorian‟s way of absolving himself of the heinous
murder. It is an indication that Dorian is devoid of any emotion.

13.6 „It is too late, Basil‟ (181).

Is it too late for Dorian? Justify your response with reference to the novel.
Yes. Basil outlines the rumours about Dorian to which he reacts quite nonchalantly.
Dorian seems to find pleasure in secretly looking at the portrait. The calmness he
feels after Basil‟s murder makes it too late for Dorian to be redeemed. Dorian has
committed himself to a life of sin. He has become a corrupting influence on others
and takes no responsibility for any of his actions.

OR

[Accept valid „No‟ responses. Candidates might perhaps argue that the pangs of guilt
felt by Dorian indicate the potential for redemption.]

CHAPTER 14
14.1 Re-read the first three paragraphs of this chapter.

Discuss what these paragraphs reveal about Dorian‟s character.

Dorian is oblivious to the consequences of his deeds. He is described as sleeping
„peacefully‟ (187) and compared to a „boy‟ which is a reminder of his youthful,
innocent appearance. He awakens with a „faint smile‟ (187) on his face which
suggests that he is unaffected by the events of the previous night. His self-
centredness prevents him from being troubled by his conscience. He continues with
his regular routine as if nothing has happened. His soul has decayed to such an
extent that he is incapable of showing any remorse.

14.2 „Gradually the events ... with terrible distinctness.‟ (187)

Discuss the effectiveness of the image contained in the above lines.

The personification suggests that his deeds snuck up on him quietly and slowly,
almost to surprise him. The „bloodstained feet‟ are a reminder of the horror of his
deed. It is a reminder of the murder as well as his stained soul.
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14.3 Refer to pages 190 – 191.

Explain how and why Alan Campbell changed after his association with Dorian ended.
Prior to his involvement with Dorian, Alan had enjoyed music but after their
association comes to an end, he no longer wanted to listen to, or play music. He
stopped smiling and would avoid being in Dorian‟s presence. He became depressed
and spent most of his time alone in his laboratory.

14.4 Refer to page 199.

Explain the significance of the changes to the portrait.

There is an image of blood on Dorian‟s hand. This is a visual representation of the
crime that he has committed – he literally has „blood on his hands‟ – and the guilt
that he is attempting to deny. The changes reflect his sins and the portrait becomes
his conscience. Dorian sees what his sins are actually doing but he ignores them
and continues to yield to temptation.

CHAPTER 15
15.1 Explain the general mood of this chapter.
The mood is light-hearted. It is easy-going, laid back and leisurely. Dorian finds the
conversation uninteresting and the guests dull. The „terrible pleasure of the double
life‟ (202) which Dorian feels reduces the tension the reader might have expected
after the horror of the events in the preceding chapter.

15.2 What is suggested by Dorian‟s lack of engagement with the other guests?
The company does not hold his interest, and being self-absorbed, he becomes easily
bored by them. He is unusually calm and enjoys the idea that he is hiding the secret
of his crime. The „double life‟ he leads excites him. However, he is so preoccupied
with his secret life that he is unable to enjoy the pleasures of the current moment. He
now has the weight of two secrets to deal with: the portrait and the death of Basil.
Although he appears unaffected, there are indications of an inherent struggle with
his conscience.

15.3 Why is Dorian relieved when Lord Henry arrives?

Dorian regards Lord Henry as a friend. Henry is able to relieve the boredom he feels.
He finds him more entertaining and hopes that Henry will lift his mood.

15.4 Refer to page 206: Lord Henry says: „It is perfectly … and entirely true.‟

Explain the irony in the above lines.

Lord Henry objects to being the subject of gossip, however, he and the guests have
just been gossiping about Madame de Ferrol. Also, one would expect his objection
to be about the untruth of the stories being told. His comment is somewhat tongue-
in-cheek as he is quite happy to be the topic of conversation.

15.5 „Ah! What a cynic you are!‟ (207)

Discuss the accuracy of Lady Narborough‟s characterisation of Lord Henry.

Her description is accurate as Lord Henry is always critical of people and social
conventions. He enjoys being controversial and likes to provoke a reaction from
people.

15.6 Discuss what is suggested about the role of women in this society.
Women are seen as intellectually inferior. They exit the room after dinner to give the
men an opportunity to discuss matters that are regarded as beyond women‟s
capability of understanding. Lady Narborough‟s criticism of Madame de Ferrol is an
indication that they are judgemental of each other. Also, her arrangement of her
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daughters‟ marriages to wealthy, elderly men reflects the fact that women‟s position
in society was determined solely by her husband.

CHAPTER 16
16.1 „The moon hung low in the sky like a yellow skull.‟ (213)

Explain how this description reflects Dorian‟s state of mind.

Dorian is „listless‟ and in search of a way of dulling his memories and conscience.
Despite all his debauchery, he has failed to satisfy his pursuit of pleasure or cure his
soul. The opium provides him with an oblivion that temporarily numbs the ominous
feelings that hang over him. The „skull‟ is a reminder of the figurative death of the
real Dorian as well as the actual deaths of Sibyl and Basil. He feels hopeless and his
visits to the opium dens are a reflection of his jaded spirit.

16.2 Comment on the impression given of London in this chapter.

This area of London is portrayed as ghastly and dilapidated. The sordidness of the
city is reflected in its citizens frequenting public-houses and opium dens. The streets
are gloomy and the people are miserable. The men are described as „callous‟ and
„stained‟ (219).There is a vileness and immorality that permeates the city.

16.3 Refer to pages 213 – 214.

Suggest a reason why Dorian repeats the aphorism, „To cure the soul by means of
the senses, and the senses by means of the soul‟.
Dorian recalls these words said by Lord Henry when they first met. The aphorism
implies that the soul can be healed by indulging the senses and giving in to sensual
experiences, and that the soul‟s desire for goodness and beauty will encourage one
to pamper the senses. These words have become his mantra and a justification for
his hedonistic lifestyle. In context, he visits the opium den with the hope that the
drugs will make him forget his currents sins and allow his soul to feel free. By doing
this, he creates new sins. He feels that there is no way to atone for his sins and the
opium allows him to forget.

16.4 Account for Dorian‟s reluctance to interact with Adrian Singleton.

Dorian is accused of having ruined Adrian‟s life. His presence is a reminder of
Dorian‟s corrupt soul. Being in his presence pricks Dorian‟s conscience and makes
him uncomfortable. Dorian also fears being recognised by Adrian as he is a reminder
of the bad influence that Dorian has been on others. This would validate Basil‟s
observation, and it is this reality that Dorian wants to deny. Adrian‟s presence stirs
memories within Dorian which he is trying to escape.

16.5 Explain how Dorian is able to save himself from James Vane.
Dorian asks James how long ago it has been since his sister died. When James
responds that she died eighteen years ago, Dorian challenges him to look at him
under a lamp. He points out that he cannot be the person James is looking for as he
looks far too young. James is convinced as Dorian looks „little more than a lad of
twenty summers, hardly older.‟ (221)

CHAPTER 17
17.1 What evidence is there of Lord Henry‟s superficial nature in this chapter?
The Duchess accuses him of placing too much value on beauty. His idea of
„rechristening everything‟ is frivolous and an indication that he has little of
significance with which to occupy him. The topic of conversation is generally trivial.
His views of art, love and religion prove him to be a sceptic.

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17.2 „I think it is better to be beautiful than to be good.‟ (225)

Comment on the paradox in the above line.

Lord Henry sees the two qualities as mutually exclusive and values beauty more
highly than morality. At this stage, Dorian‟s beauty precedes his goodness. It proves
to work to his advantage. Because of his fair face, the society is reluctant to believe
the rumours of his sinful behaviour. His sordidness is well disguised by his physical
beauty. This offers his sinful soul protection.

17.3 Explain how the behaviour of the Duchess reflects the decadence in society.
The Duchess has been flirting with Dorian. Lord Henry accuses her of „flirting
disgracefully‟ (229). The society appears to have little regard for fidelity. People‟s
pursuit of pleasure tramples on the sanctity and purity of love.

17.4 Evaluate the appropriateness of the name, „Prince Paradox‟ (225) which Dorian suggests
for Lord Henry.
The name suits Lord Henry perfectly as he often uses paradoxes in his
conversations. He is a master at making contradictory statements. He seems to
enjoy sounding profound and provoking his listeners. He is himself, a paradox
because there is no proof of him committing any foul deed other than living a life of
pure pleasure. Lord Henry has the gift of rhetoric and his words have the power to
inspire Dorian to follow a hedonistic lifestyle.

17.5 Refer to page 230.

Discuss how the diction contributes to the mood of the concluding paragraph.
„Wild recklessness‟ refers to the thrill that Dorian feels when he thinks of the danger
he faces. The word, „gaiety‟ displays the pleasure and delight he derives from his
secret double life. „Thrill of terror‟ indicates that, despite the fact that Dorian faces
the looming threat posed by James Vane‟s re-appearance, he experiences a sense of
exhilaration. There is a mood of tension and suspense at the end of the chapter.

CHAPTER 18
18.1 By referring to specific examples, explain how the diction used in the opening
paragraph of this chapter reflects Dorian‟s state of mind.
The words, „wild terror‟, suggest that Dorian is overcome by fear. He is too afraid to
leave the house the next day. He is emotionally unstable and trapped by his own
feelings of insecurity. The reference to „horror‟ shows his panicked state and the
verbs, „hunted‟, „snared‟ and „tracked down‟, reflect his paranoia. He sees himself
being pursued by James Vane, like prey. He considers himself a victim. The „dead
leaves‟ are a reminder of his wasted resolutions.

18.2 Comment on the significance of Dorian‟s request of Sir Geoffrey not to shoot the hare.
Dorian is charmed by the hare‟s „grace of movement‟ (234) and discourages Sir
Geoffrey from killing it. He displays concern and compassion for the hare, which is
something he has been incapable of feeling previously. This might be because
Dorian now identifies with the hare, feeling that he too is being hunted. This
response might indicate that Dorian is not completely callous and is capable of
change.

18.3 Refer to page 237.

Identify the signs of Dorian‟s paranoia.

Dorian says that he wants to escape on a yacht as he says that one is safe on a
yacht. The accidental shooting of the man has upset him and he has a premonition
that something like that might happen to him.

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18.4 „I should like to know some one who had committed a real murder.‟ (238)

Explain the irony of Lord Henry‟s statement.

Ironically, Lord Henry is addressing this comment to Dorian, who is responsible for
Basil‟s murder. Lord Henry does not have the slightest clue that he is in the
company of a killer.

18.5 Comment on Dorian‟s response to James Vane‟s death.

Dorian‟s reaction to James Vane‟s death is selfish. He cries with relief at the thought
that he is safe. „A cry of joy broke from his lips‟ (241) illustrates his callous attitude.
Each time he escapes a past sin, he becomes incapable of reforming. He feels free
as there is no longer any threat hanging over him.

18.6 Do your feelings for Dorian change at any point in this chapter? Explain fully.
No. His callous reaction to the death of James Vane is appalling. His ability to feel
emotion for an animal but inability of feeling sympathy for the death of a person is
shocking. Before he knew the identity of the dead man, he was willing to resolve the
unfortunate accident by paying the dead man‟s family. Once again, Dorian seems to
get away with not having to be accountable for his past sins. His resolutions to
redeem himself are only temporary.

OR

[Accept valid „Yes‟ responses.]

CHAPTER 19
19.1 According to Dorian, how has he changed?
Dorian claims to have changed by ending his relationship with Hetty Merton. He
believes he has „spared‟ (244) her but what he is actually trying to do is save himself.
His act of supposed redemption has tarnished his soul even more because the act
was motivated by selfishness.

19.2 Explain how Dorian‟s attitude to Hetty Merton is a parody of his earlier experience of love.
Like Sibyl, Hetty is from a lower class and Dorian‟s relationship with her might be
seen as his „second chance‟ – a way to make amends for the way he treated Sibyl. He
broke Sybil‟s heart and then sees himself making a great sacrifice when he decides
to make amends. On that occasion, he is too late as Sibyl commits suicide. Now he
believes that he has made a great sacrifice by ending his relationship with Hetty
before he breaks her heart.

19.3 Discuss the extent of Lord Henry‟s carelessness as conveyed in this chapter.
Lord Henry is careless, as he does not consider the effect his words will have on
Dorian. He tells Dorian that he does not think much of Dorian‟s rejection of Hetty. He
rejects any thoughts of Basil‟s being dead and shows no sympathy when Dorian
suggests that Basil might have been murdered. When Dorian confesses that he
murdered Basil, Lord Henry refuses to believe him, saying that crime is only
committed by the lower classes. He does not appear perturbed by his wife‟s having
left him, saying that marriage is no more than a „bad habit‟ (246).

19.4
19.4.1 Suggest reasons for Alan Campbell‟s suicide.
After Dorian murdered Basil, he blackmailed Alan Campbell into disposing of the
body. It might be assumed that Alan is unable to live with the guilt of knowing what
he has done. The sins of his past have clearly weighed too heavily on his
conscience.

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19.4.2 Can Dorian be held accountable for Alan‟s suicide? Justify your answer.
Yes. Dorian has blackmailed Alan into becoming an accomplice in a crime. He
refuses to hear Alan‟s pleas not to involve him. Dorian exposes Alan to evil and
corrupts his conscience.

OR

[No. Such a response is unlikely, however it should be assessed on its merits.]

19.5 Refer to page 248:

‘Like the painting of a sorrow,

A face without a heart.’

Explain the significance of the allusion to these lines from Hamlet.

These lines refer to the painting and to Dorian himself. Dorian has reduced himself to
a „face without a heart‟; he has maintained his physical attractiveness but he has
given up his soul. Dorian‟s soul reflects the truth about him and his „face‟ or beauty
is partially responsible for what happens to his heart. The more fixated he becomes
with his beauty, the more tarnished his soul becomes. He becomes convinced that it
is the face in the painting that reflects the sorrow of all his sins. His inability to admit
his dissipation will make it difficult to heal his heart.

19.6 „The soul is a terrible reality. It can be bought, and sold and bartered away.‟ (249)

Critically discuss to what extent this statement is relevant to the characters in The Picture of
Dorian Gray.
People are prepared to sell their souls for that which they most desire – and
sometimes give it away quite cheaply. Dorian sells his soul for eternal youth but he
realises that his soul will reveal the truth of his character.

[Candidates might focus their response on how this quote is applicable to various
characters in the novel, or they might focus on how the quote is valid in relation to
the novel.]

CHAPTER 20
20.1 Explain why Dorian decides to destroy the portrait.
By destroying the painting, Dorian hopes to erase his past. The picture is a
representation of Dorian‟s corrupt soul. It acts as his conscience and because he
feels incapable of repenting, he decides to destroy the picture. He is searching for
peace and no longer wants to be reminded of his sins.

20.2 Dorian refers to the portrait as „this monstrous soul-life‟ (258).

What does the diction in the above line indicate about Dorian‟s feelings?
Dorian‟s world can be described as „monstrous‟ as he finally seems to realise that
his sinful life has consequences. He sees his soul as having a life of its own and that
his wicked and vile nature is reflected in the painting. He describes it as „monstrous‟
because it reflects the heinous sins he has committed. He feels trapped and haunted
by the secret of his soul. He feels despair but he cannot repent, as he is too proud to
admit to his evils.

20.3 Discuss why the portrait has deteriorated even further, despite Dorian‟s good
intentions.
The painting becomes more hideous as Dorian is now aware of his sick soul and he
is filled with self-loathing. In addition, the painting reflects the accumulation of his
sins. His selfish act of supposed redemption has tarnished his soul even more. He
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was simply curious to know what it felt like to deny himself something he wanted
that lead to his rejecting Hetty, not any genuine concern for her. His secret has
become a burden as it embodies his moral sense. Dorian cannot pray for forgiveness
to absolve his immorality.

20.4 Explain the attitude of the two men on finding out that the house where the cry came from
belongs to Dorian.
The men are scornful when they realise it is Dorian‟s house. From their disdainful
attitudes, it can be assumed that they are not surprised that something shocking
might be happening in Dorian‟s home. His reputation has become so tarnished that
people have lost all respect or concern for him.

20.5 In your opinion, does Dorian deserve what happens to him?

Justify your response with close reference to the novel.

Yes. Dorian has made the decision to follow the advice given to him by Lord Henry.
He hides the painting, indicating that he is aware that his actions are sinful but this
does not stop him. Dorian is selfish and wants immediate results when he ends his
relationship with Hetty Merton. He refuses to take responsibility for the deaths of
Basil Hallward and Alan Campbell. His death is a kind of divine retribution for all his
crimes.

OR

No. The painting by Basil Hallward is the catalyst for Dorian‟s vanity. Lord Henry
leads him on a path of destruction and even when Dorian confesses to Lord Henry
that he killed Basil, his confession is not taken seriously. Dorian is a product of a
society that is shallow and superficial; one in which the aesthetic has more value
than reality. He is vulnerable and insecure in a society that values manners more
than morality. He does show a desire to repent and this alone deserves sympathy.
After he murders Basil, his guilt tortures him relentlessly, indicating that he does
have a conscience.

[Accept alternative valid responses.]

20.6 Dorian‟s demise presents an unexpected moral warning.

Discuss the validity of the above statement.

Dorian‟s demise is a warning that there are always consequences for one‟s actions.
It is impossible to live a life completely devoted to pleasure and find satisfaction in
such a life. The novel suggests that, when one gives in to all desires, the result is a
life of immorality. It cautions about obeying one‟s impulses thoughtlessly as a
hedonistic lifestyle can be destructive. The fact that the novel appears to encourage
self-restraint and an observance of a moral lifestyle is „unexpected‟ considering
Dorian‟s lifestyle – and that of the author‟s.

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