BRILLIANT HIGHER
SECONDARY
SCHOOL
“BIOMOLECULES”
Name :
Class : XII ‘ ’
Subject : Chemistry
Topic : “Biomolecules”
Submission Date : 20.11.24
Submitted to : Shilpa Jain
Ma’am
CERTFICATE
This is to certify that of
class XII has successfully completed
her chemistry project on the topic
“BIOMOLECULES” under my
guidance, during the academic year
2024-25. She has shown utmost
sincerity in completing this project. I
also certify that this project is upto
my
expectations, and as
per the guidelines.
Teacher’s Signature Principle Signature
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to my chemistry
teacher Mrs. Shipla Jain mam for her
able guidance and support in
completing my project. I learned a
lot of new things. I would also like to
extend my gratitude to my parents
and friends who also helped me in
completing this project within the
limited time frame.
BIOMOLECULES
A biomolecule is loosely defined as a
molecule produced by a living organism and
essential to one or more typically biological
processes. Biomolecules include large
macromolecules such as proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as
well as small molecules such as vitamins
and hormones. A general name for this
class of material is biological materials.
Biomolecules are an important element of
living organisms, those biomolecules are
often endogenous, produced within the
organism but organisms usually need
exogenous biomolecules, for example
certain nutrients, to survive.
TYPES OF
BIOMOLECULES
BIOMOLECULES
Micro Molecule Macro Molecule
AMINO ACIDS
Amino acids contain both amino and
carboxylic acid functional groups.In
biochemistry, the term amino acid is used
when referring to those amino acids in
which the amino and carboxylate
functionalities are attached to the same
carbon, plus proline which is not actually an
amino acid.Modified amino acids are
sometimes observed in proteins; this is
usually the result of enzymatic modification
after translation (protein synthesis). For
example, phosphorylation of serine by
kinases and dephosphorylation by
phosphatases is an important control
mechanism in the cell cycle.
SUGAR
•Monosaccharides are the simplest form of
carbohydrates with only one simple sugar.
They essentially contain an aldehyde or
ketone group in their structure. Examples
of monosaccharides are the hexoses,
glucose, fructose, Trioses etc.
•Disaccharides are formed when two
monosaccharides, or two single simple
sugars, form a bond with removal of
water. They can be hydrolyzed to yield
their saccharin building blocks by boiling
with dilute acid. Examples of
disaccharides include sucrose, maltose,
and lactose.
•Polysaccharides are polymerized
monosaccharides, or complex
carbohydrates. They have
multiple simple sugars.
Examples are starch,
cellulose, and glycogen.
GLUCOSE
LIPIDS
Lipids (oleaginous) are chiefly fatty acid
esters, and are the basic building blocks
of biological membranes. Another
biological role is energy storage (e.g.,
triglycerides). Most lipids consist of a
polar or hydrophilic head (typically
glycerol) and one to three non polar or
hydrophobic fatty acid tails, and
therefore they are amphiphilic. Fatty
acids consist of unbranched chains of
carbon atoms that are connected by
single bonds alone (saturated fatty
acids) or by both single and double
bonds
(unsaturated
fatty acids).
SATURATED
FAT
UNSATURATED
FAT
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that
are crucial in all cells and viruses. They are
composed of nucleotides, which are the
monomer components: a 5-carbon sugar, a
phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.
The two main classes of nucleic acids are
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
ribonucleic acid (RNA). If the sugar is
ribose, the polymer is RNA; if the sugar is
deoxyribose, a variant of ribose,
the polymer is DNA. DNA uses the
deoxynucleotides C, G, A, and T, while RNA
uses the ribonucleotides (which have an
extra hydroxyl(OH) group on the pentose
ring) C, G, A, and U.
RNA DNA
STRUCTURESTRUCTURE
NUCLEOTIDES &
NUCLEOSIDES
A nucleotide is an organic molecule.
Nucleotides are the building blocks of the
nucleic acids RNA and DNA. Nucleotide is
made of an acyclic nitrogenous base, a
pentose and one to three phosphate
groups.
Nucleosides are molecules formed by
attaching a nucleobase to a ribose or
deoxyribose ring. Nucleosides can be
phosphorylated by specific kinases in the
cell, producing nucleotides. Examples,
cytidine, uridine etc.
NUCLEOTIDE NUCLEOSIDE
PROTEINS
Proteins are large biomolecules and
macromolecules that comprise one or
more long chains of amino acid residues.
Proteins perform a vast array of functions
within organisms, including catalysing
metabolic reactions, DNA replication,
responding to stimuli, providing structure
to cells and organisms, and transporting
molecules from one location to another.
Proteins differ from one another primarily
in their sequence of amino acids, which is
dictated by the nucleotide sequence of
their genes, and which usually results in
protein folding into a specific 3D structure
that determines its activity.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
•NCERT Textbook
•Youtube
•Wikipedia.org
•SlideShare
•Scribd.com
