(CIEGeography9696) Global

Interdependence Case Studies

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Global Interdependence (Case Studies)

Advanced Human Geography Options
Cambridge International AS and A Level Geography
For Syllabus 9696

Case Studies
➢ The Trade in Tea
➢ Fairtrade in Cacao
➢ WaterAid’s Involvement in Mali (Africa)
➢ Ecotourism in Ecuador
➢ Jamaica’s Tourist Industry (Main Case Study)

Case Study: The Trade in Tea

Tea is small proportion of price of product that goes to producers. Great majority of money
from tea industry goes to post-raw material stages (processing, distributing, retailing)
benefiting HIC companies than LICs. Dutch 2006 report from Tea institute payed attention to:
- problems of failing prices + rising input cost.
- Pressure to limit labour cost.
- Urgent need to improve LIC conditions in labour, social, ecological, economic.

Global tea Market dominated by small number companies (Unilever, Sara Lee). ½ of all tea
traded internationally. Annual exports tea as raw material = $3 billion. Companies now fight
with each other as competitive market. Global supply growing faster than consumption keeping
prices low.

Tea producers complain that global trading system prevents from moving value chain.
Extremely difficult compete with powerful brands.

Tea value chain:

1. Supermarket retailing = 50%
2. Marketing, bagging, distribution = 36%
3. Exporters’ costs = 6%
4. Other plantation costs = 4%
5. Labour cost (culti + pick) = 3%
6. Auction bulk tea = 1%

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Case Study: The Fairtrade in Cacao

1993 group Ghana farmers formed cooperative to sell own cocoa. SNV, Dutch NGO + UK
department International Development supported. Cooperative ensures farmers paid good +
not cheated by middlemen. It includes:
● Kuapa Kokoo Farmers’ Union (national body 45,000 cocoa farmers elect
representatives.
● Kuapa Kokoo Farmers’ Trust (responsible distribution Comm. project money from
Fairtrade Premium. Projects: clean water, mobile health clinics, schools, sanitation.)

2008 Kuapa Kokoo sold 4,250 tonnes cocoa Fairtrade market (farmers guaranteed price). If
cocoa price falls to $1,000 tonne, Fairtrade price still $1,600. If prices increase farmers will
receive better price.

1998 Kuapa Kokoo came together with NGO Twin, supported by Body Shop, Christian Aid,
Comic Relief, founded Divine Chocolate company. Kuapa Kokoo part owner of Divine (gets fair
price for cocoa + has influence on how organisation run + share in profits). Divine Fairtrade
Chocolate sold in UK, Holland, Scandinavia + US.

Fairtrade only solution if sustainable long term. Income + food security dependent on good soil
health + water supply. Africa driven by war, corruption, political instability. Fairtrade can reduce
poverty.

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Case Study: WaterAid in Mali

WaterAid established 1981. First project occured in

Zambia, spread to others. WaterAid currently in
Mali since 2001.

The country's capital = Bamako, population is 16

million and area = 1,240,192 km2

Mali is one of hottest + poorest places. Located

West Africa next to Algeria. Land stretches into
Sahara desert, most live in South but still nomads in
North. Malitians known for robes, music culture +
strong storytelling traditions. 65% country is desert,
11 million lack access to safe water.

Main concern is fully privatised water industry fails

provide to poorest in rural + urban areas. WaterAid
running scheme around Bamako providing clean
water + sanitation to poor. Objective to show that
slum projects successful economically + socially.

WaterAid financed construction of area's construction network. Also training locals to maintain
system + raise money needed to operate. Encouraging locals to invest in own infrastructure
important, idea is that take generation to fully implement.

WaterAid = UK's only charity dedicated to providing water, sanitation + hygiene education to
world's poorest areas.without these 3 countries remain in cycle of disease + poverty. They
maximise health benefits. These combined benefits reduce child diarrhea by 95%.

In long term, communities able plan + build infrastructure that helps cope during times
hardship. WaterAid areas live easier during droughts as:
- Previously during drought women spend hours finding water, little time for food,
children miss out on education.

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- Cattle watered, than sold or left to die as water shortage.

- During famines, with water + sanitation people less likely become sick + more likely
survive.

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Facts

- ⅘ people rely farming for living, despite country little rain + frequent droughts.

- ½ live in poverty, and finding water concern.

- ¾ now have clean water, 3/10 have decent toilet.

- Gov committed provide every Malian with essentials by 2030 as without not live
healthy, dignified lives.

- Share low cost tech with nomads to area, resolve conflicts over water, promote hygiene
through art + traditional storytelling.

- Aiming widen plans to tackle water conflicts by partnering to provide clean water,
toilets, hygiene at heart of education, health, environment, food security.

- Stable long-term services vital to support Mali fragile environment, working with
partners + locals to build skills keep facilities working whatever climate change brings.

- 69% Malians no access toilet, schools now have taps.

- AMALDEME medical education centre (Lafiabougou, Bamaka District) offers therapy,

education + training 600 children with difficulties.

- Centre’s water tower old + cracked, supply polluted, forced staff buy water using
precious funds. 30 toilets usable, children had to use pots outside.

- Tower fixed + hand washing basins, taps installed + toilets working again.

- Learning difficulty children stressed. Sougalo told students feel calmer with new
facilities. Taps now normal part of life.

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Case Study: Ecotourism in Ecuador

Ecuador's travel + tourism

industry = 1.9% GDP in 2014, total
travel + tourism economy = 5.3%.
Latter announced $4,702 million.
118, 000 jobs in industry = 1.7%
total employment, total jobs in
travel + tourism economy
(338,000) = 4.8% total
employment. International
tourism in Ecuador's 3rd largest
source foreign income, after
export oil + bananas. N0 visitors
increased in recent years (to
Galapagos cause of Darwin +
mainland). Majority tourists
attracted as diverse flora + fauna.
Country contains 10% world's
plant species. Country protected
by national parks + reserves.

As visitor numbers rise, Ecuador anxious not suffer negative externalities mass tourism in many
countries. Country's strategy been avoid becoming mass-market destination, instead market
Ecotourism in exclusive way. Tourist industry aware that influx damage country's most
attractive ecosystems + harm green destination rep.

Ecotourism helped bring income to poorest part country. Provided locals with alternative +
reduced human pressure on environment. Main geographical focus ecotourism been in Amazon
rainforest around Tena, become main access point. Ecotourism schemes in region run by small
group Quichua Indians. Indigenous movement in Ecuador one of strongest in S. America.

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Quichua people insist that all visitors follow these rules:

❖ If need use toilet and facilities not available, do business on side rainforest track. NEVER
in/near stream or lake.
❖ All rubbish must be taken away by visitors.
❖ Exchanges of clothing + personal items with tribes banned. Community members not
allowed accept gifts either.
❖ Avoid any display of affection, even with friends. In community considered rude hold
hands or kiss.
❖ When walking in rainforest don’t touch branches as possible: thorns, insects, snakes.
Also don’t pull as possible fall on you.
❖ Visitors never walk off alone as get lost or killed by other tribe.
❖ Check before touching plants/animals as cause rash or sting. Also don’t pick plants
without permission.
❖ Don’t enter people’s houses without invitation, don’t make promises that can’t keep.

Galapagos Islands at risk

Illegal fishing, non-native species

+ demand for 160,000 tourists
per year threaten irreplaceable
ecosystem + people that depend
for livelihood.

Early 2007, Ecuador gov.

declared islands at risk, warned
visitors that flights possibly
suspended. They traddle equator
1,000 km off coast equator. 97%
islands = national park. 5 of 13
islands inhabited, visitor
numbers 160,000 year.

Possible visit volc islands all year

round, Nov-Jun = best time. Boat trips = £700 - £2,000. Additional national park fee of £65.
Giant tortoise, marine iguanas, blue footed bobbies found.

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President Ecuador signed emergency to protect islands to overcome environmental + social

crisis.

Problems:
- Population doubling every 11 years. Total pop = 40,000 in 2014. Putting pressure on
resources + disposal of waste.
- Illegal fishing sharks + sea cucumbers highest ever.
- Cruise ships rising.
- Concern about non-native species on island.
- Arguments over management of Park.
- Hotel opened on island 2006 which controversial.
- 2007, UN visited to decide whether ‘in danger’

Galapagos reached tourism carrying capacity or exceeded. People still want to visit so as n0 rise
management also has to protect islands.

MAIN Case Study: Jamaica

Third largest of Caribbean

islands + largest speaking island
on Carribean sea. Located 145
km south Cuba + 965 km south
Florida. Jamaican tourism
originated late 19th Century,
people with medical conditions
UK + N. America spend winter in
Jamaica to avoid cold winters.

First tourist hotels built Montego

Bay + Port Antonio. Industry
expanded post WW1 as
advances in transport, estimated
only few thousand tourist visited
Jamaica each year in 1920s. 1938
risen to 64,000, by 1952 reached
104,000. 345,000 visitors in 1966 to over 600,000 in 1982. Since 1987-88 season number
foreign tourists + 1 million per year, cause of increase in cruise ship arrivals.

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2014, Jamaica welcomed 2.08 million stopover visitors, 1,423, 797 cruise visitors. Gave total 3.5
million visitors for year. Tourism direct contribution to GDP in 2013 = JM$109.3 billion (7.7%
national total). Adding all indirect economic benefits increase to JM$364.8 billion. Direct
employment in industry = 82,000 (7% total employment) overall figure is *3 at 23.45% of total
employment. E.g. Farmers supply food to hotels + carpenters make furniture. In most
populated tourist areas Reliance extreme.

Jamaica is example of tourist area, clear evidence growth + development. Growth = increase
numbers. Development = expansion of tourism activities like dev of adventure tourism +
ecotourism. As tourist industry expanded l, linkages also. As tourism develops has impact on
environment, if managed properly less damage. Management techniques in Jamaica:
- Trying avoid pitfalls mass tourism, like construction high rise hotels.
- Creating natural parks + other protected areas.
- Promoting ecotourism + environmentally friendly tourism.
- Encouraging community tourism.
- Linking profits of tourism to social dev for country.

Jamaica's N coast, pleasant weather + white sand beaches, is centre of island's tourist industry.
Temp. 22-30 °c, Wet days in May + October. on average all year round, precipitation Main
resorts: Montego Bay, Ocho Ríos + Port Antonio. Tourist also visit Kingston. Accommodation =
modern high-rise hotels, Old style buildings, villas, apartments + guesthouses. N0 rooms
available in Jamaica = 30,000. Has good road network, highway linking 2,000 settlements in S +
N coast highway serving N Island.

⅔ visitors to islands arrive air. Jamaica served by 2 international airports: Norman Manley
(Kingston) + Sangster (Montego Bay). Private jet centre in Montego with 4 aerodrome. Cruise
passenger terminals located Ocho Ríos, Montego Bay, Port Antonio.

Sun + sand = main attractions of holiday. Also offers dolphin parks, nature reserves, museums
(Bob Marley) + galleries. Wide variety flora + fauna, 252 bird species (27 endemic), 200 native
orchid species, 500 fern species, 50 coral species.

Excellent facilities for tennis, golf, equestrian activities. Jamaican cuisine attracts many. Many
festivals + entertainment events throughout year, reggae often. Island's protected areas:
Cockpit County, Hellshire Hills, Litchfield Forest Reserves. 1992 country's first marine park (15
km2) established in Montego Bay. 1993 Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park
established (780 km2 Wilderness, thousands tree + fern species, rare animals + insects). Negril

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Marine Park established 1998. These decisions essential for sustainability environment + tourist
industry. Jamaica wants increase tourist business; more people only visit if area keeps physical
environment + diverse attributes.

Industry brought opportunities to Jamaica pop, also had prob. 1970s gov introduced
‘Jamaicanisation’ policies designed to attract foreign investment in tourism. Policies included
high wages + special industry taxes towards social dev, healthcare + education. These sectors
referred as by economists as ‘soft infrastructure’. Tourism spurred dev of vital ‘hard
infrastructure’ (roads, telecommunications, water supply + airports). Jamaica determined learn
from mistakes of other countries to ensure pop benefit from tourism growth. Tourism largest
source foreign exchange for Jamaica. Tourism revenue significant part helping central + local
gov fund economic + social policies. As attitudes in industry changing, large hotels socially
conscious. Examples are funding of local social projects.

People's National Party (PNB) paper said investment in resort dev attracted foreign investors.
Has set wave for powerful wave investment next decade.

Jamaica Tourist Board (JTB) responsible for marketing country abroad. Used Jamaica's status as
host countries 2007 Cricket World Cup. JTB promotes positive aspects Jamaican culture + Bob
Marley Museum (Kingston) popular attraction. Attractions important aid to support Jamaica's
reducing seasonality objective.

Jamaica gov working reduce environmental impact tourism. Location marine parks. Further six
sites identified for further protection. Jamaica gov see designation of parks as positive
environmental impact of tourism. Entry fees to parks pay for conservation. Designation +
management process driven by desire for tourist to visit area + conserve for future.

Maríne parks attempting conserve coral reefs off Jamaica Coast. At risk from overfishing,
industrial pollution + mass tourism. Jamaica Conservation + Development Trust responsible
management national parks, National Environment Planning Agency overseen Gov's sustainable
dev. strategy since 2001.

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Jamaica foreign visitor exports as % total exports:

45% 45% 43% 42% 39% 50% 50% 48% 48% 48% 47% 46%

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2024

Tourism as % of whole of Jamaica’s economy GDP:

6.5% 7% 5.5% 6.5% 10% 11% 10% 11% 11% 11.5 12% 17%

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2024

Negril

Large beach resort located west coast Jamaica. Town's dev as resort location began 1950s,
access to area difficult as ferries required drop passengers in Negril Bay, forcing to wade to
shore. Road between Montego Bay + Negril improved 1970s, increased Negril's position as
resort location. Small airport built for N. American winter tourists. Europeans also went, several
hotels built to cater those guests.

Long Bay stretch coastline has island's best beaches. Negril's beaches rated as top 10 in world.
To east of shore, Great Morass swamp, Royal Palm Reserve located on sight with wetlands.
1990, Negril Coral Reef Preservation Society formed as NGO to address current degradation
coral reef ecosystem. Was precursor of Negril Maríne Park (established 1998). Educating on
fragility of coral reefs + endangered environ crucial to sustainability.

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Ecosystem + Community Tourism

Ecotourism developing sector of industry e.g. Raft trips on Rio Grande River increasing pop.
Tourists taken downstream in small groups. Rafts rely on manpower leave singly with time gap
to reduce disturbance. Ecotourism most sustainable tourism on island.

Efforts made to promote community tourism, som money filters down local people + small
communities. Sustainable Communities Foundation through tourism (SCF) programme active in
Central + S.W Jamaica. Community tourism important aspect pro-poor tourism.

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Astra Country Inn (Mandeville) recognised as pioneer hotel in Community tourism. Work with
surrounding communities:
- promoting B&B accommodation in private homes.
- Training local guides.
- Developing community-based tourist attractions.
- Encouraging dev of local suppliers.

Coral reef protection society promote:

❖ No touching reefs.
❖ No throwing litter in sea.
❖ No taking or buying shells from the beach.
❖ No touching or spear fishing marine life.
❖ Fishing on reef prohibited.
❖ No feeding the fish.
❖ No taking sand from the beach.
❖ Stay within swimming lanes for safety reasons.

Principles of community-based tourism:

● Community tourism involve local people in decision making + ownership.
● Local community receive fair share profits from tourism.
● Tour companies try work with communities than individuals to avoid divisions.
● Tourism be environmentally sustainable + pressure natural resources.
● Tourism support traditional cultures + encourage people value + respect cultural
heritage.
● Tour operators should keep groups small to reduce cultural + environmental impact.
● Tour guides brief tourists on what should expect + appropriate behaviour before
arriving.
● Local people have right to say not to tourism.

Challenges Ahead

Tourism also has problems. Behaviour of some tourists clashed with islands traditional morals,
people have negative image of Jamaica as high violence + harassment. Gov brought in
initiatives to protect environment, sadly most Biodiversity already lost. Jamaica one of few
Caribbean tourist destination that done well from recent recession (decrease visitors).

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Jamaica undertaken many initiatives over sustainable dev of tourism, success of initiatives
mixed. Book called ‘Barriers of Sustainable Tourist Development in Jamaica’ (2007) said
initiatives lacked adequate management + cohesion + often had work under significant financial
constraints.

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