DEFINITION
Promotion and maintenance of highest degree of physical mental social well being of workers
in all occupations is known as occupational health health -ILO and WHO 1950
Initially it was restricted to only industries and hence it is turned as industrial hygiene/
or industrial health later it is extended for all types of occupation and named as ergonomics.
In Greek ergo =work
Nomos =rules
OCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
1 man and physical / chemical / biologicalagents
2 Man and machine
3 Man and man
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
1 Physical hazard
a) temperature
b) pressure
c) light
d) noise
e) vibration
f) radiation
2 Chemical hazards
a. Local action
b. Inhalation
c. Ingestion
3 Mechanical hazard
4 Biological hazard
5 Psychosocial hazard
1 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
A Temperature -20 °C -27°C comfort zone. Excessive heat and excessive cold both leads to
disorders and inefficiency. - heat hyperpyrexia, heat exhaustion, heat syncope, heat cramp,
burns burns etc due to rise in temperature and
frost bite ,trench foot due to rise in cold
B pressure - air embolism, caisson diseases due to variation in pressure
C Light- l 20 candella normal illuminationl
occupational cataract and nystagmus occurs due to variation
D Noise -20 to 60 decibel is normal hearing threshold variation in decibel leads to audiotary
effect and non audiotary effect
E vibration 10 to 500 hertz is normal , variation leads to hazards
F radiation-ionizing and non ionizing radiation are the two types of radiation
2)CHEMICAL HAZARDS
a)Local action- By aromatic Nitro & amine compounds TNT & ariline.
b) Inhalation or dust of less then 5 micron leads to diseases
c)Ingestion: consumption of chemicals leads to diseases
Some common examples
1) gas -co co2 cs2 nh3 leads to poisoning
2)Dust inhalation
a) Inorganic dust
Coal dust -Anthracosis
Silica - Silicosis
Asbestos - Asbestosis
Iron - Siderosis
b) Organic dust
Cane fibre - Bagososis
Cotton dust - Bysinosis
Tobacco - Tobacosis
3) Metals like lead Mercury cadmium manganese beryllium leads to toxic effect
4) Chemical - acids alkaloids pestisides
5)solvent- carbon bisulpide benzyine
3)Biological hazard: viral bacterial fungal protozole etc like :Brucellosis,leptospirosis, arthrax,
actinomycosis, tatanus,
encephalitis, surgical infection
4)Mechanical hazard: occupational dermatitis
5)Psychological: industrial neurosis, HTN, peptic ulc
INDUSTRIALISATION EFFECT
1. Environmental sanitation problem
A) Housing problem-sub standard houses
B) water pollution
C) air pollution
D) sewage disposal problem
2. Communicable diseases
3. Food sanitation
4. Mental health
5. Accidents
6. Social problems
7. Morbidity & mortality problems
PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR INDUSTRIALISATION PROBLEMS
1. Nutrition
2. Communicable disease Control
3. Environmental sanitation
4. Mental health
5. Health education
6. Family planning
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
1 MEDICAL MEASURES
A.Preplacement examination
Lead - Anemia, HTN,peptic ulcer
Dyes - Asthma, skin , bladder, kidney disorders
Solvents - Liver & kidney disorder
Silica - TB
B. Periodic examination
C. Medical & Health care service should be provided
D. Notification - Factory act 1977 listed 22 disease,
Mines act 1952 listed 3 &
duck labourer act 1948 listed 3
diseases to be notified.
E. Supervison of working environment
F. Maintenance & Analysis of Records
G. Health education & councelling
2. ENGINEERING MEASURES
A. Design of building - general
B. Good house keeping
C) ventilation
D) mechanization – use of devices
E) substitution – replacement
F) dust management
G) enclosure
H) isolation
I) exhaust ventilation
J) protective devices
K) environmental monitoring
L) research
M) legislative measure -
1. FACTORIES ACT1948
2. ESI ACT 1948 ( explained in health insurance point)
FACTORIES ACT 1948
It was already inforce from 1888.after independent revised in 1948.recent amended in 1988
KEY POINTS OF ACT
A factories w ere minimum 10-20 workers are working on that factories it aplies. State govt. has
to appoint chief inspector. Deputy chief inspector, additional chief inspector and inspector to
inspect that factories.
B) Health study and welfare
C) Employment of young person= General 16- 18 yrs age person take the fitness certificate to
work.Above 18 not needed.
D) Hours of work= 48 hrs not exceed 17hrs/ day with half hr rest after continue work of 5 hours
E) Leave = Apart from weekly holiday 1 day leave with wage of every 20 days
F) Occupational disease= General
G) Employment in hazardous process= general
