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STANDARD FOR SAFETY

Service-Entrance Cables
UL 854
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UL Standard for Safety for Service-Entrance Cables, UL 854

Twelfth Edition, Dated January 10, 2020

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Summary of Topics

This revision of ANSI/UL 854 dated January 4, 2023 includes revisions to 45.5 (b), (c) and (d) to
align Push-in Terminal Marking requirements with UL 20 and UL 498.

Text that has been changed in any manner or impacted by UL's electronic publishing system is marked
with a vertical line in the margin.

The revised requirements are substantially in accordance with Proposal(s) on this subject dated
September 23, 2022.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording, or otherwise
without prior permission of UL.

UL provides this Standard "as is" without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, including but
not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for any purpose.

In no event will UL be liable for any special, incidental, consequential, indirect or similar damages,
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(Title Page Reprinted: January 4, 2023)

ANSI/UL 854-2023 i

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1

UL 854

Standard for Service-Entrance Cables

First Edition – April, 1937

Second Edition – October, 1966
Third Edition – March, 1969
Fourth Edition – July, 1971
Fifth Edition – June, 1975
Sixth Edition – June, 1979
Seventh Edition – February, 1987
Eighth Edition – May, 1991
Ninth Edition – May, 1996
Tenth Edition – December, 1999
Eleventh Edition – October, 2004

Twelfth Edition

January 10, 2020

This ANSI/UL Standard for Safety consists of the Twelfth Edition including
revisions through January 4, 2023.

The most recent designation of ANSI/UL 854 as an American National Standard

(ANSI) occurred on January 4, 2023. ANSI approval for a standard does not
i

include the Cover Page, Transmittal Pages, and Title Page.

The Department of Defense (DoD) has adopted UL 854 on April 23, 1984. The
publication of revised pages or a new edition of this Standard will not invalidate the
DoD adoption.

Comments or proposals for revisions on any part of the Standard may be

submitted to UL at any time. Proposals should be submitted via a Proposal
Request in UL's On-Line Collaborative Standards Development System (CSDS)
at https://csds.ul.com.

Our Standards for Safety are copyrighted by ULSE Inc. Neither a printed nor
electronic copy of a Standard should be altered in any way. All of our Standards
and all copyrights, ownerships, and rights regarding those Standards shall remain
the sole and exclusive property of ULSE Inc.

COPYRIGHT © 2023I ULSE INC.

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................7

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1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................7
2 General ................................................................................................................................8
2.1 Units of measurement ..................................................................................................8
2.2 Undated reference.......................................................................................................9
3 Terms...................................................................................................................................9

CONSTRUCTION ..............................................................................................................................9

4 Materials ..............................................................................................................................9
5 General ................................................................................................................................9

CONDUCTORS .................................................................................................................................9

6 Metal....................................................................................................................................9
6.1 General ......................................................................................................................9
6.2 Copper .....................................................................................................................10
6.3 Copper-clad aluminum ...............................................................................................10
6.4 Aluminum .................................................................................................................10
7 Metal Coating .....................................................................................................................10
8 Conductor Diameter and Cross-Sectional Area...................................................................... 11
9 Joints ................................................................................................................................. 11
10 Resistance........................................................................................................................ 11
11 Separator.......................................................................................................................... 11
12 Sizes of Insulated Conductors ............................................................................................12
13 Stranding..........................................................................................................................12

INSULATION AND INDIVIDUAL JACKET .........................................................................................12

14 Details ..............................................................................................................................12

ASSEMBLY OF JACKETED MULTIPLE-CONDUCTOR TYPE USE AND USE-2 CABLES AND OF

TYPE SE CABLE................................................................................................................22

15 Conductors .......................................................................................................................22
16 Fillers ...............................................................................................................................24
17 Overall Covering ...............................................................................................................24
17.1 General...................................................................................................................24
17.2 Jacket.....................................................................................................................25
17.3 Tape and finish ........................................................................................................26

ASSEMBLY OF COVERLESS MULTIPLE-CONDUCTOR TYPE USE AND USE-2 CABLES................27

18 Details ..............................................................................................................................27

ASSEMBLY OF SUBMERSIBLE PUMP CABLES .............................................................................29

19 Details ..............................................................................................................................29

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PERFORMANCE .............................................................................................................................31

20 Flame Test of Cable...........................................................................................................31

21 Flexibility Test of Cable at Low Temperature ........................................................................31

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22 Cold-Impact Test ...............................................................................................................31
23 Impact-Resistance Test of Single-Conductor Type USE and USE-2 Cables ...........................31
24 Crushing-Resistance Tests of Single-Conductor Type USE and USE-2 Cables ......................32
25 Overload Test of Single-Conductor Type USE and USE-2 Cables .........................................35
26 Overload Test of Conductors in Jacketed, Multiple-Conductor Type USE and USE-2 Cables...35
27 Overload Test of Uninsulated Conductor in Type SE Cable ...................................................36
28 Continuity Test ..................................................................................................................36
29 Dielectric Voltage-Withstand Test(s)....................................................................................37
30 Sunlight-Resistance Tests..................................................................................................38
30.1 Insulation ................................................................................................................38
30.2 Jacket.....................................................................................................................39
30.3 Test Method ............................................................................................................39
31 Vertical-Tray Flame Test (Type SE).....................................................................................39
32 Low-Temperature Pulling-Through-Joists Test .....................................................................39
33 Oil-Resistance Tests (Single- and multiple-conductor Types USE and USE-2) .......................43
34 Gasoline- and Oil-Resistance Tests (Single conductor Types USE and USE-2) ......................44

IDENTIFICATION.............................................................................................................................44

REPETITION OF PRINTING .............................................................................................................44

35 Intervals ...........................................................................................................................44

POLARITY ......................................................................................................................................44

36 General ............................................................................................................................44

MARKING .......................................................................................................................................45

37 Cable as a Whole ..............................................................................................................45

37.1 Identification of organization and manufacturer ..........................................................45
37.2 Identification of factory .............................................................................................45
37.3 Methods of identification...........................................................................................45
37.4 Authorized surface marking ......................................................................................46
37.5 Surface, tag, reel, or carton marking not to be used ....................................................46
38 Insulated Conductors.........................................................................................................46
38.1 No identification required..........................................................................................46
38.2 Only factory identification required ............................................................................47
38.3 Organization and factory identification required ..........................................................47
39 Date of Manufacture ..........................................................................................................47
39.1 General...................................................................................................................47

CABLE TYPE ..................................................................................................................................47

40 General ............................................................................................................................47
41 Style.................................................................................................................................48
42 Oil- and Gasoline and Oil-Resistant ....................................................................................49

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SIZES AND NUMBER OF CONDUCTORS ........................................................................................49

43 General ............................................................................................................................49
44 Compact-Stranded Copper Conductors ..............................................................................49

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ALUMINUM AND COPPER-CLAD ALUMINUM CONDUCTORS ........................................................49

45 General ............................................................................................................................49

VOLTAGE........................................................................................................................................50

46 General ............................................................................................................................50

SHIPPING LENGTHS.......................................................................................................................50

47 General ............................................................................................................................50

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INTRODUCTION

1 Scope

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1.1 These requirements cover Type USE and USE-2 (below-ground) and Type SE (above-ground)
power cables for installation in accordance with Article 338 and other applicable parts of the National
Electrical Code (NEC). These cables are for the service-entrance and other (NEC) uses described in 1.4 –
1.8. In a multiple-conductor cable that is other than submersible-pump cable and does not have a
grounding conductor it is appropriate to have one circuit conductor without insulation. It is also appropriate
for a submersible pump cable to have a grounding conductor and for Type USE and USE-2 cables to have
an insulated grounding conductor. Each insulated conductor in these cables is rated for 600 V. Type USE
cable has thermoset insulation, except for the HDPE portion of HDPE-over-XL insulation where used for
single-conductor Type USE cable. Type SE cable has thermoset or thermoplastic insulation.

1.2 These cables have insulation of solid, extruded dielectric material(s) that are for use in wet locations
at 75°C (167°F) and lower temperatures. Cables that are marked with a conductor type that includes the
letters "HH" have insulation that is for use in dry locations at temperatures as high as 90°C (194°F) as well
as in wet locations at 75°C (167°F) and lower temperatures. Cables that are marked with a conductor type
that includes "-2" have insulation that is for use in wet or dry locations at temperatures as high as 90°C
(194°F).

1.3 Cables containing any conductor that is of a metal other than copper are marked to identify the metal
as aluminum or copper-clad aluminum. Aluminum single-rated (see 1.4) Type USE or USE-2 cables
containing other than solid 12, 10 or 8 AWG conductor(s) are of an EC-1350 grade aluminum alloy or a
registered AA-8000 series electrical-conductor-grade aluminum alloy. In all other cables, the aluminum
conductor(s) are of a registered AA-8000 electrical-conductor-grade alloy only.

1.4 "Single-rated" Type USE cable is single-conductor, jacketed or coverless multiple-conductor, and
submersible-pump cable without any indication of the conductor type letters on type cable, on the
individual conductor(s), or on the tag, reel, or carton. "USE" is the only type designation associated with
the cable. See 40.4.

1.5 Type SE cables that are not marked with conductor type letters or are marked with conductor type
letters alone ("XHHW", "RHW", or "RHH OR RHW" not followed by "cdrs" or the like) have insulated
conductors that do not comply with the Thermoset-Insulated Wires and Cables, UL 44, horizontal flame
test. Type SE cables that are marked for use in cable trays comply with a 70,000 Btu/h (20.5 kW) vertical-
tray flame test as described in Sections 4 – 11 of the Standard for Vertical-Tray Fire-Propagation and
Smoke-Release Test for Electrical and Optical-Fiber Cables, UL 1685 or the FT4/IEEE 1202 flame test as
described in Sections 12 – 19 of UL 1685. Smoke measurements are not applicable. See 31.1.

1.6 The outer surface of each single- and multiple-conductor cable that is marked for sunlight-resistance
use and the outer surface of each Type SE cable that is marked for sunlight-resistance use in cable trays
complies with a 720 h sunlight-resistance test. Each insulated conductor under an overall covering on
such multiple-conductor cable complies with a 300 h sunlight-resistance test. All other cables are not
marked "sunlight resistant" however they comply with a 300 h or equivalent (see 30.3.2) sunlight-
resistance test (each insulated conductor complies and, except in the case of submersible pump cable,
any overall covering also complies).

1.7 Type USE and USE-2 cables are single-conductor in sizes through 2000 kcmil or are flat or round
multiple-conductor in sizes through 4/0 AWG copper, 300 kcmil aluminum or copper-clad aluminum
jacketed and through 2000 kcmil coverless. Type USE and USE-2 cables are not required to comply with a
cable flame test. Jacketed multiple-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables have 1 – 5 insulated
conductors of the same size with or without an uninsulated grounded conductor that, in some cases, is
smaller than the insulated conductors. It is appropriate to include one insulated equipment-grounding
conductor that is, in some cases, smaller than the circuit conductors in a cable with no uninsulated
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conductor. Coverless multiple-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables have two or more (no limit)
insulated conductors of the same size with or without a grounded conductor that bare (in round or flat
cable) or insulated (in round cable) and, in some cases, is smaller than the other conductors. Coverless
multiple-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables with a bare conductor are tag marked to restrict the cable

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to direct burial (no covering to protect the bare conductor during and after duct and pole installations).
Single-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables that are not larger than 4/0 AWG copper, 300 kcmil
aluminum or copper-clad aluminum and multiple-conductor jacketed and coverless Type USE and USE-2
cables without an uninsulated or bare conductor are for use as Type USE or USE-2 and also are for use
underground as Type UF cable would be used however are not marked "UF". All single-conductor Type
USE and USE-2 cables and the following multiple-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables are for direct-
burial and underground-duct service-entrance uses and are eligible to be terminated on a utility pole
where each conductor and any overall jacket are exposed to the weather and not subject to physical
damage:

a) Jacketed multiple-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables with or without an uninsulated
conductor.

b) Coverless multiple-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables without a bare conductor.

1.8 Submersible-pump cable (four varieties are described in 19.1) is an assembly of single-conductor
Type USE cables that are eligible to be individually surface marked "pump cable". The assembly is not
tested for sunlight resistance however each of its conductors is so tested and complies. Submersible-
pump cable is flat or round and is multiple-conductor in sizes through 4/0 AWG copper, 300 kcmil
aluminum or copper-clad aluminum with all conductors insulated. It is appropriate for one conductor to be
a grounding conductor that, in some cases, is smaller than the circuit conductors. All of the circuit
conductors are of the same size. This cable has a tag marking stating that the cable is for use within well
casings for wiring deep-well submersible water pumps. Each conductor in a coverless, cabled assembly is
surface marked as Type USE, and each conductor in any other pump-cable assembly is eligible to also be
so marked. Assemblies other than those that are coverless are surface marked "submersible pump cable".
A coverless, cabled assembly without a grounding conductor is appropriate for use as Type USE and also
appropriate for use underground as Type UF cable however it is not to be marked "UF". All other pump-
cable assemblies are for use only as submersible-pump cable.

1.9 Type SE cable is a flat or round multiple-conductor cable in sizes through 4/0 AWG copper, 300 kcmil
aluminum or copper-clad aluminum and has an overall nonmetallic covering. All of the insulated
conductors are of the same size. This cable complies with a cable flame test.

1.10 These requirements do not cover metal-clad cables (Type MC) or medium-voltage cables (Type
MV). Type MC cables (600 V and 2 kV) are covered in the Standard for Metal-Clad Cables, UL 1569. Type
MV cables (5, 8, 15, 28, and 35 kV) are covered in the Standard for Medium-Voltage Power Cables, UL
1072.

2 General

2.1 Units of measurement

2.1.1 In addition to being stated in the inch/pound units that are customary in the USA, each of the
requirements in this standard is also stated in units that make the requirements conveniently usable in
countries employing the various metric systems (practical SI and customary). Equivalent – although not
exactly identical – results are to be expected from applying a requirement in USA or metric terms.
Equipment calibrated in metric units is to be used where a requirement is applied in metric terms.

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2.2 Undated reference

2.2.1 Any undated reference to a code or standard appearing in the requirements of this standard shall
be interpreted as referring to the latest edition of that code or standard.

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3 Terms

3.1 Wherever the designation "UL 1581" is used in this wire standard, reference is to be made to the
designated part(s) of the Reference Standard for Electrical Wires, Cables, and Flexible Cords, UL 1581.

CONSTRUCTION

4 Materials

4.1 Each material used in a cable shall be compatible with all of the other materials used in the cable.

5 General

5.1 Service-entrance cable shall be designated as Type USE or USE-2 (jacketed, coverless, and
submersible-pump cables – all for use below ground) or as Type SE (for use above ground) and shall
comply in all respects with the applicable requirements for construction details, test performance, and
markings.

5.2 The electrical insulation in each cable shall be of material(s) with one of the following ratings:

a) 90°C dry, 90°C wet;

b) 90°C dry, 75°C wet; or

c) 75°C dry, 75°C wet.

5.3 Each individual and overall jacket in Type USE and USE-2 cables and any insulation not protected by
an individual jacket in Type USE and USE-2 cables shall be of material(s) resistant to fungi.

5.4 Material not known to be resistant to fungi is to be tested as described in the Standard Practice for
Determining Resistance of Synthetic Polymeric Materials to Fungi, ASTM G 21). Based on an existing
good field record, CP, CPE, XL, HDPE, NBR/PVC, and neoprene are appropriate for use without fungal
testing.

CONDUCTORS

6 Metal

6.1 General

6.1.1 Only copper, copper-clad aluminum, or an aluminum alloy shall be used for the conductor(s) in a
cable. All insulated conductors in a cable shall be of the same metal. In coverless Type USE and USE-2
cables with a bare conductor, the bare conductor shall be of metal-coated copper regardless of which of
the three metals is used in the insulated conductors(s). In other multiple-conductor cables, any uninsulated
conductor shall be of the same metal as the insulated conductors.

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6.2 Copper

6.2.1 A 14 or 12 AWG copper conductor in a Type SE cable shall be medium-hard or hard-drawn.

Number 10 AWG and larger sizes of copper conductor in a Type SE cable and all sizes of copper

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conductor in Type USE and USE-2 cables shall be soft-annealed, medium-hard, or hard-drawn. Each solid
copper conductor and each copper wire (strand) shall comply with the Standard Specification for Soft or
Annealed Copper Wire, ASTM B 3, the Standard Specification for Medium-Hard-Drawn Copper Wire,
ASTM B 2, or the Standard Specification for Hard-Drawn Copper Wire, ASTM B 1 as applicable.

6.3 Copper-clad aluminum

6.3.1 Copper-clad aluminum conductors shall comply with the Requirements for Copper-Clad Aluminum
Conductors, Section 11 of UL 1581.

6.4 Aluminum

6.4.1 Solid aluminum conductors in sizes 12, 10 and 8 AWG shall comply with the requirements for
aluminum-wire stock. The aluminum conductor(s) in single-conductor submersible-pump cable and in
coverless multiple-conductor Type USE cable not marked with any additional conductor type designation
on the surface, on the insulated conductors, or on the tag, reel, or carton shall comply with the
requirements for 8000 series aluminum in Requirements for Aluminum Conductors of an 8000 Series
Alloy, Section 10 of UL 1581, or shall be of a 1/2 – 3/4 hard 1350 series aluminum alloy that complies with
the same tensile-strength requirements as a semi-annealed 8000 series alloy or a 1350-H19 (extra hard)
aluminum alloy in accordance with the Standard Specification for Aluminum 1350-H19 Wire for Electrical
Purposes, ASTM B 230/B 230M. All other aluminum conductors shall comply with the requirements for
conductors of an 8000 series alloy in Section 10 of UL 1581. See 40.4.

7 Metal Coating

7.1 When the insulation adjacent to a copper or copper-clad aluminum conductor is of a material that
corrodes unprotected copper in the test in Conductor Corrosion, Section 500 of UL 1581, and when a
protective separator (see 11.1 and 11.2) is not provided, the solid conductor and each of the individual
wires (strands) of a stranded conductor shall be separately covered with metal. The metal coating shall be
one of the following:

a) A tin coating complying with the Standard Specification for Tin-Coated Soft or Annealed Copper
Wire for Electrical Purposes, ASTM B 33.

b) A nickel coating complying with the Standard Specification for Tin-Coated Soft or Annealed
Copper Wire for Electrical Purposes, ASTM B 355.

c) A silver coating complying with the Standard Specification for Silver-Coated Soft or Annealed
Copper Wire, ASTM B 298.

d) Any other metal or alloy coating is to be evaluated.

7.2 The use of a metal coating, when not required for corrosion protection, is still appropriate for use on
solid or individual wires (strands) or selected wires, such as the outer layer of wires of a stranded
conductor (see 7.3 concerning the conductor resistance). The metal coating used shall comply with 7.1.

7.3 When metal-coated wires are used only as selected wires, such as the outer layer of wires of a
stranded uncoated copper or copper-clad aluminum conductor, the direct current resistance of the
resulting conductor shall not exceed the value tabulated in D-C Conductor Resistance, Section 30 of UL
1581 for an uncoated conductor of the same size and construction. See 10.1.

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7.4 An uninsulated copper or copper-clad aluminum conductor shall be metal-coated when it is

assembled in contact with a neoprene jacket or (copper only) is used as the bare conductor in a coverless
multiple-conductor Type USE or USE-2 cable. A stranded copper or copper-clad aluminum conductor that
is required to be metal-coated shall have each wire (strand) metal-coated before the wires are assembled

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to form the conductor.

8 Conductor Diameter and Cross-Sectional Area

8.1 The nominal, maximum (1.01 x nominal), and minimum (0.98 x nominal) diameters of solid and
stranded conductors are shown in Tables 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.3.1, 20.4, and 20.6 of UL 1581. Conductor
Diameter is to be measured using the method shown in Conductor Diameters, Section 200 of UL 1581.

8.2 Compressed unilay copper conductors that are smaller in diameter than the requirement (0.98 x
nominal as indicated in Table 20.3) for compressed concentric lay conductors shall be marked the same
as compact conductors and shall be marked in accordance with 43.1.

8.3 The nominal cross-sectional area of a conductor is indicated in Table 20.1 of UL 1581 (not a
requirement).

9 Joints

9.1 A joint in a solid conductor or in one of the individual wires of a stranded conductor shall be made in a
workmanlike manner and shall not change the diameter of the solid conductor, the individual wire strand,
or the overall stranded conductor. A joint shall not be made in a stranded conductor as a whole. A joint in a
stranded conductor shall be made by separately joining each individual wire. A joint shall be made only
before any coverings are applied to an insulated conductor and before a conductor is assembled into a
cable. The insulation applied to such joints shall be equivalent to that removed and shall comply with the
requirements in this Standard. A joint in a compact- or compressed-stranded conductor shall be made
before compacting or compressing.

10 Resistance

10.1 The direct-current resistance of any length of conductor in ohms per thousand conductor feet or in
ohms per conductor kilometer shall not be higher than the maximum (nominal x 1.02) resistance indicated
in the applicable table in D-C Conductor Resistance, Section 30 of UL 1581 at 20°C (68°F) or at 25°C
(77° F) when measured as described in D-C Conductor Resistance, Section 220 of UL 1581. The d-c
resistance of each insulated conductor in a multiple-conductor cable in which the insulated conductors are
cabled shall not exceed the tabulated value first multiplied by 1.02 and then rounded off to the same
number of decimal places as the tabulated value. See 7.3.

11 Separator

11.1 Thermoset insulation shall be kept, by the manufacturing process or a separator, from penetrating
between the wires (strands) of a stranded copper, copper-clad aluminum, or aluminum conductor (see
Insulation Fall-In Test, Section 520 of UL 1581). A separator is not required between the conductor and the
thermoset or thermoplastic insulation on a solid or stranded conductor. Where used, a separator shall be
electrically non-conductive (an insulating grade is not required), inherently resistant to moisture, and shall
not be counted as part of the required insulation.

11.2 A separator used between a conductor and insulation shall be colored or shall be opaque to make
the separator clearly distinguishable from the conductor once the insulation is removed. The color shall be
other than copper, silver, green, or green and yellow and shall be solid, striped, or in some other pattern.

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12 Sizes of Insulated Conductors

12.1 The grounding conductor (insulated), where used, in 8 – 4/0 AWG copper submersible-pump cable
and in 6 AWG – 300 kcmil aluminum or copper-clad aluminum submersible-pump cable shall be the same

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as or smaller in size (see Table 19.1) than the circuit conductors (also insulated) however, in other
multiple-conductor cables, the insulated conductors shall be of the same size.

12.2 An insulated copper conductor shall not be smaller in size than 14 AWG. An insulated aluminum or
copper-clad aluminum conductor shall not be smaller in size than 12 AWG.

12.3 Single-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables and the insulated conductors in multiple-conductor
coverless Type USE and USE-2 cables shall not be larger in size than 2000 kcmil. The insulated
conductor(s) in other multiple-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables (jacketed cable or submersible-
pump cable) and the insulated conductors in a Type SE cable shall not be larger than 4/0 AWG copper,
300 kcmil aluminum or copper-clad aluminum.

13 Stranding

13.1 Except as noted in this paragraph, a 6 AWG or larger size of insulated conductor shall be stranded
in compliance with the Standard for Thermoset-Insulated Wires and Cables, UL 44, or in the Standard for
Thermoplastic-Insulated Wires and Cables, UL 83, as applicable. 12 – 2 AWG conductors in the
submersible-pump cables described in Details, Section 19, shall be solid or stranded. A solid conductor for
use as the insulated conductor of a single-conductor cable or a 2-conductor cable having a stranded bare
or uninsulated conductor applied helically over the insulated conductor shall not be larger than 2 AWG. A 6
AWG or larger size of bare or uninsulated conductor shall be stranded. No strand of an uninsulated copper
conductor shall be smaller than 26 AWG (15.9 mils or 0.404 mm in diameter). No strand of an uninsulated
aluminum or copper-clad aluminum conductor shall be smaller than 22 AWG (25.3 mils or 0.643 mm in
diameter).

13.2 Compact stranding is appropriate for use with 8 AWG – 1000 kcmil aluminum conductors and with 2
– 4/0 AWG copper conductors. A compact-stranded conductor shall not be segmented. The length of lay
of the strands in the outer layer of a round compact-stranded assembly shall be 8 – 16 times the overall
diameter of that layer for a 1 AWG – 1000 kcmil conductor and shall be 8.0 – 17.5 times the overall
diameter of that layer for a 8 – 2 AWG conductor. The direction of lay of the outer layer of a round
compact-stranded conductor shall be left-hand (left-hand unidirectional or concentric-lay-stranded with the
outer layer left-handed).

INSULATION AND INDIVIDUAL JACKET

14 Details

14.1 The insulation in Type USE and USE-2 cables shall be thermoset, except for the HDPE portion of
HDPE-over-XL insulation in some single-conductor Type USE cable. See 14.3 regarding materials. The
insulation and jacket in single-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables shall comply with Table 14.1 and
Table 14.2 (see 14.3 regarding materials). Each insulated conductor in the submersible-pump cables that
are described in Section 19, and in the coverless multiple-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables that are
described in Section 18, shall be a single-conductor Type USE or USE-2 cable. Except for the horizontal
flame test in some cases (see 40.1), and the sunlight-resistance tests required in 30.1 and 30.3.1, the
insulated conductors in a Type SE cable shall be Type THHN, Type THWN, or Type THWN-2 as described
in the Standard for Thermoplastic-Insulated Wires and Cables, UL 83, or Type XHHW, Type XHHW-2,
Type RHW, Type RHW-2, Type RHH OR RHW, or Type RHH OR RHW-2 as described in the Standard for
Thermoset-Insulated Wires and Cables, UL 44; the insulated conductors in a jacketed multiple-conductor
Type USE cable shall be Type XHHW, Type XHHW-2, Type RHW, Type RHW-2, Type RHH OR RHW, or
Type RHH OR RHW-2 as described in the Standard for Thermoset-Insulated Wires and Cables, UL 44;
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and the insulated conductors in a jacketed multiple-conductor Type USE-2 cable shall be Type XHHW-2,
Type RHW-2, or Type RHH OR RHW-2 as described in the Standard for Thermoset-Insulated Wires and
Cables, UL 44. "USE" shall not be surface marked on conductors for Type SE cable.

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14.2 Measurements of insulation thickness are to be made as described in Thicknesses of Insulation on
Thermoplastic- and Thermoset-Insulated Wires and Cables, Section 240 of UL 1581.

14.3 Either of the following materials intended for use by the manufacturer as an insulation or a jacket
shall be evaluated for the requested temperature rating as described in Long-Term Aging, Section 481 of
UL 1581:

a) Material generically different from any insulation or jacket material that is referenced in 14.1,
17.2.1.1, or 19.1 for the construction (new material).

b) Material that is referenced in 14.1, 17.2.1.1, or 19.1 yet does not comply with the short-term tests
applicable to the material.

The temperature rating of materials (a) and (b) shall be as required for the specific service-entrance cable
type. The thicknesses of insulation and/or jacket using materials (a) and/or (b) shall be as required for the
specific type. Investigation of the electrical, mechanical, and physical characteristics of the cable using
material (a) and/or (b) shall show the material(s) to be comparable in performance to the insulation or
jacket materials referenced in 14.1, 17.2.1.1, or 19.1. The investigation shall include tests such as
crushing, impact, abrasion, deformation, heat shock, insulation resistance, and dielectric voltage-
withstand.

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14 UL 854 JANUARY 4, 2023

Table 14.1
Constructions of single-conductor Type USE cables
NOTE: FOR DETAILS OF BLANK OR INCOMPLETE BOXES REFER TO THE CORRESPONDING BOX ON THE PAGE PRECEDING IT.

Insulation Jacket Cable surface Applicable requirements in UL 44

Material Physical properties Thicknesses Material Physical Thicknesses marking (see (includes spark or tank testing of
properties Section 40) all production)

75°C wet or 113°C aging in Table Table 14.3 (noteb No jacket "USE" 600 V RHW insulated with
dry XL 50.231 of UL 1581 reduced thicknesses are unjacketed XL or EPCV.
applicable) Horizontal flame test not required
(see last sentence of 40.1).
Table 14.3 (noteb No jacket "USE OR RHW" 600 V RHW insulated with
reduced thicknesses are unjacketed XL or EPCV.
not applicable) Horizontal flame test is required.
Table 14.3 (noteb 75°C Table 14.5 "USE" 600 V RHW insulated with jacketed
reduced thicknesses are CP Table 50.1 of XL or EPCV.
not applicable) UL 1581 Horizontal flame test not required
(see last sentence of 40.1).
Thermoset CPE Table 50.30 of
UL 1581
NBR/PVC Table 50.100 of Tests made without jacket:
UL 1581 insulation, resistance, capacitance,
Neoprene Table 50.100 of relative permittivity, and stability
UL 1581 factor.

XL Table 50.229 of
UL 1581

"USE OR RHW" 600 V RHW insulated with jacketed

XL or EPCV.
Horizontal flame test is required.
Tests made without jacket:
insulation, resistance, capacitance,
relative permittivity, and stability
factor.
75°C wet or Table 50.62 of UL 1581 Table 14.3 (noteb 75°C Table 14.5 "USE" 600 V RHW insulated with jacketed
dry EPCV (121°C aging for all reduced thicknesses are XL or EPCV Horizontal flame test
applications) not applicable) not required (see last sentence of
40.1).
Tests made without jacket:
insulation, resistance, capacitance,
relative permittivity, and stability
factor.

Table 14.1 Continued on Next Page

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JANUARY 4, 2023 UL 854 15

Table 14.1 Continued

Insulation Jacket Cable surface Applicable requirements in UL 44

Material Physical properties Thicknesses Material Physical Thicknesses marking (see (includes spark or tank testing of
properties Section 40) all production)

CP Table 50.1 of "USE OR RHW" 600 V RHW insulated with jacketed

UL 1581 XL or EPCV.
Thermoset CPE Table 50.30 of Horizontal flame test not required.
UL 1581 Tests made without jacket:
insulation, resistance, capacitance,
NBR/PVC Table 50.100 of relative permittivity, and stability
UL 1581 factor.
Neoprene Table 50.100 of
UL 1581
XL Table 50.229 of
UL 1581
Table 14.3 (noteb No jacket "USE OR RHW" 600 V RHW insulated with
reduced thicknesses are unjacketed XL or EPCV.
not applicable) Horizontal flame test is required.
90°C dry, 75°C wet No jacket "USE OR RHW OR 600 V RHH and RHW insulated
RHH" with unjacketed XL or EPCV.
XL 121°C aging in Table
Table 14.3 (noteb Horizontal flame test is required.
50.231 of UL 1581 reduced thicknesses are
EPCV Table 50.62 of UL 1581 not applicable)
(121°C aging for all
applications)
90°C dry, 75°C wet Table 14.3 (noteb 90°C Table 14.5 "USE OR RHW OR 600 V RHH and RHW insulated
reduced thicknesses are CP 121°C aging in RHH" with jacketed XL or EPCV.
not applicable) Table 50.1 of Horizontal flame test is required.
UL 1581 Tests made without jacket:
insulation, resistance, capacitance,
XL 121°C aging in Table Thermoset CPE Table 50.29 of relative permittivity, and stability
50.231 of UL 1581 UL 1581 factor.
EPCV Table 50.62 of UL 1581 NBR/PVC Table 50.99 of
(121°C aging for all UL 1581
applications) Neoprene Table 50.99 of
UL 1581
XL Table 50.228 of
UL 1581
90°C dry, 121°C aging in Table 50.1 Table 14.3 (noteb No Jacket "USE" 600 V RHH and RHW insulated
75°C wet CP of UL 1581 reduced thicknesses are with unjacketed CP or CPE.
or CPE not applicable) Horizontal flame test not required
(see last sentence of 40.1).

Table 14.1 Continued on Next Page

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16 UL 854 JANUARY 4, 2023

Table 14.1 Continued

Insulation Jacket Cable surface Applicable requirements in UL 44

Material Physical properties Thicknesses Material Physical Thicknesses marking (see (includes spark or tank testing of
properties Section 40) all production)

"USE OR RHW OR 600 V RHH and RHW insulated

RHH" with unjacketed CP or CPE.
Horizontal flame test is required.
75°C wet or HDPEa : Table 50.135 of Table 14.3 (noteb No jacket "USE" 600 V RHW insulated with
dry: UL 1581 (113°C aging) reduced thicknesses are unjacketed XL.
thermoplastic XLa : 113°C aging in Table applicable) Horizontal flame test not required
HDPE over 50.231 of UL 1581 (see last sentence of 40.1).
XL
90°C dry, 75° CPb: 121° C aging in Table Table 14.4 No jacket "USE" 600 V RHH and RHW insulated
wet: CP, CPE, 50.1 of UL 1581 wtih unjacketed CP, CPE, EPCV, or
EPCV, or XL CPEb: Table 50.34 of UL XL over EP, XL, or EPCV.
over EP, XL or 1581 (121°C aging) Horizontal flame test not required
EPCV (see last sentence of 40.1).
EPb: Table 11 of UL 44 "USE OR RHW OR 600 V RHH and RHW insulated
same as Type RHH RHH" wtih unjacketed CP, CPE, EPCV, or
EPCVb: Table 50.62 of UL XL over EP, XL, or EPCV.
1581 (121° C aging for all Horizontal flame test is required
applications) XLb: 113°C
aging in Table 50.231 of
dUL 1581
75°C wet or dry Table 14.3 (noteb 75°C Table 14.5 "USE " 600 V RHH and RHW insulated
reduced thicknesses are CP Table 50.1 of with jacketed SBR/IIR/NR or EP
not applicable) UL 1581 Horizontal flame test not required
(see last sentence of 40.1).
SBR/IIR/NR Agings for 75°C materials Thermoset CPE Table 50.30 of Tests made without jacket:
in Table 50.189 of UL 1581 UL 1581 insulation, resistance, capacitance,
NBR/PVC Table 50.100 of relative permittivity, and stability
UL 1581 factor.

EP Table 50.42 of UL 1581 Neoprene Table 50.29 of "USE OR RHW" 600 V RHW insulated with jacketed
(121°C aging for all UL 1581 SBR/IIR/NR.
applications) XL Table 50.229 of Horizontal flame test is required.
UL 1581 Tests made without jacket:
insulation, resistance, capacitance,
relative permittivity, and stability
factor.

Table 14.1 Continued on Next Page

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JANUARY 4, 2023 UL 854 17

Table 14.1 Continued

Insulation Jacket Cable surface Applicable requirements in UL 44

Material Physical properties Thicknesses Material Physical Thicknesses marking (see (includes spark or tank testing of
properties Section 40) all production)

90°C dry, 75°C wet Table 14.3 (noteb 90°C Table 14.5 "USE OR RHW OR 600 V RHH and RHW insulated
reduced thicknesses are CP Table 50.1 of RHH" with jacketed SBR/IIR/NR or EP.
SBR/IIR/NR Agings for 90°C materials
not applicable) UL 1581
in Table 50.189 UL 1581
EP Table 50.42 of UL 1581 Thermoset CPE Table 50.29 of Horizontal flame test is required.
(121°C aging for all UL 1581 Tests made without jacket:
applications) NBR/PVC Table 50.99 of insulation, resistance, capacitance,
UL 1581 permittivity, and stability factor.

Neoprene Table 50.99 of

UL 1581
XL Table 50.228 of
UL 1581
a
For the 8 AWG and smaller sizes, HDPE over XL may be tested as a composition tube of the two layers at 2.0 ±0.2 in/min (50 ±5 mm/min). For the 6 AWG and larger sizes, the layers
are to be tested separately, with the HDPE layer at 2.0 ±0.2 in/min (50 ±5 mm/min) and the XL layer at 20 ±1 in/min (500 ±25 mm/min).
b
Each layer is to be tested separately.

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18 UL 854 JANUARY 4, 2023

Table 14.2
Acceptable constructions of single-conductor Type USE-2 cable

Insulation Jacket Cable surface Applicable requirements in UL 44

Physical Thicknesses Material Physical Thicknesses marking (see (includes spark or tank testing of
Material Section 39) all production)
properties properties
90°C wet or dry
XL 121°C aging in 600 V RHW-2 insulated with
Table 50.231 of unjacketed XL or EPCV.
UL 1581 Table 14.3 (note c No Jacket
"USE-2 OR RHW-2"
EPCV Table 50.62 of UL reduced thicknesses Horizontal flame test is required.
not acceptable) See Table 14.1
1581 (121°C
aging for all
applications)
90°C
90°C wet or dry CP 121°C aging in
Table 50.1 of UL
1581

XL 121°C aging in Table 14.3 (note c Thermoset CPE Table 50.29 of 600 V RHW-2 insulated with
Table 50.231 of reduced thicknesses UL 1581 jacketed XL or EPCV.
UL 1581 not acceptable)
NBR/PVC Table 50.99 of Table 14.5 "USE-2 OR RHW-2" Horizontal flame test is required.
UL 1581
EPCV Table 50.62 of UL
1581 (121°C Neoprene Table 50.99 of Tests made without jacket:
aging for all UL 1581
applications)
insulation resistance,
XL Table 50.228 of capacitance, relative
UL 1581 permittivity, and stability
factor.
"USE-2" 600 V RHW-2 insulated with
unjacketed CP.
121°C aging in Horizontal flame test not required.
90°C wet or dry
Table 50.1 of UL Table 14.3
CP No Jacket "USE-2 or RHW-2" 600 V RHW-2 insulated with
1581
unjacketed CP.
Horizontal flame test is required.
90°C wet or dry: CPa : 121° caging 600 V RHW-2 insulated with
CP, CPE, EPCV, in Table 50.1 of "USE-2" unjacketed CP, CPE, EPCV, or XL
UL 1581 CPEb. over EP, XL or EPCV.

Table 14.2 Continued on Next Page

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JANUARY 4, 2023 UL 854 19

Table 14.2 Continued

Insulation Jacket Cable surface Applicable requirements in UL 44

Physical Thicknesses Material Physical Thicknesses marking (see (includes spark or tank testing of
Material Section 39) all production)
properties properties
or XL over EP, Table 50.34 of UL Horizontal flame test not required
XL, or EPCV 1581 (121°C (see last sentence of 39.1).
aging) EPa : Table
11 of UL 1581
(same as Type
RHH)
EPCVa : Table Table 14.4 No jacket 600 V RHW-2 insulated with
50.62 of UL 1581 unjacketed CP, CPE, EPCV, or XL
(121°C aging for over EP, XL or EPCV.
all applications) "USE-2 or RHW-2" Horizontal flame test is required.
XLb: 113°C aging
in Table 50.231 of
UL 1581
90°C wet or dry 90°C 600 V RHW-2 insulated with
CP Table 50.1 of UL jacketed SBR/IIR/NR or EP.

SBR/IIR/NR Agings for 90°C 1581

materials in Table Thermoset CPE Table 50.29 of Horizontal flame test is required.
50.189 UL 1581 UL 1581
EP
Table 50.42 of UL Table 14.3 NBR/PVC Table 50.99 of Tests made without jacket:
1581 (121°C (note c reduced UL 1581 Table 14.5 "USE-2 OR RHW-2"
aging for all thicknesses are not insulation resistance,
applications) applicable) capacitance, relative
permittivity, and stability
factor.
Neoprene Table 50.99 of
UL 1581
XL Table 50.228 of
UL 1581
a
Each layer is to be tested separately.

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Table 14.3
Thicknesses of insulation of XL, of EPCV, of EP, of SBR/IIR/NRm of CP, of CPE, or of HDPEa over
XLa on single-conductor Type USE-2 and USE cables

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Size(s) conductor Mils (mm)
Minimum Minimum
Aluminum or Nominal thickness at any Nominal thickness at any
copper-clad thickness of point of thickness of point of
Copper aluminum insulationd insulation insulationd insulation
14, 10 AWG 12, 10 AWG 45 40 (1.14) (1.02)
9–2 8–2 60 54 (1.52) (1.37)
1 – 4/0 1 – 4/0 80 72 (2.03) (1.83)
213 – 500 kcmil 213 – 500 kcmil 95 (80)b, c 86 (72)b, c [2.41 (2.03)]b, c [2.18 (1.83)]b, c
501 – 1000 501 – 1000 110 99 (2.79) (2.51)
1001 – 2000 1001 – 2000 125 112 (3.18) (2.84)
a
The thicknesses of the individual layers are not specified.
b
The reduced thicknesses shown in parentheses shall be used only for XL or for HDPE over XL on the 213 – 500 kcmil sizes of
Type USE cable that are not marked "USE OR RHW" or "USE OR RHW OR RHH" (the cable is marked simply "USE" – the cable
contains EC-1350 grade aluminum alloy conductors; see 41.4) when the results of the tests described in Sections 21 – 25 show
that these sizes of cable made with the reduced thicknesses of insulation have mechanical-abuse characteristics that are
comparable to the characteristics of the same cable made with the thicknesses of insulation shown without the parentheses. The
213 – 500 kcmil sizes of cable made with reduced thicknesses of XL insulation shall have the insulation applied in one or two
layers. The thicknesses of the individual layers are not specified.
c
The reduced thicknesses shown in parentheses shall be used only for XL on the 213 – 500 kcmil sizes of cable that are not
marked "USE-2 OR RHW-2" or "USE-2 OR RHW-2 OR RHH" (the cable is marked simply "USE-2" – the cable contains ED-1350
grade aluminum alloy conductors; see 41.4) when the results of the tests described in Sections 21 – 25 show that these sizes of
cable made with the reduced thicknesses of insulation have mechanical-abuse characteristics that are comparable to the
characteristics of the same cable made with the thicknesses of insulation shown without the parentheses. The 213 – 500 kcmil
sizes of cable made with reduced thicknesses of XL insulation shall have the insulation applied in one or two layers. The
thicknesses of the individual layers are not specified.
d
The nominal insulation thickness is not a requirement, but for simplicity of identifying cable products.

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Table 14.4
Thicknesses of insulation of CP, CPE, EPCV, or XL over EP, XL, or EPCV on single-conductor Type USE-2 and USE cables with no jacket
over the insulation

Mils (mm)
Inner layer Outer layer Inner layer Outer Layer
Sizes(s) of conductor EP, XL or EPCV CP, CPE, EPCV, or XL EP, XL or EPCV CP, CPE, EPCV, or XL
Nominal Minimum Nominal Minimum Nominal Minimum Nominal Minimum
Aluminum or thickness of thickness at thickness of thickness at thickness of thickness at thickness of thickness at
Copper copper-clad insulationb any point of insulationb any point of insulationb any point of insulationb any point of
aluminum insulationa insulationa insulationa insulationa
I II I II I II I II
AWG AWG
14 – 10 12 – 10 30 27 28 15 14 12 (0.76) (0.69) (0.71) (0.38) (0.36) (0.30)
9–8 9–8 45 40 42 15 14 12 1.14 (1.02) (1.07) (0.38) (0.36) (0.30)
7–2 7–2 45 40 44 30 27 24 1.14 (1.02) (1.12) (0.76) (0.69) (0.61)
1 – 4/0 1 – 4/0 55 50 54 45 40 36 1.40 (1.27) (1.37) (1.14) (1.02) (0.91)
kcmil kcmil
213 – 500 213 – 500 65 58 65 65 58 52 1.65 (1.47) (1.65) (1.65) (1.47) (1.32)
501 – 1000 501 – 1000 80 72 78 65 58 52 2.03 (1.83) (1.98) (1.65) (1.47) (1.32)
a
The minimum thickness at any point shall not be less than indicated in column I or II under "Inner Layer" provided that the minimum thickness at any point is not less than indicated in
the corresponding column I or II under "Outer Layer". The thickness in column II under "Inner Layer" plus the thickness in column II under "Outer Layer" equals 90 percent of the sum
of the average thicknesses indicated under "Inner Layer" and "Outer Layer".
b
The nominal insulation thickness is not a requirement, but for simplicity of identifying cable products.

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Table 14.5
Thicknesses of jacket on single-conductor Type USE-2 and USE cables with insulation that is
required in Table 14.1 to have thicknesses per Table 14.3

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Size(s) of Conductor inch (mm)
Aluminum or Minimum average Minimum Minimum Minimum
Copper copper-clad thickness of thickness at any thickness at any thickness at any
aluminum jacketa point of jacketa point of jacketa point of jacketa
14 – 2 AWG 12 – 2 AWG 30 25 (0.76) (0.64)
1 – 4/0 1 – 4/0 45 35 (1.14) (0.89)
213 – 1000 kcmil 213 – 1000 kcmil 65 50 (1.65) (1.27)
1001 – 2000 1001 – 2000 95 75 (2.41) (1.90)
a
Measurements are to be made as described in 17.2.2.2.

ASSEMBLY OF JACKETED MULTIPLE-CONDUCTOR TYPE USE AND USE-2 CABLES AND OF

TYPE SE CABLE

15 Conductors

15.1 In jacketed multiple-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables and in a Type SE cable, the insulated
conductors and any uninsulated conductor shall be assembled in size and number as indicated in Table
15.1. It is appropriate for an uninsulated conductor to be laid straight in a flat cable, or to be cabled in one
or several sections in a round cable, where the requirements of at least the flexing test in 21.1 and the
overload test in 26.1 and 26.1 for Type USE and USE-2 cables or the overload test in 27.1 and 27.2 for
Type SE cable are complied with. Otherwise, an uninsulated conductor shall be evenly distributed helically
(concentric) over the insulated conductor or conductors with a length of lay that complies with 15.4. An
insulated conductor shall not be smaller in size than indicated in Table 15.2 (cable with copper conductors)
or Table 15.3 (cable with aluminum or copper-clad aluminum conductors). It is appropriate for Type USE
and USE-2 cables that are without an uninsulated conductor to contain one fully insulated grounding
conductor that is of the same construction as the circuit conductors. The grounding conductor shall be of a
size that is not smaller than indicated in Table 19.1 and shall be identified as described in 19.2.

15.2 In a round cable in which there is more than one insulated conductor, the insulated conductors shall
be cabled with a length of lay (see 15.3) that is uniform and is not longer than indicated in Table 15.4. The
length of lay of a cabled uninsulated conductor shall be the same as the length of lay of the insulated
conductors. In a round Type SE cable, it is appropriate for the direction of lay to change at uniform or
varied intervals throughout the length of the cable. In a cable in which the lay is reversed:

a) Each area in which the lay is right- or left-hand for not less than 5 complete twists (full 360°
cycles) shall have the insulated conductors cabled with a length of lay that is not greater than
indicated in Table 15.4, and

b) The length of each lay-transition zone (oscillated section) between these areas of right- and left-
hand lay shall not exceed 1.8 times the maximum length of lay indicated in Table 15.4.

15.3 The length of lay of an element of a helix is the pitch of that element – that is, the axial length of one
turn of the element.

15.4 The length of lay of the wires of a concentrically distributed (evenly spaced), helically applied,
uninsulated conductor shall not be more than 10 times the diameter over the concentric wires in a round
cable, and shall not be more than 35 times the length of the minor axis over the concentric wires in a flat
Type SE cable. The length of lay of the concentric wires shall be uniform throughout the length of the cable
or the direction of lay can change at uniform or varied intervals throughout the length of the cable. In a
cable in which the lay of the concentric wires is reversed:
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a) Each area in which the lay is right- or left-hand for not less than 5 complete twists (full 360°
cycles) shall have the wires applied with a length of lay that is not greater than the limit shown
above.

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b) The length of each lay-transition zone (oscillated section) between these areas of right- and left-
hand lay shall not exceed 1.8 times the length of lay limit shown above.

Table 15.1
Assembly of conductors in jacketed multiple-conductor Type USE-2 and USE cables and in Type
SE cables

Number of conductors Sizes of insulated conductor(s)

In flat cable In round cable
Aluminum or Aluminum or
copper-clad copper-clad
Insulated Uninsulated Copper aluminum Copper aluminum
12 AWG – 300
1 1 Cable is round. 14 – 4/0 AWG kcmil
12 AWG – 300 12 AWG – 300
2 0 or 1 14 – 4/0 AWG kcmil 14 – 4/0 kcmil
3, 4, or 5 0 or 1 Cable is round 14 – 4/0 12 – AWG 300
kcmil

Table 15.2
Smallest size of uninsulated conductor in cable with copper conductors

Number of insulated copper

conductors Size of insulated copper conductors Uninsulated conductor of copper
One All Same size as the insulated conductor
Two or more 14 – 8 AWG Same size as the insulated conductors
Two or more Larger than 8 AWG however not larger Two AWG sizes smaller than the
than 4/0 AWG insulated conductors

Table 15.3
Smallest size of uninsulated conductor in cable with aluminum or copper-clad aluminum
conductors

Number of insulated aluminum or Size of insulated aluminum or copper- Uninsulated conductor of aluminum
copper-clad aluminum conductors clad aluminum conductors or copper-clad aluminum
One All Same size as the insulated conductors
Two or more 12 – 6 AWG Same size as the insulated conductors
Two or more Larger than 6 AWG however not larger Two sizes smaller than the insulated
than 300 kcmil conductors

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Table 15.4
Cabling of insulated conductors in jacketed, round, multiple-conductor Type USE-2 and USE
cables and in Type SE cable

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Number of insulated conductors in cable Maximum length of lay of cabled conductors
30 times the calculated diameter over one finished insulated
2 conductor
35 times the calculated diameter over one finished insulated
3 conductor
40 times the calculated diameter over one finished insulated
4 conductor
5 15 times the calculated diameter over the assembled, finished
insulated conductors (a concentric uninsulated conductor
and/or a separator tape over the assembled insulated
conductors are excluded)

16 Fillers

16.1 Fillers shall be provided in a cable that has an overall covering and contains two or more insulated
conductors where the fillers are needed to make the cable firm at all points. Fillers shall be provided in a
Type SE cable where they are needed to keep the shape of the cable from reducing the ability of the cable
to comply with the pulling-through-joists test described in Low-Temperature Pulling-Through-Joists Test,
Section 32. Fillers are not required in a flat cable with a concentric uninsulated conductor. Fillers shall be
provided in a flat cable without an uninsulated conductor or with an uninsulated conductor that is entirely in
one location (not sectioned or concentric) and in a round cable where they are needed to keep the shape
of these cables:

a) From making the surface printing on the cable illegible,

b) From reducing the ability of the cable to resist pulling out of any connector intended for the cable
(see test described in note a to Table 17.1), and

c) From affecting the seal of a watertight entrance fitting [see the wet-locations test (rain test)
described in Section 39, of the Standard for Fittings for Cable and Conduit, UL 514B].

Fillers in a jacketed cable shall be integral with or separate from the overall jacket. Where fillers are
integral with the overall jacket, they and the jacket shall be readily separable from the underlying cable
assembly. Fibrous filler materials shall be inherently resistant to moisture or shall be treated to make them
moisture resistant.

17 Overall Covering

17.1 General

17.1.1 Type SE cable and all multiple-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables other than submersible-
pump cables (see Section 19) and the coverless assemblies of single-conductor Type USE and USE-2
cables (see Section 18) shall be enclosed in an overall nonmetallic covering. In all cases, the finished
cable shall have an outer surface that complies with the sunlight-resistance requirements (720 h for cables
marked for sunlight-resistance use and for sunlight-resistance use in cable trays and 300 h or equivalent
for all others) in the Sunlight-Resistance Test, 30.2. The covering shall be applied directly over the flat or
round assembly of insulated conductors, any uninsulated conductor, and any fillers; shall completely cover
and conform closely to the surface of the underlying assembly; and shall be snug-fitting but readily
separable from the underlying assembly. The outer surface of the finished overall covering shall be firm
and smooth and except for impressions of the underlying assembly shall not show depressions caused by
unfilled spaces beneath the overall covering [see 16.1 (a) – (c)]. Neither an overall jacket nor a PVC finish
shall have any defects (bubbles, open spots, rips, tears, cuts, or foreign material) that are visible with
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normal or corrected vision without magnification. An overall jacket and a PVC finish shall be well centered
over the underlying assembly.

17.1.2 The covering on Type USE and USE-2 cables shall be an extruded jacket complying with 17.2.

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The covering on Type SE cable shall be a tape-and-finish construction complying with 17.3.

17.2 Jacket

17.2.1 Material

17.2.1.1 The overall jacket on Type USE and USE-2 cables shall be of one of the thermoset materials
indicated in Table 17.1 (see 14.3 for the long-term evaluation of a jacket material not named in Table 17.1
or not complying with the specified short-term tests). Specimens prepared from samples of the overall
jacket taken from the finished cable shall comply with the physical properties limits specified in the table in
Specific Materials, Section 50 of UL 1581, to which reference is made in Table 17.1. The methods of
preparation of samples, of selection and conditioning of specimens, and of making the measurements and
calculations for recovery, ultimate elongation, and tensile strength shall be as indicated under the heading
"Physical Properties Tests of Insulation and Jacket", Sections 400 – 480 in UL 1581.

17.2.1.2 Oil is specified in several of the physical properties tables in UL 1581 as an immersion medium
for conditioning some specimens. In Service-Entrance Cables, UL 854, the oil immersion is for the
purpose of generic material identification, not to establish a particular compound as being oil-resistant.

Table 17.1
Materiala of extruded, thermoset, overall jacket on jacketed multiple-conductor Type USE cable

Applicable table of physical properties in UL 1581

Jacketed Material a Cable with 75°C (167°F) insulated conductor(s)

Cable with 90°C (194°F)
or
insulated conductors(s)
unmarked 90°C (194°F) insulated conductor(s)
CP 50.1 50.1
Thermoset CPE 50.29 50.30
NBR/PVC 50.99 50.100
Neoprene 50.99 50.100
XL 50.228 50.229
a
An overall jacket of a thermoset material other than one of those mentioned in the first column of this table when used, shall be
applicable for the use. A pullout test is to be part of the evaluation. In the test, an outlet bushing is to be secured to the finished
cable as intended using the tightening torque indicated below and a 50 lbf or 22.7 kgf is to be exerted for 5 min along the
longitudinal axis of the bushing to tend to pull the cable out of the bushing. The cable shall not move more than 1/8 in (3 mm) in the
bushing.

Trade size of fitting in Tightening torque

inches lbf-in N·m kgf-m
3/4 500 56.5 5.76
1 700 79.1 8.06
1-1/4 1000 113 11.5
1-1/2 1200 136 13.8
2 and larger 1600 181 18.4

17.2.2 Thicknesses

17.2.2.1 The average and minimum-at-any-point thicknesses of the overall jacket on jacketed multiple-
conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables shall not be less than indicated in Table 17.2. The method in

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17.2.2.2 also applies to the determination of the thicknesses of the jacket on jacketed single-conductor
Type USE and USE-2 cables, as indicated in note a to Table 14.5.

17.2.2.2 Specimens are to be measured as described in Thicknesses of Jacket on Thermoplastic- and

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Thermoset-Insulated Wires and Cables, Section 260 of UL 1581.

17.3 Tape and finish

17.3.1 Tape

17.3.1.1 The tape portion of an overall tape-and-finish covering on a Type SE cable shall be constructed
as described in either (a) or (b) below:

a) A single layer of tape (see 17.3.1.2 for the method of thickness measurement). The tape shall be
of any convenient width and shall be applied in either of two ways: helically without creases or folds
and with an overlap of at least 1/4 in (6 mm), or longitudinally with an overlap of at least 1/4 in (6
mm) and with a glass-fiber binder having a length of lay not exceeding 3-1/2 in (89 mm). The tape
shall consist of reinforced polyester, cellulose acetate, or other film tape that is at least 0.0035 in
(0.09 mm) in overall thickness. The tape is to be reinforced on one face by threads of glass fiber.
The glass threads either are to be bonded to the tape without a covering over the threads or are to
be bound to the tape by a film of polyester or vinyl or other material applied over the threads. The
film is to be at least 0.00048 in (0.012 mm) thick. The glass threads either are to be laid
longitudinally (unidirectional) in an open pattern or are to be applied longitudinally and across the
tape (bidirectional) in an open pattern or weave.

b) One or two layers of a neoprene tape that consists of an unvulcanized neoprene coating at least
0.006 in (0.15 mm) thick (see 17.3.1.2 for the method of thickness measurement) applied to
reinforcement consisting of an open, bidirectional pattern or weave of threads of glass fiber. The
tape shall be of any convenient width and shall be applied helically without creases or folds. Where
one serving is used, the edges of the tape shall be overlapped at least 1/4 in (6 mm). Where two
servings are used and they are applied in opposite directions, the edges of the tape in each serving
shall be overlapped at least 1/4 in (6 mm). Where two servings are used and they are applied in the
same direction,

1) The edges of the tape in each serving shall be abutted or shall be overlapped at least 1/4
in (6 mm), and

2) The abutted or overlapped edges of the second tape shall be located approximately over
the center of the tape in the underlying serving.

17.3.1.2 The thicknesses specified in 17.3.1.1 are to be measured on a specimen removed from the
finished cable. The measurements are to be made with a dead-weight dial micrometer whose presser foot
has a flat face 0.25 ±0.01 in (6.4 ±0.2 mm) in diameter. The foot is to exert a total of 85 ±3 gf (84 ±0.02 N
or 3.0 ±0.1 ozf) on a specimen.

17.3.2 Finish

17.3.2.1 The finish portion of an overall tape-and-finish covering on a Type SE cable shall be of a 75°C
(167°F) Class 43 PVC (no oil resistance) having physical properties complying with Table 50.182 of UL
1581 where specimens prepared from samples of the PVC taken from the finished cable are tested as
referenced (UL 1581) in the last sentence of 17.2.1.1.

17.3.2.2 The average thickness of the PVC removed from the finished cable shall not be less than 0.030
in (0.76 mm). The minimum thickness at any point of the PVC removed from the finished cable shall not be

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less than 0.025 in (0.64 mm). The dial micrometer described in 17.3.1.2 is to be used for these
measurements.

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Table 17.2
Thicknesses of overall jacket on jacketed multiple-conductor Type USE-2 and USE cables

AWG or kcmil sizes of Insulated Conductor(s) inch (mm)

In round In cable with or without a concentric or cabled
cable uninsulated conductor
Metal of having one In round or
insulated insulated flat cable In round
conductor(s) conductor having two cable In round In round Minimum Minimum
and a having cable cable Minimum thickness Minimum thickness
insulated
concentric conductors three having four having five average at any average at any
uninsulated insulated insulated insulated thickness point of thickness point of
conductor conductors conductors conductors of jacket jacket of jacket jacket
14 – 3 14 – 10 14, 12 – – 0.045 0.035 (1.14) (0.89)
2 – 2/0 9–6 10 – 3 14 – 8 14 – 8 0.060 0.050 (1.52) (1.27)
Copper
3/0, 4/0 4 – 4/0 2 – 4/0 7 – 2/0 7 – 1/0 0.080 0.065 (2.03) (1.65)
– – – 3/0, 4/0 2/0 – 4/0 0.110 0.090 (2.79) (2.29)
12 – 3 12 – 10 – – – 0.045 0.035 (1.14) (0.89)
Aluminum or 2 – 2/0 9–6 12 – 3 12 – 8 12 – 8 0.060 0.050 (1.52) (1.27)
copper-clad
aluminum 3/0 – 300 4 – 300 2 – 300 7 – 2/0 7 – 1/0 0.080 0.065 (2.03) (1.65)
– – – 3/0 – 300 2/0 – 300 0.110 0.090 (2.79) (2.29)

ASSEMBLY OF COVERLESS MULTIPLE-CONDUCTOR TYPE USE AND USE-2 CABLES

18 Details

18.1 Single-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables that individually comply with the requirements in this
Standard are to be assembled with or without a bare (metal-coated) or insulated grounded conductor and
without any overall covering other than an open, skeleton tape or wrap that, when used, obviously is
intended only to hold the cable together. The insulated ungrounded conductors shall all be of the same
size (see 12.3). An insulated grounded conductor shall not be smaller than indicated for a bare grounded
conductor in Table 18.1 and shall be cabled with two or more insulated ungrounded conductors. One fully
insulated grounding conductor that is of the same construction as the circuit conductors is also appropriate
in this construction. The grounding conductor, when used, shall be of a size that is not smaller than
indicated in Table 19.1 and shall be identified as described in 19.2. A bare grounded conductor (no
insulation or other individual nonmetallic covering over the metal-coated copper of the conductor) shall
comply with 18.2. No insulated conductor other than single-conductor Type USE or USE-2 cable, no
uninsulated grounding conductor, and no other bare conductor shall be used. Each of these assemblies
that includes a bare conductor shall be considered to be a multiple-conductor Type USE or USE-2 cable
that is only for direct burial. Each completed coverless cable shall comply with the dielectric and continuity
requirements in 18.3 and with the tag, carton, or reel marking required in 47.1(i).

18.2 The bare grounded conductor indicated in 18.1 shall comply with each of the following:

a) The conductor shall be of copper with a metal coating complying with (d) of this paragraph.

b) The conductor shall not be smaller in size than indicated in Table 18.1.

c) The conductor shall be stranded and composed of six or more round wires (strands) that are 14
AWG or larger in size (64.1 mils or 1.63 mm in diameter). See note c to Table 18.1.

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d) Each wire (strand) of the bare conductor shall be metal-coated. Tin shall be used. The metal
coating shall comply with 7.1 – 7.4.

18.3 Where a bare grounded conductor is included in the cable, the completed cable shall be tested for

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dielectric voltage withstand as indicated in 29.1 – 29.4 with tap water as the outer electrode and the test
being made after immersion for at least 60 min. Where a bare grounded conductor is not included, the
completed cable either shall be tested in tap water after a 60 min or longer immersion as just indicated or
the cable shall be spark tested as required in the Standard for Thermoset-Insulated Wires and Cables (UL
44) with each layer in a multiple-layer cable sparked separately. Each insulated and bare 10 – 14 AWG
conductor in the completed cable shall be individually tested for continuity as described in Continuity Test,
Section 28.

18.4 In an assembly of two or more insulated conductors, consisting of single-conductor Type USE or
USE-2 cables, the lay shall not exceed 60 times the calculated overall diameter of the largest single-
conductor cable (including any jacket) in the assembly.

Table 18.1
Smallest size of grounded conductor in coverless Type USE-2 and USE cables

Size of each insulated conductor Size of grounded conductor

Flat cable with 2 insulated conductors
laid parallel with a bare or metal-coated
copper grounded conductor that is
distributed helically (bare grounded
Round cable with 1 insulated conductor is not to be used in valley or
conductor over which a bare valleys)
or
Aluminum or copper grounded conductor is
distributed helically (bare round cable with 2 or more insulated
Copper copper-clad
grounded conductor is not to be conductors that are cabled with or
aluminum
used parallel to or cabled with the without a bare or metal-coated copper
grounded conductor that is cabled in
insulated conductor)
one or several sections or is distributed
helically: or insulated copper or
insulated aluminum grounded
conductor that is cabled in on or
several sections.
4a AWG 2a 4 AWG 6b AWG
3 1 3 5
2 1/0 2 4
1 2/0 1 3
1/0 3/0 1/0 2
2/0 4/0 2/0 1
3/0 250 kcmil 3/0 1/0
4/0 300 4/0 2/0
250 kcmil 400 250 kcmil 3/0
300 450 300 4/0
350 500 350 250 kcmil
400 600 400 300
450 650 450 350
500 750 500 400
550 850 550 450
600 900 600 500
650 1000 650 550

Table 18.1 Continued on Next Page

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Table 18.1 Continued

Size of each insulated conductor Size of grounded conductor

Flat cable with 2 insulated conductors

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laid parallel with a bare or metal-coated
copper grounded conductor that is
distributed helically (bare grounded
conductor is not to be used in valley or
Round cable with 1 insulated
conductor over which a bare valleys)
copper grounded conductor is or
Aluminum or
round cable with 2 or more insulated
Copper copper-clad distributed helically (bare
grounded conductor is not to be conductors that are cabled with or
aluminum
used parallel to or cabled with the without a bare or metal-coated copper
grounded conductor that is cabled in
insulated conductor)
one or several sections or is distributed
helically: or insulated copper or
insulated aluminum grounded
conductor that is cabled in on or
several sections.
700 1100 700 600
750 1200 750 650
800 1350 800 700
900 1500 900 800
1000 1750 1000 900
1100 2000 1100 1000
1200 – 1200 1100
1250 – 1250 1150
1300 – 1300 1200
1400 – 1400 1300
1500 – 1500 1400
1600 – 1600 1500
1700 – 1700 1600
1750 – 1750 1650
1800 – 1800 1700
1900 – 1900 1800
2000 – 2000 1900
a
Cables having insulated conductors smaller than 4 AWG copper or 2 AWG aluminum or copper-clad aluminum are not to have a
bare concentric conductor because, in the absence of an overall covering, the unprotected concentric wires are too small to
withstand the mechanical forces and corrosive influences normally encountered in direct burial. See 18.2(c).
b
The six 14 AWG wires (strands) indicated in 18.2(c) fall short of providing the required 6 AWG grounding conductor. In this case,
a seventh 14 AWG wire may be added or six round wires at least 66 mils (2.68 mm) in diameter are to be used.

ASSEMBLY OF SUBMERSIBLE PUMP CABLES

19 Details

19.1 The circuit conductors in a cable for use within well casings for wiring deep-well submersible water
pumps (see 1.8) shall be an assembly of solid or stranded 14 – 2 AWG copper, 12 – 2 AWG aluminum or
copper-clad aluminum, or stranded 1 – 4/0 AWG copper or 1 AWG – 300 kcmil aluminum or copper-clad
aluminum conductors. These conductors shall be single-conductor Type USE or USE-2 cables. A
grounding conductor is not required. Where used, a grounding conductor shall consist of a fully insulated
solid or stranded conductor that is of the same construction of single-conductor Type USE or USE-2 cable
as the circuit conductors. The grounding conductor shall be of a size that is not smaller than indicated in
Table 19.1 for the largest size circuit conductor used and shall be identified as described in 19.2. All of the
conductors in a submersible-pump cable shall be of the same metal. See the required tag marking in
47.1(h) regarding adherence of the insulation to the conductor. See 14.3 for the long-term evaluation of an
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insulation or jacket material not named or not complying with the specified short-term tests. The circuit and
grounding conductors shall be assembled in one of the four following ways:

a) ROUND, JACKETED CABLE – Two through six circuit conductors plus any grounding conductor

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are to be cabled (length of lay not specified) with an overall 60°C (140°F) jacket. The jacket shall be
of CP, thermoset CPE, NBR/PVC, neoprene, or XL in the thicknesses indicated in Table 19.2 for
the largest size circuit conductor used and with physical properties complying with Table 50.10
(CP), 50.31 (thermoset CPE), 50.87 (NBR/PVC), 50.112 (neoprene), or 50.230 (XL) in UL 1581.
See markings in 40.2 – 40.4.

b) COVERLESS, CABLED ASSEMBLY – Two through six circuit conductors plus any grounding
conductor are to be cabled (length of lay not specified) without an overall covering. See markings in
40.3 and 40.4.

c) FLAT CABLE WITH AN INTEGRAL WEB – Two or three circuit conductors of the same size plus
any grounding conductor are to be laid flat and parallel to one another with an interconnecting web
between adjacent conductors extruded simultaneously with the insulation, integral insulation and
jacket, or jacket of the single-conductor Type USE or USE-2 cables that make up the pump cable.
Any grounding conductor that is included and at least one circuit conductor shall be identified by
surface striping or word printing. The minimum thickness at any point of the insulation, integral
insulation and jacket, or jacket on each circuit conductor and any grounding conductor after
separation shall not be less than the minimum thickness at any point indicated for the insulation,
integral insulation and jacket, or jacket of single-conductor Type USE or USE-2 cable of the same
construction. See markings in 40.2 – 40.4.

d) FLAT, JACKETED CABLE WITH A NONINTEGRAL WEB – Two or three circuit conductors of
the same size plus any grounding conductor are to be laid flat and parallel to one another with a
nonintegral, overall jacket complying with (a) of this paragraph applied over them. There shall be
an interconnecting web between adjacent conductors. The web shall be integral with the jacket.
The thickness of the web is not specified. See markings in 40.2 – 40.4.

19.2 An insulated Type USE or USE-2 conductor intended for use as an insulated equipment-grounding
conductor shall be finished to show the color green throughout the entire length and circumference of its
outer surface with or without one or more straight or helical, broken (non-continuous) or unbroken yellow
stripes. See 36.3 for details on stripes. Where there is more than one grounding conductor in an assembly,
each must be distinguishable from the other(s) such as, one striped and one not striped. In the case of flat,
webbed submersible-pump cable [see 19.1 (c) and (d)] that includes an insulated equipment-grounding
conductor, the grounding conductor shall be identified as such either as indicated above in this paragraph
or by means of readily legible ink printing of "grounding only", or other wording to the same effect, on the
outer surface of the finished conductor.

Table 19.1
Size of grounding conductor where used in Type USE and USE-2 and in submersible pump cables

Size of circuit conductors

Smallest size of grounding conductor
Circuit conductors of aluminum or of the same metal as the circuit
Circuit conductors of copper copper-clad aluminum conductors
14 AWG – 14 AWG
12 12 AWG 12
11 – 8 10 10
6–3 8–6 8
2 – 3/0 4–1 6
4/0 1/0 – 4/0 4
– 300 kcmil 2

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Table 19.2
Thicknesses of nonintegral jacket on submersible pump cables

AWG size of circuit Minimum average thickness of jacket Minimum thickness at any point of jacket

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conductors mils (mm) mils (mm)
14 – 10 15 (0.38) 12 (0.30)
8–2 30 (0.76) 24 (0.61)
1 – 4/0 45 (1.14) 36 (0.91)

PERFORMANCE

20 Flame Test of Cable

20.1 A specimen of finished Type SE cable shall comply with the Cable Flame Test, Section 1061 of UL
1581.

21 Flexibility Test of Cable at Low Temperature

21.1 After cooling for 4 h to −25.0 ±2.0°C (−13.0 ±3.6°F), finished cable shall comply with the
requirements of Flexibility at Low Temperature Test, Section 583 of UL 1581. Coverless multiple-conductor
Type USE and USE-2 cables, and submersible-pump cables need not be tested where the constituent
single-conductor Type USE or USE-2 cables each comply.

22 Cold-Impact Test

22.1 A Type USE cable of any construction is to be considered resistant to a temperature of −40°C
(−40° F) when neither the insulation nor the jacket, where applicable, cracks or ruptures when the
specimens of the finished cable are subjected to impact at –40.0 ±2.0°C (−40.0 ±3.6°F) as described in
Impact at Abnormally Low Temperature Test, Section 593 of UL 1581. Coverless multiple-conductor Type
USE cables and submersible-pump cables are not required to be tested when the constituent single-
conductor Type USE cables each comply. Such cable is to be marked "−40C" or "minus 40C" on the
surface (see 40.9) and on the tag, reel, or carton [see 47.1(i)].

23 Impact-Resistance Test of Single-Conductor Type USE and USE-2 Cables

23.1 The insulation and any jacket of finished 6 AWG copper or 4 AWG aluminum or copper-clad
aluminum single-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables shall keep a free-falling steel weight that impacts
the cable with an energy of 5 ft-lbf or 6.8 J or 0.691 m-kgf from making electrical contact with the conductor
or from exposing the conductor to view.

23.2 The results of this test on the one indicated size of cable are to be considered representative of the
performance of all sizes of copper, aluminum, and copper-clad aluminum cables of the same construction
and compound(s).

23.3 The impact anvil is to consist of a steel rod that is mounted on a massive steel block by a
disconnectible means such as two bolts that make it possible to replace the rod when its surface has
become damaged by repeated impacts. The rod is to be 3/4 in (19 mm) in diameter and 4-3/4 in (121 mm)
long. To stabilize the rod on the block, a flat area is to be ground along the entire length of the rod. The
plane of the flat area is to be parallel to the longitudinal axis of the rod, and the width of the flat area is to
be 1/2 in (13 mm). A hole for a 1/4 in-diameter (19 mm-diameter) bolt is to be drilled through the rod 1 in
(25 mm) from each end. The longitudinal axis of each hole is to be perpendicular to the flat area on the
centerline of the flat area. The steel block is to be 4-3/4 in long by 2-1/2 in wide by 4 in high (121 mm by 64
mm by 102 mm). The rod is to be bolted to one of the faces of the block that measure 4-3/4 in by 2-1/2 in
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(121 mm by 64 mm), with the flat area of the rod contacting the face of the block, and with the 4-3/4 in (121
mm) dimensions of the block and rod parallel. The heads of the two bolts are to be countersunk below the
surface of the rod to keep them from being struck by the impact weight. A straight line through the center
of gravity of the rod is to be coincident with a straight line through the center of gravity of the block and is to

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be perpendicular to the plane of the surface of the block to which the rod is bolted at the center of that
surface of the block. The block is to be secured to a rigid support such as to a vertical steel load-bearing
building column or to a concrete floor immediately adjacent to such a column.

23.4 The impact energy is to be supplied by a 5 lb (2.27 kg) steel weight that is 1-1/2 in (38 mm) high and
has a flat, rectangular lower surface (the impact face) measuring 4-3/4 in by 2-1/2 in (121 mm by 64 mm).
The edges and corners of the impact face are to be rounded and the longitudinal axis of the weight that is
parallel to the 1-1/2 in (38 mm), (height) dimension is to be perpendicular to the plane of the impact face at
the center of that face. Opposite sides of the weight are to be flat and parallel to one another and to the
longitudinal axis just mentioned. Adjacent sides of the weight are to be mutually perpendicular. The end of
the weight that is opposite to the impact face is to have an attachment by means of which the weight can,
by machine, be lifted, suspended, and released to fall freely.

23.5 The weight is to be supported with its impact face horizontal. The 4-3/4 in (121 mm) dimensions of
the weight and the rod are to be parallel. A vertical line through the centers of gravity of the impact weight
and the stationary anvil is to be coincident with a vertical line through the dimensional center of the impact
face of the weight. A set of rails or other vertical guide(s) is to constrain the weight and keep its impact
face horizontal while the weight is falling and after it has struck the cable. The guide(s) are not to interfere
with the free fall of the weight. A mechanism is to be provided at the top of the guide(s) for releasing the
weight to fall freely through a height and strike the cable. A means is also to be provided to keep the
weight from striking the cable more than once during each drop.

23.6 The cable, the anvil, the weight, and the remainder of the test equipment are to be in thermal
equilibrium with one another and the surrounding air at a temperature of 23.0 ±5.0°C (73.4 ±9.0°F)
throughout the test.

23.7 A representative 100 in (2540 mm) straight length of the finished production cable is to be tested,
with any jacket over the insulation remaining in place. The cable is to be tested at each of ten points evenly
spaced along its length. These points are not to be closer together than 10 in (254 mm), and no point is to
be closer than 5 in (127 mm) to an end of the cable. The weight is to be secured several cable diameters
above the rod and the cable is to be placed across the rod with the first test point at the center of the length
of the rod. For a distance of at least 10 in (254 mm) to each side of the test point, the longitudinal axis of
the cable is to be horizontal, perpendicular to the rod, and in the vertical plane that contains the coincident
vertical lines described in 23.5. The conductor in the cable is to be connected in series with a 3-W 120-V
neon lamp to the energized conductor of a 120-V 48 – 62 Hz a-c supply circuit. The weight and all metal
parts of the impact apparatus are to be connected together, to earth ground, and to the grounded supply
wire.

23.8 The position of the weight is to be adjusted to place the lower, impact face of the weight 12 in (305
mm) above the upper surface of the cable. The weight is to be released from this height, is to fall freely in
the guide(s), is to strike the cable once, and is then immediately to be raised to and secured at the 12 in
(305 mm) height. Each of the remaining nine test points on the cable is to be impacted in succession in the
same way. When the conductor is visible at any of the ten test points or when the lamp lights momentarily
or longer at more than two of the test points the cable does not comply with the impact-resistance test.

24 Crushing-Resistance Tests of Single-Conductor Type USE and USE-2 Cables

24.1 In each of three tests, an average of at least the following specified force shall be necessary to
crush finished 6 AWG copper (4 AWG) aluminum or copper-clad aluminum single-conductor Type USE
and USE-2 cables to the point that electrical contact is made between the conductor in the cable and
either of the metal plates between which the cable is crushed:
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a) TEST without CURRENT – 1000 lbf or 4448 N or 454 kgf without any current flowing in the
cable.

b) TEST with RATED CURRENT – 800 lbf or 3559 N or 363 kgf with the cable carrying the free-air

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75°C (167°F) wet-locations rated current (see 24.5) for a single Type XHHW conductor of the same
size.

c) TEST with OVERLOAD CURRENT – 600 lbf or 2669 N or 272 kgf with the cable carrying a
current (see 24.6) that maintains the temperature of the conductor at 100.0 ±2.0°C (212.0 ±3.6°F).

24.2 The results of these three tests on the one indicated size of cable are to be considered
representative of the performance of all sizes of copper, aluminum, and copper-clad aluminum cables of
the same construction and compound(s).

24.3 For each of the three tests, a separate representative minimum 100 in (2540 mm) straight length of
the finished production cable is to be tested. Any jacket over the insulation is to remain in place. The cable
is to be tested at each of ten points along its length. These points are not to be closer together than 10 in
(254 mm), and no point is to be closer than 5 in (127 mm) to an end of the cable. Each test point on the
cable is to be placed between 2 in wide (50 mm wide) flat, horizontal steel plates in a compression
machine whose jaws close at the rate of 0.50 in/min ±0.05 in/min (10 mm/min ±1 mm/min). Each plate is to
be at least 0.5 in (12.7 mm) thick. The cable is to be parallel to the 2 in (50 mm) dimension of the plates
and the cable is to be straight and horizontal for a distance of at least 10 in (254 mm) to each side of the
test point. The conductor in the cable is to be connected in series with a light-emitting diode (LED) and a
current-limiting resistor to one terminal of a battery. The plates are to be connected together, to the metal
of the testing machine, to earth ground, and to the second terminal of the battery, see Figure 24.1.

24.4 For the test without current, the cable, the test equipment, and the surrounding air are to be in
thermal equilibrium with one another at a temperature of 23.0 ±5.0°C (73.4 ±9.0°F) throughout the test.

24.5 For the test with rated current, the conductor in the cable is to be connected to the low-voltage
output of an isolation transformer. The core of the transformer is to be connected to earth ground. The
output winding of the transformer is not to be grounded. A current of 95 A is to flow in the conductor when
the conductor is 6 AWG copper. A current of 100 A is to flow in the conductor when the conductor is 4
AWG aluminum or copper-clad aluminum. This current is to flow for 60 min previous to the start of the test
and is to flow throughout the test. The test equipment and the surrounding air are to be in thermal
equilibrium with one another at a temperature of 23.0 ±5.0°C (73.4 ±9.0F) throughout this test.

24.6 For the test with overload current, a thermocouple is to be soldered or cemented to the metal
conductor in the center third of the length of the cable, with the insulation and any jacket replaced over the
thermocouple and sealed with a minimum amount of masking tape. The conductor in the cable is to be
connected to the low-voltage output of an isolation transformer. The core of the transformer is to be
connected to earth ground. The output winding of the transformer is not to be grounded. The conductor is
to carry a current of a magnitude that results in a temperature of 100.0 ±2.0°C (212.0 ±3.6°F) on the
surface of the metal conductor under the insulation as registered by the thermocouple. The current is to be
adjusted as necessary to maintain the temperature of the conductor in the indicated range for 60 min
previous to the start of the test and throughout the test. The test equipment and the surrounding air are to
be in thermal equilibrium with one another at a temperature of 23.0 ±5.0°C (73.4 ±9.0°F) throughout this
test. The temperature of the conductor is to be recorded as the cable is tested at the first and last test
points.

24.7 In each of the three tests, the ten test points of the cable are to be subjected in succession to an
increasing force until electrical contact occurs (as indicated by the LED lighting) between the conductor in
the cable and one or both of the metal plates. The force at which the contact occurs is to be recorded for
each of the ten test points. In each test, the sum of the ten forces is to be divided by 10 to obtain the

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average crushing force for the cable. When the average force obtained in any of the three tests is less
than specified in 24.1 (a), (b), or (c) the cable does not comply with the crushing-resistance test.

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Figure 24.1
Wiring diagram for crushing-resistance test

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 JANUARY 4, 2023 UL 854 35

25 Overload Test of Single-Conductor Type USE and USE-2 Cables

25.1 Finished 6 AWG copper or 4 AWG aluminum or copper-clad aluminum single-conductor Type USE
and USE-2 cables shall not rupture or flame at any time as the result of heating of the conductor by the

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following currents flowing in immediate succession as described in 25.4:

a) 150 A for 30 min.

b) 175 A for 5 min.

c) 200 A for 5 min.

d) 225 A for 5 min.

e) 250 A for 5 min.

f) 275 A for 5 min.

g) 300 A for the short time that it takes to adjust the current from a constant 275 A to a constant
300 A.

25.2 The results of this test on the one indicated size of cable are to be considered representative of the
performance of all sizes of copper, aluminum, and copper-clad aluminum cables of the same construction
and compound(s).

25.3 One representative 11 ft (3.5 m) straight length of the finished production cable is to be tested. Any
jacket over the insulation is to remain in place. The cable is to be laid straight down the center of a straight,
flat-bottomed trough that is open at the top and ends and has side walls to retain any hot material that
erupts from the cable. The trough is to be made of soft wood nominally 3/4 in (20 mm) thick and is to be
lined with fire-resistant, chemically-inert, and electrically-nonconductive sheeting. The finished trough is to
have approximately the following inside dimensions: 12 ft long by 10 in wide by 9 in deep (3.75 m long by
250 mm wide by 225 mm deep). At each end of the cable, the conductor is to be stripped for a short length
and connected by means of a connector that is intended for the purpose to the low-voltage output of an
isolation transformer. The core of the transformer and one side of the output winding are to be connected
to earth ground. The air in the test room is to be at a temperature of 23.0 ±5.0°C (73.4 ±9.0°F) throughout
the test. Air movement in the test area is to be minimal.

25.4 Current is to be started flowing in the conductor, is to be quickly adjusted to 150 A, and then is to be
held constant at 150 A. The start of the flow of current is to activate a timer. As soon as the timer indicates
that 30 min have elapsed since the start of the flow of current, the current is to be quickly increased to 175
A and then held constant at 175 A. As soon as the timer indicates that 5 min have elapsed since the
current was at the 150 A level, the current is to be quickly increased to 200 A and held constant at that
level until 5 min have elapsed since the current was 175 A. The current is to be further increased and held
constant in this manner in increments of 25 A, with the short time for adjustment included at the beginning
of each 5 min period. This is to continue until the current has been adjusted to a constant 300 A. The
current is not to be held at 300 A. As soon as the 300 A current is constant, it is to be reduced to zero and
the test is to be discontinued. The cable does not comply with the overload test when it ruptures or flames
at any time during the flow of current or after the current is reduced to zero.

26 Overload Test of Conductors in Jacketed, Multiple-Conductor Type USE and USE-2 Cables

26.1 Jacketed, multiple-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables containing either of the following shall
not flame or rupture while a current of 150 A is flowing through all of the conductors in the cable connected
in series for 60 min as described 26.2:

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a) Three insulated 6 AWG copper conductors or two insulated 6 AWG copper conductors and a 6
AWG uninsulated copper conductor, or

b) Three insulated 4 AWG aluminum or copper-clad aluminum conductors or two insulated 4 AWG

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aluminum or copper-clad aluminum conductors and a 4 AWG aluminum or copper-clad aluminum
uninsulated conductor.

This requirement applies to cable with an uninsulated conductor regardless of how the conductor is
assembled into the cable – cabled in one or several sections, laid straight in one or both valleys, or
distributed helically.

26.2 One 11 ft (3-1/2 m) specimen of finished cable with 6 in (150 mm) of the overall covering removed
from each end is to be placed in a straight, open (open top and ends), flat-bottomed trough with side walls
to retain any hot material. The trough is to be made of soft wood nominally 3/4 in (20 mm) thick; is to be
lined with fire-resistant, chemically-inert, and electrically-nonconductive sheeting; and is to have inside
dimensions of approximately 12 ft by 10 in wide by 9 in deep (3-3/4 m long by 250 mm wide by 225 mm)
deep. The conductors are to be connected in series by means of short jumpers at each end of the
specimen. At each end of the specimen, connection (by means of a connector intended for the purpose) is
to be made between a source of alternating or direct current and the free conductor. A current of 150 A is
to be maintained in the conductors for 60 min. Any cable from which a specimen flames or ruptures during
the 60 min does not comply with the overload test.

27 Overload Test of Uninsulated Conductor in Type SE Cable

27.1 A Type SE cable containing the following shall not flame or rupture while a current of 300 A is
flowing through the uninsulated conductor for 60 min as described in 27.2.

a) Two parallel insulated 6 AWG copper conductors and a 6 AWG concentric copper uninsulated
conductor or two parallel insulated 4 AWG aluminum or copper-clad aluminum conductors and a 4
AWG concentric aluminum or copper-clad aluminum uninsulated conductor.

b) Three insulated 6 AWG copper conductors and a 6 AWG copper uninsulated conductor or three
insulated 4 AWG aluminum or copper-clad aluminum conductors and a 4 AWG aluminum or
copper-clad aluminum uninsulated conductor.

27.2 One 11 ft (3-1/2 m) specimen of finished cable with 6 in (150 mm) of the overall covering removed
from each end is to be placed in a straight, open (open top and ends), flat-bottomed trough with side walls
to retain any hot material. The trough is to be made of soft wood nominally 3/4 in (20 mm) thick; is to be
lined with fire-resistant, chemically-inert, and electrically-nonconductive sheeting; and is to have inside
dimensions of approximately 12 ft by 10 in wide by 9 in deep (3-3/4 m by 250 mm wide by 225 mm) deep.
At each end of the specimen, connection (by means of a connector intended for the purpose) is to be
made between a source of alternating or direct current and the uninsulated conductor. A current of 300 A
is to be maintained in the cable for 60 min. Any cable from which a specimen flames or the tape portion of
the tape and finish covering described in 17.3 ruptures during the 60 min does not comply with the
overload test.

28 Continuity Test

28.1 Finished cable shall be tested for continuity of each 14 – 10 AWG conductor by the cable
manufacturer at the cable factory.

28.2 To determine whether or not the conductor(s) in a finished cable are continuous, the single-
conductor or each of the conductors (one at a time) is to be connected in series with a lamp, buzzer, bell,
or other indicator and a power supply. The conductor is continuous from end to end of the finished cable
when the lamp lights, the bell or buzzer sounds, or the other indicator signals.
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28.3 For the factory production continuity testing of a single-conductor Type USE cable, it is appropriate
for the manufacturer to substitute a continuous eddy-current procedure complying with 28.4 and 28.5 for
the test in 28.2.

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28.4 The eddy-current test arrangement shall include equipment that complies with each of the following:

a) The equipment is to apply current at one or several frequencies in the range of 1 – 125 kHz to a
test coil for the purpose of inducing eddy currents in the conductor moving through the coil at
production speed.

b) The equipment is to detect the variation in impedance of the test coil caused by each break in
the conductor.

c) The equipment is to provide a visual indication to the operator.

28.5 The longitudinal axis of the cable or assembly is to be coincident with the electrical center of the test
coil. The cable is to have little or no vibration as it passes through the test coil and is to clear the coil by a
distance no greater than 1/2 in (13 mm). Variations in the speed of the cable through the test coil are to be
limited to plus 50 percent and minus whatever percentage (50 percent maximum) keeps the signal
amplitude from falling below the level at which a break can be detected. Separate calibration, balance, and
adjustments for sensitivity, maximum signal-to-noise ratio, and maximum rejection of signals indicating
gradual variations in diameter and other slow changes are to be made for each size, type of stranding, and
conductor material. Calibration without any cable in the test coil is to be made at least daily to check
whether the equipment is functioning. The temperature along the length of the cable being tested may vary
from the temperature at which the equipment was calibrated, balanced, and so forth for that size, type of
stranding, and conductor material provided that the variations are gradual and are without hot or cold
spots that cause false signals.

29 Dielectric Voltage-Withstand Test(s)

29.1 A finished cable shall not break down electrically while being stressed with 48 – 62 Hz essentially
sinusoidal rms potential as indicated in 29.2 – 29.4 (see 18.3 for the modified method applicable to
coverless multiple-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables).

29.2 The apparatus for this test is to consist of a circuit breaker or other means of indicating a
breakdown, a tank of earth-grounded tap water to serve as an electrode in the case of cable in which there
is no uninsulated conductor, and a testing transformer complying with the following. The water is to be at
any convenient temperature. An rms test potential of at least the value indicated in Table 29.1 for the
insulated conductor(s) used in the cable is to be supplied by a 48 – 62 Hz isolation transformer whose rms
output potential is continuously variable from zero to at least the specified potential at a rate not higher
than 500 V/s. With a specimen in the circuit, the output potential is to have a crest factor (peak voltage
divided by rms voltage) equal to 95 – 105 percent of the crest factor of a pure sine wave over the upper
half of the output range. The output voltage is to be monitored continuously by a voltmeter that:

a) When of the analog rather than digital type, shall have a response time that does not introduce a
lagging error greater than 1 percent of full scale at the specified rate of increase in voltage, and
that,

b) Has an overall accuracy that does not introduce an error exceeding 5 percent.

The maximum current output of which the transformer is capable shall make it possible to routinely test full
reels of the cable without tripping of the circuit breaker by the charging current.

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Table 29.1
Dielectric test potential

Size of insulated conductor(s) RMS test potential in volts

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14 – 10 AWG 3,000
9–2 3,500
1 – 4/0 4,000
213 – 500 kcmil 5,000
501 – 1000 6,000
1001 – 2000 7,000

29.3 Finished cable having an uninsulated conductor and an overall covering is to be tested dry.
Finished cable without an uninsulated conductor is to be immersed in water for at least 60 min before
being tested. The rms test potential specified for the insulated conductor(s) in Table 29.1 is to be applied
(as indicated in 29.4) between each insulated conductor taken separately and either:

a) The uninsulated conductor when one is employed, or

b) The water when no uninsulated conductor is in the cable.

In a cable with more than one insulated conductor, an alternative method is to conductively connect the
insulated conductors together and apply the specified test potential between them and any uninsulated
conductor or the water. In addition, in a cable with more than one insulated conductor, the specified test
potential is to be applied (as indicated in 29.4) between each insulated conductor and every other
insulated conductor in the cable.

29.4 In every case, the applied potential is to be increased from zero at a uniform rate that:

a) Is not less than 10 V/s, and

b) Is not more than 60 V/s.

The increase is to continue in this manner until the voltage reaches the level specified. When this level is
reached without breakdown, the voltage is to be held constant at the specified level for 60 s and is then to
be reduced to zero. The cable does not comply with the requirement when electrical breakdown occurs at
less than the specified voltage while the applied voltage is being increased or in less than 60 s at the
specified voltage.

30 Sunlight-Resistance Tests

30.1 Insulation

30.1.1 The insulation of all jacketed cables shall comply with the Sunlight Resistant test described in
30.3.1 after 300 hours of xenon-arc exposure.

30.1.2 The insulation of all unjacketed cables shall comply with the Sunlight Resistant test described in
30.3.1 after 300 hours of xenon-arc exposure, unless the cable is marked “sunlight Resistant” in
accordance with 40.7, in which case the insulation shall comply with the Sunlight Resistant test described
in 30.3.1 after 720 hours of xenon-arc exposure.

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30.2 Jacket

30.2.1 With the exception of submersible pump cable, the jacket on all cables marked sunlight resistant
in accordance with 40.7 shall comply with the sunlight resistance test described in 30.3.1 after 720 hours

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of xenon-arc exposure.

30.2.2 With the exception of submersible pump cable, the jacket on all cables marked sunlight resistant
in accordance with 40.8 shall comply with the sunlight resistance test described in 30.3.1 after 300 hours
of xenon-arc exposure.

30.3 Test Method

30.3.1 The Sunlight Resistance tests shall be conducted in accordance with the test Sunlight
Resistance, as described in the Standard for Wire and Cable Test Methods, UL 2556. The average tensile
strength and ultimate elongation retained after 300 h of xenon-arc exposure shall not be less than 85
percent of the average tensile strength and ultimate elongation of unconditioned specimens. The average
tensile strength and ultimate elongation retained after 720 h of xenon-arc exposure shall not be less than
80 percent of the average tensile strength and ultimate elongation of unconditioned specimens.

30.3.2 Cable that does not comply with the requirement in 30.3.1 for 85 percent or better retention of
tensile strength and ultimate elongation after 300 h of xenon-arc exposure is eligible to have its
performance reevaluated on the basis of the results of testing after 100, 300, and 500 h of xenon-arc
exposure. Five specimens are to be conditioned for each of the three indicated lengths of time. The cable
is appropriate for use when the results of this testing comply with each of the following requirements:

a) The average tensile strength and ultimate elongation retained after 100 h of xenon-arc exposure
shall not be less than 65 percent of the average tensile strength and ultimate elongation of
unconditioned specimens.

b) The rate of decrease of the percent retention of average tensile strength and ultimate elongation
from 100 h to 300 h of xenon-arc exposure shall not exceed 15.

c) The rate of decrease of the percent retention of average tensile strength and ultimate elongation
from 300 to 500 h of xenon-arc exposure shall not exceed 5.

31 Vertical-Tray Flame Test (Type SE)

31.1 All sizes of finished Type SE cables that are marked (see 40.6) for use in cable trays are
appropriate for use in cable trays when two sets of specimens of the finished 3-conductor construction
containing two 6 AWG insulated conductors and a concentric uninsulated conductor are tested in
accordance with the UL Flame Exposure, Sections 4 – 11 of the requirements for vertical-tray fire-
propagation and smoke-release test for electrical and optical-fiber cables of UL 1685, or the FT4/IEEE
1202 Type of Flame Exposure, Sections 12 – 19 of UL 1685 and comply with the requirements therein.
Smoke measurements are not applicable.

32 Low-Temperature Pulling-Through-Joists Test

32.1 Finished Type SE cable with or without an uninsulated conductor shall be constructed to withstand
the low-temperature pulling-through-joists test described in 32.1 – 32.8 without damage to the overall
tape-and-PVC-finish covering to the extent that the parts of the cable underlying the covering are exposed
to view. The cable does not comply with the requirement when the interior of the cable is exposed on
either of two test lengths, however both lengths shall be tested. See the second sentence of 32.8.

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32.2 The joists are to be simulated by four straight knot-free 6 in (150 mm) or longer lengths of Douglas-
fir 2-by-4 kiln-dried lumber [actual cross section measures 1-1/2 in by 3-1/2 in (38 mm by 89 mm)]. Both
ends of each length are to be cut perpendicular to the long surfaces.

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32.3 By means of a power wood auger, two holes of the diameter indicated in Table 32.1 are to be bored
(at a speed of 1800 r/min) through the broad faces of each length of 2 by 4 as shown in Figure 32.1. The
longitudinal axes of the holes are to be parallel and at an angle of 15° to the horizontal, as shown in the
end view, and 2-3/8 in (60 mm) apart. No attempt is to be made to smooth or round the edges of the holes
or to remove splintered wood, sawdust, or drilling chips from the holes.

Table 32.1
Size of hole

Calculated diameter over finished round cable or Nominal diameter of each round hole
length of major axis of finished flat cable in blocks of wood
inches (mm) inches (mm)
Not over 0.710 (Not over 18) 1-1/8 (29)
Over 0.710 but not over 0.800 (Over 18 but not over 20) 1-1/4 (32)
Over 0.800 but not over 0.875 (Over 20 but not over 22) 1-3/8 (35)
Over 0.875 but not over 0.950 (Over 22 but not over 24) 1-1/2 (38)
Over 0.950 but not over 1.025 (Over 24 but not over 26) 1-5/8 (41)

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Figure 32.1
Arrangement of 2 by 4's

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32.4 As illustrated in Figure 32.2, an open, rigid, metal frame is to be provided on which four of the 2 by
4's are to be supported on edge (broad faces vertical) far enough above the bottom of the coil to achieve
the 80 in (2 m) dimension specified in 32.5 and 8.5 ft (2.6 m) above the floor of the test room with their
centerlines 16 in (406 mm) apart and parallel to one another in a horizontal plane. The 2 by 4's are to be

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secured to the frame with all of their holes inclined in the same direction (longitudinal axes of holes parallel
– see the four end views in Figure 32.1) and progressively offset a horizontal distance of 6 in (150 mm) as
shown in Figure 32.1, which is a view looking down from above the 2 by 4's.

Figure 32.2
Joist pull test

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32.5 Two 50 ft (15 m) coils of finished, flat 8 – 4 AWG Type SE cable having two insulated conductors
and one concentric uninsulated conductor or round 8 – 4 AWG Type SE cable having three insulated
conductors and one cabled uninsulated conductor are to be placed flat on or close to the floor of the cold
chamber. The inner end of each coil is to be made accessible. The cable is to be cooled in circulating air to

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−20.0 ±1.0°C (−4.0 ±1.8°F) for 21±3 h. The vertical distance between the inside bottom of the cold
chamber and a line perpendicular to the center of the 2 by 4's indicated in 32.4 is to be 80 in (2 m). The
horizontal distance between the first 2 by 4 and a line perpendicular to the center of one coil of cable (first
coil) is to be 18 in (457 mm). After the cooling, the procedures described in 32.6 – 32.8 are to be carried
out without delay and completed within 5 min.

32.6 One end of the first coil of cable is to be threaded in succession through the holes labeled A, B, C,
and D in Figure 32.1 while the rest of the first coil remains in the cold chamber. As soon as the cable has
been threaded through the four holes, the end of the cable emerging from hole D is to be grasped securely
by one or two people standing on the floor in a position such that the cable emerges from hole D at an
angle of 45° to the vertical. While maintaining this angle, they are to pull (hand-over-hand whenever
possible) 50 ft (15 m) of the cable entirely through the holes until the end of this length of cable emerges
from hole D. The cable is to be pulled through within 30 s, and no effort is to be made to uncoil, untwist, or
otherwise straighten or adjust the cable except to remove kinks that would keep the cable from being
pulled completely through the four holes. All of the pulling is to be done from beyond hole D, none from
between the 2 by 4's. As soon as 50 ft (15 m) of the cable emerges from hole D, the second 50 ft (15 m) of
coil is to be moved on the floor of the cold chamber to the position that had been occupied by the first coil.
The lid of the cold chamber is to be closed long enough (about 10 minutes for a cold chamber with a lid on
top) for the second 50 ft (15 m) of coil to be returned to the test temperature. The initial test length is to be
examined for any tears, cracks, or other openings through the overall covering that expose the underlying
parts of the cable.

32.7 The second cable is then to be pulled through holes E, F, G, and H. As soon as 50 ft (15 m) of the
cable emerges from hole H, that test length is to be examined for any tears, cracks, or other openings
through the overall covering that expose the underlying parts of the cable.

32.8 When the assembly underlying the covering is visible anywhere on either sample, the cable does
not comply with the requirement. The results of this test on a flat 8 – 4 AWG Type SE cable having two
insulated conductors and one concentric uninsulated conductor or on a round 8 – 4 AWG Type SE cable
having three insulated conductors and a cabled uninsulated conductor are to be taken as representative of
the performance of any size of flat Type SE cable having two insulated conductors with or without an
uninsulated conductor and of any size of round Type SE cable having 2 – 5 insulated conductors with or
without an uninsulated conductor.

33 Oil-Resistance Tests (Single- and multiple-conductor Types USE and USE-2)

33.1 Single- or multiple-conductor Type USE or USE-2 is oil-resistant at 75°C (167°F) when the retention
of the tensile strength and ultimate elongation of the outer covering (insulation, jacket, or overall jacket, as
applicable) is not less than 65 percent when tubular or die-cut specimens (as applicable) are tested after
immersion of the finished wire or cable in oil for 60 d at a temperature of 75.0 ±1.0°C (167.0 ±1.8°F) as
described in 480.6 of UL 1581.

33.2 Single- or multiple-conductor Type USE or USE-2 is oil-resistant at 60°C (140°F) when the retention
of the tensile strength and ultimate elongation of the outer covering (insulation, jacket, or overall jacket, as
applicable) is not less than 50 percent when tubular or die-cut specimens (as applicable) are tested after
immersion of the finished wire or cable in oil for 96 h at a temperature of 100.0 ±1.0°C (212.0 ±1.8°F) as
described in 480.6 of UL 1581.

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34 Gasoline- and Oil-Resistance Tests (Single conductor Types USE and USE-2)

34.1 Single conductor Type USE or USE-2 is gasoline-resistant and oil-resistant:

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a) Where the retention of tensile strength and ultimate elongation of the outer covering (insulation
or jacket, as applicable) is not less than 75 percent when tubular or die-cut specimens (as
applicable) are tested after immersion of the finished wire or cable in water-saturated ASTM
Reference Fuel C (see 480.11 of UL 1581 and the Standard Test Method for Rubber Property –
Effect of Liquids, ASTM D 471) for 30 d at 23.0 ±1.0°C (73.4 ±1.8°F) as indicated in 480.10 of UL
1581, and

b) Where the wire complies with the requirements for oil-resistance in 33.1 or 33.2.

IDENTIFICATION

REPETITION OF PRINTING

35 Intervals

35.1 All printing on the outer surface of a cable or anywhere within a cable shall be readily legible and
shall be repeated at the following intervals throughout the length of the cable:

a) Markings on the outer surface of the cable:

1) Size shall be repeated at intervals that are not longer than a nominal 24 in (610 mm)
[maximum 25 in (635 mm)].

2) The marking in 45.2 and 45.4 for identification of copper-clad aluminum shall be
repeated at intervals that are not longer than 6 in (150 mm).

3) All information other than size and the identification of copper-clad aluminum shall be
repeated at intervals that are not longer than 40 in (1.02 m).

b) Size and all other information on a marker tape shall be repeated at intervals that are not longer
than a nominal 24 in (610 mm) [maximum 25 in (635 mm)].

POLARITY

36 General

36.1 An insulated Type USE or USE-2 conductor intended for use as a grounded circuit conductor shall
be finished to show the color white or grey throughout the entire length and circumference of its outer
surface, or shall be identified by three continuous straight or helical, unbroken white stripes on other than
green insulation, along its entire length. Straight stripes are to be placed a nominal 120° apart. Where
multiple grounded circuit conductors are used in a cable, no more than one shall employ white stripes. It is
also appropriate for such a conductor to have a raised tracer or one or more broken (non-continuous) or
unbroken straight or helical stripes that are of a contrasting color other than green. An insulated grounding
conductor shall be identified as described in 19.2. See 36.3 for details on stripes.

36.2 An insulated Type USE or USE-2 conductor intended for use as an ungrounded insulated conductor
shall be finished to show a color or combination of colors other than and in contrast with white, grey, and
green. The outer surface so colored also complies with the intent of this requirement where it has any one
of the following throughout the length of the cable in a color or combination of colors other than and in
contrast with white, grey, and green:

a) One or more broken or unbroken straight or helical stripes. See 36.3 for details on stripes.
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b) An unbroken series of identical hash marks or other symbols with dimensions as specified for
stripes and with regular spacing.

c) Numerals, letters, and/or words that comply with this Standard.

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The markings covered in this paragraph shall not conflict with or be confusable with any of the other
markings required or otherwise covered in this standard.

36.3 Stripes as specified in 19.2, 36.1, and 36.2 shall be of even or varying width and shall occupy a total
of 5 – 70 percent of the calculated circumference of the outer surface of the finished insulated conductor in
the case of a yellow stripe(s) or a total of 15 – 70 percent of the calculated circumference of the outer
surface of the finished insulated conductor in the case of white stripes, with no individual width less than 5
percent of that same circumference. The width shall be measured perpendicular to each stripe. Where
broken stripes are appropriate, they shall consist of a series of identical marks and spaces, the length of
each mark shall be at least 1/8 in (3 mm) and the linear spacing between marks shall not be greater than
3/4 in (19 mm).

MARKING

37 Cable as a Whole

37.1 Identification of organization and manufacturer

37.1.1 The name of the cable manufacturer, that manufacturer's trade name for the cable, or both, or any
other appropriate distinctive marking by means of which the organization responsible for the cable can
readily be identified shall be durably marked as follows on the outer surface of every length of the finished
cable:

a) On the PVC finish on Type SE cable.

b) On the thermoset jacket on overall-jacketed multiple-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables.

c) On the outer surface of single-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables intended for any purpose
(use alone, as an insulated conductor of coverless multiple-conductor Type USE and USE-2
cables, or as an insulated conductor of a submersible-pump cable).

When the organization that is responsible for the cable is different from the actual manufacturer, both the
responsible organization and the actual manufacturer shall be identified by name or by coding such as by
trade name, trade-mark, or the assigned electrical reference number. The meaning of any coded
identification shall be made available. It is appropriate also to identify a private labeler; the means is not
specified.

37.2 Identification of factory

37.2.1 The particular factory in which the cable is made shall be identified in addition to identifying the
organization responsible for the cable when the organization responsible for the cable operates more than
one factory in which service cables are made by or for that organization. Where there is more than one
factory, the absence of an identification may be used to identify one factory. The meaning of any coded
identification shall be made available.

37.3 Methods of identification

37.3.1 Embossed (raised) lettering is appropriate. Ink printing that complies with 37.3.2 is appropriate.
Indent printing is appropriate when the thickness of the jacket or unjacketed insulation at the indent is not

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reduced below the minimum at any point shown in the thickness table referred to for the conductor
construction in Table 14.1, for the overall jacket in Table 17.2, or for the PVC finish in 17.3.2.2.

37.3.2 Ink printing of the identification required in 37.1.1 and 37.2.1 is appropriate when the printing on

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specimens remains legible after being tested as described in Durability of Indelible-Ink Printing Test,
Section 1690 of UL 1581. When ink printing is not tested or does not comply with the UL 1581 test, the
surface ink printing shall be supplemented by one of the following durable means within the cable:

a) Location of a surface-printed tape (see 35.1) between the overall tape and the PVC finish on a
Type SE cable or anywhere under the overall covering on a Type SE, USE-2, or USE cable and
among the insulated conductors however, except for single-conductor Type USE and USE-2
cables, not under the insulation on any insulated conductor or in or under the individual covering on
any insulated conductor. The tape is to be marked with the name of the cable manufacturer, that
manufacturer's trade name for the cable, or both, or any other appropriate distinctive marking by
means of which the organization responsible for the cable can readily be identified, and an
identification of the cable factory (see 37.2.1). When the organization that is responsible for the
cable is different from the actual manufacturer, both the responsible organization and the actual
manufacturer shall be identified by name or by appropriate coding such as by trade name,
trademark, or the assigned electrical reference number. The meaning of any coded identification
shall be made available. It is appropriate also to identify a private labeler; the means is not
specified.

b) Indent stamping of the conductor metal that does not embrittle the metal is appropriate in 14 – 2
AWG single-conductor cables in which the conductor is solid, in 2-conductor cables in which a
stranded, uninsulated conductor is applied helically over a 14 – 2 AWG solid insulated conductor,
and in the center strand of 8 AWG – 2,000 kcmil single-conductor stranded cables.

37.4 Authorized surface marking

37.4.1 An authorized Canadian Standards Association (CSA) type designation that includes numbers
indicative of a temperature rating is eligible to be surface marked on a cable in addition to the markings
required in this Standard. The CSA designation shall be clearly associated with CSA and clearly separated
by “or”, a dash, or a wide space from the legend required in this Standard.

37.5 Surface, tag, reel, or carton marking not to be used

37.5.1 Any designation that other than as described in 37.4.1 and is not completely indicative of the
meaning of the National Electrical Code type letters for a cable shall not be marked in words on or in the
cable or on any tag, reel, or carton for the cable. For example, the temperature rating “75 C”, the current
rating “40 amps”, and the wording “heat resistant” are precluded from a 10 AWG copper single-conductor
Type USE cable because, although they are suggestive of the meaning of the type letters, these
designations taken alone or together do not account for the type of circuit, the number of conductors, the
ambient temperature, and other influences whose consideration is required for determining the correct
maximum current for the cable in a particular installation. Such determination can be made only by using
the factors found for the cable type in the National Electrical Code.

38 Insulated Conductors

38.1 No identification required

38.1.1 When the insulated conductor or conductors are made by or for the organization responsible for
the cable in the same factory in which the cable is made, and when the organization responsible for the
cable operates no other factory in which these conductors are made, no identification is required in or on
any length of insulated conductor in a finished cable to mark the insulated conductor as the product of a
particular organization or factory.
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38.2 Only factory identification required

38.2.1 When the organization responsible for the cable operates more than one factory in which the
insulated conductor or conductors are made for the service cables made by or for the organization

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responsible for the cable, a durable and distinctive identification shall be provided in or on every length of
insulated conductor in all of the organization's service cables to mark the insulated conductor as the
product of a particular factory unless the conductor or conductors are made in the same factory in which
the cable is made. The organization is not required to be identified.

38.3 Organization and factory identification required

38.3.1 When the insulated conductor or conductors are made by or for an organization other than the
organization responsible for the cable, a permanent and distinctive identification shall be provided on or in
every length of insulated conductor in a finished cable to mark the insulated conductor as the product of a
particular organization and factory.

39 Date of Manufacture

39.1 General

39.1.1 The date of manufacture by month and year (or in the sequence month, day, and year) shall be
included among the tag, reel, or carton markings described in 47.1, or shall be included among the cable
markings described in this Standard where legible on the outer surface of the cable. The date shall be
shown in plain language, not in code.

CABLE TYPE

40 General

40.1 The outer surface of finished jacketed multiple-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables and of
finished single-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables for use alone or as an insulated conductor of a
coverless multiple-conductor Type USE or USE-2 cable or of a submersible-pump cable shall be durably
marked "USE", "Type USE", " USE-2"or " Type USE-2" as identification of the cable type. Type USE and
USE-2 cables shall not be marked "UF". The outer surface of the PVC finish on a Type SE cable shall be
durably marked "SE" or "Type SE" as identification of the NEC cable type. See 37.5. Even for in-plant
routing, conductor type letters ("RHW", "RHW-2", "XHHW", "XHHW-2", "RHH or RHW-2", or "RHH OR
RHW") shall not be marked alone or with other designations on any single-conductor Type USE or USE-2
cable or on any insulated conductor in a multiple-conductor Type USE, USE-2, or SE cable when the
single-conductor cable or the insulated conductor does not comply with the horizontal flame test that is
required in Thermoset-Insulated Wires and Cables, UL 44, and is described in Horizontal-Specimen / FT2
Flame Test, Section 1100 of UL 1581. It is appropriate for Type SE cable containing insulated conductors
that comply with the UL 44 horizontal flame test (the flame test is described in Section 1100 of UL 1581) to
be surface marked with the conductor type letters "XHHW", "XHHW-2", "RHW", "RHW-2", or "RHH OR
RHW".

40.2 The outer surface of a submersible-pump cable of any of the constructions as detailed in 19.1 (a),
(c), and (d) shall be durably and legibly marked "submersible pump cable ". When each circuit conductor is
not surface-marked (see 40.4) "USE " or "USE OR RHW " or "USE OR RHW OR RHH " or "USE-2 " or
"USE-2 OR RHW-2 " as applicable (see Table 14.1 or 14.2), the marking on the outer surface of the pump
cable shall include these type letters. See 41.4 concerning conductor type letters not being on cable in
which EC-1350 aluminum is used.

40.3 It is appropriate to durably and legibly mark “pump cable” on the surface of single-conductor Type
USE or USE-2 cable intended to be used in submersible water-pump cable.
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40.4 In a coverless pump cable [19.1(b)], the surface of each circuit conductor shall be durably and
legibly marked with the type letters "USE" or "USE OR RHW" or "USE OR RHW OR RHH" or "USE-2" or
"USE-2 OR RHW-2" as applicable (see Table 14.1 or 14.2). It is appropriate for the individuals in a
coverless multiple-conductor Type USE cable to be marked “USE”. See 41.4 concerning conductor type

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letters not being on cable in which an EC-1350 aluminum alloy is used.

40.5 The designation "sunlight-resistant, for CT use" or "sunlight-resistant, for use in cable trays" shall be
marked on the outer surface of finished Type SE cables that comply with the flame test required in 31.1
and with the 720-h sunlight-resistant test required in 30.1 and 30.2.

40.6 The designation "for CT use" or "for use in cable trays" is marked on the outer surface of finished
Type SE cables where these cables comply with the flame test required in 31.1.

40.7 The designation "sun-res" or "sunlight-resistant" is marked on the outer surface of finished Type SE
cables, jacketed multiple-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables, and single conductor Type USE and
USE-2 cables that comply with the 720 h sunlight-resistant test required in 30.1 and 30.2.

40.8 No marking indicative of sunlight resistance shall appear on or in a Type SE, USE, or USE-2 cable
or on the tag, reel, or carton for such cable despite the fact that such cable complies with the 300 h
sunlight-resistance test required in 30.1 and 30.2.

40.9 A Type USE cable that complies with 22.1 (cold impact) shall be surface marked "–40°C" or "minus
40C". This marking is also required on the tag, reel, or carton – see 47.1(i). For coverless multiple-
conductor Type USE cables and submersible-pump cables that comply, each of the constituent single-
conductor Type USE cables shall bear the marking.

41 Style

41.1 It is appropriate for the organization responsible for the cable to include a style identification in a set
of marked designations. The term "style identification" is defined as any identifying letters, figures, or
combinations that differ from the National Electrical Code cable type letters and applicable numerical and
letter suffixes.

41.2 When the organization responsible for the cable elects to include a style identification in a set of
marked designations, the words "Style" and "Type" shall be used in that set and the word "Type" shall be
used in every other set marked on the cable.

41.3 The following are examples of marked designations with and without a style identification:

a) In the absence of a style identification, it is appropriate to mark a single conductor on which Type
RHW insulation covered with a jacket is used "USE OR RHW".

b) Where a style identification is to be included, the cable in (a) must be marked (see 41.2) "Type
USE Style RR or Type RHW".

c) In the absence of a style identification, it is appropriate to mark a 3-conductor cable constructed

of Type RHW conductors cabled and covered with an overall jacket "USE OR RHWM".

d) Where a style identification is to be included, it is appropriate to mark the cable in (c) (see 41.2)
"Type USE Style RR or Type RHWM".

e) In the absence of style identification, it is appropriate to mark a Type SE cable "SE".

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f) Where a style identification is included, it is appropriate to mark the cable in (e) (see 41.2) "Type
SE Style R" when the cable has an uninsulated conductor cabled with the insulated conductors or
"Type SE Style U" when the cable has an uninsulated conductor which is distributed helically.

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41.4 Single-rated single- and multiple-conductor Type USE cables and submersible-pump cable in which
the conductor(s) are of an EC-1350 grade aluminum alloy shall not be surface or individual or tag, reel, or
carton marked with any conductor type letters ("RHW", "RHW-2", "XHHW", or "RHH OR RHW").

42 Oil- and Gasoline and Oil-Resistant

42.1 Wire and cables that are oil-resistant at 60°C (140°F) in accordance with the requirements in 33.2
are surface-marked "oil-resistant I". Wires or cables that are oil-resistant at 75°C (167°F) in accordance
with 33.1 are surface-marked "oil-resistant II".

42.2 Wire and cables that are gasoline-resistant and oil-resistant in accordance with the requirements in
34.1 are surface-marked "gasoline and oil-resistant I" where oil-resistant at 60°C (140°F), and "gasoline
and oil-resistant II" where oil-resistant at 75°C (167°F).

SIZES AND NUMBER OF CONDUCTORS

43 General

43.1 The AWG or kcmil size of the insulated conductor or conductors, the number of insulated
conductors (the number of conductors is not required on a single-conductor cable), and the AWG or kcmil
size of the uninsulated conductor when one is used, and the AWG size of the grounding conductor when
one is used in a Type USE or USE-2 cable, shall be durably marked on the outer surface of every length of
finished Type SE cable and finished jacketed multiple-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables. The means
of achieving this marking are indicated in 37.3.1.

44 Compact-Stranded Copper Conductors

44.1 Where a compact-stranded copper conductor is used, the AWG or kcmil size of the conductor –
wherever the size appears (on the tag, reel, or on or in the cable or insulated conductor) – shall be
followed by "compact copper" or "compact CU". The word "compact" shall not be abbreviated. Tags, reels,
and cartons for compact copper wire shall have the following marking: "Terminate with connectors
identified for use with compact-stranded copper conductors”.

ALUMINUM AND COPPER-CLAD ALUMINUM CONDUCTORS

45 General

45.1 Where in single-conductor Type USE or USE-2 cable the conductor is of aluminum and where in a
Type SE cable and in jacketed multiple-conductor Type USE or USE-2 cables all of the conductors
(insulated and uninsulated) are of aluminum, the outer surface of the finished cable shall be marked with
the word "aluminum " or the abbreviation "AL" or, where an AA-8000 aluminum is used, it is appropriate to
use "AA-8000 aluminum" or "AA-8000 AL". The designation "AA-8000" shall not be used in place of
"aluminum" or "AL". It is appropriate also, to replace "AA-8000" with the particular alloy designation. See
41.4.

45.2 Where in single-conductor Type USE or USE-2 cable the conductor is of copper-clad aluminum and
where in a Type SE cable and in a jacketed multiple-conductor Type USE cable all of the conductors
(insulated and uninsulated) are of copper-clad aluminum, the outer surface of the finished cable shall be
marked at 6 in (150 mm) or shorter intervals throughout the entire length of the cable with one of the

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designations "AL (CU-CLAD)", "ALUMINUM (COPPER-CLAD)", "CU-CLAD AL", or "COPPER-CLAD

ALUMINUM".

45.3 Where in a coverless multiple-conductor Type USE or USE-2 cable or in a submersible-pump cable

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the insulated conductor or conductors are of aluminum, the outer surface of each constituent single-
conductor cable shall be marked with the word "aluminum" or the abbreviation "AL". See 41.4.

45.4 Where in a coverless multiple-conductor Type USE or USE-2 cable or in a submersible-pump cable
the insulated conductor or conductors are of copper-clad aluminum, the outer surface of each constituent
single-conductor cable shall be marked at 6 in (150 mm) or shorter intervals throughout the entire length of
the cable with one of the designations "AL (CU-CLAD)", "ALUMINUM (COPPER-CLAD)", "CU-CLAD AL",
or "COPPER-CLAD ALUMINUM".

45.5 Where a copper-clad aluminum conductor or conductors are used, the AWG or kcmil size of the
conductor(s), wherever the size appears (on the tag, reel, or carton, or on or in the cable or insulated
conductor), shall be followed by one of the designations "AL (CU-CLAD)", "ALUMINUM (COPPER-
CLAD)", "CU-CLAD AL", or "COPPER-CLAD ALUMINUM". Tags, reels, and cartons for cable containing
any copper-clad aluminum shall have the following markings:

a) "Copper-clad aluminum shall be used only with equipment marked to indicate that it is for use
with aluminum conductors. Terminate copper-clad aluminum with pressure wire connectors marked
'AL-CU' or 'CC-CU'."

b) For 12 – 10 AWG solid copper-clad aluminum "May be used with switches and receptacles with
i

wire-binding screws or pressure-plate connecting mechanisms that are acceptable for use with
i i

solid copper conductors".

c) For 12 – 10 AWG stranded copper-clad aluminum “May be used with receptacles with wire-
binding screws or pressure-plate connecting mechanisms that are acceptable for use with stranded
copper conductors”

d) For 12 – 10 AWG stranded copper-clad aluminum “May be used with switches with wire-binding
screws or pressure-plate connecting mechanisms that are acceptable for use with stranded copper
conductors, if indicated either on the device or in the installation instructions”.
e) "Where physical contact between any combination of copper-clad aluminum, copper, and
i

aluminum conductors occurs in a wire connector, the connector shall be of a type marked for such
intermixed use and the connection shall be limited to dry locations only".

VOLTAGE

46 General

46.1 The maximum working potential "600 V" or "600 volts" shall be durably marked on the outer surface
of every length of finished Type SE cable, jacketed multiple-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables, and
single-conductor Type USE and USE-2 cables for use alone or as an insulated conductor in a coverless
multiple-conductor Type USE or USE-2 cable or in a submersible-pump cable. The means of achieving
this marking are indicated in 37.3.1.

SHIPPING LENGTHS

47 General

47.1 A tag on which the following information is indicated plainly (the sequence of the items is not
specified) shall be tied to every shipping length of finished cable. However, where the cable is wound on a

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reel or coiled in a carton, it is appropriate for the tag to be glued, tied, stapled, or otherwise attached to the
reel or carton rather than to the cable, or for the tag to be eliminated and the information printed or
stenciled directly onto the reel or carton. Other information where added shall not confuse or mislead and
shall not conflict with these requirements. See 39.1.1 for date marking. See 37.5.

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a) The maximum working potential "600 V" or "600 volts".

b) The name of the cable manufacturer, that manufacturer's trade name for the cable, or both, or
any other distinctive marking by means of which the organization responsible for the cable is
readily identifiable. Where the organization that is responsible for the cable is different from the
actual manufacturer, both the responsible organization and the actual manufacturer shall be
identified by name or by coding such as by trade name, trademark, or the assigned electrical
reference number. The meaning of any coded identification shall be made available by the
organization responsible for the cable. It is appropriate also to identify a private labeler; the means
is not specified.

c) The applicable service-entrance-cable type letters "Type USE" ("Type UF" shall not be added) or
"Type SE". Use of the word “Type” is not required.

d) The insulated-conductor type as such type is on the cable itself as indicated in Table 14.1 (see
1.2 and 40.1). See also 41.4.

e) The AWG or kcmil size of the insulated conductor or conductors, the number of insulated
conductors, the AWG or kcmil size of the uninsulated conductor where one is used and the AWG
size of the grounding conductor where one is used (USE only). See 43.1.

f) Where the conductor or conductors are of aluminum, the word "aluminum" or the abbreviation
"AL" or, where an AA-8000 aluminum is used, it is appropriate to use "AA-8000 aluminum" or "AA-
8000 AL". The designation "AA-8000" shall not be used in place of "aluminum" or "AL". It is
appropriate also, to replace "AA-8000" with the particular alloy designation.

g) For submersible water-pump cable, the following wording(s) or other wording(s) to the same
effect:
“For use within well casings for wiring deep-well water pumps where the cable is not subject to
repetitive handling caused by frequent servicing of the pump units".

In addition where applicable (see 19.1): "CAUTION – Insulation may adhere tightly to the
conductor. Take care to remove all insulation before terminating the conductor".

h) For coverless multiple-conductor Type USE cables having a bare conductor "For use only as
direct-burial service-entrance conductors".

i) For a Type USE cable that complies with 40.9 (cold impact): "−40C" or "minus 40C".

j) The designation “FT4/IEEE 1202” or “FT4” for Type SE cables that comply with the FT4/IEEE
1202 Type of Flame Exposure referenced in 31.1. This marking is not required. Where used, this
marking is to be spaced from the other markings required in this paragraph.

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