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Comprehesion Pyq Document 2024

The document is an analysis guide for UPSC Prelims Reading Comprehension, authored by Neelesh Kumar Singh, who achieved All India Rank 442 in UPSC CSE 2021. It outlines various topics related to reading comprehension, including central themes, summaries, key messages, and assumptions, along with a breakdown of previous year questions from 2013 to 2024. The guide also promotes mentorship and resources available for UPSC preparation through various platforms.

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163 views513 pages

Comprehesion Pyq Document 2024

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CIVIL SERVICES WITH NEELESH |1

UPSC ANALYSIS DOCUMENT FOR

PRELIMS
READING COMPREHENSION

ER NEELESH KUMAR SINGH

ALL INDIA RANK 442 UPSC CSE 2021
JOIN ME AT TELEGRAM – UPSC PRELIMS WITH NEELESH
https://t.me/UPSCPrelimsWithNeelesh

ETHICS VIDEO BATCH

SOCIOLOGY MENTORSHIP/VIDEO BATCH

YEARLONG MENTORSHIP BY NEELESH SIR

PCS MENTORSHIP FOR STATES

ETHICS/GS/SOCIOLOGY MNEMONICS

CIVIL SERVICES WITH NEELESH 9266770819 (Office) | 9310161970 (Neelesh Sir)

My Name: ___________________________
My Aim of Clearing UPSC (Year): _________
MY PHOTO

Why I want to clear UPSC (my reasons):

INDEX FOR READING COMPREHENSION DOCUMENT

TOPIC NUMBER TOPIC NUMBER OF
QUESTIONS
READING COMPREHENSION
TOPIC 1 1. Central Theme/Idea 67
• Central Theme
• Central Idea
• Main Idea
• Central Focus
2. Summary/Essence
• Summary
• Crux
• Essential Message
• Sums Up
3. Message/Key Idea
• Important Message
• Crucial Message
• Critical Message
• Most (Logical, Rational, and Crucial) Message
• Most Rational and Crucial Message
• Most Logical, Rational, and Practical Message
4. Title or Explanation
• Title of the Passage
• Closest View
• Keynote
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• Best Explanation
5. Author's View/Tone
• Author Holds the View
• Based on Idea
• Underlying Tone

TOPIC 2 Assumption 77
TOPIC 3 Inferences 49
TOPIC 4 Implication 24
TOPIC 5 Corollary 9
TOPIC 6 Factual Questions 103
TOPIC 7 Miscellaneous 8

READING COMPREHENSION ANALYSIS BASED ON Previous Year

Questions asked in READING COMPREHENSION UPSC PRELIMS
PAPERS (2013-2024)
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SPECIALLY MENTORED CIVIL SERVICES
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BY NEELESH SIR (UPCOMING 1 JUNE)

ETHICS VIDEO BATCH

SOCIOLOGY MENTORSHIP/VIDEO BATCH

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ETHICS/GS/SOCIOLOGY MNEMONICS

CIVIL SERVICES WITH NEELESH 9266770819 (Office) | 9310161970 (Neelesh Sir)

READING COMPREHENSION
TOPIC 1: THEME, MAIN IDEA, TITLE OF THE PASSAGE, CRUX, CLOSEST VIEW/
MEANING, SUMMARY, CENTRAL FOCUS, ESSENTIAL MESSAGE, SUMS UP,
IMPLIED
Total Number of Questions Asked from 2013-24
67
My instructions related this topic The questions of this section contain the logical distribution as
below:
1. Central Theme/Idea
• Central Theme
• Central Idea
• Main Idea
• Central Focus
2. Summary/Essence
• Summary
• Crux
• Essential Message
• Sums Up
3. Message/Key Idea
• Important Message
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CIVIL SERVICES WITH NEELESH. For Queries – Whatsapp – 9310161970, Website – neeleshair442.com, www.csetopper.com for best test series (Our other
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CIVIL SERVICES WITH NEELESH |7

• Crucial Message
• Critical Message
• Most (Logical, Rational, and Crucial) Message
• Most Rational and Crucial Message
• Most Logical, Rational, and Practical Message
4. Title or Explanation
• Title of the Passage
• Closest View
• Keynote
• Best Explanation
5. Author's View/Tone
• Author Holds the View
• Based on Idea
• Underlying Tone

Here the questions are straight, and you have to answer the
passage on the basis of the passage with information given in
passage. So, try to look for the answers in the passage itself.

Keep these general instructions in mind:

1. Central Theme/Idea: Identify the primary focus or core subject
of the passage. Look for repeated ideas or concepts.
2. Summary/Essence: Capture the overall meaning or conclusion
of the passage in a concise way. Avoid minor details.
3. Message/Key Idea: Find the most important or impactful
message conveyed. Focus on logical, crucial, or rational points.
4.Title/Explanation: Choose a title or explanation that best
represents the passage as a whole. It should summarize the essence
clearly.
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CIVIL SERVICES WITH NEELESH |8

5. Author's View/Tone: Understand the author’s perspective, tone,

or underlying message by analyzing their attitude and reasoning.

Apart from it, try to answer it through the CHEAT CODE METHOD.
This will enhance the accuracy of your answer.
Further must watch the video on CSAT Channel – CIVIL SERVICES
WITH NEELESH

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-EaE21NqDtI

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS RELATED TO THIS TOPIC

1 The subject of democracy has become severely muddled c ❖ Option (a) is incorrect since it misrepresents the passage's
because of the way the rhetoric surrounding it has been main argument: This option focuses narrowly on the idea
used in recent years. There is, increasingly, an oddly that democracy is portrayed as an alien concept to non-
confused dichotomy between those who want to Western countries due to a desire to present it as Western.
'impose' democracy on countries in the non-Western While the passage does critique the portrayal of democracy
world (in these countries' 'own interest', of course) and as exclusively Western, it also emphasizes the global history
those who are opposed to such 'imposition' (because of of democratic practices and the specific contributions of the
the respect for the countries' 'own ways'). But the entire West to democratic institutions, which this option ignores.
language of 'imposition', used by both sides, is ❖ Option(b) is incorrect because this option suggests a
extraordinarily inappropriate since it makes the implicit dichotomy between imposing democracy and respecting
assumption that democracy belongs exclusively to the non-Western societies' "own ways." While the passage
West, taking it to be a quintessentially 'Western' idea discusses the rhetoric of imposition, it primarily argues
which has originated and flourished only in the West. against viewing democracy as exclusively Western and for
recognizing the historical presence of democratic practices
But the thesis and the pessimism it generates about the globally. The emphasis is not on the backdrop of non-
possibility of democratic practice in the world would be Western societies' cultures but on the broader, global
extremely hard to justify. There were several history of democracy.

experiments in local democracy in ancient India. Indeed, ❖ Option (c) correctly describes closest view because
in understanding the roots of democracy in the world, Democracy is not exclusively Western: The passage
we have to take an interest in the history of people challenges the notion that democracy is a purely Western
participation and public reasoning in different parts of concept by mentioning democratic experiments in other
the world. We have to look beyond thinking of parts of the world, like ancient India. It criticizes the
democracy only in terms of European and American language of "imposition" as inappropriate because it implies
evolution. We would fail to understand the pervasive that democracy belongs exclusively to the West. See the
demands for participatory living, on which Aristotle underlined sentences in the passage.
spoke with far-reaching insight, if we take democracy to
be a kind of a specialized cultural product of the West. Option (d) is also incorrect as (c) is the answer.

It cannot, of course, be doubted that the institutional

structure of the contemporary practice of democracy is
largely the product of European and American
experience over the last few centuries. This is extremely
important to recognize since these developments in
institutional formats were immensely innovative and
ultimately effective. There can be little doubt that there
is a major 'Western' achievement here.

Which of the following is closest to the view of

democracy as mentioned in the above passage? (2013)
(a) The subject of democracy is a muddle due to a
desire to portray it as a Western concept, 'alien' to
non-Western countries.
(b) The language or imposition of democracy is
inappropriate. There is, however, a need to
consider this concept in the backdrop of culture of
'own ways' of non-Western society.
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(c) While democracy is not essentially a Western idea

belonging exclusively to the West, the institutional
structure of current democratic practices has been
their contribution.
(d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above
is correct.

2 The law in many parts of the world increasingly restricts c ❖ Statement a is incorrect because while the passage does
the discharge of agricultural slurry into watercourses. mention restrictions on the discharge of agricultural slurry
The simplest and often the most economically sound into watercourses, which implies a legislative component, it
practice returns the material to the land as semisolid does not focus on legislation as its central theme. The
manure or as sprayed slurry. This dilutes its broader discussion revolves around the environmental
concentration in the environment to what might have impacts of agricultural practices, not the specifics of
occurred III a more primitive and sustainable type of legislative measures.
agriculture and converts pollutant into fertilizer. Soil ❖ Statement b is incorrect because the passage critiques
microorganisms decompose the organic components of certain practices within modern agriculture, especially the
sewage and slurry and most of the mineral nutrients use of fertilizers and the disposal of agricultural slurry, but it
become available to be absorbed again by the does not broadly assert that modern agriculture is
vegetation. responsible for environmental destruction. The focus is
The excess input of nutrients, both nitrogen and more nuanced, highlighting specific issues related to
phosphorus - based, from agricultural runoff (and nutrient runoff and its ecological impacts.
human sewage) has caused many 'healthy' oligotrophic ❖ Statement c is correct because the central theme of the
lakes (low nutrient concentrations, low plant passage revolves around the environmental impact of
productivity with abundant water weeds, and clear agricultural practices, particularly focusing on the effects of
water) to change to eutrophic condition where high nutrient runoff (from both agricultural sources and human
nutrient inputs lead to high phytoplankton productivity sewage) on water bodies. It discusses how this runoff leads
(sometimes dominated by bloom forming toxic species). to cultural eutrophication of lakes and the creation of dead
This makes the water turbid, eliminates large plants and, zones in oceans, highlighting the degradation of aquatic
in the worst situations, leads to anoxia and fish kills; so ecosystems as a consequence of improper waste disposal
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called cultural eutrophication. Thus, important and management in agriculture. This theme encompasses
ecosystem services are lost, including the provisioning the broader issues of nutrient pollution and its ecological
service of wild-caught fish and the cultural services consequences, making it the most representative of the
associated with recreation. passage's main focus.
The process of cultural eutrophication of lakes has been ❖ Statement d is incorrect because the passage discusses the
understood for some time. But only recently did negative effects of indiscriminate fertilizer use and improper
scientists notice huge 'dead zones' in the oceans near disposal practices on aquatic ecosystems but does not argue
river outlets, particularly those draining large catchment that the use of chemical fertilizers is universally undesirable.
areas such as the Mississippi in North America and the The implication is more that the management and
Yangtze in China. The nutrient-enriched water flows application of fertilizers need to be handled in a way that
through streams, rivers and lakes, and eventually to the minimizes environmental impact, rather than an outright
estuary and ocean where the ecological impact may be condemnation of chemical fertilizers in agriculture.
huge, killing virtually all invertebrates and fish in areas
up to 70,000 km2 in extent. More than 150 sea areas
worldwide are now regularly starved of oxygen as a
result of decomposition of algal blooms, fuelled
particularly by nitrogen from agricultural runoff of
fertilizers and sewage from large cities. Oceanic dead
zones are typically associated with industrialized nations
and usually lie off'- 'countries that subsidize their
agriculture, encouraging farmers to increase
productivity and use more fertilizer.

What is the central theme of this passage? (2013)

(a) Appropriate legislation is essential to protect the
environment.
(b) Modern agriculture is responsible for the
destruction of environment.

(c) Improper waste disposal from agriculture can

destroy the aquatic ecosystems.
(d) Use of chemical fertilizers is undesirable in
agriculture.

3 Ecological -research over the last quarter of the century d ❖ Option a is incorrect because illegal mining in forests is
has established the deleterious effects of habitat mentioned as a contributing factor to the broader issue of
fragmentation due to mining, highways and such other habitat fragmentation and biodiversity loss, but it is not the
intrusions on forests. When a large block of forests gets central focus. The passage addresses illegal mining as one of
fragmented into smaller bits, the edges of all these bits the activities that aggravate the disruption of habitats,
come into contact with human activities resulting in the rather than the primary subject of concern.
degradation of the entire forests. Continuity of forested ❖ Option b is incorrect because extinction of wildlife is
landscapes and corridors gets disrupted affecting several discussed as a consequence of the disruption of habitats.
extinction-prone species of wildlife. Habitat The passage highlights that habitat fragmentation affects
fragmentation, is therefore considered as the most extinction-prone species of wildlife, but the emphasis is on
serious threat to biodiversity conservation. Ad hoc the process of habitat disruption itself as the root cause of
grants of forest lands to mining companies coupled with these negative outcomes, not solely on the extinction of
rampant, illegal mining is aggravating this threat. wildlife.
❖ Option c is incorrect because conservation of nature is an
What is the central focus of this passage? (2013) underlying theme implied by the concerns raised over
(a) Illegal mining in forests habitat fragmentation and its effects on biodiversity.
(b) Extinction of wildlife However, the passage focuses more specifically on the
(c) Conservation of nature mechanisms of disruption (e.g., habitat fragmentation) and
(d) Disruption of habitat their direct impacts, rather than broadly on conservation
efforts or principles. Conservation is presented as a goal that
is threatened by habitat disruption, but the central focus is
on identifying and understanding the cause of that threat.
❖ Option d is correct because disruption of habitat is the
central focus of the passage. It discusses how habitat
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fragmentation, caused by activities such as mining and the

construction of highways, leads to the degradation of forests
and affects wildlife. The passage emphasizes that the
continuity of forested landscapes and corridors is disrupted,
posing a serious threat to biodiversity conservation. While
illegal mining, extinction of wildlife, and conservation of
nature are mentioned, they are discussed in the context of
how they relate to the broader issue of habitat disruption.

4 In recent times, India has grown fast not only compared c ❖ The author's central focus is on (c) emphasizing inclusive
to its own past but also in comparison with other growth where gains of growth are shared widely by the
nations. But. there cannot be any room for complacency population. This is clear from the discussion on the idea of
because it is possible for the Indian economy to develop inclusive growth as the defining concept behind the
even faster and also to spread the benefits of this government's economic policies and decisions, highlighting
growth more widely than has been done thus far. Before the importance of spreading the benefits of growth more
going into details of the kinds of micro-structural widely and ensuring that growth serves as an instrument for
changes that we need to conceptualize and then spreading prosperity to all.
proceed to implement, it is worthwhile elaborating on ❖ (Exact statement: The latter is cause for celebration but not
the idea of inclusive growth that constitutes the defining the former. In other words, growth must not be treated as
concept behind this Government's various economic an end in itself but as an instrument for spreading prosperity
policies and decisions. A nation interested in inclusive to all.)
growth views the same growth differently depending on ❖ Option(a) applauding India's economic growth not only
whether the gains of the growth are heaped primarily on against its own past performance, but against other
a small segment or shared widely by the population. The nations. This option is incorrect because, although the text
latter is cause for celebration but not the former. In acknowledges India's fast growth, the main focus is not on
other words, growth must not be treated as an end in applauding this growth. Instead, the text emphasizes the
itself but as an instrument for spreading prosperity to all. need for this growth to be inclusive and benefits to be
India's own past experience and the experience of other shared widely among the population.
nations suggests that growth is necessary for eradicating
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poverty but it is not a sufficient condition. In other ❖ Option(b) is incorrect because the text explicitly states that
words, policies growth, need to be complemented with growth is necessary but not a sufficient condition for
policies to ensure that more and more people join in the eradicating poverty. It underscores the idea that growth
growth process and, further, that there are mechanisms must be accompanied by policies ensuring broader
in place to redistribute some of the gains to those who participation and redistribution, rather than treating growth
are unable to partake in the market process and, hence, as the sole determinant of prosperity.
get left behind. ❖ Option (d) is incorrect. While the text mentions the
A simple way of giving this idea of inclusive growth a importance of achieving high growth, it clearly states that
sharper form is to measure a nation's progress in terms high growth alone is not the goal. The central theme is the
of the progress. of its poorest segment, for instance the need for this growth to be inclusive, ensuring that the
bottom 20 per cent of the population. One could benefits of growth reach the poorest segments of the
measure the per capita income of the bottom quintile of population. High growth is seen as a means to an end
the population and also calculate the growth rate of (inclusive growth), not an end in itself.
income; and evaluate our economic success in terms of
these measures that pertain to the poorest segment» CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
This approach is attractive because it does not ignore cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
growth like some of the older heterodox criteria did. It
simply looks at the growth of income of the poorest Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
sections of the population. It also ensures that those aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it one
who are outside of the bottom quintile do not get by one
ignored. If that were done, then those people would in (a) Makes a little sense – praising India – can be the answer
all likelihood drop down into the bottom quintile and so (b) Sole determinant – extreme word – reject
would automatically become a direct target of our (c) Makes sense as per your UPSC knowledge
policies. Hence the criterion being suggested here is a (d) Makes sense but c is more inclusive and broader
statistical summing up of the idea of inclusive growth, statement. We never ask for growth unless growth is
which, in turn, leads to two corollaries: to wish that India distributed.
must strive to achieve high growth and that we must So, you will have to choose finally between a and c. Amongst
work to ensure that the weakest segments benefit from them, c seems more appropriate since although India is
the growth.
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The author's central focus is on (2014) praised, but the primary concern is always of its people. So,
(a) applauding India's economic growth not only you can make a bet on c.
against its own past performance, but against other
nations.
(b) emphasizing the need for economic growth which is
the sole determinant of a country's prosperity.
(c) emphasizing inclusive growth where gain of growth
are shared widely by the population.
(d) emphasizing high growth.

5 It is essential that we mitigate the emissions of b The essential message of the passage is (b) Mitigation of the
greenhouse gases and thus avoid some of the worst greenhouse gases is imperative. The passage discusses the
impacts of climate change that would take place in potentially devastating effects of climate change and
coming years and decades. Mitigation would require a emphasizes the need for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions
major shift in the way we produce and consume energy. to avoid these impacts. It talks about the necessity of a major
A shift away from overwhelming dependence on fossil shift in how we produce and consume energy, the importance
fuels is now long overdue, but unfortunately, of investing in renewable energy, and the need for changes in
technological development has been glow and lifestyle and economic structures to effectively reduce
inadequate largely because government policies have emissions.
not promoted investments in research and ❖ Option (a) is mentioned as part of the problem that leads to
development, myopically as a result of relatively low the need for mitigation efforts, but the passage's main focus
prices of oil. It is now, therefore, imperative for a is not merely on identifying the problem of fossil fuel
country like India treating the opportunity of harnessing dependence. It goes further to propose solutions and the
renewable energy on a large scale as a national importance of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.
imperative. This country is extremely well endowed with ❖ Option (c) is presented as one of the strategies towards
solar, wind and biomass sources of energy. Where we achieving the broader goal of greenhouse gas mitigation. It
have lagged, unfortunately, is in our ability to develop is not the central message of the passage but rather a means
and to create technological solutions for harnessing to an end.
these resources.
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One particular trajectory for carrying out stringent ❖ Option (d) is incorrect: Lifestyle changes are discussed as
mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions assessed by the necessary for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions,
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) including changes in dietary habits. However, this is one
clearly shows the need for ensuring that global aspect of a larger set of actions needed for mitigation. The
emissions of greenhouse gases peak no later than 2015 passage's core message encompasses a broader spectrum of
and reduce rapidly thereafter. The cost associated with mitigation strategies, not limited to lifestyle changes alone.
such a trajectory is truly modest and would amount, in
the estimation of IPCC, to not more than 3 percent of the CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
global GDP in 2030. In other words, the level of cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
prosperity that the world would have reached without
mitigation would at worst be postponed by a few Even all the questions above are talking primarily about the
months or a year at the most. This is clearly not a very mitigation of greenhouse gases. So, obviously, the focus is on
high price to pay for protecting hundreds of millions of this. And hence, the answer is b.
people from the worst risks associated with climate
change. Any such effort, however, would require
lifestyles to change appropriately also. Mitigation of
greenhouse gas emissions is not a mere technological
fix, and clearly requires changes in lifestyles and
transformation of a country's economic structure,
whereby effective reduction in emissions is brought
about, such as through the consumption of much lower
quantities of animal protein. The Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) has determined that the emissions
from the livestock sector amount to 18 percent of the
total. The reduction of emissions from this source is
entirely in the hands of human beings, who have never
questioned the impacts that their dietary habits of
consuming more and more animal protein are bringing
about. Mitigation overall has huge co-benefits, such as
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lower air pollution and health benefits, higher energy

security and greater employment.

What is the essential message of the passage? (2014)

(a) We continue to depend on fossil fuels heavily
(b) Mitigation of the greenhouse gases is imperative
(c) We must invest in research and development
(d) People must change their lifestyle

6 The Himalayan ecosystem is highly vulnerable to b ❖ Option (b) is correct: The passage discusses the
damage, both due to geological reasons and on account vulnerabilities of the Himalayan ecosystem to climate
of the stress caused by increased pressure of population, change and emphasizes the need for a shift toward
exploitation of natural resources and other related contemporary conservation approaches. Specifically, it
challenges. These aspects may be exacerbated due to advocates for a paradigm of landscape-level
the impact of climate change. It is possible that climate interconnectivity between protected area systems and a
change may adversely impact the Himalayan ecosystem shift from a focus on individual species and habitats to an
through increased temperature, altered precipitation inclusive focus on expanding biogeographic ranges. This
patterns, episodes of drought and biotic influences. This approach enables natural adjustments to climate change
would not only impact the very sustenance of the without being restrictive, highlighting the significance of
indigenous communities in uplands but also the life of considering broad ecological dynamics in conservation
downstream dwellers across the country and beyond. efforts.
Therefore, there is an urgent need for giving special ❖ Option (a) is incorrect: While true and important for
attention to sustain the Himalayan ecosystem. This understanding the region's biodiversity, this point is more of
would require conscious efforts for conserving all the a detail within the broader context of conservation needs
representative systems. and strategies.
Further, it needs to be emphasized that the ❖ Option (c) is incorrect: This is a critical issue raised in the
endemics with restricted distribution, and most open passage, but the passage goes further to propose a solution
with specialized habitat requirements, are among the or a response to this challenge, focusing on how
most vulnerable elements. In this respect the Himalayan
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biodiversity hotspot, with rich endemic diversity, is conservation efforts can be adapted to mitigate these
vulnerable to climate change. The threats include impacts.
possible loss of genetic resources and species, habitats ❖ Option (d) is incorrect: This underscores the importance of
and concomitantly a decrease in ecosystem services. the Himalayan ecosystem but does not capture the
Therefore, conservation of endemic elements in passage's main emphasis on the need for and nature of
representative ecosystem/habitats assumes a great conservation efforts.
significance while drawing conservation plans for the
region. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
Towards achieving the above, we will have to cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
shift toward contemporary conservation approaches,
which include a paradigm of landscape level All the options talks about facts, but the option b talks about
interconnectivity between protected area systems. The some solution about the issues of climate change. Whenever
concept advocates a shift from the species-habitat focus the author discussed the things, the main focus is generally on
to an inclusive focus on expanding the biogeographic the solution only instead of explaining drawback and issues. So,
range so that natural adjustments to climate change can b indicates some positive solution to mitigate the effect of
proceed without being restrictive. climate change and hence can be the answer. So, you may take
the chance.
What is the most important message conveyed by the
passage? (2014)
(a) Endemism is a characteristic feature of Himalayan
region.
(b) Conservation efforts should emphasize on
biogeographic ranges rather than on some species
or habitats.
(c) Climate change has adverse impact on the
Himalayan ecosystem.
(d) Without Himalayan ecosystem, the life of the
communities of uplands and downstream will have
no sustenance.
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7 By 2050, the Earth's population will likely have swelled d The statement that best sums up the above passage is (d) Food
from seven to nine billion people. To fill all those security is increasingly a collective challenge. This option
stomachs - while accounting for shifting consumption captures the essence of the passage, which discusses the
patterns, climate change, and a finite amount of arable multifaceted challenges to increasing food production to meet
land and potable water - some experts say food the demands of a growing population, considering various
production will have to double. How can we make the factors such as shifting consumption patterns, climate change,
numbers add up? Experts say higher yielding crop and limited resources. The passage suggests solutions that
varieties and more efficient farming methods will be involve both technological advancements and behavioural
crucial. So will waste reduction. Experts urge cities to changes, emphasizing the need for a collective effort from both
reclaim nutrients and water from waste streams and poor and rich countries to ensure food security.
preserve farmland. Poor countries, they say, can improve
crop storage and packaging and rich nations could cut CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
back on resource- intensive foods like meat. cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
See the statements:
Which one of the following statements best sums up (a) The population of the world is growing very fast – general
the above passage? (2015) fact – but it cannot be the sense of the passage. Passages
(a) The population of the world is growing very fast. are generally written to pass on a message and not discuss
(b) Food security is a perennial problem only in facts – so reject it
developing countries. (b) The word only – it is extreme word – extreme words are
(c) The world does not have enough resources to meet generally wrong – reject it
the impending food scarcity. (c) Again the extreme statement – remember Gandhi Quote –
(d) Food security is increasingly a collective challenge. the world has enough for everyone’s need but not for
everyone’s greed – so reject it
(d) A general collective acknowledgement. Today we get
regularly the messages for it – so, it can be the answer.
Moreover, it is making sense – passing on a message that
food security is a collective challenge. So, it makes sense
You may get doubt though in between making a choice
between a and d. At that time, think of – what makes more
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sense of being a message of a passage. It is d. It is alarming

problem

Although, rejecting b and c – will give you chance of doing 50-

50 correct as (a) and (d) are the rest choice. So, it is good to take
a chance.

8 Set against a rural backdrop, '“stench of kerosene' is the d ❖ Option (a) is incorrect: While the story involves Manak's
story of a couple, Guleri and Manak, who have been remarriage, the focus is not on male chauvinism or infidelity
happily married for several years but do not have a child. per se, but on the broader societal and familial pressures
Manak's mother is desperate to have a grandchild to stemming from patriarchal expectations. The issue is not
carry on the family name. Hence, she gets Manak Manak's personal failings or attitudes towards women, but
remarried in Guleri's absence. Manak, who acts as a the cultural norms dictating his actions.
reluctant but passive spectator, is meanwhile, informed ❖ Option (b) is incorrect: Although the story indeed revolves
by a friend that Guleri, on hearing about her husband's around a profound betrayal and its impact on love, this
second marriage, poured kerosene on her clothes and theme is a consequence of the deeper issue at hand - the
set fire to them. Manak is heartbroken and begins to live patriarchal structures that precipitate such betrayals. The
as if he were a dead man. When his second wife delivers betrayal is a symptom of the underlying cause: the
a son, manak stares at the child for a long time and blurts patriarchal value system.
out, "Take him away! He stinks of kerosene." ❖ Option (c) is incorrect: The story does highlight a scenario
where a woman suffers due to societal norms, but it doesn't
This is a sensitive issue-based story which tries to explicitly address the issue of legal protections or their
sensitise the readers about (2015) absence. The focus is more on the cultural and familial
(a) Male chauvinism and infidelity dynamics than on legal frameworks or their inadequacies.
(b) Love and betrayal ❖ Option (d) is correct: It showcases the tragic outcomes of
(c) Lack of legal safeguards for women decisions driven by patriarchal values, such as the
(d) Influence of patriarchal mindset prioritization of male heirs and the disempowerment of
individuals within a marriage. Manak's mother's insistence
on a grandson, her decision to arrange a second marriage
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for Manak, and Manak's passive acceptance reflect how

patriarchal norms override personal desires and
relationships. Guleri's drastic response and Manak's
subsequent regret underscore the emotional and physical
toll of adhering to these societal expectations. Thus, the
story critiques the deep-seated patriarchal attitudes that
shape and, ultimately, harm lives.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Read the options. Which option seems to be broader amongst

all a and c can be seen as a consequence of patriarchal mindset.
So, you have to choose between b and d.
Now, think like a UPSC professor, you would be more inclined to
discuss the patriarchal mindset instead of love and betrayal.
Who gives a shit about love and betrayal in UPSC.

9 Vast numbers of Indian citizens without bank accounts d The most logical, rational, and crucial message that is implied in
live in rural areas, are financially and functionally the passage is (d) It is essential to provide financial literacy to
illiterate, and have little experience with technology. A the rural poor. The passage highlights challenges faced by rural
research study was conducted in a particular area in populations in transitioning from a paper-based system to
which electronic wage payments in Mahatma Gandhi electronic wage payments, including their reliance on village
National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme leaders to mediate the process and a significant portion still
(MGNREGS) are meant to go directly to the poor. It was receiving payments in cash despite having bank accounts. This
observed that recipients often assume that the village underscores the importance of financial literacy among the
leader needs to mediate the process, as was the case rural poor to ensure they can effectively engage with and
under the previous paper-based system. Among benefit from electronic payment systems intended to directly
households under this research study area who claimed reach them.
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to have at least one bank account, over a third reported CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
still receiving MGNREGS wages in cash directly from a cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
village leader.
In this question options, apply your GS knowledge:
What is the most logical, rational and crucial message (a) This statement is extreme and exclusive. MGNREGA talks
that is implied in the above passage? (2015) about inclusivity. So, this statement runs counter/against
(a) MGNREGS should be extended only to those who the basics of MGNREGA. So, reject it.
have a bank account. (b) If paper based system are more efficient, why we talk
(b) The paper-based system of payments is more about digital/electronic payment. Definitely, electronic is
efficient than electronic payment in the present more efficient. So, reject it
scenario. (c) One of the goal of e-wage is eliminate middle men. So,
(c) The goal of electronic wage payments was not to reject the statement. You know this by logic and your gs
eliminate mediation by village leaders. knowledge.
(d) It is essential to provide financial literacy to the rural (d) It is definitely the need of the hour to provide the financial
poor. literacy. Though, this essential word might confuse you –
but then, this is the best option available amongst all the
options and a progressive statement too.
So, if you have to take a bet, take a bet on d.

10 We generally talk about democracy but when it comes b ❖ Option(a) is incorrect: - While the passage acknowledges
to any particular thing, we prefer a belonging to our the presence of various castes, communities, and religions,
caste or community or religion. So long as we have this this statement does not capture the main argument or
kind of temptation, our democracy will remain a phoney critique presented by the author about how these
kind of democracy. We must be in a position to respect distinctions impact the functioning of democracy.
a man as a man and to extend opportunities for ❖ Option(b) is correct: - This option aligns closely with the
development to those who deserve them and not to main message of the passage. The author critiques the
those who happen to belong to our community or race. existing system of favouritism based on community, caste,
This fact of favoritism has been responsible for much or religion, suggesting that true democracy requires the
discontent and ill-will in our country.
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respect of individuals as such and the provision of

Which one of the following statements best sums up opportunities based on merit rather than community ties.
the above passage? (2015) ❖ Option(c) is incorrect: - This option might imply a general
(a) Our country has a lot of diversity with its many misunderstanding of democracy, but the passage specifically
castes, communities and religions. focuses on the discrepancy between the ideal of democracy
(b) True democracy could be established by providing and the reality as influenced by community bias. It doesn’t
equal opportunities to all. claim a universal lack of understanding.
(c) So far none of us have actually understood the ❖ Option(d) is incorrect: - This statement is overly pessimistic
meaning of democracy. and definitive compared to the tone of the passage. The
(d) It will never be possible for us to establish truly passage suggests that while current practices are
democratic governance in our country. problematic, there is an implied potential for improvement
if biases based on community and caste can be overcome.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(a) It is generally a true statement – reserve it
(b) It is also a true statement as per our understand of polity –
you may also take a chance on it too
(c) This is wrong – atleast, there will be some who would
understand the true nature of democracy e.g. B R
Ambedkar – so, reject it
(d) It is extremely pessimistic – UPSC is a positive looking body.
So, reject it.

Thus, if you have to make a choice, make a choice between a

and b. You will have 50 percent chance of marking correct
instead of just 25 percent.

11 The existence/establishment of formal financial d ❖ Option(a) is incorrect - Although the passage mentions the
institutions that offer safe, reliable and alternative importance of access to safe and reliable financial
financial instruments is fundamental in mobilizing institutions like banks, it does not specifically call for the
savings. To save, individuals need access to safe and establishment of more banks as the primary solution.
reliable financial institutions, such as banks, and to ❖ Option(b) is incorrect - The passage does not mention GDP
appropriate financial instruments and reasonable growth rate at all. Therefore, this option is not relevant to
financial incentives. Such access is not always available the passage’s content.
to all people in developing countries like India and more ❖ Option(c) is incorrect - While discussing financial incentives
so, in rural areas. Savings help poor households manage could be inferred as related to interest rates, the passage
volatility in cash flow, smoothen consumption, and build does not specifically focus on interest rates as a measure to
working capital. Poor households without access to a mobilize savings or promote financial stability for poor
formal savings mechanism encourage immediate households.
spending temptations. ❖ Option(d) is correct. - This aligns closely with the entire
narrative of the passage. It discusses the fundamental role
What is the crucial message conveyed in the passage? of financial institutions in mobilizing savings, particularly
(2015) noting the challenges faced by people in rural areas and
(a) Establish more banks. developing countries like India due to lack of access to
(b) Increase the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth appropriate financial services. Promoting financial inclusion
rate encompasses providing access to financial institutions,
(c) Increase the interest rate of bank deposits instruments, and incentives, which directly addresses the
(d) Promote financial inclusion concerns raised in the passage.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Just read the options.
Of all the options, the most inclusive option seems – promote
financial inclusion which is d.

(a) Establish more banks – is not a solution – rather – access

to bank is the solution of generally – this can be digital too
where a single bank can offer solutions – so, reject it
(b) Increase the GDP Growth rate – it is good - not that much
good to be a answer of crucial message.
(c) Increase the interest rate of bank deposits – it is generally
not seen as a very progressive solution. Public is generally
encouraged to spend more money
(d) This seems to be most appropriate as it is broader and sync
with the VISION of DEVELOPED INDIA.

So, if I have to take a bet, I would bet of D.

12 No Right is absolute, exclusive or inviolable. The Right of d ❖ Option (a) is incorrect - This option asserts the traditional
personal property, similarly, has to be perceived in the view of property rights but does not address the passage’s
larger context of its assumed legitimacy. The Right of emphasis on balancing these rights with broader societal
personal property should unite the principle of liberty principles like liberty, equality, and cooperation. The passage
with that of equality, and both with the principle of does not mention statutes or scriptures either.
cooperation. ❖ Option (b) is incorrect: The Right of personal property is
therefore violative of economic justice. - This statement is
In the light of the argument in the above passage, overly critical and radical compared to the tone and content
which one of the following statements is the most of the passage. The passage suggests a balanced approach
convincing explanation? (2015) rather than denouncing personal property rights altogether.
(a) The Right of personal property is a Natural Right ❖ Option (c) is incorrect - Although the passage discusses the
duly supported by statutes and scriptures. limitations of the Right of personal property and its need to
(b) Personal property is a theft and an instrument of be integrated with cooperation, it does not explicitly state
exploitation. The Right of personal property is that this right violates distributive justice or negates
therefore violative of economic justice. cooperation outright. It suggests that the right should be
adapted to fit within these broader principles.
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(c) The Right of personal property is violative of ❖ Option (d) is correct - This option aligns well with the
distributive justice and negates the principle of passage. It acknowledges the need for the Right of personal
cooperation. property to be balanced with the rights of others, integrating
(d) The comprehensive idea of economic justice the principles of liberty, equality, and cooperation. It implies
demands that the Right of each person to a reconciliatory and inclusive approach rather than an
acquisition of property has to be reconciled with exclusive or absolutist stance.
that of others.
CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Nearly all the options are making a little sense. But then, there
is a difference. Option d – is a more inclusive, broader and
solution oriented statement. So, if I have to take a bet on, I
would go with d.
The other three statements in a, b, c discuss the thing in general
but says nothing about the balanced approach of things. So, we
would go for d.

13 The conflict between man and State is as old as State a ❖ Option (a) is correct: - This statement directly aligns with the
history. Although attempts have been made for author’s assertion that despite ongoing efforts for centuries,
centuries to bring about a proper adjustment between the adjustment between the competing claims of State and
the competing claims of State and the individual, the the individual remains elusive. The passage emphasizes the
solution seems to be still far off. This is primarily because ongoing nature of this conflict and the challenges in finding
of the dynamic nature of human society where old a solution due to the dynamic nature of human society.
values and ideas constantly yield place to new ones. It is ❖ Option (b) is incorrect: - This interpretation
obvious that if individuals are allowed to have absolute mischaracterizes the passage. The author mentions that
freedom of speech and action, the result would be absolute freedom of speech and action could lead to chaos,
chaos, ruin and anarchy. ruin, and anarchy, but does not specifically link these
outcomes to democratic traditions.
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The author's viewpoint can be best summed up in ❖ Option (c) is incorrect: - The passage mentions that old
which of the following statements? (2015) values and ideas constantly yield place to new ones, which
(a) The conflict between the claims of State and suggests change rather than persistence. This option
individual remains unresolved. contradicts the passage’s statement about the dynamic and
(b) Anarchy and chaos are the obvious results of evolving nature of human society.
democratic traditions. ❖ Option (d) is incorrect: - The passage does not specifically
(c) Old values, ideas and traditions persist despite the address constitutional guarantees nor does it make a broad
dynamic nature of human society. statement about the interest of society regarding freedom
(d) Constitutional guarantee of freedom of speech is of speech. It only suggests potential negative outcomes if
not in the interest of society. individuals are allowed absolute freedom.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Let us think on options:
(a) It makes sense and is a sad reality. Reserve it
(b) Democratic tradition are supposed to avoid anarchy and
chaos. The given idea is contrary to it. So, reject it
(c) It is also a true statement. Reserve it
(d) If anything is not in the interest of society, constitution
would not accept it. Afterall, constitution is the
amalgamation of the ideas of society only after
deliberations. So, reject it

Now, you have to take a bet in between a and c, which increase

your probability of marking the option as correct to 50 percent.
I could not find any concrete to make a choice between the two.
So, you will have to go blindly in b/w a and c.

14 Accountability or the lack of it, in governance generally, d This is supported by the passage's discussion of the challenges
and civil services, in particular, is a major factor in achieving a balance between internal and external
underlying the deficiencies in governance and public accountability of civil services, the adverse consequences of the
administration. Designing an effective framework for current emphasis on internal accountability, and the
accountability has been a key element of the reform suggestions for special measures to improve accountability,
agenda. A fundamental issue is whether civil services such as reviewing constitutional provisions and creating
should be accountable to the political executive of the effective civil service boards.
day or to society at large. In other words, how should
internal and external accountability be reconciled? CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
Internal accountability is sought to be achieved by cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
internal performance monitoring, official supervision by Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
bodies like the Central Vigilance Commission and aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
Comptroller and Auditor General and judicial review of Statement 1,2 and 3 do not make sense if we see it from a
executive decisions. Articles 311 and 312 of the Indian common sense and general studies perspective hence option D
Constitution provide job security and safeguards to the can be inferred as the answer.
civil services, especially the All-India Services. The (a) Civil services are accountable to the society – that is why –
framers of the Constitution had envisaged that provision they are civil servants. Reject it
of these safeguards would result in a civil service that is (b) It is wrong. They do take up. We have many examples
not totally subservient to the political executive, but will (c) You cannot question the intelligence of the constitutional
have the strength to function in larger public interest. makers. So, reject it
The need to balance internal and external accountability (d) This is a good statement too – accept it.
is thus built into the Constitution. The issue is where to
draw the line. Over the years, the emphasis seems to
have tilted in favour of greater internal accountability of
the civil services to the political leaders of the day who
in turn and expected to be externally accountable to the
society at large through the election process. This system
for seeking accountability to society has not worked out,

and has led to several adverse consequences for

governance.
Some special measures can be considered for improving
accountability in civil services. Provisions of Articles 311
and 312 should be reviewed and laws and regulations
framed to ensure external accountability of civil services.
The proposed Civil Services Bill seeks to address some of
these requirements. The respective roles of professional
civil services and the political executive should be
defined so that professional managerial functions and
management of civil services are depoliticized. For this
purpose, effective statutory civil service boards should
be created at the centre and in the states.
Decentralization and devolution of authority to bring
government and decision making closer to the people
also helps to enhance accountability.

Which one of the following is the essential message

implied by this passage? (2016)
(a) Civil services are not accountable to the society they
are serving
(b) Educated and enlightened persons are not taking up
political leadership
(c) The framers of the Constitution did not envisage the
problems being encountered by the civil services
(d) There is a need and scope for reforms to improve
the accountability of civil services

15 In general, religious traditions stress our duty to God, or c This is evident from the passage's emphasis on the
to some universal ethical principle. Our duties to one correspondence between rights and duties, the importance of
another derive from these. The religious concept of grounding virtue, rights, and duties in a community, and the
rights is primarily derived from our relationship to this necessity for justice to be grounded in a sense of common
divinity or principle and the implication it has on our union. The passage underscores the significance of achieving a
other relationships. This correspondence between rights balance between rights and duties for a just society.
and duties is critical to any further understanding of
justice. But, for justice to be practiced; virtue, rights and CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
duties cannot remain formal abstractions. They must be cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
grounded in a community (common unity) bound As a UPSC students, think of more inclusive statement which
together by a sense of common union (communion). has a balanced approach. If you look at the options, you will find
Even as a personal virtue, this solidarity is essential to that the option c fits in the category as it is talking about the
the practice and understanding of justice. balance between rights and duties. So, mark it as correct
(a) It is a narrow statement – religious traditions do have a role
Which one of the following is the crux of this passage? but has a limited role. Our duties to one another can also
(2016) derive from social norms etc.
(a) Our duties to one another derive from our religious (b) It is a generic statement – but for being a crux – do not
traditions seem a very strong statement – still reserve it
(b) Having relationship to the divine principle is a great (c) Seems appropriate – reserve it
virtue (d) Seems a fact – reserve it
(c) Balance between rights and duties is crucial to the Now, you have to make a choice amongst b, c and d. B and d are
delivery of justice in a society more of a fact and not a message for the society. When we
(d) Religious concept of rights is primarily derived from discuss crux generally, we are looking for some message to pass
our relationship to God on. For this, c seems to be the most appropriate. So, if I have to
take a chance, I would bet on c.

16 As we look to 2050, when we will need to feed two a ❖ (a) is correct: The passage emphasizes the importance of
billion more people, the question of which diet is best considering the environmental impact of dietary choices,
has taken on new urgency. The foods we chose to eat in particularly the increasing consumption of meat and dairy
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the coming decades will have dramatic ramifications for products. It suggests that diets centered around meat and
the planet. Simply put, a diet that revolves around meat dairy require more resources compared to those based on
and dairy, a way of eating that is on the rise throughout unrefined grains, nuts, fruits, and vegetables. This implies
the developing world, will take a greater toll on the that our preference for animal-based foods is contributing
world’s resources than one that revolves around to greater strain on natural resources.
unrefined grains, nuts, fruits and vegetables. ❖ (b) is incorrect because the passage does not explicitly state
that diets based on nuts, fruits, and vegetables are best
What is the critical message conveyed by the above suited for health in developing countries. While it does
passage? (2016) mention the environmental benefits of such diets, it does
(a) Our increasing demand for foods sourced from not make a direct correlation between these diets and
animals puts a greater burden on our natural health outcomes in developing countries.
resources ❖ (c) is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that
(b) Diets based on nuts, fruits and vegetables are best human beings change their food habits irrespective of
suited for health in developing countries health concerns. It specifically discusses the environmental
(c) Human beings change their food habits from time impact of dietary choices and emphasizes the importance of
to time irrespective of the heath concerns considering the ramifications of our dietary decisions for the
(d) From a global perspective, we still do not know planet.
which type of diet is best for us ❖ (d) is incorrect because the passage does convey a message
about the environmental impact of different dietary choices.
It suggests that diets revolving around meat and dairy put a
greater burden on natural resources compared to those
centered around unrefined grains, nuts, fruits, and
vegetables. Therefore, it implies that there is an
understanding of the environmental implications of
different types of diets.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an

UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
it one by one
1) Seems correct from a general perspective.
2) Very specific. Mentions specific type of diet in developing
countries. How can you say the situation is true only for
developing countries. No logic seems to be supporting it. So,
reject it.
3) This is an Extreme statement since it contains irrespective of
health concern. C’mon – human is selfish – they will always
take care of their health. So, reject it
4) Again not very relevant from general point of view. Further,
if we do not know what type is best for us, why the hell do
we pay the NUTRITIONIST/DOCTORS etc – they are
considered specialist for this. So, reject it.
Hence, correct/best answer can be inferred as Option A.

17 The man who is perpetually hesitating which of the two a ❖ Option (a) is correct because it reflects the key steps
things he will do first, will do neither. The man who described in the passage for achieving success. The passage
resolves, but suffers his resolution to be changed by the emphasizes the importance of wise consultation and firm
first counter-suggestion of a friend – who fluctuates from resolution before taking action, which are crucial for making
opinion to opinion and veers from plan to plan – can effective decisions and following through.
never accomplish anything. He will at best be stationary ❖ Option (b) is incorrect because the passage does not
and probably retrograde in all. It is only the man who first advocate for outright rejection of all advice from friends.
consults wisely, then resolves firmly and then executes Instead, it cautions against allowing one's resolutions to be
his purpose with inflexible perseverance, undismayed by too easily swayed by others, suggesting a balance between
those petty difficulties which daunt a weaker spirit – that being open to advice and maintaining one's own determined
can advance to eminence in any line. path.

The keynote that seems to be emerging from the ❖ Option (c) is incorrect because the passage focuses
passage is that (2017) specifically on the qualities of decisiveness, firmness in
(a) we should first consult wisely and then resolve resolutions, and perseverance, rather than on being broad-
firmly. minded. The passage does not discuss openness or broad-
(b) we should reject suggestions of friends and remain mindedness as a theme.
unchanged. ❖ Option (d) is incorrect as the passage does not talk about
(c) we should always remain broad-minded. achievement orientation as a necessity rather option (a) is
(d) we should be resolute and achievement- oriented. mentioned explicitly in the passage.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC

aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it
❖ Option a – makes sense – reserve it for time being.
❖ Option b – what a non-sense statement – if the advice
is good – should you not listen to it – just think – on this
logic, reject it
❖ Option c – Being broadminded is good – but always –
c’mon. Sometimes, in exceptional situation, it is better
to be narrowly focussed. Extreme statements are
generally wrong. On the basis of this logic, reject it
❖ Option d – it is good option. You should be resolute and
achievement oriented. Reserve it for time being.

Now, we have rejected b and c.

We have to compare a and d that which is a better statement
In option d – being resolute is good but being achievement
oriented – what about human values – what about those who
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could not achieve anything – are they bad people. So, there is
little element of controversy in it – if you delve deeper.
Further, a is better option than d and in fact broader too for
development of personality. So, I would bet on a rather than d.

18 During the summer in the Arctic Ocean, sea ice has been d ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because the passage does not discuss
melting earlier and faster, and the winter freeze has been the duration of Arctic summer or specific temperature
coming later. In the last three decades, the extent of changes, but rather focuses on the impacts of changing sea
summer ice has declined by about 30 per cent. The ice patterns on the Arctic ecosystem.
lengthening period of summer melt threatens to ❖ Option (b) is incorrect because there is no mention or
undermine the whole Arctic food web, atop which stand suggestion in the passage about relocating polar bears to the
polar bears. South Pole as a solution for their survival. This option
introduces an unrelated and impractical solution not
Which among the following is the most crucial message discussed in the text.
conveyed by the above passage? (2017) ❖ Option (c) is incorrect because the passage does not claim
(a) Climate change has caused Arctic summer to be that the entire Arctic food chain will disappear without polar
short but temperature to be high. bears. Instead, it emphasizes that the changing ice
(b) Polar bears can be shifted to South Pole to ensure conditions threaten the stability of the Arctic food web,
their survival. which includes but is not exclusively dependent on polar
(c) Without the presence of polar bears, the food bears.
chains in Arctic region will disappear. ❖ Option (d) is correct because it directly captures the essence
(d) Climate change poses a threat to the survival of of the passage's concern. The passage clearly states that the
polar bears. lengthening period of summer melt, resulting from climate
change, threatens the Arctic food web, which impacts polar
bears standing atop this food chain. Thus, it highlights the
threat climate change poses to the survival of polar bears.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
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Remember the fundamentals. In the given options, the more

general, inclusive statements are correct.

Let us discuss it point by point:

(a) Generally, we associate the climate change to increase the
temperature. Obviously, longer summer and shorter
winter. So, the statement itself is contradictory. Reject it.
(b) If climate change is issue, then shifting will hardly make
difference. Working on core issue will. Reject it
(c) This is extreme statement. Though the absence of polar
bear might affect some species but not all. Remember, it is
not the food chain but the food web which plays the
primary role in the ecosystem. Reject it
(d) This is the general and logical statement. Accept it.

19 Why do people prefer open defecation and not want b ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because the passage does not imply
toilets or, if they have them, only use them sometimes. that ideas of purity and pollution are permanently fixed and
Recent research has shown two critical elements: ideas cannot be changed. Instead, it points out that these ideas
of purity and pollution, and not wanting pits or septic are critical factors in the preference for open defecation,
tanks to fill because they have to be emptied. These are suggesting a need for addressing these perceptions.
the issues that nobody wants to talk about, but if we ❖ Option (b) is correct because it directly addresses the core
want to eradicate the practice of open defecation, they issues mentioned in the passage. The passage highlights that
have to be confronted and dealt properly. misconceptions or culturally ingrained ideas about purity
and pollution related to toilet use and the maintenance of
Which among the following is the most crucial message pits or septic tanks are key barriers. The message
conveyed by the above passage? (2017) emphasizes that altering these perceptions is necessary to
(a) The ideas of purity and pollution are so deep-rooted encourage the use of toilets and proper sanitation practices.
that they cannot be removed from the minds of the ❖ Option (c) is incorrect because the passage doesn't assert
people. that people cannot change their habits; rather, it suggests
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(b) People have to perceive toilet use and pit- emptying that there are specific cultural or practical concerns that
as clean and not polluting. discourage toilet use, which need to be confronted and
(c) People cannot change their old habits. managed.
(d) People have neither civic sense nor sense of privacy. ❖ Option (d) is incorrect and unnecessarily harsh as the
passage does not comment on the general civic sense or
privacy awareness of the people. It focuses specifically on
cultural ideas and practical concerns regarding sanitation
facilities.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
❖ Option a) – extreme statement and contradicts the
chance of improvement. Reject it
❖ Option b) makes sense. Reserve it for the time being
❖ Option c) cannot – c’mon, then why you have the
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. People can change if they are
socially persuaded. So, reject it
❖ Option d) Extreme and absurd statement. Reject it

So, b becomes our answer.

20 The very first lesson that should be taught to us when we a ❖ Option A is correct because the passage emphasizes that it
are old enough to understand it is that complete is unnatural and should be illegal to be completely free from
freedom from the obligation to work is unnatural, and the obligation to work. It argues that everyone must
ought to be illegal, as we can escape our share of the contribute to avoid placing the burden on others and that
burden of work only by throwing it on someone else’s work is essential for the survival of the human race.
shoulders. Nature ordains that the human race shall
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perish of famine if it stops working. We cannot escape ❖ Option B is incorrect because, while the passage does
from this tyranny. The question we have to settle is how mention the need to determine how much leisure we can
much leisure we can afford to allow ourselves. afford, the primary focus is on the necessity of work, not on
balancing work and leisure.
The main idea of the passage is that (2017) ❖ Option C is incorrect because the passage does not primarily
(a) It is essential for human beings to work. present work as a tyranny; instead, it emphasizes the
(b) there should be a balance between work and essential nature of work and the consequences of avoiding
leisure. it.
(c) working is a tyranny which we have to face. ❖ Option D is incorrect because, although understanding the
(d) human’s understanding of the nature of work is nature of work is discussed, the main idea of the passage is
essential. more about the necessity of work itself rather than the
understanding of it.

21 A successful democracy depends upon widespread a ❖ Option (a) duty to vote is correct because the passage
interest and participation in politics, in which voting is an focuses on the obligation or duty of individuals to participate
essential part. To deliberately refrain from taking such an in the democratic process through voting. It points out that
interest, and from voting, is a kind of implied anarchy; it refraining from voting is neglecting one's political
is to refuse one’s political responsibility while enjoying responsibility.
the benefits of a free political society. ❖ Option (b) right to vote is incorrect because although voting
is indeed a right, the passage is emphasizing the
This passage relates to (2017) responsibility to use that right, not just its existence.
(a) duty to vote. ❖ Option (c) freedom to vote is also incorrect because, like
(b) right to vote. option (b), it emphasizes the ability or liberty to vote
(c) freedom to vote. without highlighting the responsibility to exercise this
(d) right to participate in politics. freedom, which is the core message of the passage.
❖ Option (d) right to participate in politics is broader and
encompasses more than voting; it includes other forms of
political engagement. While this is not incorrect, it doesn't

precisely capture the focused message on voting as a duty

highlighted in the passage.

22 In a free country, the man who reaches the position of d ❖ Option (a) a leader foresees his future position is incorrect
leader is usually one of outstanding character and ability. because the passage does not suggest that leaders in free
Moreover, it is usually possible to foresee that he will countries predict their own rise to power. It only mentions
reach such a position, since early in life one can see his that their potential can often be seen by others early in life.
qualities of character. But this is not always true in the ❖ Option (b) a leader is chosen only by a free country is
case of a dictator; often he reaches his position of power incorrect as the passage does not state that only free
through chance, very often through the unhappy state of countries choose leaders. It simply describes a general
his country. tendency of how leaders come to power in free countries
versus dictatorships.
The passage seems to suggest that (2017) ❖ Option (c) a leader must see that his country is free from
(a) a leader foresees his future position. despair is incorrect because the passage does not suggest
(b) a leader is chosen only by a free country. that leaders must actively ensure their countries are free
(c) a leader must see that his country is free from despair. from despair as part of their qualifications or duties.
(d) despair in a country sometimes leads to dictatorship. ❖ Option (d) despair in a country sometimes leads to
dictatorship is correct. The passage directly mentions that
dictators often reach their position of power "very often
through the unhappy state of his country," which indicates
that national despair or crisis conditions sometimes
facilitate the rise of dictatorial leadership.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Read the options like a learned person.

(a) This is a general statement. Accept it for the time being
(b) Only word – extreme word – reject it
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(c) Yes, leader should do this. Accept it.

(d) This is also a general statement. Accept it

Now, we have rejected b, and we have to make a choice

amongst a, c and d.
Let us compare a and c. Amongst a and c, a is individualistic
(leader seeing his future position – now we want that a leader
should foresee the future of country/community and not his
own position). So, c becomes a better option than a where a
leader is asked to take care of his country.

Now, you have to make a choice between c and d. Choose

which is a broader statement.
C – it is correct and accounts for the responsibility of the leader.
d- this is more general statement. It foresees the future of the
country by passing on an indirect message that despair may
lead to dictatorship. So, there should not be despair. So, choose
d over c which is the right answer.

23 Disruption of traditional institutions, identifications and a ❖ Option A is correct: This choice accurately reflects the
loyalties is likely to lead to ambivalent situations. It is passage's message. It highlights that political development
possible that some people may renew their involves complex changes including both the emergence of
identification with traditional groups whereas others new groups and the persistence or decay of traditional
align themselves with new groups and symbols loyalties. The term "unilinear" underscores that this
emergent from processes of political development. In development does not follow a simple, straightforward path
addition, political development tends to foster group but involves multiple, often contradictory, processes.
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awareness of a variety of class, tribe, region, clan, ❖ Option B is incorrect: This statement is not supported by the
language, religion, occupation and others. passage. The passage does not specifically evaluate the
success of traditional societies in resisting political
Which one of the following is the best explanation of development, nor does it label aspects of political
the above passage? (2017) development as inherently positive.
(a) Political development is not a unilinear process for ❖ Option C is incorrect: This choice contradicts the
it involves both growth and decay. information in the passage, which states that while some
(b) Traditional societies succeed in resisting positive may renew their identification with traditional groups,
aspects of political development. others align themselves with new groups. This implies that
(c) It is impossible for traditional societies to break breaking away from old loyalties is indeed possible for some
away from lingering loyalties. individuals.
(d) Sustenance of traditional loyalties is conducive to ❖ Option D is incorrect: This option misrepresents the
political development. passage's content. The passage does not make a causal link
suggesting that the sustenance of traditional loyalties
necessarily aids or promotes political development.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Read the options with an open mind.

(a) This statement makes sense. we know there is growth and
decay with any type of development. So, reserve it for the
time being.
(b) Why traditional societies want to resist the positive
aspect? Moreover, if you resist the positive aspects, the
statement itself becomes negative. So, reject it
(c) Impossible word – extreme word. The statement itself is a
negative statement. Reject it

(d) Traditional loyalties are often seen as non- conductive to

political development. We want people to be broad
minded to take decision. So, reject it.
Hence, the option we should bet on is a which is the correct
answer.

24 We live in digital times. The digital is not just something b ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because the passage does not suggest
we use strategically and specifically to do a few tasks. that all problems of governance can be solved by digital
Our very perception of who we are, how we connect to technologies; it mainly discusses how digital technologies
the world around us, and the ways in which we define influence our perceptions and societal structures.
our domains of life, labour and language are hugely ❖ Option (b) is correct because it accurately reflects the
structured by the digital technologies. The digital is central message of the passage. The passage emphasizes
everywhere and, like air, invisible. We live within digital that digital technologies are deeply integrated into our lives
systems, we live with intimate gadgets, we interact and affect how we perceive ourselves and interact with the
through digital media, and the very presence and world, thus indicating that discussing digital technologies is
imagination of the digital has dramatically restructured essentially discussing our entire mode of living.
our lives. The digital, far from being a tool, is a condition ❖ Option (c) is incorrect because the passage does not claim
and context that defines the shapes and boundaries of that our creativity and imagination cannot exist without
our understanding of the self, the society, and the digital media. It simply points out how digital media
structure of governance. influence our lives, without making it an exclusive medium
for creativity and imagination.
Which among the following is the most logical and ❖ Option (d) is incorrect because the passage does not assert
essential message conveyed by the above passage? that the use of digital systems is imperative for the survival
(2017) of mankind in the future. It describes how digital
(a) All problems of governance can be solved by using technologies are currently embedded in our lives, not that
digital technologies. they are necessary for future existence.
(b) Speaking of digital technologies is speaking of our
life and living. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
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(c) Our creativity and imagination cannot be expressed

without digital media. Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
(d) Use of digital systems is imperative for the existence aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
of mankind in future. ❖ Option a – it is possible that you solve all problems of
governance by using digital technologies. Just think.
Reject it straightaway. It is also an extreme statement.
❖ Option b – this statement makes sense. Reserve it for
the time being
❖ Option c – this is also an extreme statement. While we
can express our creativity through the digital media,
they are not the only media. There are other means too.
So, reject it
❖ Option d – this is wrong. As per this statement, without
digital systems, existence of mankind would be at stake.
This is gross exaggeration of the utility of digital system.
So, reject it.

25 It is no longer enough for us to talk about providing for c ❖ Option A is incorrect because while the passage implicitly
universal access to education. Making available supports the idea of education as a fundamental right, this
schooling facilities is an essential pre-requisite, but is is not the central message conveyed.
insufficient to ensure that all children attend school and ❖ Option B is incorrect because, although enabling children
participate in the learning process. The school may be from poor and weaker sections to attend school is
there, but children may not attend or they may drop out mentioned, it is not the primary focus of the message.
after a few months. Through school and social mapping, ❖ Option C is correct because the passage emphasizes that the
we must address the entire gamut of social, economic, Right to Free and Compulsory Education should go beyond
cultural and indeed linguistic and pedagogic issues,
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factors that prevent children from weaker sections and mere access to schools to include quality education for all.
disadvantaged groups, as also girls, from regularly This is highlighted as a core theme throughout the text.
attending and complementing elementary education. ❖ Option D is incorrect because, although ensuring children
The focus must be on the poorest and most vulnerable attend schools is important, the passage focuses more on
since these groups are the most disempowered and at the quality and inclusiveness of the education provided than
the greatest risk of violation or denial of their right to simply on attendance.
education. The right to education goes beyond free and
compulsory education to include quality education for CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
all. Quality is an integral part of the right to education. If cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
the education process lacks quality, children are being
denied their right. The Right of Children to Free and Just read the question without reading the passage. As an
Compulsory Education Act lays down that the curriculum UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
should provide for learning through activities, it –
exploration and discovery. This places an obligation on
us to change our perception of children as passive See the options from a open mind. In which option, most
receivers of knowledge and to move beyond the sensible and logical message is given.
convention of using textbooks as the basis of ❖ Option a – it is a fact and not a message. Reject it
examinations. The teaching-learning process must ❖ Option b – it is also a fact and not a message. Reject it
become stress-free and a massive programme for ❖ Option c - it is a message and a good message too.
curricular reform should be initiated to provide for a Accept it for the time being.
child-friendly learning system, that is more relevant and ❖ Option d – It is also a message. Reserve it for the time
empowering. Teacher accountability systems and being.
processes must ensure that children are learning and Now, we have to make a choice amongst 3 and 4 since option 1
that their right to learn in a child- friendly environment and option 2 are rejected.
is not violated. Testing and assessment systems must be Which option as per you is making more sense.
re-examined and redesigned to ensure that these do not Option c is suggestive and more inclusive. Option d will
force children to struggle between school and tuition automatically be considered as one of the ways to provide
centres, and bypass childhood. quality education by promoting attendance. Hence, option c is

What is the essential message in this passage? (2018) more inclusive, broader and logical option to choose from c and
(a) The Right to Education now is a Fundamental Right d. Hence, we can bet on option c.
(b) The Right to Education enables the children of poor
and weaker sections of the society to attend
schools
(c) The Right to Free and Compulsory Education
should include quality education for all
(d) The government as well as parents should ensure
that all children attend schools

26 Some people believe that leadership is a quality which b ❖ Option A is incorrect because the passage does not suggest
you have at birth or not at all. This theory is false, for the that leadership can only be taught through war experiences.
art of leadership can be acquired and can indeed be It uses war as an example where leadership skills are
taught. This discovery is made in time of war and the discovered and developed, not as the sole method.
results achieved can surprise even the instructors. Faced ❖ Option B is correct because the passage explicitly states that
with the alternatives of going left or right, every soldier leadership is not solely an innate quality but can be both
soon grasps that a prompt decision either way is better acquired and taught, reflecting the view that leadership
than an endless discussion. A firm choice of direction has skills can be learned.
an even chance of being right while to do nothing will be ❖ Option C is incorrect because while the passage does
almost certainly wrong. indicate that the results can surprise instructors, it does not
focus on the number of people who acquire leadership skills,
The author of the passage holds the view that (2018) making this interpretation more expansive than what is
(a) leadership can be taught through war experience stated.
only ❖ Option D is incorrect because the passage implies that
(b) leadership can be acquired as well as taught leadership skills can be successfully taught and learned,
(c) the results of training show that more people opposing the idea that few leaders are produced despite
acquire leadership than are expected rigorous instruction.
(d) despite rigorous instruction, very few leaders are
produced
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CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC

aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
1) 1-Option A can be inferred as incorrect since it
contains the word ‘only’
2) Option C and D are counter intuitive statements if we
analyse it from general studies perspective. Therefore
we can mark Option B as correct.

27 Being a member of the WTO. India is bound by the c ❖ Option A is incorrect because the passage does not directly
agreements that have been signed and ratified by its suggest that India should revise its PDS, but rather outlines
members, including itself. According to Article-6 of the the conflict between India's domestic food policies and its
Agriculture Agreement, providing minimum support international trade commitments.
prices for agricultural products is considered distorting ❖ Option B is incorrect because the passage does not discuss
and is subject to limits. The subsidy arising from ‘minimal or imply that India should reconsider its WTO membership.
supports’ cannot exceed 10% of the value of agricultural The focus is on the specific issue related to agriculture
production for developing countries. PDS in India entails subsidies, not on the overall membership.
minimum support prices and public stockholding of food ❖ Option C is correct because it accurately reflects the central
grains. It is possible that, in some years, the subsidy to conflict described in the passage: the tension between
producers will exceed 10% of the value of agricultural maintaining food security through India’s PDS and adhering
production. to WTO regulations that limit agricultural subsidies.
❖ Option D is incorrect because, although it states a fact about
What is the crucial message conveyed by the above India providing food security to its poor, it does not capture
passage? (2018) the primary conflict or message of the passage regarding the
(a) India should revise its PDS clash between these domestic policies and international
(b) India should not be a member of WTO trade commitments.
(c) For India, food security collides with trade
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(d) India provides food security to its poor CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an

UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
it
(a) It is a general fact based statement. Reserve it for the time
being
(b) This should not be an option. To be the change, you will
have to be the part of that change. Today, multilateralism
is being promoted through international institutions such
as UN and WTO of which India must be a part. So, reject it
(c) This is true and is known to those who know the issue of
subsidy with WTO. So, reserve it
(d) This is also true and a fact based statement. Reserve it.

Now, b is wrong and we have to make a choice between a, c and

d. Which one would you choose. See the statement – the
statement should give a message. A can be true as a message.
C is also true as a message. But d is not a message. It is a general
statement. So, reject d.
Now, here, you will have to choose between a and c. in 50
percent of the cases, you will mark correct answer.

28 Monoculture carries great risks. A single disease or pest a ❖ Option A is correct because it logically follows from the
can wipe our swathes of the world’s food production, an passage's concern about the vulnerabilities of monoculture,
alarming prospect given that its growing and wealthier such as susceptibility to pests, diseases, and climatic
population will eat 70% more by 2050. The risks are changes. Preserving crop genetic diversity can provide the
magnified by the changing climate. As the planet warms needed resilience against these threats, acting as an
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and monsoon rains intensify, farmlands in Asia will flood. insurance policy against the effects of climate change and
North America will suffer more intense droughts and other challenges described in the passage.
crop diseases will spread to new latitudes. ❖ Option B is incorrect because the passage outlines the risks
associated with monoculture, suggesting that relying solely
Which of the following is the most logical, rational and on it is problematic rather than being a solution for food
crucial message given by the passage? (2018) security.
(a) Preserving crop genetic diversity is an insurance ❖ Option C is incorrect because although genetically modified
against the effects of climate change crops could play a role in addressing food shortages, the
(b) Despite great risks, monoculture is the only way to passage does not specifically suggest that this is the only or
ensure food security in the world primary solution.
(c) More and more genetically modified crops only can ❖ Option D is incorrect because, while it mentions specific
save the world from impending shortages of food effects on Asia and North America, the passage does not
(d) Asia and North America will be worst sufferers from claim these regions will be the worst sufferers, nor does it
climate change and the consequent shortage of food. focus on them exclusively concerning food shortages.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an

UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
it –
1) 1-Option B and C contains the word ‘only’ hence can be
eliminated.
2) Option D can be taken as incorrect since it contains only
Asia and North America.
Hence Option A is the correct answer.

29 The quest for cheap and plentiful meat has resulted in d ❖ Option A is incorrect because the passage criticizes the
factory farms where more and more animals are methods of mass meat production for their cruelty and
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squeezed into smaller lots in cruel and shocking inefficiency in resource use (specifically water), rather than
conditions. Such practices have resulted in many of the endorsing it as a viable option for providing nutrition.
world’s health pandemics such as the avian flu. ❖ Option B is incorrect because, while the passage describes
Worldwide, livestock are increasingly raised in cruel, conditions that might be considered cruel, it does not
cramped conditions, where animals spend their short explicitly state that these practices violate specific laws
lives under artificial light, pumped full of antibiotics and against cruelty to animals.
growth hormones, until: the day they are slaughtered. ❖ Option C is incorrect because, although the passage is
Meat production is water-intensive. 15,000 L of water is critical of mass meat production methods, it does not
needed for every kilogram of meat compared with 3400 explicitly call for an immediate cessation of all industrial
L for rice, 3300 L for eggs and 255 L for a kilogram of farming practices. It focuses more on highlighting the
potatoes problems associated with these practices rather than
prescribing a specific and abrupt solution.
What is the most rational and crucial message given by ❖ Option D is correct because the passage emphasizes the
the passage? (2018) significant environmental costs associated with industrial
(a) Mass production of meat through industrial farming meat production, including its highwater usage compared to
is cheap and is suitable for providing protein nutrition other food sources. The provided data starkly illustrates the
to poor countries unsustainable nature of meat production when conducted
(b) Meat-producing industry violates the laws against through industrial farming methods.
cruelty to animals
(c) Mass production of meat through industrial farming
is undesirable and should be stopped immediately
(d) Environmental cost of meat production is
unsustainable when it is produced through industrial
farming

30 A male tiger was removed from Pench Tiger Reserve and b ❖ Option A is incorrect because the passage does not suggest
was relocated in Panna National Park. Later this tiger that conflict between humans and wildlife cannot be
trekked toward his home 250 miles away. The trek of this resolved; rather, it highlights the need for specific
solitary tiger highlights a crisis. Many wildlife reserves conservation measures to mitigate such conflicts.
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exist as islands of fragile habitat in a vast sea of ❖ Option B is correct because it addresses the key message of
humanity, yet tigers can range over a hundred miles, the passage, which emphasizes the importance of
seeking prey, mates and territory. Nearly a third of India’s establishing safe wildlife corridors between protected areas.
tigers live outside tiger reserves, a situation that is These corridors are crucial for the movement of wildlife,
dangerous for both human and animal. Prey and tigers including tigers, and are essential for their survival and
can only disperse if there are recognized corridors of genetic diversity.
land between protected areas to allow unmolested ❖ Option C is incorrect because while the passage
passage. acknowledges the importance of tiger reserves, it does not
explicitly call for the creation of more reserves as the
Which of the following is the most rational and crucial primary solution to the highlighted issue.
message given by the passage? (2018) ❖ Option D is incorrect because although professional
(a) The conflict between man and wildlife cannot be management of national parks and reserves may be
resolved, no matter what efforts we make important, it is not the central focus of the passage, which
(b) Safe wildlife corridors between protected areas is an primarily emphasizes the need for wildlife corridors.
essential aspect of conservation efforts
(c) India needs to declare more protected areas and set- CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
up more Tiger reserves cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(d) India’s National Parks and Tiger Reserves need to be
professionally managed Just read the question without reading the passage. As an
UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
it
❖ Option a – cannot be resolved. This makes it an extreme
statement. So, reject it
❖ Option b – makes sense. Reserve it
❖ Option c – such declaration are unwarranted. It must be
based on the need of the place. So, reject it
❖ Option d – it is suggestive and logical. So, reserve it.

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So, we have now to make a choice between b and d. What do

you think. Which is more logical and broader statement. Clearly
it is option b. Hence, option b is the right answer.

31 The rural poor across the world, including India have c ❖ Statement 1 is correct because the passage implies that
contributed little to human- induced climate change, yet there is a potential problem of food insecurity in India. It
they are on the frontline in coping with its effects. mentions the vulnerability of small-holder farmers to
Farmers can no longer rely on historical averages for climate change, which could lead to disruptions in food
rainfall and temperature and the more frequent and production and pose a risk to food security in India.
extreme weather events such as droughts and floods can ❖ Statement 2 is correct because the passage discusses the
spell disaster. And there are new threats, such as sea increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events
level rise and the impact of melting glaciers on water like droughts and floods, indicating the need for India to
supply. How significant are small farms? As many as two strengthen its disaster management capabilities to cope
billion people worldwide depend on them for their food with these challenges.
and livelihood. Small -holder farmers in India produce 41
per cent of the country's food grains and other food CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
items that contribute to local and national food security. cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

The above passage implies that (2019) Let's break down the options based on logical reasoning and
1. There is a potential problem of food insecurity in India. common sense, even without the passage:
2. India will have to strengthen its disaster management Option 1: There is a potential problem of food insecurity in
capabilities. India.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? ➢ Food insecurity is a common issue that many countries,
(a) Only 1 including India, face due to various factors such as
(b) Only 2 population growth, climate change, economic inequality,
(c) Both 1 and 2 and agricultural challenges. While the passage doesn't
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 provide direct information, it’s reasonable to assume that
food insecurity could be a concern in a country with a large

population and agricultural dependence, especially

considering climate change and other environmental issues.
➢ This is a valid assumption given the context of agriculture,
food supply, and sustainability concerns in India.
Option 2: India will have to strengthen its disaster
management capabilities.
➢ India is vulnerable to natural disasters like floods, droughts,
and cyclones, which affect food production and supply. It is
common sense to expect that disaster management is a key
part of maintaining food security and preventing or
mitigating the effects of natural calamities. Strengthening
disaster management capabilities is a logical requirement
for ensuring the resilience of the food system in the face of
climate-related disasters.
➢ This is also a valid assumption, as it’s reasonable to connect
the need for disaster management with challenges like food
insecurity and environmental issues.
Conclusion (Cheatcode Answer): Both assumptions (1 and 2)
are logical and rational based on common knowledge of India’s
agricultural challenges and disaster vulnerability. Hence, both
assumptions are valid.
Answer: c) Both 1 and 2
32 A majority of the TB infected in India are poor and lack b ❖ Option A is incorrect because the passage does not state
sufficient nutrition, suitable housing and have little that TB is incurable in India; rather, it highlights the
understanding of prevention. TB then devastates socioeconomic factors that exacerbate the disease.
families, makes the poor poorer, particularly affects ❖ Option B is correct because the passage emphasizes that
women and children, and leads to ostracization and loss addressing TB requires more than just medical treatment; it
of employment. The truth is that even if TB does not kill involves improving nutrition, housing, education about
them, hunger and poverty will. Another truth is that prevention, and support systems.
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deep-seated stigma, lack of counselling, expensive ❖ Option C is incorrect because, while the passage mentions
treatment and lack of adequate support from providers issues like expensive treatment and lack of support, it does
and family, coupled with torturous side-effects not specifically address deficiencies in the government's
demotivate patients to continue treatment with surveillance mechanism.
disastrous health consequences. ❖ Option D is incorrect because, although the passage
discusses the impact of poverty on TB, it does not suggest
Which one of the following is the most logical, rational that poverty alleviation alone will make India free from TB.
and crucial message conveyed by the above passage?
(2019) CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
(a) TB is not a curable disease in Indian circumstances. cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(b) Curing TB requires more than diagnosis and medical
treatment. Let's break down the options logically based on common
(c) Government's surveillance mechanism is deficient sense:
and poor people have no access to treatment. Option a) TB is not a curable disease in Indian circumstances.
(d) India will be free from diseases like TB only when its ➢ Tuberculosis (TB) is treatable with antibiotics, but the
poverty alleviation programmes are effectively and challenge in countries like India lies in access to healthcare,
successfully implemented. diagnosis, and treatment adherence. While TB may be
harder to control in some contexts, it is curable with the
right resources and medical care. This statement is not
entirely logical because it ignores the potential for curing TB
with proper intervention.
Option b) Curing TB requires more than diagnosis and medical
treatment.
➢ This statement makes sense, as curing TB often involves not
just the correct diagnosis and medical treatment but also
addressing issues like health infrastructure, patient
compliance, education, and poverty. Social determinants

such as poverty and nutrition also play significant roles in TB

treatment success.
➢ This is a logical and rational message that addresses the
broader issues in TB treatment.
Option c) Government's surveillance mechanism is deficient
and poor people have no access to treatment.
➢ While surveillance mechanisms might be insufficient in
certain areas, the statement that poor people have no
access to treatment is an overgeneralization. Many
government programs exist to help provide treatment for TB
in India, though challenges remain. This message may be
partially true, but it is too absolute.
Option d) India will be free from diseases like TB only when its
poverty alleviation programmes are effectively and
successfully implemented.
➢ While poverty alleviation is important for health outcomes,
it is not the only factor. Health infrastructure, education,
health awareness, and medical access also contribute. This
statement oversimplifies the issue by making poverty
alleviation the only solution.
Conclusion (Cheatcode Answer): The most logical, rational, and
crucial message seems to be Option b, as it captures the
multifaceted nature of curing TB, beyond just diagnosis and
treatment.
Answer: b) Curing TB requires more than diagnosis and
medical treatment.

33 What stands in the way of the widespread and careful a ❖ Option A is correct because the passage emphasizes the
adoption of Genetic Modification (GM) technology is an need for prioritizing genetic modifications that address
' Intellectual property Rights' regime that seeks to create issues like drought and salinity resistance, suggesting that
private monopolies for such technologies. If GM public research institutions should take the lead to set and
technology is largely corporate driven, it seeks to prioritize the technology agenda for GM technology.
maximize profits and that too in the short run. That is ❖ Option B is incorrect because, while the passage criticizes
why, corporations make major investments for herbicide the Intellectual Property Rights regime, it does not advocate
- tolerant and pest -resistant crops such properties have for developing countries to raise the issue in WTO for
only short window, as soon enough, pests and weeds will abolition.
evolve to overcome such resistance. This suits the ❖ Option C is incorrect because the passage does not suggest
corporations. The National Farmers Commission pointed banning private corporations from doing agribusiness in
out that priority most be given in genetic modification to India, but rather critiques their profit-driven approach and
the incorporation of genes that can help imparts emphasizes the need for more beneficial genetic
resistance to drought salinity and other stresses. modifications.
❖ Option D is incorrect because the passage does not state
Which one of the following is the most logical, rational that Indian circumstances do not favor the cultivation of
and crucial message conveyed by the above passage? genetically modified crops. Instead, it highlights the need for
(2019) appropriate genetic modifications to address specific
(a) Public research institutions should take the lead in agricultural challenges.
GM technology and prioritize and the technology
agenda. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
(b) Developing countries should raise this issue in WTO cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
and ensure the abolition of Intellectual property Use your common sense and see which statement makes sense
Rights. ❖ Option (a) – The statement is suggestive and hence can
(c) Private corporations should not allow to do be right. So, reserve it
agribusiness in India, particularly the seed business. ❖ Option (b) – abolition of IPR – illogical – who would
(d) Present Indian Circumstances do not favour the want to abolish IPR – it will discourage innovation. So,
cultivation of genetically modified crops. reject it

❖ Option (c) – illogical. We are already supporting

privatisation. So, reject it
❖ Option (d) – we are already doing cultivation of GM
Mustard. Although the issue is little bit debatable.
So, in the end, since b and c are rejected, we have to make a
best choice amongst a and d.
D is debatable while a is agreed and suggestive. So, I would go
with safer option of a which is the right answer.

34 The interests of working and poor people have d ❖ Option A is incorrect because the passage does not
historically been neglected in the planning of our cities. specifically mention the monopoly of builders or the
Our cities are increasingly intolerant, unsafe and interests of elite groups.
unliveable places for large numbers of citizens and yet ❖ Option B is incorrect because the passage does not argue
we continue to plan via the old ways - the Static against global or smart cities, but rather criticizes the current
Development plan -that draws exclusively from technical planning methods.
expertise, distanced from people's live experiences and ❖ Option C is incorrect because the passage does not
needs, and actively excluding large number of people, advocate planning cities mainly for working-class and poor
places activities and practices that are an integral part of people, but rather highlights the need to consider their
the city. interests.
❖ Option D is correct because the passage criticizes the old
The Passage seems to argue (2019) ways of planning that exclude people's lived experiences
(a) against the monopoly of builders and the interests of and emphasizes the need for inclusive planning that involves
elite groups. people's participation.
(b) Against the need for global and smart cities.
(c) in favour of planning cities mainly for working class CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
and poor people. cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(d) in favour of participation of people groups in
planning. Try to analyse options based on common sense and inclusivity
❖ Option (a) – seems logical
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❖ Option (b) – illogical statement. We need global and

smart cities
❖ Option (c) - it is good that cities should be planned but
mainly for working class and poor people will make it
too specific. So, this will not be an inclusive statement
❖ Option (d) – this is inclusive statement and in general a
democratic process. So, it is also logical.
So, b and c are rejected and we have to make a choice b/w a
and d.

Thus, the most logical and broad inference from a passage

related to urban planning is likely to advocate for participatory
processes and community involvement, as urban planning is
increasingly being framed in terms of inclusivity and social
justice.
So, answer should be (d) - In favor of participation of people
groups in planning.

35 In India, a majority of farmers are marginal and small, c ❖ Option a) is incorrect because while the passage highlights
less educated and possess low adaptive capabilities to the role of government in policy-driven adaptation and
climate change, perhaps because of credit and other mitigation, it does not imply that these responsibilities are
constraints. So, one cannot expect autonomous solely on the government. It emphasizes the importance of
adaptation to climate change. Even if it was possible, it perception and the role of farmers in adaptation.
would not be sufficient to offset losses from climate ❖ Option b) is incorrect because the passage does not
change. To deal with this, adaptation to climate change specifically mention government policies regarding land use
is paramount, alongside a fast mitigation response. patterns. It focuses on the need for adaptation and
Another solution is to have a planned or policy-driven mitigation policies in response to climate change.
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adaptation, which would require the government to ❖ Option c) is correct because the passage stresses that
come up with policy recommendations. Perception is a farmers' perceptions of the risks associated with climate
necessary prerequisite for adaptation. Whether change are crucial for motivating them to adapt their
farmers are adapting agricultural practices to climate agricultural practices. Understanding and perceiving these
change depends on whether they perceive it or not. risks is necessary for effective adaptation.
However, this is not always enough for adaptation. It is ❖ Option d) is incorrect because the passage does not suggest
important how a farmer perceives the risks associated that mitigation is not possible. It underscores the
with climate change. importance of both adaptation and mitigation in response
to climate change and the need for policy-driven adaptation
Which one of the following statements best reflects the efforts.
most logical and rational message conveyed by the
author of the passage? (2023) CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
(a) Adaptation to climate change and mitigation cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
response are basically the responsibilities of the
government. Just read the question without reading the passage. As an
(b) Climate change causes a change in government UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
policies regarding land use patterns in the country. it –See the wording of the question. It Is asking a rational
(c) Risk perceptions of farmers are important for message. So, we should be looking for those statements which
motivating them for taking adaptation decisions. has potential of some suggestions too
(d) Since mitigation is not possible, governments
should come up with policies for quick response to a) The word basically here makes it a narrow statement.
climate change. Without people’s participation and inclusion of private
sector, climate change mitigation will remain a remote
possibility. So, reject it
b) This is a general statement. But it is not making any
suggestion or possibility. It is simply saying – this happens
and then that happens as a result. So, reject it. We are
looking for a message

c) This statement is passing on a message that risk perceptions

of farmers are important for motivating them for taking
adaptation decisions. So, if they have risk perception – they
can take adaptation decision. So, accept it.
d) First part of statement itself is illogical. It is making it
extreme. We will never talk about mitigation if it is not
possible. So, reject it.

Hence, the best option to choose from the given options is c.

36 The emissions humans put into the atmosphere now will c ❖ Option a) is incorrect because while the passage discusses
affect the climate in the middle of the century and the uncertainty and potential costs associated with future
onwards. Technological change, meanwhile, could make emissions, it does not specifically address closing down
a future transition away from fossil fuels cheap or it businesses or paying for pollution.
might not, leaving the world with a terrible choice ❖ Option b) is incorrect because the passage mentions
between sharply reducing emissions at huge cost or technological change as a potential factor but does not
suffering through the effects of unabated warming. suggest it as the only solution to climate change issues.
Businesses that do not hedge against the threat of ❖ Option c) is correct because the passage highlights the risks
uncertain outcomes fail. The world cannot afford such of waiting to address carbon emissions until technology
recklessness on climate change. potentially improves. It emphasizes the need to hedge
against uncertain outcomes now rather than postponing
Which one of the following statements best reflects the action.
crucial message conveyed by the author of the ❖ Option d) is incorrect because while the passage notes the
passage? (2023) uncertainty of future technological change, it does not
(a) Businesses that cause emissions may need to close specifically recommend that new industries should be based
down or pay for pollution in future. solely on renewable energy sources. It focuses more broadly
(b) The only solution is technological development on the need for proactive measures against climate change.
related to the issues of climate change.

(c) Waiting to deal with carbon emissions until CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
technology improves is not a wise strategy. cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(d) Since future technological change is uncertain, new
industries should be based on renewable energy Just read the question without reading the passage. As an
sources. UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
it –
Read the tone of the question. It is saying about a crucial
message. So, we have to choose the best message which is
broader and inclusive.
❖ Option a – This is a normal general thing that can
happen in future. Though, statement itself seems right.
So, reserve it for the time being.
❖ Option b – the word only. It simply oversimplifies the
solution by suggesting that only technological
development can address climate change. So, reject it.
❖ Option c – This is also a good statement and a
suggestive one. Reserve it.
❖ Option d – Can you really say this. Though the world is
moving towards renewable energy sources, there is
much more that need to be done and not all industries
can be based on renewable energy sources. There are
many associated hindrances. So, reject it.

Now, we have to make a choice between a and c. Which one

would you choose. Which is broader and inclusive? In fact,
option a can be seen as a part of solution suggested by option
c.
So, you must choose cover a which is the right answer.

37 Many people are not eating the right food. For some, it b ❖ Option A is incorrect because the passage does not discuss
is simply a decision to stick with food they enjoy but the implementation of Universal Basic Income worldwide as
which is not too healthy. This is leading to an increase in a solution to the issues raised. It primarily focuses on the
non-communicable diseases. This in turn leads to major importance of food-based nutrition and the challenges
burden on our health-care systems that have the related to unhealthy food choices, limited access to
potential to derail the economic progress which is nutritious food, and deficiencies in food systems.
essential for the poor to improve their lives. For others, ❖ Option B is correct because the passage emphasizes the
it is about limited access to nutritious food or a lack of importance of placing food-based nutrition at the center of
affordability, leading to monotonous diets that do not policy debate. It highlights the impact of nutrition on health,
provide the daily nutrients for them to develop fully. economic progress, and poverty alleviation, indicating the
Part of the reason nutrition is under threat worldwide is need for comprehensive policies to address issues related to
that our food systems are not properly responding to unhealthy food choices, limited access to nutritious food,
nutritional needs. Somewhere along that long road from and deficiencies in food systems.
farm to fork, there are serious detours taking place. ❖ Option C is incorrect because while the passage mentions
the threat to nutrition worldwide due to deficiencies in food
Which one of the following statements best reflects the systems, it does not specifically advocate for creating
crux of the passage? (2023) genetically modified crops to improve nutritional status. The
(a) The scheme of Universal Basic Income should be focus is more on addressing issues within existing food
implemented worldwide as a way of poverty systems rather than proposing genetic modification as a
alleviation. solution.
(b) We must place food-based nutrition at the centre of ❖ Option D is incorrect because although the passage
our policy debate. acknowledges deficiencies in food systems, it does not
(c) Nutritional status of food should be improved by specifically suggest fortifying food items with required
creating appropriate genetically modified crops. nutrient elements using modern food processing
(d) Using modern food processing technologies, we technologies as the primary solution. The emphasis is on
must fortify food items with required nutrient addressing broader issues related to food-based nutrition
elements. and the need for policy interventions.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an

UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
it –
❖ Option a – Just think, can we really implement the
scheme of Universal Basic Income worldwide. Even in
India, we will have to think a thousand times. So, reject
this option as it is impractical.
❖ Option b – this is a logical statement. Reserve it for the
time being.
❖ Option c – it is general statement but it is narrow in
front of option b. So, reject it.
❖ Option d – we may fortify nutrient elements but
somehow, statement b already covers it. So, choose b
over d and hence d is rejected.

Thus, we are left with option b which is the right answer.

38 In India, the segregation of municipal waste at source is c ❖ Option A is incorrect because the passage does not discuss
rare. Recycling is mostly with the informal sector. More the cost of generating energy from municipal solid waste. It
than three-fourths of the municipal budget goes into primarily focuses on the process and factors influencing the
collection and transportation, which leaves very little for efficiency of waste-to-energy plants.
processing/resource recovery and disposal. Where does ❖ Option B is incorrect because while the passage mentions
waste-to-energy fit into all this? Ideally it fits in the chain bio methanation as a solution for processing the
after segregation (between wet waste and rest), biodegradable component of municipal solid waste, it does
collection, recycling, and before getting to the landfill. not state that it is the "most ideal" way of generating energy
Which technology is most appropriate in converting from such waste. It suggests bio methanation as a major
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waste to energy depends on what is in the waste (that is solution but does not compare it to other methods or
biodegradable versus non-biodegradable component) declare it as the best.
and its calorific value. The biodegradable component of ❖ Option C is correct because the passage emphasizes the
India's municipal solid waste is a little over 50 per cent, importance of segregation of municipal solid waste as the
and bio methanation offers a major solution for first step in ensuring the success of waste-to-energy plants.
processing this. Proper segregation allows for more efficient processing and
utilization of the biodegradable component for energy
Which one of the following statements best reflects the generation.
crux of the passage? (2023) ❖ Option D is incorrect because the passage does not
(a) Generation of energy from municipal solid waste is specifically state that the biodegradable component of
inexpensive. India's municipal solid waste is inadequate for efficient
(b) Bio methanation is the most ideal way of generating energy generation. It discusses the importance of
energy from municipal solid waste. considering the composition of waste but does not make a
(c) Segregation of municipal solid waste is the first step definitive statement about its adequacy for energy
in ensuring the success of waste-to- energy plants. generation.
(d) The biodegradable component of India's municipal
solid waste is not adequate to provide energy from CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
waste efficiently/effectively. cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an

UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
it –
❖ Option a - The cost of generating energy from municipal
solid waste (MSW) can vary widely based on several
factors, making it difficult to label it as strictly expensive
or inexpensive. Further, what about waste from other
place – are they expensive or inexpensive. Remember,
expensive/inexpensive is relative. So, as such, it is better
to reject it.
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❖ Option b – The word most. Our mantra – reject extreme

words. So, reject it
❖ Option c – this is agreed statement. Accept it
❖ Option d - It is not accurate to say that the
biodegradable component of India's MSW is
inadequate for efficient or effective energy recovery.
Instead, the challenges lie in proper waste segregation,
collection, and the implementation of appropriate
technologies and infrastructure. So, reject it.

Hence, the correct answer will be c.

39 There is a claim that organic farming is inherently safer c ❖ Option A is incorrect because the passage does not
and healthier. The reality is that because the organic explicitly state that organic farming should not be promoted
farming industry is still young and not well-regulated in as a substitute for conventional farming. Instead, it
India, farmers and consumers, alike, are not only highlights the challenges and risks associated with organic
confused about what products are best for them, but farming in India due to lack of regulation and proper
sometimes use products in ways that could harm them education.
as well. For example, since organic fertilizers are difficult ❖ Option B is incorrect because the passage does not claim
to obtain on a large scale in India, farmers often use that there are no safe organic alternatives to chemical
farmyard manure, which may contain toxic chemicals fertilizers. It mentions the challenges of obtaining organic
and heavy metals. Certain plant sprays, such as Datura fertilizers on a large scale in India and the potential risks
flower and leaf spray, have an element called atropine. associated with using alternatives like farmyard manure
If it is not applied in the right dose, it can act on the that may contain toxic chemicals.
nervous system of the consumer. Unfortunately, how ❖ Option C is correct because the passage emphasizes the
much and when to use it are not well-researched or need for guiding and helping farmers in India to make their
regulated issues. organic farming practices sustainable. It acknowledges the
confusion and risks faced by farmers and consumers due to

Which one of the following statements best reflects the the lack of regulation and proper education in the organic
most logical, rational and practical massage conveyed farming industry.
by the author of the passage? (2023) ❖ Option D is incorrect because while the passage suggests
(a) In India, organic farming should not be promoted as that the aim of organic farming should not solely be to
a substitute for conventional farming. generate huge profits, it does not explicitly state that there
(b) There are no safe organic alternatives to chemical is no global market for organic products. It focuses more on
fertilizers. the challenges and risks associated with organic farming in
(c) In India, farmers need to be guided and helped to India.
make their organic farming sustainable.
(d) The aim of organic farming should not be to CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
generate huge profits as there is still no global cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
market for its products.
Just read the question without reading the passage. As an
UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
it –
❖ Option a – In general, organic farming is being given
more stress than conventional farming due to its
sustainable nature. So, reject it
❖ Option b – This is incorrect. Possibility always exists. So,
reject it
❖ Option c – this is correct. Spreading awareness is the
need of the hour. So, accept it.
❖ Option d – The whole globe is slowly accepting organic
farming. So, there exists global market. So, reject it.
Hence, option c is correct.

40 Along with sustainable lifestyles, climate justice is a ❖ Option A is correct because the passage emphasizes the
regarded as a significant principle in environmental importance of integrating climate justice into the rules of
parlance. Both the principles have bearings on political new climate compacts/agreements. It discusses how
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and economic choices of the nation. So far, in our climate justice, along with sustainable lifestyles, is regarded
climate change summits or compacts, both the as a significant principle in environmental parlance and
principles have eluded consensus among nations. highlights the need for consensus among nations on these
Justice, in the judicial sense, is well defined. However, in principles in climate change summits or compacts.
the context of climate change, it has scientific as well as ❖ Option B is incorrect because while the passage
socio-political connotations. acknowledges the uneven distribution and exploitation of
The crucial question in the next few years will be how environmental resources across the globe, it does not
resources, technologies and regulations are used to explicitly focus on this aspect as the most crucial message
support the victims of climate change. Justice in climate conveyed.
is not confined to actions relating to mitigation, but ❖ Option C is incorrect because while the passage mentions
includes the wider notion of support for adaptation to the impending issue of dealing with a huge number of
climate change and compensation for loss and damage. climate change victims or climate refugees, it does not
highlight this as the most crucial message conveyed. The
Which one of the following statements best reflects the passage primarily emphasizes the importance of integrating
most logical, rational and crucial message conveyed by climate justice into climate compacts/agreements.
the passage? (2023) ❖ Option D is incorrect because while the passage mentions
(a) Climate justice should be ingrained in detail in the the role of developed countries in climate change, it does
rules of all the new climate compacts/agreements. not suggest that their share of burden should be more.
(b) Environmental resources are unevenly distributed Instead, it focuses on the broader concept of climate justice
and exploited across the globe. and the need for support for adaptation to climate change
(c) There is an impending issue of dealing with a huge and compensation for loss and damage.
number of climate change victims/climate refugees.
(d) Climate changes in all its connotations are mostly due CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
to developed countries and therefore their share of cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
burden should be more.
Just read the question without reading the passage. As an
UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
it –
❖ Option a – This is the futuristic message. So, accept it
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❖ Option b – this is a fact. Howsoever, the question is

looking for a message conveyed by the passage. So,
reject it
❖ Option c – this is again a fact and not a suggestion.
Since, the question is looking for a message to be
conveyed by the passage. So, reject it
❖ Option d – This is also a suggestive message. So, accept
it for the time being.

Now, we have rejected b and c. And so, we have to make a

choice between a and d.
Which one would you choose. Just think – option d is indirectly
talking about an aspect of climate justice and as such, option d
can be easily subsumed in option a. So, option a is broader and
more inclusive than option d. Hence, option a is correct.

41 Sourcing food from non-agricultural lands (uncultivated d ❖ Option A is incorrect because while the passage emphasizes
systems such as forests, wetlands, pastures, etc) in the importance of sourcing food from non-agricultural lands
addition to agricultural lands enables a systemic to complement agricultural systems, it does not specifically
approach to food consumption. It allows rural and tribal advocate for replacing other trees with food-yielding trees
communities to sustain themselves for the whole year in rural and tribal areas.
and steer clear of natural disasters and season-inducted ❖ Option B is incorrect because although the passage
shortfalls of agricultural food. Since the productivity of highlights the resilience of forest foods in providing a safety
trees is often more resilient to adverse weather net during food shortages caused by adverse weather
conditions than annual crops, forest foods often provide conditions, it does not explicitly state that conventional
a safety net during periods of food shortages caused by agriculture alone cannot ensure food security.
crop failure; forest foods also make important ❖ Option C is incorrect because while the passage discusses
contributions during seasonal crop production gaps. how sourcing food from non-agricultural lands allows rural
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and tribal communities to sustain themselves and avoid

Which one of the following statements best reflects the food shortages, it does not specifically mention converting
most logical and rational massage conveyed by the wastelands and degraded areas into agroforestry systems to
author of the passage? (2023) help the poor.
(a) Food yielding trees should replace other trees in ❖ Option D is correct because the passage suggests that the
rural and tribal areas and community owned lands. development of agroecosystems, in addition to
(b) Food security cannot be ensured in India with the conventional agriculture, would help reduce the
present practice of conventional agriculture. vulnerability of rural and tribal communities to food
(c) Wastelands and degraded areas in India should be shortages during crop failures and seasonal production
converted into agroforestry systems to help the gaps. This aligns with the passage's emphasis on ensuring
poor. food security through diversified food sourcing methods.
(d) Agroecosystems should be developed in addition to
or along with conventional agriculture. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an

UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
it –
❖ Option a – you cannot simply come and say that food
yielding trees should replace other trees. It is not the
right approach. Always look for the balance approach.
So, reject it.
❖ Option b – the word cannot. This makes the statement
extreme. Possibility should not be negated. So, reject it.
❖ Option c – a kind of positive statement. So, accept it.
❖ Option d – this is a correct approach and a balanced one
too. Infact, option d takes both the agroecosystem and
conventional agriculture together rather than option c

which is only primarily focussed on agroforestry. So,

option d is better than option c.

Hence, option d is correct.

42 While awareness on use/misuse and abuse of antibiotics a ❖ Option A is correct because the passage highlights the
is common knowledge, as is the impact of dosing poultry environmental impact of antibiotics manufacturing
with antibiotics, the environmental impact of companies not treating their waste, which leads to pollution
antibiotics-manufacturing companies not treating their and fuels the rise of drug-resistant infections. Therefore,
waste has scarcely been discussed at any length or putting proper effluent treatment protocols in place is
seriousness thus far. Pollution from antibiotics factories essential to mitigate this environmental and public health
is fuelling the rise of drug-resistant infections. The issue.
occurrence of drug-resistant bacteria surrounding the ❖ Option B is incorrect because while promoting
pharma manufacturing plants is well known. environmental awareness among people is important, it
does not directly address the specific issue of pollution from
Which one of the following statements best reflects the antibiotics manufacturing companies and the rise of drug-
most logical and practical message conveyed by the resistant infections.
passage? (2023) ❖ Option C is incorrect because while drug-resistant bacteria
(a) It is necessary to put proper effluent treatment are inherent in modern medical care, the passage
protocols in place. emphasizes the role of pollution from antibiotics factories in
(b) It is necessary to promote environmental fueling their rise, suggesting that this issue can be addressed
awareness among people. through proper waste treatment protocols.
(c) Spread of drug-resistant bacteria cannot be done ❖ Option D is incorrect because while setting up pharma
away with, as it is inherent in modern medical care. manufacturing companies in remote rural areas may
(d) Pharma-manufacturing companies should be set up mitigate the pollution impact on crowded towns and cities,
in remote rural areas, away from crowded towns it does not address the core issue of proper waste treatment
and cities. by these companies.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an

UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
it –
❖ Option a – this is a suggestive statement. So, accept it
❖ Option b – an agreed norm. Accept it
❖ Option c – reject it. The word cannot leads to its
rejection
❖ Option d – what about the cost factor involved and
other facilities. So, reject it.

Now, we have to make a choice between option a and option

b.
See the question – it is saying about the most logical and
practical message. While option b is generally correct, but
option a is to the option. The question is asking for logical and
practical message. So, we can choose option a over b due to
this.

43 Benefits of good quality school education accrue only a ❖ Option A is correct because the passage emphasizes the
when students complete and leave school after having importance of investing in universal quality education to
acquired the gateway skills. Like one learns to walk ensure that students acquire foundational skills, which are
before running, similarly one picks up advanced skills essential for their success in higher education and skill
only after picking the basic foundational skills. The development. Without a strong learning foundation at the
advent of the knowledge economy poses new primary level, the passage suggests that there can be no
challenges, and one of the severe consequences of improvement in higher education or skill development.
having an uneducated workforce will be our inability to Therefore, investing in universal quality education is crucial
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keep pace with the global economy. Without a strong for India to become a global power and keep pace with the
learning foundation at the primary level, there can be no demands of the knowledge economy.
improvement in higher education or skill development. ❖ Option B is incorrect because the passage does not explicitly
state that India is unable to become a global power due to a
Which one of the following statements best reflects the lack of focus or promotion of the knowledge economy.
crux of the passage? (2023) While it highlights the consequences of having an
(a) To become a global power, India needs to invest in uneducated workforce in relation to keeping pace with the
universal quality education. global economy, it does not directly attribute India's status
(b) India is unable to become a global power because it as a global power to this factor.
is not focusing or promoting knowledge economy. ❖ Option C is incorrect because the passage does not focus on
(c) Our education system should focus more on the need for imparting skills during higher education.
imparting skills during higher education. Instead, it emphasizes the importance of acquiring
(d) Parents of many school children are illiterate and foundational skills at the primary level as a prerequisite for
are unaware of the benefits of quality education success in higher education and skill development.
❖ Option D is incorrect because while it mentions the
importance of parental involvement in education, it does
not specifically address the crux of the passage, which is the
significance of investing in universal quality education to
ensure the acquisition of gateway skills for students.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an

UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
it –
❖ Option a – it is a generally agreed statement. So, accept
it

❖ Option b – this is incorrect. Now, India is actually

focussing and promoting the knowledge economy. So,
accept it.
❖ Option c – skill during higher education. Now, this is right
statement but somehow, it is the part of quality
education which is already being discussed in option a.
Moreover, it is focussed on only one aspect of higher
education which makes it a bit narrow statement. So,
reject it
❖ Option d – option d can be subsumed as a part of option
a – option d is simply one aspect of option a. Hence, it
can also be rejected.

Hence, option a is correct.

44 In India, while the unemployment rate is a frequently b ❖ Option A is incorrect because the passage does not discuss
used measure of poor performance of the economy, the quality of education directly; rather, it focuses on the
under conditions of rising school and college enrolment, impact of rising school and college enrolment on the
it paints an inaccurate picture. The reported accuracy of the unemployment rate.
unemployment rate is dominated by the experience of ❖ Option B is correct because it accurately reflects the main
younger Indians who face higher employment idea conveyed by the passage. The passage emphasizes that
challenges and exhibit greater willingness to wait for the the reported unemployment rate may not provide an
right job than their older peers. The unemployment accurate picture due to the increasing enrolment in schools
challenge is greater for people with secondary or higher and colleges, particularly among younger individuals, who
education, and rising education levels inflate face higher employment challenges and have greater
unemployment challenges. aspirations for finding the right job.
❖ Option C is incorrect because the passage does not mention
Which one of the following statements most likely the availability of labour-intensive industries as a factor
reflects as to what the author of the passage Intends to contributing to unemployment.
say? (2023)
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(a) Enrolment in schools and colleges is high but there ❖ Option D is incorrect because the passage does not
is no quality education. specifically discuss the need for self-employment
(b) Unemployment must be seen as a function of rising opportunities or the design of the education system for this
education and aspirations of young Indians. purpose.
(c) There are no labour-intensive industries to
accommodate the huge number of unemployed CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
people. cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(d) The education system should be properly designed
so as to enable the educated people to be self- Just read the question without reading the passage. As an
employed. UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
it –
❖ Option a – you cannot say that there is no quality
education at all. This is exaggeration. So, reject it
❖ Option b – this is correct and logical. So, accept it for
the time being.
❖ Option c – India has a lot of labour intensive industries
though we need more. So, this statement is incorrect.
Reject it.
❖ Option d – you generally provide the education to
enable the person to go for job. Those who are not able
to get education are generally self-employed. Although,
this is not a rule. So, reject it.

Hence, only option b is logical and hence should be marked as

correct.

45 "Science by itself is not enough, there must be a force b ❖ Option A is incorrect because while it acknowledges the
and discipline outside the sciences to coordinate them importance of scientific methods and philosophical thinking,
and point to a goal. It is not possible to run a course it does not fully capture the nuanced message of the
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aright when the goal itself has not been rightly placed. passage. The passage suggests that while science is
What science needs is philosophy – the analysis of essential, it needs the guidance of philosophy to direct its
scientific method and the coordination of scientific methods and goals effectively. While it's beneficial for
purposes and results; without this, any science must be modern statesmen to be well-versed in scientific methods
superficial. Government suffers, precisely like science, and philosophical thinking, the passage emphasizes the
for lack of philosophy. Philosophy bears to science the necessity of philosophy in coordinating scientific pursuits
same relationship which statesmanship bears to politics: and governmental actions and not modern statesman to
movement guided by total knowledge and perspective, learn scientific methods.
as against aimless and individual seeking. Just as the ❖ Option B is correct because it aligns with the central
pursuit of knowledge becomes scholasticism when message of the passage. The passage emphasizes the
divorced from the actual needs of men and life, so the importance of philosophy in guiding scientific pursuits. It
pursuit of politics becomes a destructive bedlam when suggests that Philosophy bears to science the same
divorced from science and philosophy." relationship which statesmanship bears to politics.The
passage tries to show how politics and wisdom have a
Which one of the following statements best reflects the relationship like that of science and philosophy. Therefore,
most rational, logical and practical message conveyed having governments managed by empirical statesmen
by the passage? (2023) without the influence of philosophical thinking could result
(a) Modern statesmen need to be well trained in in undesirable consequences. This option captures the
scientific methods and philosophical thinking to essence of the passage by highlighting the need for a
enable them to have a better perspective of their balance between empirical knowledge and philosophical
roles, responsibilities and goals. wisdom in governance.
(b) It is not desirable to have Governments managed by ❖ Option C is incorrect because it focuses solely on education
empirical statesmen unless well mixed with others and does not address the broader need for philosophy to
who are grounded in learning and reflect wisdom. guide scientific and governmental endeavors, as
(c) As the statesmen/bureaucrats are the products of a emphasized in the passage.
society, it is desirable to have a system of education ❖ Option D is incorrect because it suggests that all scientists
in a society that focuses on training its citizens in need to be philosophers, which is not explicitly stated in the
scientific method and philosophical thinking from a passage. While the passage advocates for the importance of
very early age.
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(d) It is desirable that all scientists need to be philosophy in science, it does not suggest that all scientists
philosophers as well to make their work goal- must also be philosophers.
oriented and thus purposeful and useful to the
society.

46 Our urban bodies cannot possibly ensure sustainable a (a) Valid: The passage implies that without proper financing
delivery of water in our cities unless financing mechanisms, urban bodies cannot sustain water delivery.
mechanisms are put in place. Water delivery requires User charges would be a way to recover costs.
heavy investment in collecting it from a natural source, (b) Not Valid: The passage focuses on financial constraints
treating it to make it potable, and laying a distribution rather than efficiency issues.
network of pipes for delivery to the users. It also requires (c) Not Valid: While it acknowledges challenges, the passage
investments in sewerage infrastructure and sewage does not state that the problem is unsolvable.
treatment plants so that the sewers can carry the (d) Not Valid: The passage does not mention limiting population
wastewater to these plants to ensure that no untreated size as a solution.
sewage is discharged back into natural water bodies. If
our cities were rich enough to meet the entire cost, The most logical and crucial message conveyed by the passage
water could be delivered free. They are not. is:
(a) Urban local bodies must recover costs through user
What is the most logical and crucial message conveyed charges.
by the passage? (2020)
(a) Urban local bodies must recover costs through user
charges.
(b) Urban local bodies are not efficient enough to meet
the water requirements of our cities.
(c) Water shortage in our cities is a perennial problem
that cannot be solved.
(d) In view of the water crisis in our cities, there is an
urgent need to limit the population of cities by
adopting an upper limit of population size.
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47 In India, agriculture still engages about half of workforce, d (a) Invalid: This option shifts focus away from agriculture, which
and about 85 per cent of its farms are small and the passage highlights as a critical driver for poverty
marginal. Compared to China and Vietnam, which have reduction, emphasizing the need for growth within the
experienced fast structural and rural transformation, agricultural sector.
India's story is of slow transformation. As a result, (b) Invalid: While beneficial, this option is not emphasized in
poverty reduction in India was at a much slower pace the passage, which centres on the impact of agricultural
during 1988—2014, compared to China and Vietnam. growth and investment rather than on specific
India's poverty reduction was slow during 1988-2005, organizational structures.
but during 2005-2012, it accelerated dramatically— (c) Invalid: The passage discusses the positive effects of private
almost three times faster than during the earlier period. investment but does not suggest prioritizing it over public
What did India do during this period? Research reveals investment, indicating that both can be important for
that the relative price scenario changed significantly (by agricultural development.
more than 50%) in favour of agriculture in the wake of (d) Valid: This choice captures the essence of how agricultural
rising global prices. This boosted private investments in growth and investments have positively impacted poverty
agriculture by more than 50%. As a result, agri-GDP reduction in India, highlighting the importance of a
growth touched 4.1% during 2007-2012 as against 2.4% comprehensive approach to enhancing agricultural
during 2002—2007. The net surplus of agri-trade productivity and income for sustainable poverty alleviation.
touched $25 billion in 2013-2014; real farm wages rose
by 7% per annum. All this led to unprecedented fall in CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
poverty. cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Let's analyze the options logically to determine the most
Which one of the following statements best reflects the appropriate one:
critical message of the passage? (2020)
(a) India should create large- scale off-farm rural Options:
employment to reduce poverty in the near future. (a) India should create large-scale off-farm rural employment
(b) India should create a large number of farmer to reduce poverty in the near future:
producer companies ➢ While off-farm employment is important for rural
development, this option does not address the core issues
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(c) Private investment in agriculture should be given within agriculture itself, which is a crucial sector for poverty
priority over public investment. alleviation in India. Hence, this is not the most critical
(d) Inclusive agricultural growth is key to reduce poverty message.
in the near future. (b)India should create a large number of farmer producer
companies:
➢ Farmer producer companies (FPCs) are beneficial for
improving market access and empowering smallholders, but
this alone cannot solve the broader issue of poverty
reduction. Hence, this is not the best reflection of the
critical message.
(c) Private investment in agriculture should be given priority
over public investment:
➢ While private investment can complement public
investment, prioritizing it over public investment might not
be suitable for India, where government interventions in
infrastructure, irrigation, and subsidies are crucial for small
farmers. Hence, this is not the correct choice.
(d) Inclusive agricultural growth is key to reducing poverty in
the near future:
➢ This is the most balanced and comprehensive option.
Inclusive agricultural growth addresses issues such as
productivity, access to resources, and equitable distribution,
which are critical for reducing poverty effectively.

Conclusion: The correct answer is (d) Inclusive agricultural

growth is key to reducing poverty in the near future

48 Spanish ships in the late 16th century first brought the d ❖ Not Valid: Emphasizes the importance of environmental
potato tuber from South America to Europe whereby in compatibility for new crops, but doesn't address the main
the early 19th century, it bad become a reliable backup issue of reliance on a single variety.
to cereal crops, particularly in the cold, rain-soaked soils ❖ Not Valid: Suggests tuber crops can't replace cereals as
of Ireland. The Irish were soon almost wholly dependent staples, which contradicts the passage, as potatoes did
on the potato as their staple food. And they were become a staple in Ireland.
planting primarily one prodigious variety, the ‘Lumper' ❖ Not Valid: Focuses on the challenges of controlling plant
potato, whose genetic frailty would be cruelly exposed diseases, relevant but not the main lesson about crop
by the fungus 'Phytophthora infestans’. In 1845, spores dependency.
of the deadly fungus began spreading across the country, ❖ Valid: Highlights the risks of depending on a single food
destroying nearly all the Lumpers in its path. The source, capturing the critical message of the passage
resulting famine killed or displaced millions. regarding the vulnerability created by relying on the
‘Lumper’ potato.
Which one or the following statements best reflects the
critical message or the passage? (2020) Hence, D is the correct answer
(a) For introducing any foreign plant into a country, the
soil and climate conditions of that country should be CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
suitable. cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(b) As a staple food of a country, tuber crops like potato
cannot replace cereal crops. Let's break down each option logically using common sense.
(c) Some or the fungal infections or plants cannot be We will try to include the more broad and more inclusive
prevented or stopped from spreading across large option:
areas. For introducing any foreign plant into a country, the soil and
(d) Relying on a homogeneous food source is not climate conditions of that country should be suitable.
desirable. ➢ This is a valid statement that makes sense from an
agricultural or ecological perspective. Introducing foreign
plants without considering the suitability of soil and climate
could lead to environmental problems, such as the spread of
invasive species. This statement is based on common sense,
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as successful agriculture often depends on matching crops

to the right environmental conditions. So, this can be the
answer.
As a staple food of a country, tuber crops like potato cannot
replace cereal crops.
➢ This statement reflects a specific view about food security
and staple crops. While potatoes and other tubers are
important food sources, cereals like rice, wheat, and maize
are more calorically dense and form the backbone of many
national diets. This assertion may hold truth in some regions
but is not universally true. In some places, tuber crops like
sweet potatoes or yams can complement or even replace
cereals. So, we will reject it.
Some fungal infections or plants cannot be prevented or
stopped from spreading across large areas.
➢ This statement addresses the difficulty of controlling certain
types of diseases or plant infestations, especially in
agriculture. It makes sense logically, as fungal infections like
wheat rust or plant pests can spread rapidly and are
sometimes hard to control due to their adaptability and the
large-scale nature of agricultural systems. This is a valid
observation in agricultural disease management. This can be
the answer too
Relying on a homogeneous food source is not desirable.
➢ This is a critical message that reflects the risks of
monocultures in agriculture. Relying on a single crop or food
source can make an ecosystem or a country vulnerable to
climate change, disease, or market fluctuations. Diversity in
food sources is essential for sustainability and food security.
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This is a broad, insightful statement that is commonly

accepted in discussions of agricultural policy and food
security. This can be the answer too
Howsoever, the best Logical Answer is (d) Relying on a
homogeneous food source is not desirable.
• This answer seems to reflect a broader and more universally
applicable critical message. It aligns with principles of
biodiversity and food security, emphasizing the need for
agricultural diversity and resilience. In the context of a
passage that may deal with food security or sustainability,
this is a logical and crucial message.
Thus, (d) is the most logically sound choice, as it addresses
a key concern in agriculture that is relevant across various
contexts.

49 Many people understand the connection between solid c (a) Not Valid: This statement highlights a significant
waste management and health in terms of the infrastructural issue where both sewage and rainwater are
consequences of unattended heaps of garbage which managed in the same system. While this is a relevant
become home for flies and other vermin. However, there problem, the passage focuses more on the consequences of
is another aspect that is not well-understood, that is, poor solid waste management rather than just the drainage
what happens when unscientific solid waste network design.
management combines with poor drainage and dumping (b) Not Valid: This option suggests that local governments lack
of untreated sewage into drains which are meant to the necessary funding and legal power to manage waste
carry storm water during rains. The result is choked effectively. While this may be a contributing factor to the
drains which are full of stagnant water breeding issues mentioned, the passage emphasizes the direct link

mosquitoes, resulting in the spread of water-borne between solid waste management and health outcomes
diseases. rather than administrative challenges.
(c) Valid: This option reflects the passage's main message about
In the context of India, which one of the following the need for a holistic approach. It suggests that effective
statements best reflects the critical message of the solid waste management and proper drainage maintenance
passage? (2020) are interdependent, as both are critical to preventing health
(a) In India, the drainage networks are not separate for hazards like water-borne diseases.
sewerage and storm water. (d) Not Valid: This statement connects poor waste
(b) Urban local bodies do not have enough resources and management to drinking water shortages, implying that
legislative authority to deal with the problems or these problems directly affect water availability. However,
waste management. the passage focuses on the relationship between waste
(c) Solid waste management should be integrated with management, drainage, and health rather than explicitly
the maintenance of drainage and sewerage networks. addressing drinking water shortages.
(d) Bad management of solid waste and sewerage Hence, correct option is C
systems by our municipalities is the reason for
drinking water shortages in our cities. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Let us assess the assumptions, and analyze each statement
carefully with logical interpretation, common sense and general
knowledge.
Option (a): In India, the drainage networks are not separate
for sewerage and storm water.
➢ Analysis: This statement is a fact about infrastructure but
does not reflect a "critical message." While combining
sewerage and stormwater drainage leads to operational
inefficiencies and sanitation problems, the statement does
not address a broader issue like waste management

integration or urban resource constraints. Hence, it is not

the best choice.
Option (b): Urban local bodies do not have enough resources
and legislative authority to deal with the problems of waste
management.
➢ While urban local bodies often lack sufficient resources and
legislative powers to tackle waste management issues, this
statement focuses on a systemic limitation rather than
integrating waste management with broader infrastructure.
The passage likely emphasizes the functional and technical
aspects of waste management rather than administrative
challenges. Hence, while this option is Close, but it is not the
best choice.
Option (c): Solid waste management should be integrated
with the maintenance of drainage and sewerage networks.
➢ This is a logical and practical message. Poor waste
management (solid and liquid) often leads to clogged
drainage systems, water contamination, and urban flooding.
Integrating waste management with sewerage and drainage
maintenance ensures systemic efficiency and improved
urban sanitation. Hence, this is the best answer
Option (d): Bad management of solid waste and sewerage
systems by our municipalities is the reason for drinking water
shortages in our cities.
➢ This statement incorrectly simplifies a complex issue. While
waste mismanagement can indirectly affect water quality
and availability, it is not the sole or primary reason for

drinking water shortages. This statement exaggerates the

connection and ignores other contributing factors like
urbanization, climate change, and poor water supply
infrastructure. Hence, this is not the best choice.

Hence, option (c) Solid waste management should be

integrated with the maintenance of drainage and sewerage
networks.
Explanation Recap:
➢ Option (c) reflects the critical message because it suggests a
solution to urban waste-related problems by addressing
integration, which is practical and systemic. Other options
either state facts or overemphasize specific issues without
offering a holistic perspective.

50 A study conducted on the impacts of climate change c (a) Not Valid: This statement focuses on the role of climate
over the Cauvery basin of Tamil Nadu using regional models in guiding agricultural practices. While the study
climate models showed an increasing trend for uses regional climate models, the passage primarily
maximum and minimum temperatures, and a decrease discusses the impacts of climate change on water resources
in the number of rainy days. These climatic shifts will and agricultural dependency rather than the use of models
have an impact on the hydrological cycles in the region, for improving practices.
lead to more run-off and less recharge, and affect the (b) Not Valid: This option suggests that switching to dry-land
groundwater tables. Further, there has been an increase cropping could alleviate groundwater dependency. While it
in the frequency of droughts in the State. This has driven presents a potential solution, the passage does not discuss
farmers to increase dependency on groundwater dry-land cropping or solutions to the dependency issue; it
resources to secure their crops. mainly highlights the increased reliance on groundwater
due to climatic changes.

Which one of the following statements best reflects the (c) Valid: This statement captures the essence of the passage.
crux of the passage given above? (2021) It acknowledges that climate change makes water resources
(a) Development of regional climate models helps in more crucial (due to increased droughts and reduced
choosing climate-smart agricultural practices. rainfall) while also posing significant threats to their
(b) Heavy dependence on groundwater resources can be availability (through altered hydrological cycles and
reduced by adopting dry-land cropping systems. groundwater depletion).
(c) Climate changes increase the criticality of water (d) Not Valid: This option addresses the consequences of
resources while simultaneously threatening it. climate change on farmers' livelihoods, implying they might
(d) Climate changes cause the farmers to adopt adopt unsustainable practices. However, while the passage
unsustainable livelihoods and risky coping strategies. mentions increased groundwater dependency, it does not
specifically frame this as a "risky coping strategy" or label it
as unsustainable.
Hence, Correct option is (c)

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
The question revolves around identifying the crux of a passage
likely dealing with climate change, agriculture, water resources,
and farmer responses. We will use the general principles and
logical analysis to choose the option which is broader and
inclusive. Let’s break down the options:
Option (a): Development of regional climate models helps in
choosing climate-smart agricultural practices.
➢ This option emphasizes the utility of regional climate
models. While regional climate models are helpful for
planning agricultural practices, this appears to be a specific
strategy rather than the overall crux of the passage. Hence,

it is Less likely to be the crux as it focuses on a tool rather

than the larger issue.
Option (b): Heavy dependence on groundwater resources can
be reduced by adopting dry-land cropping systems.
➢ This option highlights a specific adaptation measure—
shifting to dry-land cropping systems to reduce groundwater
dependence. While valid in the context of water scarcity, this
is too narrow to encompass the broader implications of
climate change on agriculture and water resources. Thus,
this statement is Too specific, and hence is unlikely the crux
of the issue.
Option (c): Climate changes increase the criticality of water
resources while simultaneously threatening it.
➢ This statement captures the dual impact of climate change:
increasing water demands (criticality) for agriculture while
reducing its availability due to erratic rainfall and rising
temperatures. This reflects a broader and systemic
challenge linked to both water and agriculture, aligning well
with the likely theme of the passage. Hence, it is Highly
logical and relevant as the crux.
Option (d): Climate changes cause the farmers to adopt
unsustainable livelihoods and risky coping strategies.
➢ This focuses on the farmers' response to climate change—
turning to risky or unsustainable strategies. While this is a
valid consequence of climate change, it focuses on a specific
outcome rather than the overarching issue of how climate
change affects water resources and agriculture as a whole.

Hence, this statement is Important but not the crux as it is

specific as compared to option (c)

Thus, the Final Answer is option (c) Climate changes increase

the criticality of water resources while simultaneously
threatening it.
Explanation Recap:
❖ Option (a) is specific to climate models, not the broader
impact.
❖ Option (b) focuses narrowly on groundwater and
cropping systems.
❖ Option (d) highlights farmer responses but does not
encompass the full scope of the issue.
❖ Option (c) best captures the dual challenges posed by
climate change to water resources and agriculture,
making it the most logical and comprehensive choice.

51 India faces a challenging immediate future in energy and a (a) Valid: This reflects the passage's emphasis on the multiple
climate policy-making. The problems are multiple: challenges and the interrelated nature of energy, climate,
sputtering fossil fuel production capability; limited and social issues in India, highlighting the intricate decision-
access to electricity and modern cooking fuel for the making landscape.
poorest; rising fuel imports in an unstable global energy (b) Not Valid: While the passage mentions efforts toward
context; continued electricity pricing and governance energy efficiency and renewable initiatives, it does not
challenges leading to its costly deficits or surplus supply; explicitly state that policies are aligned with sustainable
and not least, growing environmental contestation development goals, making this option less accurate.
around land, water and air. But all is not bleak: growing (c) Not Valid: The passage acknowledges both challenges and
energy efficiency programmes; integrated urbanisation positive developments, suggesting that there are efforts
and transport policy discussions; inroads to enhancing
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energy access and security; and bold renewable energy toward compatibility rather than outright conflict, which
initiatives, even if not fully conceptualized, suggest the makes this option misleading.
promise of transformation. (d) Not Valid: This option oversimplifies the situation. The
passage discusses various challenges, including governance
Which one of the following statements best reflects the and pricing, indicating that the decision-making process is
critical message conveyed by the passage given above? not merely supply-oriented but considers broader factors.
(2021) Hence, A is the correct option
(a) India’s energy decision-making process is ever more
complex and interconnected. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
(b) India’s energy and climate policy is heavily tuned to cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
sustainable development goals.
(c) India’s energy and climate actions are not compatible To determine the most logical and valid assumptions, let us
with its broader social, economic and environmental analyze each statement and match it with the options, applying
goals. reasoning and common sense:
(d) India’s energy decision-making process is ❖ Option (a) – seems logical. Reserve it for the time being
straightforward supply-oriented and ignores the ❖ Option (b) – The word ‘heavily’. Currently, our energy
demand side. needs are met primarily by fossil fuels. This word is
making this statement – extreme. Hence, reject it
❖ Option (c) – it is a negative and contradictory statement.
Hence, reject it
❖ Option (d) – we will never ignore demand side. This is
contradictory to the holistic policies. So, reject it
So, using logical, the best option would be Option (a)

52 There are reports that some of the antibiotics sold in the d (a) Not Valid: This option suggests a complete avoidance of
market are fed to poultry and other livestock as growth animal products, but the passage focuses more on the use
promoters. Overusing these substances can create of antibiotics rather than the consumption of these
superbugs, pathogens that are resistant to multiple products.
drugs and could be passed along humans. Mindful of

that, some farming companies have stopped using the (b) Not Valid: The passage does not advocate for replacing
drugs to make chickens gain weight faster. Since animal products with plant-based foods; it discusses
Denmark banned antibiotic growth promoters in the antibiotic use specifically rather than dietary
1990s, the major pork exporters says it is producing recommendations.
more pigs – and the animals get fewer diseases. (c) Not Valid: While the passage discusses the risks of antibiotic
use, it does not call for a total ban. It suggests caution and a
Which one of the following statements best reflects the shift in practice rather than outright prohibition.
critical message conveyed by the passage given above? (d) Valid: This option best reflects the passage's critical
(2021) message, as it implies that antibiotics should not be used as
1. People should avoid consuming the products of growth promoters but reserved for treating illnesses,
animal farming. aligning with the concerns raised in the text about resistance
2. Foods of animal origin should be replaced with and health.
foods of plant origin.
3. Using antibiotics on animals should be banned. Hence, D is the correct option
4. Antibiotics should only be used to treat diseases.
CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Let’s analyze each option using common sense and logic to
arrive at the most appropriate answer:
Analysis of Options:
Option (a) People should avoid consuming the products of
animal farming
➢ This is an extreme statement suggesting that all animal
farming products (like meat, milk, eggs) should be avoided
entirely. This is too extreme and unlikely unless the passage
explicitly advocates avoiding all animal farming products.
Hence, reject this option.
Option (b) Foods of animal origin should be replaced with
foods of plant origin:
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➢ This assumes that plant-based diets are universally better

than animal-based diets. While there are environmental and
health arguments for plant-based diets, such a broad
recommendation is valid only if the passage strongly
advocates this shift. Hence, this option should be rejected.
Option (c) Using antibiotics on animals should be banned:
➢ Banning antibiotics entirely in animals is also an extreme
measure. Responsible usage is more commonly advocated
than a complete ban. So, reject this statement.
Option (d) Antibiotics should only be used to treat diseases:
➢ This is the most balanced and logical option. The
appropriate use of antibiotics to treat diseases, while
avoiding misuse for growth promotion or prevention, is
widely supported in public health and aligns with efforts to
combat antibiotic resistance.

Hence, the Most Logical Answer is Option (d) Antibiotics

should only be used to treat diseases

53 Aristocratic government ruins itself by limiting too b (a) Not Valid: This statement touches on the idea of various
narrowly the circle within which power is confined; governmental structures but does not capture the main
oligarchic government ruins itself by the incautious argument of the passage about how each form of
scramble for immediate wealth. But even democracy government can self-destruct through its own principles.
ruins itself by excess of democracy. Its basic principle is (b) Valid: This statement accurately reflects the crux of the
the equal right of all to hold office and determine public passage. Plato argues that each form of government,
policy. This is, at first glance, a delightful arrangement; it including democracy, can lead to negative outcomes when
becomes disastrous because the people are not properly taken to extremes—democracy can become disastrous
equipped by education to select the best rulers and the when the people are not educated enough to make
wisest courses. The people have no understanding and informed decisions.
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only repeat what their rulers are pleased to tell them. (c) Not Valid: While education is mentioned as crucial for
Such a democracy is tyranny or autocracy. – Plato effective democracy, this statement implies an ideal
outcome that the passage does not guarantee. The focus is
Which one of the following statements best reflects the more on the risks of excess in governance rather than on
crux of the passage given above? (2021) achieving a perfect system through education alone.
(a) Human societies experiment with different forms of (d) Not Valid: This statement suggests a pessimistic view of
governments. governance that isn't directly supported by the passage.
(b) Any form of government tends to deteriorate by While it does discuss tyranny in the context of democracy, it
excess of its basic principle. doesn’t argue that all governments are inherently evil.
(c) Education of all citizens ensures a perfect, functional Hence, B is the correct option
and sustainable democracy.
(d) Having a government is a necessary evil because CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
tyranny is inherent in any form of government. cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
To determine the most logical assumption, let's analyze each
option using reasoning and common sense:
Option (a) Human societies experiment with different forms
of governments:
➢ While this statement is valid as a general observation, it does
not seem to reflect a deeper insight about the inherent
nature or issues of government. This is not the best answer
because it is descriptive, not reflective of the critical
message.
Option (b) Any form of government tends to deteriorate by
excess of its basic principle:
➢ This is insightful and reflective of historical and political
patterns. For instance, democracy can deteriorate into mob
rule, autocracy into tyranny, etc., when the foundational

principle is taken to an extreme. This is a strong contender

as it highlights a universal truth about governance.
Option (c) Education of all citizens ensures a perfect,
functional and sustainable democracy:
➢ While education is essential for democracy, perfection in
governance or democracy cannot solely depend on
education. Moreover, this statement overlooks other
inherent challenges in governments, as the question
suggests. This is not the best answer as it oversimplifies the
issue.
Option (d) Having a government is a necessary evil because
tyranny is inherent in any form of government:
➢ While this view acknowledges flaws in governments, it leans
heavily toward a pessimistic and generalized critique. It does
not offer a nuanced perspective on how governments evolve
or deteriorate. This is not the best answer because it is
overly negative and lacks balance.

Hence, the Correct Answer is Option (b) Any form of

government tends to deteriorate by excess of its basic
principle as Option (b) reflects a profound understanding of
governance: the principle that sustains a government can, if
unchecked, lead to its downfall. This aligns with political
philosophy and common sense, offering a balanced and
insightful inference. Other options either oversimplify or lack
depth in addressing the critical message of the passage.

54 Nothing can exist in a natural state which can be called a (a) Valid: This statement captures the essence of the passage,
good or bad by common assent, since every man who is which argues that concepts of good and bad arise only
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in natural state consults only his own advantage, and within a civil state established by common consent. In a
determines what is good or bad according to his own natural state, individuals act solely based on personal
fancy and insofar as he has regard for his own advantage advantage, without any shared moral framework.
alone, and holds himself responsible to no one save (b) Not Valid: While this statement is somewhat true, it implies
himself by any law; and therefore sin cannot be that moral correctness is entirely dependent on authority,
conceived in a natural state, but only a civil state, which which is a narrower interpretation. The passage focuses
is decreed by common consent what is good or bad, and more on the emergence of moral concepts through the
each one holds himself responsible to the state. formation of a state rather than asserting that no individual
can be morally right without authority.
Which one of the following statements best reflects the (c) Not Valid: This statement suggests a moral judgment about
central idea of the passage given above? (2021) humans being inherently immoral, which the passage does
(a) The conceptions of what is right or wrong exist due to not explicitly state. It emphasizes self-interest in a natural
the formation of a state. state but does not label that as immorality.
(b) Unless a ruling authority decides as to what is right or (d) Not Valid: This option implies a more survival-based
wrong, no man would be morally right. perspective, which is not the primary focus of the passage.
(c) Man is inherently immoral and selfish in a natural The passage discusses moral concepts arising from social
state. contracts rather than linking morality directly to the survival
(d) The idea of what is right or wrong is necessary for the of humanity.
survival of human species.
Hence, correct option is A

55 "In simple matters like shoe-making, we think only a c (a) Not Valid: This statement highlights a common belief that
specially trained person will serve our purpose, but in anyone who can secure votes is automatically fit to govern.
politics, we presume that everyone who knows how While this idea aligns with the author’s critique of how we
to get votes knows how to administer a State. When judge political competence, it does not capture the main
we are ill, we call for a trained physician, whose thrust of the passage, which is about the need for trained
degree is a guarantee of specific preparation and and qualified individuals in governance, similar to other
technical competence – we do not ask for the professions.
handsomest physician, or the most eloquent one: well
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then, when the whole State is ill should we not look (b) Not Valid: This option suggests that only those with specific
for the service and guidance of the wisest and the training in administration should be politicians. While it
best?" resonates with the passage’s theme of needing expertise,
it’s somewhat narrower than the author’s argument, which
Which one of the following statements best reflects advocates for wisdom and competence rather than just
the message of the author of the passage? (2022) administrative training.
(a) We assume that in a democracy, any politician is (c) Valid: This statement aligns closely with the passage's
qualified to administer a State. central message. It emphasizes the need to ensure that only
(b) Politicians should be selected from those trained capable and knowledgeable individuals are in positions of
in administration. power, paralleling how we select qualified professionals in
(c) We need to devise a method of barring other fields. This option captures the essence of the author’s
incompetence from public office. call for higher standards in political selection.
(d) As voters select their administrators, the (d) Not Valid: This option implies that since voters choose
eligibility of politicians to administer a State politicians, their qualifications should not be scrutinized.
cannot be questioned. This contradicts the author’s argument, which suggests that
just being elected does not guarantee competence. The
passage advocates for the importance of expertise and
wisdom in governance, indicating that voters' choices do not
inherently ensure qualifications.
Hence, C is the correct option

➢ This statement highlights a common assumption in

democracies, but it does not reflect a deeper message or
critique. It merely observes the existing norm without
addressing any solutions or challenges. Thus, it Does not
fully capture the central message.
Option (b) Politicians should be selected from those trained in
administration.
➢ While this suggests a solution to improve governance, it
assumes that administrative training is the sole criterion for
good governance, which might not align with the broader
message of the passage. This statement is Too narrow in
focus to represent the passage’s message.
Option (c) We need to devise a method of barring
incompetence from public office.
➢ This statement addresses a core problem: incompetence in
public office. It suggests a broader and practical approach to
ensure better governance, without restricting it to
administrative training alone. This is a rational and plausible
reflection of the message.
Option (d) As voters select their administrators, the eligibility
of politicians to administer a State cannot be questioned.
➢ This assumes that voter choice inherently justifies
competence, which contradicts the need for reform or
scrutiny implied in the passage. Hence, it Fails to reflect the
critical tone of the passage.

Thus, the Correct Answer is Option (c) We need to devise a

method of barring incompetence from public office. Infact,

reading the options, we can say that the passage likely critiques
the existing democratic process where eligibility for public office
is assumed based on popularity or election outcomes rather
than competence. The logical takeaway is the need for a system
to ensure that only competent individuals hold public office,
aligning best with option (c).

56 With steady economic growth, higher literacy and d (a) Not Valid: This statement suggests a specific solution but
increasing skill levels, the number of Indian middle- doesn't encompass the broader implications about water
class families has gone up exponentially. Direct and energy management discussed in the passage.
results of the affluence have been changes in dietary (b) Not Valid: While this touches on important issues, it doesn’t
patterns and energy consumption levels. People have address the critical need for water management, which is
moved to a higher protein-based diet like milk central to the passage.
products, fish and meat, all of which need (c) Not Valid: This is somewhat relevant but does not directly
significantly more water to produce than cereal- capture the main issue of water management highlighted in
based diets. Increasing use of electronic and electric the passage.
machines/gadgets and motor vehicles needs more (d) Valid: This statement directly addresses the critical issue
and more energy and generation of energy needs raised in the passage about the increased demand for water
water. due to dietary and energy consumption changes.

Which one of the following statements best reflects Hence, D is the correct option
the crux of the passage? (2022)
(a) People should be persuaded to continue with the
mainly Indian traditional cereal-based diets.

(b) India needs to focus on developing agricultural

productivity and capacity for more energy
generation in the coming years.
(c) Modern technological developments result in the
change of cultural and social behaviour of the
people.
(d) Water management practices in India need to
change dramatically in the coming years.

57 For two or three generations past, ever-increasing b (a) Not Valid: This option suggests that hard work is inherently
number of individuals have been living as workers bad or should be avoided. However, the passage does not
merely, not as human beings. An excessive amount of argue against hard work itself; rather, it critiques the
labor is rule today in every circle of society, with the excessive strain and lack of balance in modern life. The issue
result that man's spiritual element cannot thrive. He is not about working hard but about the consequences of
finds it very difficult to spend his little leisure in overwork.
serious activities. He does not want to think; or he (b) Valid: This option captures the central theme of the passage.
cannot even if he wants to. He seeks not Self- It highlights that excessive labour leads to a decline in
improvement, but entertainment which would enable spiritual well-being and meaningful engagement in life. The
him to be mentally idle and to forget his usual author emphasizes that the current culture is heavily
activities. Therefore, the so-called culture of our age influenced by entertainment rather than serious intellectual
is dependent more on cinema than on theatre, more pursuits due to this overstrain.
on newspapers, magazines and crime stories than on (c) Not Valid: While the passage mentions that individuals
serious literature. struggle to think or engage in serious activities, it doesn’t
suggest that they are incapable of thinking well in general.
The passage is based on the idea that (2022)
Instead, it focuses on how overwork and the pursuit of
(a) man should not work hard
entertainment detract from their ability to think deeply or
(b) the great evil of our age is overstrain
improve themselves.
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(c) man cannot think well (d) Not Valid: This option implies that individuals are entirely
(d) man cannot care for his spiritual welfare incapable of caring for their spiritual well-being. The passage
suggests that excessive labor makes it difficult for people to
focus on their spiritual needs, but it doesn’t claim that they
cannot care for it at all. Rather, it indicates a struggle to
prioritize spirituality amidst overwhelming work.
Hence, B is the correct option

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage.
We will use reasoning and common sense along with known
general knowledge facts to reach at the solution
Option (a) Man should not work hard.
➢ This is too extreme and unlikely to be the core idea of the
passage. Working hard is generally considered a virtue, and
discouraging it outright is not logical unless explicitly stated
in the passage.
Option (b) The great evil of our age is overstrain.
➢ This option focuses on the negative consequences of
excessive work or stress, which could logically align with a
passage critiquing modern work habits or advocating for
balance. Hence, this is Highly plausible as the correct
answer.
Option (c) Man cannot think well.
➢ While this could be a side effect of overstrain or stress, it is
too narrow to be the central idea unless the passage
explicitly argues that modern life impairs critical thinking.
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Option (d) Man cannot care for his spiritual welfare.

➢ This could be relevant if the passage discusses the spiritual
toll of overstrain. However, it seems too specific to reflect
the overall central idea, which likely addresses overstrain
more broadly.
Hence, the Correct Answer should be Option (b) The great
evil of our age is overstrain.

58 In an economic organization, allowing mankind to a (a) This option reflects the main point of the passage. The
benefit by the productivity of machines should lead to passage emphasizes that leisure created by machines can
a very good life of leisure, and much leisure is apt to only be meaningfully enjoyed by an educated
be tedious except to those who have intelligent population, who can engage in intelligent activities. It
activities and interests. If a leisured population is to links education to the effective use of the benefits of
be happy, it must be an educated population, and economic progress (leisure and productivity).
must be educated with a view to enjoyment as well as (b) The passage doesn’t suggest that economic
to the direct usefulness of technical knowledge. development should focus solely on creating leisure.
Instead, it argues that leisure is a potential benefit of
Which of the following statements best reflects the economic progress, but only if there is an educated
underlying tone of the passage? (2022) population to use it meaningfully. The focus is not on
(a) Only an educated population can best make use of leisure creation, but on how to use it.
the benefits of economic progress. (c) While the passage does mention that an educated
(b) All economic development should be aimed at the population can enjoy leisure and contribute to happiness,
creation of leisure. it doesn't directly claim that education alone leads to
(c) An increase in the educated population of a greater happiness. The passage suggests that education
country leads to an increase in the happiness of its helps people make use of leisure, but doesn’t make a
people. direct causal link to overall happiness.
(d) Use of machines should be encouraged in order to (d) This option misrepresents the focus of the passage. The
create a large leisured population. passage discusses leisure as a consequence of increased

machine productivity, but the main point is that

education is necessary for that leisure to be meaningful.
It’s not about encouraging machines just for leisure's
sake, but how to use leisure productively through
education.
Hence, a is the correct option

(a) Only an educated population can best make use of the

benefits of economic progress.
➢ Education enhances skills and productivity, allowing people
to fully benefit from economic growth. This is a widely
accepted principle and hence, can be the answer.
(b) All economic development should be aimed at the creation
of leisure.
➢ Economic development serves broader goals, like improving
living standards and reducing poverty. Leisure is a secondary
benefit, not the sole focus. So, reject this.
(c) An increase in the educated population of a country leads
to an increase in the happiness of its people.
➢ While education can improve life quality, happiness is
influenced by many other factors, so this is an
oversimplification and must be rejected.
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(d) Use of machines should be encouraged in order to create a

large leisured population.
➢ Automation can increase efficiency, but without proper
policies, it may lead to job loss and inequality, not
necessarily more leisure. Hence, can be rejected.

Hence, the best statement is Option (a) Only an educated

population can best make use of the benefits of economic
progress because it directly addresses the link between
education and the ability to benefit from economic growth.

59 The majority of people who fail to accumulate money a (a) Valid: The passage emphasizes how being easily swayed by
sufficient for their needs, are generally, easily others' opinions can hinder one's ability to accumulate
influenced by the opinions of others. They permit the money and succeed. It warns against allowing external
newspapers and the gossiping neighbours to do their influences to dictate one's decisions.
thinking for them. Opinions are the cheapest (b) Not Valid: While the passage discusses financial
commodities on the earth. Everyone has a flock of accumulation, it does not emphasize the quantity of money
opinions ready to be wished upon by anyone who will to be accumulated.
accept them. If you are influenced by opinions when (c) Not Valid: This option suggests a complete rejection of
you reach decisions, you will not succeed in any opinions, which the passage does not advocate. It primarily
undertaking. warns against being overly influenced by them.
(d) Not Valid: This option is too absolute. The passage does not
What is the main idea of the passage? claim that avoiding all opinions guarantees success; rather,
(a) People should not be influenced by the opinions it highlights the negative impact of being influenced by
of others. others.
(b) People should accumulate as much money as they Hence, A is the correct option
can.

(c) People should neither give nor accept the CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
opinions. cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(d) People will succeed in any undertaking if they do Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage.
not accept any opinion at all We will use reasoning, logic and common sense along with
known general knowledge facts to reach at the solution.
Let's analyze each option logically based on common sense and
reasoning:
(a) People should not be influenced by the opinions of others.
➢ This suggests that one should maintain their independence
of thought and not be swayed by external judgments. This is
a reasonable idea, often promoted in many self-help or
philosophical writings that emphasize self-reliance and
personal decision-making. It could be a valid answer if the
passage discusses personal autonomy or avoiding the
influence of others.
(b) People should accumulate as much money as they can.
➢ This suggests that the focus of the passage is on financial
gain. However, accumulating wealth for its own sake is not a
common theme in philosophical or reflective passages
unless it directly deals with materialism or financial success.
Without further context, this doesn't seem like the most
likely central idea.
(c) People should neither give nor accept the opinions.
➢ This statement is more extreme, suggesting that people
should avoid both giving and accepting opinions. It seems to
take the idea of not being influenced by others to an
extreme, and could be valid if the passage emphasizes a
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radical form of independence. However, it's a more

restrictive view and might not be the main point unless
specifically highlighted in the passage.
(d) People will succeed in any undertaking if they do not accept
any opinion at all.
➢ This statement suggests that success can only be achieved
by ignoring all opinions, which seems overly simplistic and
extreme. Success is generally seen as a combination of
personal effort, knowledge, and sometimes considering
others' perspectives. This extreme view would be unusual
unless the passage specifically promotes a total rejection of
external advice, which is unlikely to be the central message.

Conclusion: The most logical and reasonable answer is (a)

People should not be influenced by the opinions of others.
This is a balanced and common theme in discussions about
personal growth and independence, making it the most likely
main idea of the passage.

60 Not every voice on the internet commands the same b (a) Not Valid: This statement emphasizes the idea that social
kind of audience. When anonymous private entities with media provides a platform for diverse opinions and quick
high capital can pay for more space for their opinions, information sharing. However, the passage focuses more on
they are effectively buying a louder voice. If political the negative implications of this marketplace, such as how it
discourse in the digital sphere is a matter of outshining can distort political discourse rather than merely facilitating
one’s opponent till the election is won, then the quality access to information.
of politics suffers. The focus of social media is restricted (b) Valid: This statement aligns closely with the passage’s
to the promotion of content that generates more user critique. It highlights the profit-driven nature of social media

engagement, regardless of how inflammatory the platforms, suggesting that their design prioritizes
content maybe. engagement over quality or ethical considerations in
political discourse. This reflects the concerns raised in the
Which one of the following statements best reflects the passage about the effects of capital and engagement-driven
central idea of the above passage? (2024) algorithms.
(a) Constructed as a marketplace of views, social media (c) Not Valid: While this statement suggests a positive role for
ensures instant access to information. social media in promoting democratic values, the passage
(b) Social media are not ideal or moral institutions but argues the opposite—that social media can undermine the
the products built by companies to make profits. quality of political discourse. Therefore, this choice does not
(c) Social media have been created to strengthen accurately reflect the central idea.
democracies. (d) Not Valid: This statement acknowledges the significance of
(d) In today’s world, social media are inevitable for well- social media in modern communication but does not
informed social life. address the concerns about the quality of discourse or the
influence of capital. The passage suggests that social media
may actually detract from informed political engagement
rather than enhance it.
Hence, B is the correct answer.

(b): Social media are not ideal or moral institutions but the
products built by companies to make profits.
➢ This is a logical and nuanced perspective. Social media
platforms are indeed created by private companies with
profit motives, rather than being purely altruistic or
democratic entities. This statement acknowledges their
corporate-driven origins and aligns with a broader critique
often made about them.
(c): social media have been created to strengthen
democracies.
➢ This is an overly optimistic and idealistic claim. While social
media may contribute to democratic processes in some
ways, they are not specifically created for this purpose. Their
primary motive remains profit-making, as per their
corporate nature.
(d): In today’s world, social media are inevitable for well-
informed social life.
➢ This overstates the role of social media, implying exclusivity.
While they are influential, many other avenues for an
informed social life exist, such as traditional media,
community interactions, and independent research.
Hence, the most logical and accurate statement is Option
(b), as it critically evaluates the nature of social media in the
context of their purpose and origin.

61 By the time children reach class 8, the bulk of them tend c (a) Not Valid: This statement suggests that poverty is the root
to be in the age range of 13 years to 15 years. But in our cause of under-performance in schools. However, the

country, about a quarter of all children in class 8 struggle passage focuses on academic competencies relative to
with reading simple texts and more than half are still expectations rather than directly linking poverty to
unable to do basic arithmetic operations like division. educational outcomes.
Every year about 25 million young boys and girls from (b) Not Valid: This option proposes that financial rewards could
elementary school move into the life that lies for them enhance academic performance. The passage does not
beyond compulsory schooling. They cannot enter the mention monetary incentives as a strategy or solution,
workforce at least in the organized sector till they are 18. focusing instead on the existing gaps in education and
For many families, these children are the first from their competencies.
families ever to get this far in school. Parents and (c) Valid: This statement reflects the passage's central idea,
children expect that such ‘graduates’ from school will go emphasizing the need for educational policies that align
on to high school and college. Hardly anyone wants to go students' skills with their aspirations. It addresses the
back to agriculture. On the other hand, abilities in terms discrepancy between academic performance and the
of academic competencies are far lower than they expectations of students and their families.
should be even based on curricular expectations of class (d) Not Valid: This option implies that for India to benefit from
8. its young population, graduates should return to agriculture.
The passage does not discuss agriculture as a necessary
Which one of the following statements best reflects the outcome for school graduates, but rather highlights their
central idea conveyed by the passage? (2024) struggles with academic competencies and expectations for
(a) Total eradication of poverty in the country will resolve further education.
the issue of under-performance of our school- Hence, C is the correct answer.
children.
(b) Monetary incentives to parents and teachers is a CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
strategy to improve the children’s academic cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
performance. Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage.
(c) Public policy should ensure that competencies and We will use reasoning and common sense along with known
achievements of young people are aligned with their general knowledge facts to reach at the solution
expectations. (a): Total eradication of poverty in the country will resolve the
issue of under-performance of our school-children.

(d) India is not going to take advantage of the ➢ While poverty is a significant factor affecting the academic
demographic dividend unless some school pass-outs performance of children, addressing poverty alone will not
go back to agriculture. entirely resolve the issue. Other factors, such as quality of
education, teacher training, and curriculum relevance, also
play critical roles. Therefore, this option is too narrow to
reflect the central idea.
(b): Monetary incentives to parents and teachers is a strategy
to improve the children’s academic performance.
➢ Monetary incentives might help in certain cases, but they
are not a comprehensive or sustainable solution to
improving academic performance. Education requires
systemic reform, including better infrastructure, relevant
curriculum, and community involvement. Hence, this option
is not broad enough to reflect the central idea.
(c): Public policy should ensure that competencies and
achievements of young people are aligned with their
expectations.
➢ This statement addresses the broader issue of aligning
education and skill development with the aspirations of
young people. It emphasizes the importance of creating
relevant educational policies and systems that equip
students with the skills and competencies needed to
succeed in their desired fields. This makes it the most logical
and comprehensive reflection of the central idea.
(d): India is not going to take advantage of the demographic
dividend unless some school pass-outs go back to agriculture.

➢ While agriculture remains a vital sector in India, the

statement is narrow and assumes that the demographic
dividend is dependent on school pass-outs returning to
agriculture. This is not aligned with the broader goal of
enhancing education and skill development across all
sectors, making this option less suitable.
Thus, the most logical and rational choice is Option (c) because
it captures the central idea of aligning public policy with the
aspirations and needs of young people to ensure their
competencies and achievements lead to overall development.

62 The history of science is the real history of mankind. In d 1. Not Valid: The passage discusses the relationship between
this striking epigram, a nineteenth-century writer links science and mankind but does not assert that mankind
science with its background. Like most epigrams, its could not exist without science. It emphasizes the complex
power lies in emphasizing by contrast an aspect of truth interaction between them but does not make a definitive
which may be easily overlooked. In this case, it is easy to claim about existence being contingent on science.
overlook the relations between science and mankind, 2. Valid: The passage does not convey that science will
and to treat the former as some abstract third party, determine mankind's destiny. Instead, it questions whether
which can sometimes be praised for its beneficial the issues faced by mankind are the result of scientific
influences, but frequently and conveniently blamed for progress or other factors.
the horrors of war. Science and mankind cannot be Hence, D is the correct answer.
divorced from time to time at men’s convenience. Yet we
have seen that, in spite of countless opportunities of CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
improvement, the opening years of the present period cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
of civilization have been dominated by international Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage.
conflict. Is this the inevitable result of the progress of We will use reasoning and common sense along with known
science or does the fault lie elsewhere? general knowledge facts to reach at the solution

Which of the following is/are emphatically conveyed by 1: Without science, mankind could not have continued to exist
the author of the passage? till today.
1. Without science, mankind could not have continued ➢ This is an exaggerated claim and is not logically tenable.
to exist till today. Human survival has depended on a variety of factors beyond
2. It is the science that will ultimately determine the science, such as adaptability, instincts, social cooperation,
destiny of mankind. and other non-scientific advancements. While science has
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
been a transformative force in recent centuries, it is not the
(2024)
sole factor for humanity's existence.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only 2: It is the science that will ultimately determine the destiny
(c) Both 1 and 2 of mankind.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 ➢ This is also an overly deterministic view. Although science
plays a significant role in shaping the future, other factors
such as ethics, culture, governance, and environmental
dynamics also contribute to determining the destiny of
mankind. Thus, placing the entire burden on science is an
imbalanced inference.
Why (d) is correct:
• Both statements are extreme and lack nuanced reasoning.
• The role of science, while critical, is not the sole determinant
of either humanity's past survival or its ultimate destiny.
Hence, the correct answer is (d) Neither 1 nor 2, as neither
statement is entirely rational or logically valid.

63 When a child reaches adolescence, there is apt to be a a (a) Valid: This reflects the idea that the conflict and parental
conflict between the parents and the child, since the dogmatism can hinder effective communication and
latter considers himself to be by now quite capable of support.
managing his own affairs, while the former are filled with
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parental solicitude, which is often a disguise for love of (b) Not Valid: This statement implies that parental involvement
power. Parents consider, usually, that the various moral should be completely removed, which is not the central
problems which arise in adolescence are peculiarly their theme of the passage.
province. The options they express, however, are so (c) Not Valid: This is too broad and shifts focus away from the
dogmatic that the young seldom confide in them, and specific parent-child dynamic discussed.
usually go their own way in secret. (d) Not Valid: This statement makes a negative generalization
about adolescents, which is not the main focus of the
Which one of the following statements best reflects the passage.
central idea of the above passage? (2024) Hence, A is the correct answer.
(a) Parents in general may not be of much help when
children are on their way to becoming adults. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
(b) When children reach adolescence, involvement of cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
parents in their lives is unnecessary. Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage.
(c) Modern-day nuclear families are not capable of We will use reasoning and common sense along with known
bringing up children properly. general knowledge facts to reach at the solution
(d) In modern societies, adolescents tend to be (a): "Parents in general may not be of much help when
Stubborn, disobedient and careless. children are on their way to becoming adults."
➢ This is a reasonable and logical conclusion, especially
considering the fact that adolescence is a time when
children strive for independence and begin to form their
own identities. While parents still play an important role,
they might be less directly involved in decision-making or
guiding their children as they approach adulthood. This
aligns with the idea that adolescents seek autonomy and are
less dependent on their parents.
(b): "When children reach adolescence, involvement of
parents in their lives is unnecessary."

➢ This is an extreme statement. While adolescents may seek

more independence, the involvement of parents is still
important. The need for parental guidance does not
disappear in adolescence, though it may change in nature.
Therefore, this statement is too absolute and not fully
reflective of reality.
(c): "Modern-day nuclear families are not capable of bringing
up children properly."
➢ This is a sweeping generalization and not necessarily true.
Many modern-day nuclear families can and do raise children
well. Parenting success depends on numerous factors
beyond just the family structure. This statement lacks
nuance and doesn't accurately capture the relationship
between parents and adolescents in modern societies.
(d): "In modern societies, adolescents tend to be stubborn,
disobedient and careless."
➢ This statement generalizes adolescents in modern societies.
While some adolescents may exhibit stubbornness or
rebellious behavior, it is not universally true for all
adolescents. The passage is unlikely to support such a one-
dimensional view of adolescent behavior.
Thus, Option (a) is the most logical and accurate statement as
it acknowledges the changing dynamics between parents and
adolescents as they grow into adulthood without making overly
generalized or extreme claims. Therefore, the correct answer is
(a).

64 Evolution has endowed caterpillars that feed on corn c (a) Not Valid: The passage discusses the interaction between
with a unique ability, they can induce the plant to turn caterpillars and corn plants, specifically their ability to
off its defence against insect predators. This helps manipulate plant defenses. However, it does not suggest
caterpillars to eat more and grow faster. The agent that that caterpillars could be used for controlling weeds, as the
causes this effect is the caterpillar’s faeces or frass. The focus is on their relationship with corn plants and not on
find could throw new light on compounds associated agricultural practices involving weeds.
with plant response to pathogens like fungi or bacteria. (b) Not Valid: While the passage mentions that the finding
could illuminate compounds related to plant responses to
Which one of the following statements best reflects the pathogens, it does not directly link this to the development
most logical, rational and practical message conveyed of antimicrobial compounds for clinical use. Therefore, this
by the passage? (2024) option is not the best reflection of the passage.
(a) Farmers can use caterpillars to feed on weeds in their (c) Valid: This option is aligned with the passage's implication
crop fields/ plantations. that understanding how caterpillars influence plant
(b) This finding can help in the development of clinically defenses could lead to new methods for managing plant
useful antimicrobial compounds. health. If the compounds involved can be understood and
(c) This finding can help in the development of organic, applied, they might help develop eco-friendly pest
ecologically sustainable pesticides. management solutions, making this a logical and practical
(d) Caterpillars can be genetically modified to be inference.
predators of the other plant pests. (d) Not Valid: The passage does not mention genetic
modification or suggest that caterpillars could be turned into
predators of other pests. It focuses on their natural ability to
influence plant defenses rather than altering their genetic
traits for pest control.
Hence, C is the correct answer.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage.

We will use reasoning and common sense along with known
general knowledge facts to reach at the solution
Let's analyze each option logically based on the typical context
surrounding research on caterpillars and their potential use in
agriculture or pest control:
(a): "Farmers can use caterpillars to feed on weeds in their
crop fields/plantations."
➢ This statement seems less likely as caterpillars are generally
not known to feed on weeds, but rather on specific plants
like crops or host plants. It is unlikely that caterpillars would
be seen as a natural solution for weed control.
(b): "This finding can help in the development of clinically
useful antimicrobial compounds."
➢ While caterpillars and other insects may have antimicrobial
properties, this statement seems more applicable to
medical or pharmaceutical research. It doesn’t align well
with a typical agricultural context involving pest control or
crop management, unless the passage specifically discusses
antimicrobial properties.
(c): "This finding can help in the development of organic,
ecologically sustainable pesticides."
➢ This statement is the most plausible. If the passage
discusses caterpillars being used to control pests or other
agricultural problems, then it is logical to infer that such a
finding could lead to the development of organic,

ecologically sustainable alternatives to chemical pesticides,

which is a growing trend in agriculture.
(d): "Caterpillars can be genetically modified to be predators
of the other plant pests."
➢ While genetic modification of pests is a topic of research,
this statement seems more extreme and less likely
compared to developing natural pest control methods.
Genetic modification to turn caterpillars into predators of
other pests is a complex and specific solution that may not
align with common agricultural practices discussed in typical
passages on the subject.
Hence, The most logical and rational message in the absence
of the passage would likely align with Option (c): "This
finding can help in the development of organic, ecologically
sustainable pesticides." This reflects a growing trend in
agriculture focused on sustainability and natural pest
control methods.

65 In a robust democracy, reality, howsoever inconvenient a (a) Valid: This statement aligns closely with the passage's
it may be, finds its expression both in the speech of emphasis on the role of the media in reflecting reality
political leaders and the other social forms of assertion. accurately. It suggests that in a healthy democracy, media
The existence of the real has to be transparent, both should present information truthfully, without
through its circulation in and by the media as well as its manipulation, which is crucial for informed public discourse.
argumentative articulation in deliberative democracy. A (b) Not Valid: This statement implies that misinformation or
normatively responsible media through its "fake news" is a natural part of a democratic society.
communication effect has the responsibility to circulate However, the passage does not suggest that fake news is
the content of reality without distortion.

inherent; rather, it highlights the importance of responsible

Which one of the following statements best reflects the media to avoid distortion of reality.
crux of the above passage? (2024) (c) Not Valid: While freedom of expression is important in a
(a) Responsible media should not distort the real in an democracy, the passage does not focus on the absence of
ideal democracy. restrictions. Instead, it emphasizes the responsibility of
(b) Fake news seems inherent in the life of an ideal media and political leaders to communicate reality
democracy. effectively. It does not argue against restrictions; rather, it
(c) There should not be any kind of restrictions on the advocates for responsible communication.
freedom of expression in an ideal democracy. (d) Not Valid: This statement suggests a pessimistic view about
(d) Irresponsible media and political leaders cannot be the control of media and leaders in a democracy. The
effectively controlled in an ideal democracy. passage does not imply that they cannot be controlled; it
stresses the need for responsibility and transparency in their
actions and communications, suggesting that accountability
is possible.
Hence, A is the correct answer.

emphasizes the importance of media ethics and

truthfulness. This could be a valid reflection if the passage
discusses media responsibility in ensuring that the truth is
not distorted, which is crucial in a democracy.
(b): "Fake news seems inherent in the life of an ideal
democracy."
➢ This statement seems to suggest that fake news is an
unavoidable problem, which is quite a negative and
deterministic view. While fake news may be a challenge in
any society, it doesn’t seem to align with the idealistic tone
of discussing democracy in an optimistic or solution-
oriented way.
(c): "There should not be any kind of restrictions on the
freedom of expression in an ideal democracy."
➢ This statement speaks to the importance of freedom of
expression, which is a core value in many democratic
systems. However, it may overlook the need for balance
between freedom and responsibility, especially if the
passage discusses the challenges of unregulated speech,
such as the spread of misinformation or hate speech.
(d): "Irresponsible media and political leaders cannot be
effectively controlled in an ideal democracy."
➢ This statement seems to be quite a fatalistic view. In an
ideal democracy, while there might be challenges in
regulating media or political figures, the emphasis would
likely be on accountability and checks and balances, rather
than on an inability to control them.
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Hence, the most logical and rational statement, assuming the

passage discusses the role of media, freedom, and
responsibility in an ideal democracy, is likely Option (a):
"Responsible media should not distort the real in an ideal
democracy." This aligns with the importance of truth and
accountability in a democratic society.
66 Green growth involves rethinking growth strategies with c (a) Not Valid: This statement suggests that there is a
regard to the impacts on environmental sustainability fundamental conflict between achieving high GDP growth
and the environmental resources available to poor and and maintaining environmental sustainability. However, the
vulnerable groups. In rethinking growth, we need to passage advocates for rethinking growth strategies to
focus on the current reality of world. Resource resource- incorporate sustainability, indicating that the two can
constrained intensive and, in particular energy intensive coexist. Thus, this option misrepresents the passage's
processes will need to make way for more efficient and message.
resource frugal development strategies if we are to avoid (b) Not Valid: This statement implies that rapid economic
an economic dead end or a world in which only a small growth, which may lead to environmental degradation, is a
elite is able to enjoy affluence in the midst of a sea of necessary condition for eradicating poverty. The passage
poverty. argues for sustainable and resource-efficient development,
suggesting that poverty can be addressed without
Which one of the following statements best reflects the compromising environmental health. Therefore, this option
crux of the above passage? (2024) contradicts the passage's focus.
(a) Environmental sustainability is inimical to our (c) Valid: This option captures the essence of the passage. It
objective of achieving a high rate of GDP growth. emphasizes that to achieve sustainable and inclusive
(b) Poverty eradication is not possible without a rapid growth, high environmental standards must be maintained.
economic growth and the consequent The passage highlights the need for efficient and resource-
environmental degradation. frugal development strategies to avoid economic dead ends,
aligning closely with this statement.

(c) Maintaining high environmental standards is now a (d) Not Valid: This statement presents a defeatist view that
prerequisite for achieving a steady, sufficient and suggests environmental degradation and inequality are
inclusive growth. unavoidable due to current global challenges. The passage,
(d) With large populations, rampant poverty and however, calls for rethinking growth strategies to promote
limited resources of today’s world, environmental sustainability and equity, indicating that these outcomes are
degradation cannot be prevented and inequalities not inevitable if proactive measures are taken. Therefore,
are inevitable. this option does not reflect the proactive message of the
passage.
Hence, C is the correct answer.

development is seen as achievable alongside economic

growth.
(b): "Poverty eradication is not possible without a rapid
economic growth and the consequent environmental
degradation."
➢ This statement implies that poverty eradication requires rapid
growth at the expense of the environment. While
historically some have seen economic growth as a key to
poverty reduction, modern approaches advocate for
sustainable development that balances both poverty
reduction and environmental protection. This statement
could be seen as outdated and somewhat extreme.
(c): "Maintaining high environmental standards is now a
prerequisite for achieving a steady, sufficient and inclusive
growth."
➢ This is a balanced and reasonable statement. It reflects the
contemporary understanding that economic growth should
not come at the cost of the environment and that inclusive
and sustainable growth requires maintaining high
environmental standards. This aligns with the widely
accepted concept of sustainable development.
(d): "With large populations, rampant poverty and limited
resources of today’s world, environmental degradation cannot
be prevented and inequalities are inevitable."
➢ This statement reflects a pessimistic view, suggesting that
environmental degradation and inequality are unavoidable
due to population and resource constraints. While this
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might reflect challenges, it overlooks the potential for

innovation, policy changes, and sustainable development
that can address these issues. It's more fatalistic than the
balanced perspective implied by the other options.
Hence, the most logical and rational message is Option (c):
"Maintaining high environmental standards is now a
prerequisite for achieving a steady, sufficient and inclusive
growth." This reflects a modern, balanced view where
economic growth and environmental sustainability are not
mutually exclusive and can be pursued together.

67 Unlike religion and science, poetry does not posit or a (a) Valid: This option aligns well with the passage, which
expect any belief in absolute truths. Those forces or emphasizes poetry's acceptance of the plurality and
individuals who claim to have absolute truths in their contradictions of life. The passage suggests that poetry
grasp tend to turn dictatorial and tyrannical. Truth thrives in the realm of imperfections and complexities,
usually does not admit any contradictions or unlike science or religion, which may seek absolute truths.
imperfections. It is unitarian. It is, therefore, not of much Thus, this option captures a key message of the passage.
use for poetry. Poetry abides by the plurality of life and (b) Not Valid: This option contradicts the essence of the
existence. Perhaps poetry follows reality which is plural, passage. The passage critiques the notion of absolute truth
anachronistic, full of Contradictions. Against the tyranny upheld by science and religion and positions poetry as a
of truth, poetry remains a partisan of democratic reality. form that embraces contradictions and imperfections.
Against the arrogance of power, wealth and hierarchy, Therefore, saying poetry is opposed to truth misses the
poetry proposes both humility and defiance. point that poetry engages with a more complex reality.
(c) Not Valid: While this statement touches on the emotional
and subjective nature of poetry, it oversimplifies the

Which one of the following statements best reflects the distinction between poetry and the other domains. The
most logical and rational message conveyed by the passage does not assert that science and religion exclusively
above passage? (2024) hold the monopoly on truth; rather, it critiques their
(a) It is the poetry, not science or religion, which approach to truth. Thus, this option doesn't fully capture the
recognizes and accepts imperfections in humans. central message of the passage.
(b) Truth is revealed through science or religion and (d) Not Valid: This option resonates with the passage's notion
poetry is anathema to truth. of poetry standing against "the tyranny of truth" and "the
(c) Poetry is romantic, imaginary and is about feeling arrogance of power." It suggests that poetry offers a voice of
whereas science and religion are about truth. resistance, which aligns with the passage's portrayal of
(d) In a world of violence, tyranny and bigotry, poetry is poetry as advocating for humility and defiance. However,
a form of dynamic resistance. while it emphasizes resistance, it doesn't fully encapsulate
the broader themes of plurality and the nature of truth
discussed in the passage.
Hence, A is the correct option

TOPIC 2: ASSUMPTION
Total Number of Questions Asked from 2013-24
77
My instructions related this topic Dear students,
Assumption forms an important portion for UPSC CSAT Questions
and many of us do the mistake while doing questions from this
section. But after going through this instruction and reinforcing the
idea with the CHEAT CODE, your accuracy will improve to the next
level.
In general apply these steps
Steps to Solve Assumption Questions in UPSC CSAT
Comprehension:

1. Understand the Premise:

Read the given passage carefully to identify the core
argument or main point. Assumptions are the unstated
ideas that support this argument.
2. Identify the Link Between Premise and Conclusion:
Look for the connection between the information provided
and the conclusion drawn. Assumptions act as the bridge
that makes the conclusion logical.
3. Eliminate Extreme Options:
Assumptions are usually moderate and logical. Statements
that are too extreme, far-fetched, or not directly related to
the argument can be eliminated.
4. Check for Necessity:
Apply the "Negation Test": If negating an assumption
invalidates the argument, then that assumption is
necessary. For example:
o Passage: "Education improves employment
prospects."
o Assumption: "People with education are more likely
to find jobs."
o Negation: "People with education are not more
likely to find jobs." (This negates the argument, so
the assumption is valid.)

5. Avoid Overthinking or Adding New Information:

Stick to what is directly implied in the passage. Do not
bring outside knowledge or unrelated ideas.
6. Prioritize Logical Flow:
The assumption should logically connect the argument's
premise and conclusion. It must be implicit but essential to
the argument.
7. Practice Elimination:
In multiple-choice options:
o Eliminate options that introduce unrelated ideas.
o Discard options that restate facts or conclusions
(these are not assumptions).
o Focus on the option that subtly supports the
argument.
8. Stay Neutral:
Avoid letting personal biases influence your choice. Assess
assumptions objectively based on the passage.
By following these steps, you'll be able to tackle Assumption
questions with confidence and accuracy.
Apart from it, try to answer it through the CHEAT CODE METHOD.
This will enhance the accuracy of your answer.
Further must watch the video on CSAT Channel – CIVIL SERVICES
WITH NEELESH

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-EaE21NqDtI

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS RELATED TO THIS TOPIC

1 The subject of democracy has become severely d Note that the question is asking about assumptions, therefore, we
muddled because of the way the rhetoric need to see if the passage is written after assuming the above
surrounding it has been used in recent years. There statements.
is, increasingly, an oddly confused dichotomy ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect. It states that many of the non-Western
between those who want to 'impose' democracy on countries are unable to have democracy because they take
countries in the non-Western world (in these democracy to be a specialized cultural product of the West. The
countries' 'own interest', of course) and those who passage does not explicitly state that non-Western countries are
are opposed to such 'imposition' (because of the unable to have democracy because they view it as a Western
respect for the countries' 'own ways'). But the entire product. Instead, it criticizes the notion that democracy is
language of 'imposition', used by both sides, is exclusively a Western concept and mentions historical
extraordinarily inappropriate since it makes the experiments with democracy in non-Western contexts, like
implicit assumption that democracy belongs ancient India. It argues against the framing of democracy as
exclusively to the West, taking it to be a exclusively Western but does not attribute the inability to have
quintessentially 'Western' idea which has originated democracy in non-Western countries to this perception.
and flourished only in the West. ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect. While the passage discusses the
But the thesis and the pessimism it generates about rhetoric surrounding the "imposition" of democracy, it does not
the possibility of democratic practice in the world claim that Western countries are always trying to impose
would be extremely hard to justify. There were democracy on non-Western countries. It critiques the language
several experiments in local democracy in ancient of "imposition" used by both supporters and opponents of
India. Indeed, in understanding the roots of spreading democracy, suggesting it's inappropriate because it
democracy in the world, we have to take an interest implies democracy is an exclusively Western idea. The passage
in the history of people participation and public does not make a generalized statement about the intentions or
reasoning in different parts of the world. We have to actions of all Western countries making the statement incorrect.
look beyond thinking of democracy only in terms of

European and American evolution. We would fail to Therefore both the statements are incorrect, hence, the answer
understand the pervasive demands for participatory becomes (d).
living, on which Aristotle spoke with far-reaching
insight, if we take democracy to be a kind of a
specialized cultural product of the West.
It cannot, of course, be doubted that the
institutional structure of the contemporary practice
of democracy is largely the product of European and
American experience over the last few centuries.
This is extremely important to recognize since these
developments in institutional formats were
immensely innovative and ultimately effective.
There can be little doubt that there is a major
'Western' achievement here.

With reference to the passage, the following

assumptions have been made: (2013)
1. Many of the non-Western countries are unable to
have democracy because they take democracy to be
a specialized cultural product of the West.
2. Western countries are always trying to impose
democracy on non-Western countries.
Which of the above is / are valid assumption /
assumptions?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

2 The miseries of the world cannot be cured by d Neither 1 nor 2 is a valid assumption based on the passage.
physical help only. Until man's nature changes, his The passage explicitly states that physical and material help alone
physical needs will always arise, and miseries will cannot cure the miseries of the world and emphasizes the need for
always be felt, and no amount of physical help will a change in man's nature or character. It argues that even with
remove them completely. The only solution of the widespread charitable efforts and hospitals, human misery will
problem is to make mankind pure. Ignorance is the continue until there is a fundamental change in individuals'
mother of evil and of all the misery we see. Let men characters. Therefore, both assumptions are contradicted by the
have light, let them be pure and spiritually strong main ideas presented in the passage.
and educated; then alone will misery cease in the
world. We may convert every house in the country CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
into a charitable asylum, we may fill the land with read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
hospitals, but human misery will continue until ❖ Statement 1 is wrong – see the statement from the passage
man's character changes. - The miseries of the world cannot be cured by physical help
only. Until man's nature changes, his physical needs will
With reference to the passage, the following always arise, and miseries will always be felt, and no amount
assumptions have been made: (2013) of physical help will remove them completely.
1. The author gives primary importance to physical ❖ Statement 2 is wrong – see the statement from the passage
and material help in eradicating human misery. - We may convert every house in the country into a
2. Charitable homes, hospitals, etc. can remove charitable asylum, we may fill the land with hospitals, but
human misery to a great extent. human misery will continue until man's character changes
Which of the assumptions is/are valid?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

3 The Himalayan ecosystem is highly vulnerable to b ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect: This assumption is not explicitly
damage, both due to geological reasons and on supported by the passage. While the passage does mention the
account of the stress caused by increased pressure stress caused by the exploitation of natural resources, it
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of population, exploitation of natural resources and emphasizes the need for conservation efforts and contemporary
other related challenges. These aspects may be approaches to adapt to climate change rather than stating that
exacerbated due to the impact of climate change. It all exploitation of natural resources should be completely
is possible that climate change may adversely avoided. The passage suggests a more nuanced approach to
impact the Himalayan ecosystem through increased managing natural resources rather than outright avoidance.
temperature, altered precipitation patterns, ❖ Statement 2 is correct: The passage mentions the vulnerability
episodes of drought and biotic influences. This of the Himalayan ecosystem due to geological reasons (natural)
would not only impact the very sustenance of the and stresses caused by increased population pressure and
indigenous communities in uplands but also the life exploitation of resources (anthropogenic). This shows that both
of downstream dwellers across the country and natural and anthropogenic factors can adversely affect
beyond. Therefore, there is an urgent need for ecosystems.
giving special attention to sustain the Himalayan ❖ Statement 3 is incorrect: This assumption is not directly
ecosystem. This would require conscious efforts for supported by the passage. While the loss of genetic resources,
conserving all the representative systems. species, and habitats, and a decrease in ecosystem services are
Further, it needs to be emphasized that the mentioned as threats, the passage does not explicitly state that
endemics with restricted distribution, and most the loss of endemic diversity leads to the extinction of entire
open with specialized habitat requirements, are ecosystems. It highlights the vulnerability of endemic elements
among the most vulnerable elements. In this respect and the significance of their conservation but does not make a
the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot, with rich direct link to ecosystem extinction.
endemic diversity, is vulnerable to climate change.
The threats include possible loss of genetic CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
resources and species, habitats and concomitantly a read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
decrease in ecosystem services. Therefore, Statement 1 is eliminated as this is an extreme situation, the
conservation of endemic elements in representative exploitation of natural resources to maintain the natural ecosystem
ecosystem/habitats assumes a great significance cannot be completely avoided.
while drawing conservation plans for the region. Similarly, loss of endemic diversity can lead to loss for ecosystem
Towards achieving the above, we will have and not the extinction of the ecosystem itself (it might lead to loss
to shift toward contemporary conservation of some species though). So, statement 3 is also wrong.
approaches, which include a paradigm of landscape Thus, the answer left is 2 only which is b.
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level interconnectivity between protected area

systems. The concept advocates a shift from the
species-habitat focus to an inclusive focus on
expanding the biogeographic range so that natural
adjustments to climate change can proceed without
being restrictive.

With reference to the passage, the following

assumptions have been made: (2014)
1. To maintain natural ecosystems, exploitation of
natural resources should be completely avoided.
2. Not only anthropogenic but also natural reason
can adversely affect ecosystems.
3. Loss of endemic diversity leads the extinction of
ecosystems.
Which of the above assumptions is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 3 only

4 "If political leadership fails to emerge, there is b The passage suggests that in the absence of emerging political
likelihood of military taking over power in leadership in developing countries, there is a likelihood of the
developing countries. Radical student groups or military taking over power, implying that the military steps in to fill
labour may try to raise revolution but they are not the void left by the lack of political leadership. This does not
likely to compete with the military. Military necessarily imply that military intervention is inevitable for
intervention, rule, and withdrawal from politics is development or that political leadership is ineffective, but rather

closely related to a society's level of political that the military tends to assume control in the absence of strong
development." (2014) political structures.

In the context of political development, the CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
assumption in the above passage is that read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(a) political leadership is not an effective
instrument. Use your logic and experience of the internation relation such as
(b) military fills in the political vacuum. situation in Myanmar and Pakistan. With a political vaccum or lesser
(c) military intervention is inevitable for power to politics, the military holds the power. It always steps in
development. when the people in government cannot handle the situations. So, b
(d) None of the above should be the answer.
(a) Political leadership since it is a civilian govt. is seen as a
effective instrument of rule
(b) Discussed above Military intervention is never inevitable for
development – it is against common sense.
5 Many people in India feel that if we cut our defence b Note: The question is asking about assumption. Be careful here.
expenditure on weapon-building, we can create a
climate of peace with our neighbours, subsequently ❖ Option (a) is incorrect: This option implies a direct cause-effect
reducing the conflict or creating a no-war situation. relationship where weapon-building provokes war. The passage
People who proclaim such ideas are either the does not suggest that weapon-building has led to wars, nor does
victims of war or the propagators of false argument. it provide evidence that neighbours have been instigated by such
actions. This lacks direct support from the text and assumes a
With reference to the above passage, which of the cause not mentioned.
following is the most valid assumption? (2015) ❖ Option (b) is correct by the Defence Deterrence Theory, which
(a) Building of weapons systems by us has instigated argues that a well-armed state can deter potential adversaries
our neighbours to wage wars against us. from initiating conflict. The passage indirectly suggests that
(b) The greater spending on weapon- building by us current or increased defence spending may already be deterring
would lessen the possibility of armed conflict conflict, supporting the conventional defence wisdom that
with our neighbours. showing military strength prevents wars. This reflects a belief
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(c) It is necessary to have state of the art weapons that greater military capabilities act as a deterrent to potential
systems for national security. conflicts.
(d) Many people in India believe that we are wasting ❖ Option (c) is incorrect: While this statement might be broadly
our resources on weapon- building. true in terms of defence policy, it doesn’t directly stem from the
passage. The passage debates the merit of reducing defence
spending for peace rather than asserting the necessity of
advanced weaponry for security. The passage does not make any
claim about the quality or state of the weaponry needed, only
the volume of spending.
❖ Option (d) is incorrect: Although this option seems to align with
the sentiment that defence expenditure could be cut, the
passage doesn’t necessarily imply that people believe it is a
"waste" of resources. The statement is more about reallocating
resources for peace rather than the wastefulness of current
spending. It assumes a value judgment on defence spending that
the passage does not explicitly make.

6 The richer States have a responsibility to cut down a The passage emphasizes the responsibility of richer States to cut
carbon emissions and promote clean energy down carbon emissions and promote clean energy investments due
investments. These are the States that got to their advanced economic status, capability, and historical
electricity, grew faster and now have high per capita benefits from earlier growth phases, including the use of electricity.
income, making them capable of sharing India's This suggests that they are in a position to lead by example in
burden of becoming eco- friendly. Delhi, for transitioning to eco-friendly energy sources.
example, can help by generating its own clean
electricity using solar rooftop panels or even help CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
poor States finance their clean energy projects. It is read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
no secret that State Electricity Boards, which control
95% of the distribution network, are neck-deep in Just read the options and apply your GS knowledge one by one
losses. These losses further discourage State utilities (a) This is good statement – may be the answer
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from adopting renewable energy as it is more (b) Always word – it is extreme statement – reject it
expensive than fossil fuels. (c) This is also a possibility – may be the answer
(d) This is absurd statement – reject it
Which among the following is the most logical and
rational assumption that can be made from the So, you will have to make a choice between a and c. Chances are
above passage? (2015) there that you will end up choosing c. Since, generally, the better
(a) The richer States must lead in the production option between the two is a. (in a – you are talking about adoption
and adoption of renewable energy. of renewable energy vs in c – you are taking about finance. Think
(b) The poor States always have to depend on rich like a SAMARITAN)
States for electricity.
(c) The State Electricity Boards can improve their
finances by undertaking clean energy projects.
(d) The high economic disparity between the rich
and poor States is the major cause of high
carbon emissions in India.

7 Our municipal corporation are understaffed. The b The most logical and rational assumption that can be made from the
issue of skills and competencies of the staff poses an passage is (b) Our cities can provide better quality of life if our local
even greater challenge. Urban service delivery and government bodies have adequate staff with required skills and
infrastructure are complex to plan and execute. They competencies. This assumption directly correlates with the
require a high degree of specialization and passage's focus on the challenges faced by municipal corporations
professionalism. The current framework within due to understaffing and the lack of skilled and competent staff. The
which municipal employees, including senior passage argues that urban service delivery and infrastructure
management, are recruited does not adequately planning require specialized skills and professionalism, implying
factor in the technical and managerial competencies that improving the quality and effectiveness of municipal services—
required. Cadre and recruitment rules only specify and thereby the quality of urban life—hinges on addressing these
the bare minimum in academic qualifications. There staffing and competency gaps.
is no mention of managerial or technical
competencies, or of relevant work experience. This
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is the case with most municipal corporations. They

also suffer from weak organisation design and
structure.

Which among the following is the most logical and

rational assumption that can be made from the
above passage? (2015)
(a) The task of providing urban servicing is a complex
issue which requires the organizational
expansion of municipal bodies all over the
country,
(b) Our cities can provide better quality of life if our
local government bodies have adequate staff
with required skills and competencies.
(c) Lack of skilled staff is due to the absence of
institutions which offer the requisite skills in city
management.
(d) Our country is not taking advantage of the
demographic dividend to manage the problems
associated with rapid urbanization

8 Individuals, groups and leaders who promote human b ❖ Assumption 1: "Higher economic growth is essential to ensure
development operate under strong institutional, reduction in economic disparity." The passage does not support
structural and political constraints that affect policy this assumption. It critiques the unbalanced emphasis on growth
options. But experience suggests broad principles due to its potential adverse distributional effects, which implies
for shaping an appropriate agenda for human that higher economic growth alone may not ensure a reduction
development. One important finding from several in economic disparity. Instead, it suggests the need for balanced
decades of human development experience is that approaches that include investments in non-income aspects of
focusing exclusively on economic growth is human development.
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problematic. While we have good knowledge about ❖ Assumption 2: "Environmental degradation is sometimes a
how to advance health and education, the causes of consequence of economic growth." This assumption is
growth are much less certain and growth is often supported by the passage. It specifically mentions that an
elusive. Further, an unbalanced emphasis on growth unbalanced emphasis on growth is often associated with
is often associated with negative environmental negative environmental consequences, indicating that
consequences and adverse distributional effects. environmental degradation can indeed be a consequence of
The experience of China, with its impressive growth economic growth.
record, reflects these broader concerns and
underlines the importance of balanced approaches CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
that emphasize investments in the non-income read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
aspects of human development. Forget about assumption buddy. Think of it like a layman. If it will
With reference to the above passage, the following make sense to me, I will accept it else I will kick it out
assumptions have been made: (2015) (a) Essential – ignore the word – our GS knowledge says – it can he
1.Higher economic growth is essential to ensure helpful but that is not the only way out – REJECT IT
reduction in economic disparity. (b) Sometimes – a possibility word – accept it
2.Environmental degradation is sometimes a
consequence of economic growth So, take a bet on b which is the answer too.
Which of the above is / are valid assumption /
assumptions?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

9 Governments may have to take steps which would b ❖ Option(a) is incorrect. - This is contrary to the passage’s
otherwise be an infringement on the Fundamental emphasis. The passage argues that discretionary powers should
Rights of individuals, such as acquiring a person's be minimized and controlled, and where necessary, governed by
land against his will, or refusing permission for strict rules and safeguards to prevent misuse.
putting up a building, but the larger public interest
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for which these are done must be authorized by the ❖ Option(b) is correct - This option closely aligns with the passage’s
people (Parliament). Discretionary powers to the main point. It stresses the need for government actions, even
administration can be done away with. It is those infringing on individual rights, to be done within the
becoming more and more difficult to keep this framework of the law and under authorization by the people
power within limits as the government has many (Parliament), and underpinned by rules and safeguards to
numbers of tasks to perform. Where discretion has minimize and prevent the abuse of discretionary power.
to be used, there must be rules and safeguards to ❖ Option(c) is incorrect -The passage does not suggest that wider
prevent misuse of that power. Systems have to be discretionary power is a necessity for parliamentary democracy;
devised which minimize, if not prevent, the abuse of rather, it suggests that such power should be limited and well-
discretionary power. Government work must be regulated.
conducted within a framework of recognized rules ❖ Option(d) is incorrect- This option would be incorrect since
and principles, and decisions should be similar and option (b) does provide a logical assumption based on the
predictable. passage.

Which among the following is the most logical CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
assumption that can be made from the above read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
passage? (2015)
(a) Government should always be given wide Think of the options from the general well read UPSC aspirant
discretionary power in all matters of (a) You always talk about balancing the power and preventing
administration. misuse. So, absolute power to govt. is the thing which is against
(b) The supremacy of rules and safeguards should the ideal of democracy. Reject it
prevail as opposed to the influence of exclusive (b) This seems a balance approach – reserve it
discretion of authority. (c) This is wrong and against the idea of democracy. Moreover,
(c) Parliamentary democracy is possible only if the parliamentary democracy is possible with more participation
Government has wider discretionary power. and power sharing. So, reject it
(d) None of the above statements is a logical (d) It depends on whether, now you bet on b or not
assumption that can be made from this passage. But, the option b is appropriate in terms of idea we hold for
democracy. It is a balanced approach. So, accept it which will lead
to rejection of d automatically.
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10 Accountability or the lack of it, in governance a ❖ Statement 1 is correct because the passage suggests that the
generally, and civil services, in particular, is a major political executive may indeed pose an obstacle to the
factor underlying the deficiencies in governance and accountability of civil services to society. It discusses how the
public administration. Designing an effective emphasis on internal accountability of civil services to political
framework for accountability has been a key leaders has led to adverse consequences for governance.
element of the reform agenda. A fundamental issue ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect because the passage does not explicitly
is whether civil services should be accountable to discuss the accountability of the political executive to society.
the political executive of the day or to society at While it addresses challenges related to civil services
large. In other words, how should internal and accountability, it does not directly address the accountability of
external accountability be reconciled? Internal the political executive to society. Therefore, this assumption
accountability is sought to be achieved by internal cannot be considered valid based on the information provided in
performance monitoring, official supervision by the passage.
bodies like the Central Vigilance Commission and
Comptroller and Auditor General and judicial review CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
of executive decisions. Articles 311 and 312 of the read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Indian Constitution provide job security and
safeguards to the civil services, especially the All Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
India Services. The framers of the Constitution had aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it one by
envisaged that provision of these safeguards would one
result in a civil service that is not totally subservient 1) Statement 1 seems to be correct from general perspective – it
to the political executive, but will have the strength is known fact that how many politicians do not let civil servants
to function in larger public interest. The need to work properly. So, accept it.
balance internal and external accountability is thus 2) Statement 2 is incorrect since this goes against the basic
built into the Constitution. The issue is where to constitutional morality of the country.
draw the line. Over the years, the emphasis seems Hence, correct answer can be inferred as option A.
to have tilted in favour of greater internal
accountability of the civil services to the political
leaders of the day who in turn and expected to be
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externally accountable to the society at large

through the election process. This system for seeking
accountability to society has not worked out, and
has led to several adverse consequences for
governance.
Some special measures can be considered for
improving accountability in civil services. Provisions
of Articles 311 and 312 should be reviewed and laws
and regulations framed to ensure external
accountability of civil services. The proposed Civil
Services Bill seeks to address some of these
requirements. The respective roles of professional
civil services and the political executive should be
defined so that professional managerial functions
and management of civil services are depoliticized.
For this purpose, effective statutory civil service
boards should be created at the centre and in the
states. Decentralization and devolution of authority
to bring government and decision making closer to
the people also helps to enhance accountability.

With reference to the passage, the following

assumptions have been made
1.Political executive is an obstacle to the
accountability of the civil services to the society
2.In the present framework of Indian polity, the
political executive is no longer accountable to the
society
Which of these assumption(s) is/ are valid?
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(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

11 In general, religious traditions stress our duty to a ❖ Statement 1 is correct as the passage indeed suggests that
God, or to some universal ethical principle. Our human relationships are derived from their religious traditions.
duties to one another derive from these. The It discusses how religious traditions emphasize duties to God or
religious concept of rights is primarily derived from universal ethical principles, from which duties to one another
our relationship to this divinity or principle and the derive.
implication it has on our other relationships. This ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect as the passage does not explicitly state
correspondence between rights and duties is critical that human beings can only be duty-bound if they believe in God.
to any further understanding of justice. But, for While it discusses the role of religious traditions in emphasizing
justice to be practiced; virtue, rights and duties duties, it does not limit duty-bound behaviour to those who
cannot remain formal abstractions. They must be believe in God.
grounded in a community (common unity) bound ❖ Statement 3 is incorrect as the passage does not explicitly state
together by a sense of common union (communion). that religious traditions are essential to practicing and
Even as a personal virtue, this solidarity is essential understanding justice. While it discusses the importance of
to the practice and understanding of justice. religious concepts in understanding justice and emphasizes the
correspondence between rights and duties derived from
With reference to the passage, the following religious traditions, it does not explicitly state that religious
assumptions have been made traditions are essential to practicing and understanding justice.
1.Human relationships are derived from their
religious traditions CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
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2.Human beings can be duty bound only if they

believe in God Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
3. Religious traditions are essential to practice and aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it one by
understand justice one
Which of these assumption(s) is/ are valid? (2016) ❖ Statement 2 and 3 have extreme words like ‘only’ and
(a) Only 1 ‘essential’ which can be taken as incorrect.
(b) 2 and 3 ❖ Statement 1 is more generic in nature hence we can mark
(c) 1 and 3 Option A as correct.
(d) 1, 2 and 3

12 All humans digest mother’s milk as infants, but until b ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because while the passage mentions the
cattle began being domesticated 10000 years ago, domestication of cattle around 10,000 years ago, it does not
children once weaned no longer needed to digest specify that this occurred in some parts of the world. It simply
milk. As a result, they stopped making the enzyme states that cattle herding and the subsequent evolution of
lactase, which breaks down the sugar lactose into lactose tolerance occurred independently in different regions.
simple sugars. After humans began herding cattle, it ❖ Option (b) is correct: The passage discusses how lactose
became tremendously advantageous to digest milk tolerance evolved independently among cattle herders in
and lactose tolerance evolved independently among different regions after the domestication of cattle around 10,000
cattle herders in Europe, the middle East and Africa. years ago. This suggests that a change in dietary practices, such
Groups not dependent on cattle, such as the Chinese as the inclusion of milk in the diet due to cattle herding, led to a
and Thai, remains lactose intolerant. genetic change in the population, specifically the development
of lactose tolerance. Therefore, it implies that permanent
Which among the following is the most logical changes in food habits can influence genetic changes in a
assumption that can be made from the above community's members.
passage? (2016) ❖ Option (c) is incorrect because the passage does not state that
(a) About 10000 years ago, the domestication of only lactose-tolerant people are capable of getting simple sugars
animals took place in some parts of the world in their bodies. It discusses the evolution of lactose tolerance in
response to the consumption of milk but does not imply that
lactose tolerance is the only way to obtain simple sugars.
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(b) A permanent change in the food habits of a ❖ Option (d) is incorrect because the passage mentions lactose
community can bring about a genetic change in intolerance among certain groups, such as the Chinese and Thai,
its members but it does not suggest that lactose intolerance means an
(c) Lactose tolerant people only are capable of inability to digest any dairy product. It specifically discusses the
getting simple sugars in their bodies lack of lactase enzyme production among lactose intolerant
(d) People who are not lactose tolerant cannot individuals.
digest any dairy product
CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC

aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it one by
one
1) Statement 1 seems correct as per our GS knowledge.
2) Statement 2 also seems correct from a general perspective.
3) Extreme statement with word ’only’. Can be inferred as
incorrect.
4) Again incorrect from general perspective as well as from
extreme statement words.
You are left with options A and B. Now from this broader option
is option B which can be marked as answer.

13 The greatest blessing that technological progress has b ❖ Assumption 1 is invalid as per the passage. The passage does not
in store for mankind is not, of course, an suggest that people generally view leisure time as a gift for
accumulation of material possessions. The amount acquiring more material possessions. Instead, it notes that the
of these that can be effectively enjoyed by one enjoyment of leisure has fewer limits compared to the
individual in one lifetime is not great. But there is not enjoyment of material possessions and that leisure can be
the same narrow limit to the possibilities of the abused or underutilized by those unaccustomed to having it.
enjoyment of leisure. The gift of leisure may be
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abused by people who have had no experience of ❖ Assumption 2 is valid. The passage explicitly states that the
making use of it. Yet the creative use of leisure by a creative use of leisure by a minority in societies has been the
minority in societies has been the mainspring of all mainspring of all human progress beyond the primitive level,
human progress beyond the primitive level. indicating that such uses of leisure have been central to
advancements.
With reference to the above passage, the following
assumptions have been made: (2017) CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
1. People always see the leisure time as a gift and use read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
it for acquiring more material possessions. Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
2. Use of leisure by some people to produce new and aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
original things has been the chief source of human 1) In statement 1, see the word ‘always’. It can be inferred
progress. incorrect as the statement becomes extreme is this case.
Which of these assumptions is / are valid? 2) Statement 2 is more generic hence can be inferred as
(a) 1 only correct.
(b) 2 only Hence the answer is Option B.
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

14 There is more than a modicum of truth in the d ❖ Assumption 1 is not supported as it incorrectly assumes that the
assertion that “a working knowledge of ancient passage explicitly ties the study of historical battles to
history is necessary to the intelligent interpretation understanding modern warfare in a comprehensive manner.
of current events”. But the sage who uttered these ❖ Assumption 2 overextends the passage's suggestion, turning a
words of wisdom might well have added something beneficial recommendation into a purported essentiality.
on the benefits of studying particularly the famous
battles of history for the lessons they contain for
those of us who lead or aspire to leadership. Such a
study will reveal certain qualities and attributes
which enabled the winners to win – and certain
deficiencies which caused the losers to lose. And the
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student will see that the same pattern recurs

consistently, again and again, throughout the
centuries.

With reference to the above passage, the following

assumptions have been made: (2017)
1.A study of the famous battles of history would help
us understand the modern warfare.
2. Studying the history is essential for anyone who
aspires to be a leader.
Which of these assumptions is/ are valid?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

15 An innovative India will be inclusive as well as c ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because the passage does not suggest
technologically advanced, improving the lives of all that innovation and R&D are the only ways to reduce rural to
Indians. Innovation and R&D can mitigate increases urban migration. It highlights the benefits of innovation and R&D
in social inequality and relieve the pressures created but does not claim it as the sole solution to migration issues.
by rapid urbanisation. The growing divergence in ❖ Option (b) is incorrect because the passage discusses the
productivity between agriculture and knowledge- importance of reducing productivity divergence between sectors
intensive manufacturing and services threatens to as part of an innovative approach, but it does not state that every
increase income inequality. By encouraging India’s rapidly growing country necessarily needs to minimize this
R&D labs and universities to focus on the needs of divergence. The emphasis is specific to the context discussed,
poor people and by improving the ability of informal not a general requirement.
firms to absorb knowledge, an innovation and ❖ Option (c) is correct because the passage implies that inclusive
research agenda can counter this effect. Inclusive innovation and research, particularly that which focuses on the
innovation can lower the costs of goods and services needs of poor people and enables informal firms to absorb
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and create income-earning opportunities for the knowledge, can mitigate income inequality and create
poor people. opportunities. This assumption underlines that such innovation
can contribute to creating a more egalitarian society by making
Which among the following is the most logical and services and goods more affordable and by providing new
rational assumption that can be made from the income opportunities for the poor.
above passage? (2017) ❖ Option (d) is incorrect because the passage does not claim that
(a) Innovation and R&D is the only way to reduce rapid urbanization only occurs with rapid economic growth.
rural to urban migration. While it mentions pressures created by rapid urbanization, it
(b) Every rapidly growing country needs to does not establish a causative relationship exclusively linked to
minimise the divergence between productivity economic growth rates.
in agricultural and other sectors. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
(c) Inclusive innovation and R&D can help create an read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
egalitarian society.
(d) Rapid urbanisation takes place only when a Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
country’s economic growth is rapid. aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
Option A, B and D contains the extreme words ‘only’ ‘every’ and
‘only’ respectively therefore correct option can be inferred as option
C. Extreme options generally goes against the logic.

In fact, let us discuss these options one by one.

❖ Option a – there are many ways to reduce the rural to urban
migration. Innovation and R&D cannot be the ONLY way. This
makes this statement extreme. So, reject it
❖ Option b – this is again an extreme statement. Every word –
can you apply anything on every country – One Shoe Fits All
approach does not work today. So, reject it
❖ Option c – this statement makes sense. So, reserve it for the
time being.

❖ Option d – this is again an extreme statement. Rapid

urbanisation can take place due to other reasons too. So,
reject it.
So, we are left with option c which is the right answer.

16 Many farmers use synthetic pesticides to kill b ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect: The passage criticizes synthetic
infesting insects. The consumption of pesticides in pesticides for their environmental and health hazards and
some of the developed countries is touching 3000 praises botanical pesticides for their biodegradability and
grams/hectare. Unfortunately, there are reports that ecological benefits. However, it does not explicitly state that
these compounds possess inherent toxicities that synthetic pesticides should never be used. It highlights the
endanger the health of the farm operators, problems associated with synthetic pesticides but does not call
consumers and the environment. Synthetic for an outright ban in modern agriculture.
pesticides are generally persistent in environment. ❖ Statement 2 is correct: This assumption is supported by the
Entering in food chain they destroy the microbial passage. The text discusses the ecological imbalances caused by
diversity and cause ecological imbalance. Their synthetic pesticides and contrasts them with the benefits of
indiscriminate use has resulted in development of botanical pesticides, which include maintaining biological
resistance among insects to insecticides, upsetting diversity and reducing environmental contamination. This
of balance in nature and resurgence of treated supports sustainable agriculture's aim to minimize ecological
populations. Natural pest control using the botanical imbalance.
pesticides is safer to the user and the environment ❖ Statement 3 is incorrect: The passage does not claim that
because they break down into harmless compounds botanical pesticides are more effective in terms of pest control
within hours or days in the presence of sunlight. efficacy. It states that botanical pesticides are safer and break
Plants with pesticidal properties have been in nature down into harmless compounds more quickly, which does not
for millions of years without any ill or adverse effects necessarily equate to higher effectiveness in controlling pests.
on the ecosystem. They are easily decomposed by
many microbes common in most soils. They help in
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the maintenance of biological diversity of predators CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
and the reduction of environmental contamination read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
and human health hazards. Botanical pesticides
formulated from plants are biodegradable and their Read the statements with a general mindset of a learned UPSC
use in crop protection is a practical sustainable aspirant. Ignore the technical words such as assumption/inference
alternative. etc. Just chill.
❖ Option 1 – this is an extreme statement. We cannot completely
On the basis of the above passage, the following eliminate the use of synthetic pesticides in modern agriculture,
assumptions have been made: (2017) although it is suggested that, we should try to minimise its use
1.Synthetic pesticides should never be used in or use it in optimum amount. Hence, reject it
modern agriculture. ❖ Option 2 – this is a logical and positive statement. So, accept it.
2. One of the aims of sustainable agriculture ensure ❖ Option 3 – This is wrong. Chemical are more effective, this is
minimal ecological imbalance. agreed by all. Although there are questions on their safety, but
3.Botanical pesticides are more effective as it is agreed that they are more effective. So, reject it.
compared to synthetic pesticides.
Which of the assumptions given above is/ are Hence, we are left with ONLY 2 which is b.
correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

17 It is no longer enough for us to talk about providing a ❖ Statement 1 is correct because the passage explicitly emphasizes
for universal access to education. Making available the need for teacher accountability systems and processes to
schooling facilities is an essential pre-requisite, but ensure that children are learning in a child-friendly environment.
is insufficient to ensure that all children attend ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect because the passage points out that
school and participate in the learning process. The merely providing schooling facilities does not guarantee that all
school may be there, but children may not attend or children will attend school, indicating that 100% enrollment is
they may drop out after a few months. Through not assured just by the right to education.
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school and social mapping, we must address the ❖ Statement 3 is incorrect because the passage does not explicitly
entire gamut of social, economic, cultural and mention utilizing or taking full advantage of the demographic
indeed linguistic and pedagogic issues, factors that dividend as an intent of the right to education.
prevent children from weaker sections and
disadvantaged groups, as also girls, from regularly CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
attending and complementing elementary read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
education. The focus must be on the poorest and
most vulnerable since these groups are the most Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
disempowered and at the greatest risk of violation aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
or denial of their right to education. The right to ❖ Option 1 – option 1 makes sense as per our GS Knowledge.
education goes beyond free and compulsory Reserve it
education to include quality education for all. ❖ Option 2 – 100 percent enrolment. Then why are many
Quality is an integral part of the right to education. children out of school. It has given it as right but
If the education process lacks quality, children are implementation is still not 100 percent. So, reject it. It is also
being denied their right. The Right of Children to an extreme statement
Free and Compulsory Education Act lays down that ❖ Option 3 – In a spiritual country, not everything is about
the curriculum should provide for learning through money. It is more about education and capability. So,
activities, exploration and discovery. This places an although, it may be a reason, but its vision is something
obligation on us to change our perception of children more.
as passive receivers of knowledge and to move So, reject 2 and 3.
beyond the convention of using textbooks as the We are left with option 1 only which is a.
basis of examinations. The teaching-learning process
must become stress-free and a massive programme
for curricular reform should be initiated to provide
for a child-friendly learning system, that is more
relevant and empowering. Teacher accountability
systems and processes must ensure that children are
learning and that their right to learn in a child-
friendly environment is not violated. Testing and
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assessment systems must be re-examined and

redesigned to ensure that these do not force
children to struggle between school and tuition
centres, and bypass childhood.

With reference to the above passage, the following

assumptions have been made: (2018)
1.The Right to Education guarantees teachers’
accountability for the learning process of children.
2.The Right to Education guarantees 100%
enrolment of children in the schools
3.The Right to Education intends to take full
advantage of demographic dividend
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(a) Only 1
(b) 2 and 3
(c) Only 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3

18 ‘Desertification’ is a term used to explain a process d ❖ Assumption 1 is incorrect because the passage clearly states that
of decline in the biological productivity of an desertification is linked to various ecosystems including arid,
ecosystem, leading to total loss of productivity. semi-arid, sub-humid, and even humid tropics, indicating that it
While this phenomenon is often linked to the arid, is not confined to tropical areas alone.
semi-arid and sub-humid ecosystems, even in the ❖ Assumption 2 is incorrect because, although the passage
humid tropics, the impact could be most dramatic. discusses deforestation leading to adverse alterations such as
Impoverishment of human-impacted terrestrial floods and desertification, it does not claim that deforestation
ecosystems may exhibit itself in a variety of ways: invariably leads to these outcomes in all cases. There's an
accelerated erosion as in the mountain regions of
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the country, salinisation of land as in the semi-arid implication of a strong link, but it's not stated as an inevitable
and arid ‘green revolution’ areas of the country, e.g. consequence in every instance.
Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and site quality
decline – a common phenomenon due to general CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
decline in tree cover and monotonous monoculture read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
of rice/wheat across the Indian plains. A major
consequence of deforestation is that it relates to Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
adverse alterations in the hydrology and related soil aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
and nutrient losses. The consequences of 1) Statement 1 contains the word ‘only’ hence can be inferred
deforestation invariably arise out of site degradation as incorrect.
through erosive losses. Tropical Asia, Africa and 2) Statement 2 contains the word ‘invariably’ which makes it an
South America have the highest levels of erosion. extreme statement hence can be inferred as incorrect.
The already high rates for the tropics are increasing The correct answer is option D.
at an alarming rate (e.g., through the major river
systems – Ganga and Brahmaputra, in the Indian
context), due to deforestation and ill- suited land
management practices subsequent to forest
clearing. In the mountain context, the declining
moisture retention of the mountain soils drying up
of the underground springs and smaller rivers in the
Himalayan region could be attributed to drastic
changes in the forest cover. An indirect consequence
is drastic alteration in the upland-lowland
interaction, mediated through water. The current
concern the tea planter of Assam has is about the
damage to tea plantation due to frequent
inundation along the flood-plains of Brahmaputra
and the damage to tea plantation and the
consequent loss in tea productivity is due to rising
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level of the river bottom because of siltation and the

changing course of the river system. The ultimate
consequences of site desertification are soil
degradation, alternation in available water and its
quality and the consequent decline in food, fodder
and fuel-wood yields essential for the economic
well-being of rural communities.

With reference to ‘desertification’, as described in

the passage, the following assumptions have been
made: (2018)
1. Desertification is a phenomenon in tropical areas
only
2.Deforestation invariably leads to floods and
desertification
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 and 2

19 All actions to address climate change ultimately c ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect because the passage does not state that
involve costs. Funding is vital in order for countries climate change is not a challenge for developed countries.
like India to design and implement adaptation and Instead, it highlights the specific difficulties faced by developing
mitigation plans and projects. countries like India. There is no implication that developed
The problem is more severe for developing countries countries are not also challenged by climate change.
like India, which would be one of the hardest hit by ❖ Statement 2 is correct because the passage describes climate
climate change, given its need to finance change as a significant issue that affects development and
development. Most countries do indeed treat requires comprehensive and integrated policy responses. This
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climate change as real threat and are striving to confirms that climate change is both a complex policy issue and
address it in a more comprehensive and integrated a development issue.
manner with the limited resources at their disposal. ❖ Statement 3 is correct because the passage implies that finding
financial means is necessary to help developing countries like
With reference to the above passage, the following India design and implement adaptation and mitigation plans,
assumptions have been made: thus enhancing their adaptive capacity.
1. Climate change is not a challenge for developed
countries CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
2. Climate change is a complex policy issue and also read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
a development issue for many countries
3. Ways and means of finance must be found to Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
enable developing countries to enhance their aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
adaptive capacity 1) Statement 1 can be inferred as incorrect since it says climate
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? change is not a challenge. Climate change is indeed global
(2018) and every country is suffering from it. So, reject 1.
(a) 1 and 2 We are left with Option B and C now.
(b) Only 3 2) Statement 2 is a generic statement hence can be inferred as
(c) 2 and 3 correct. Now we are only left with option C which contains
(d) 1, 2 and 3 statement 2 hence Option C can be marked as the correct
answer.

20 India’s educational system is modelled on the mass b ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect because the passage does not directly
education system that developed in the 19th century attribute India's status as a developing country to its education
in Europe and later spread around the world. The system. The passage critiques the outdated model of education
goal of the system is to condition children as ‘good’ but does not make a direct correlation between this model and
citizens and productive workers. This suited the India's economic development status.
industrial age that needed the constant supply of a ❖ Statement 2 is correct because the passage implies that the
compliant workforce with a narrow set of current educational system, modeled after an outdated system
capabilities. Our educational institutes resemble meant for the industrial age, is inadequate for today’s complex
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factories with bells, uniforms and batch-processing and volatile world. It suggests that today’s learners need
of learners, designed to get learners to conform. But, different, likely more modern, skill sets suitable for the current
from an economic point of view, the environment economic environment.
today is very different. It is a complex, volatile and ❖ Statement 3 is incorrect because the passage does not discuss
globally interconnected world. why Indians might choose to study abroad or suggest that
educational systems in developed countries perfectly reflect
With reference to the above passage, the following their societies. This assumption extends beyond the information
assumptions have been made: (2018) provided in the text.
1.India continues to be a developing country
essentially due to its faulty education system CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
2. Today’s learners need to acquire new-age skill-sets read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
3. A good number of Indians go to some developed
countries for education because the educational Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
systems there are a perfect reflection of the societies aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it
in which they function. ❖ Statement 1 – it is making some sense. Let us reserve it
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? ❖ Statement 2 – it also seems logical. Reserve it too
(a) 1 and 3 ❖ Statement 3 – it is illogical. How can it be the perfect reflection
(b) Only 2 of any society. So, reject it.
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3 So, reject the options containing 3. It will lead to the elimination of
a, c and d leaving us with option b.

21 A diversity of natural assets will be needed to cope c ❖ Assumption 1 is justified because the passage emphasizes the
with climate change and ensure productive importance of a diverse range of genetic resources and
agriculture, forestry and fisheries. For example, crop ecosystems to cope with climate change. This principle of
varieties are needed that perform well under diversity can be broadly applied to suggest that diversifying
drought, heat and enhanced CO2. But the private- agricultural approaches, which implicitly includes livelihoods, is
sector and farmer-led process of choosing crops a key strategy for increasing resilience against climate change
favours homogeneity adapted to past or current impacts.
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conditions, not varieties capable of producing ❖ Assumption 2 is supported by the passage's critique of current
consistently high yields in warmer, wetter or drier homogenous crop selection practices and its call for accelerated
conditions. Accelerated breeding programmes are breeding programs to conserve a broader genetic pool. This
needed to conserve a wider pool of genetic indicates that monocropping practices, which tend to reduce
resources of existing crops, breeds, and their wild genetic diversity, pose a significant risk of genetic erosion,
relatives. Relatively intact ecosystems, such as potentially leading to the loss of less common plant varieties and
forested catchments, mangroves, wetlands, can their wild relatives. This can be seen as a pathway toward their
buffer the impacts of climate change. Under a functional extinction if no corrective measures are taken.
changing climate, these ecosystems are themselves
at risk and management approaches will need to be CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
more proactive and adaptive. Connections between read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
natural areas such as migration corridors, may be
needed to facilitate species movements to keep up Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
with the change in climate. aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it. (Forget
the technical word assumption and simply read the options as a
With reference to the above passage, the following general GS options and see if they are making sense)
assumptions have been made (2018) ❖ Statement 1 – definitely, diversification of livelihoods will
1. Diversification of livelihoods acts as a coping assist in handling the climate change. So, it should be the
strategy for climate change correct option
2. Adoption of monocropping practice leads to the ❖ Statement 2 – from our knowledge of GS, we know,
extinction of plant varieties and their wild relatives. monocropping practices can lead to the extinction of plant
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? varieties. That is why – it is Biodiversity and not the BIO-
(a) Only 1 MONOVERSITY. So, this statement is also correct.
(b) Only 2 Hence, choose both the statements as correct.
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

22 With reference to the above passage, the following a ❖ Statement 1 is correct because the passage implies issues with
assumptions have been made: (2018) the effectiveness of relocating wildlife as a conservation strategy
1. The strategy of conservation of wildlife by by detailing how a relocated tiger attempted to return to its
relocating them from one protected area to another original location, suggesting such relocations may not address
is not often successful broader ecological or behavioral needs.
2. India does not have suitable legislation to save the ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect because the passage does not provide
tigers and its conservation efforts have failed which any evidence that India lacks suitable legislation or that its
forced the tigers to live outside protected areas conservation efforts have failed broadly; it only highlights that
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? many tigers live outside reserves, which can suggest different
(a) Only 1 kinds of challenges, not necessarily legislative failure or
(b) Only 2 ineffective conservation efforts.
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC

aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
1) 1-Statement 1 is generic in nature hence can be inferred as
correct. It contains the word ‘often’ which makes it a
possibility.
2) Statement 2 is extreme hence can be inferred as incorrect.
Further, we know we have the laws/projects to save tiger
such as PROJECT TIGER/TIGER RESERVES etc. Hence,
statement 2 is wrong. Hence Option A becomes the answer.

23 Political theorists no doubt have to take history of d ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect because the passage does not suggest
injustice, e.g. untouchability, seriously. The concept that removing economic discrimination will automatically lead to
of historical injustice takes note of a variety of the removal of social discrimination. It highlights the complexity
historical wrongs that continue into the present in and partial autonomy of different forms of discrimination.
some form or the other and tend to resistance ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect because the passage does not discuss
repair. Two reasons might account for resistance to or imply that a democratic polity is the best way to address
repair. One, not only are the roots of injustice buried historical wrongs. It focuses on the challenges in addressing
deep in history, injustice itself constitutes economic historical injustices without specifying a particular political
structures of exploitation, ideologies of system as the solution.
discrimination and modes of representation. Two,
the category of historical injustice generally extends CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
across a number of wrongs such as economic read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
deprivation, social discrimination and lack of We have yet not read the passage but suppose, situation demands
recognition. This category is complex, not only me to take a chance. Let us try
because of the overlap between a number of wrongs 1. About statement 1 – I am not sure
but because one or the other wrong generally 2. About statement 2 – living in democracy and calling it wrong
discrimination, tends to acquire partial autonomy – would be wrong in itself.
from others. This is borne out by the history of repair So, anyhow, I will mark at least 2 as incorrect. So, at least 2 is wrong
in India which makes option b and c as incorrect. So, if I have to make a
choice – I can choose b/w a and d. Which gives me option to mark
On the basis of the above passage, assumptions d as correct with 50 percent probability.
have been made. (2019)
1. Removal of economic discrimination of social
discrimination.
2. Democratic polity is the best wrongs.
Which of the assumptions is/are valid?
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
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(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

24 Education plays a great transformatary role in life, b ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect because the passage does not explicitly
particularly so in this rapidly changing and state that a society without well-educated people cannot be
globalising world. Universities are the custodian the transformed into a modern society. The passage emphasizes the
intellectual capital and promoters of culture and transformative role of education but does not make this specific
specialised knowledge. Culture is an activity of assertion.
thought and receptiveness to beauty and human ❖ Statement 2 is correct because the passage asserts that
feelings. A merely well-informed man is only a bore education should aim at producing individuals who possess both
on God's Earth. What we should aim at is producing culture and expert knowledge, implying that without acquiring
men who possess both culture and expert culture, a person's education is not complete.
knowledge. Their expert knowledge will give them a
firm ground to start from and their culture will lead CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
them as deep as philosophy and as high as art. read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Together it will impart meaning to human existence. ❖ Consider statement 1 – the word cannot – it shows the
extreme nature of the statement. In general, as you must
On the basis of the above passage, the following have seen, extreme statements are wrong. So, 1 is incorrect
assumptions have been made. (2019) ❖ Consider statement 2 – the statement 2 seems logical.
1. A society without well educated people cannot be Education is actually the passing of
transformed into a modern society. facts/information/knowledge of culture/science etc. from
2. Without acquiring culture, a person's education is one generation to other generation. So, the statement is
not complete. logical and resonates with the meaning of education. Hence,
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? statement 2 is correct.
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2 And as such, option B should be the safer option to choose from.
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

25 Soil, in which nearly all our food grows, is a living b ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect because the passage does not explicitly
resource that takes years to form. Yet it can vanish in connect large-scale soil erosion directly to widespread food
minutes. Each year 75 billion tonnes of fertile soil is insecurity, although it implies that soil erosion is a significant
lost to erosion. That is alarming - and not just for issue for food producers.
food producers. Soil can trap huge quantities of ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect because the passage does not specify
carbon dioxide in the form of organic carbon and that soil erosion is mainly anthropogenic (caused by human
prevent it from escaping into the atmosphere. activity). It only states that soil erosion is a major problem
without identifying the primary causes.
On the basis of the above passage, the following ❖ Statement 3 is correct because the passage mentions that soil
assumptions have been made. (2019) can trap carbon dioxide, implying that sustainable soil
1.Large scale soil erosion is a major reason for management can help in combating climate change.
widespread food insecurity in the world.
2. Soil erosion is mainly anthropogenic.
3. Sustainable management of soils helps in
combating climate change.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) Only 3
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3

26 Inequality is visible, even statistically measurable in b ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect because the passage does not state that
many instances, but the economic power that drives economic power is the only reason for the existence of inequality
it, is invisible and not measurable. Like the force of in society. It emphasizes the role of economic power but does
gravity, power is the organising principle of not claim it is the sole cause.
inequality, be it of income, or wealth, gender, race, ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect because the passage does not suggest
religion and region. Its effects are seen in a pervasive that inequality reinforces power. Instead, it states that power is
manner in all spheres, but the ways in which the organizing principle of inequality.

economic power pulls and tilts visible economic ❖ Statement 3 is correct because the passage suggests that
variables remain invisibly obscure. economic power can be analyzed more through its effects than
by direct empirical methods, as it remains invisibly obscure while
On the basis of the above passage, the following its effects are pervasive.
assumptions have been made (2019)
1. Economic power is the only reason for the exits of CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
inequality in a society. read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
2. Inequality of different kinds, income, wealth. etc Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
reinforces power. aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
3. Economic power can be analysed more through its 1-Statement 1 contains the word ‘only’ which can be taken as
effects than by direct empirical methods. incorrect hence via elimination we arrive at the answer i.e Option
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? B.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) Only 3
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

27 Around 56 million years ago, the Atlantic Ocean had c ❖ Statement 1 is correct because the passage indicates that global
not fully opened and animals, perhaps including our warming, as evidenced by the PETM, had a significant impact on
primate ancestors, could walk from Asia to North the planet's biological evolution.
America through Europe and across Greenland. ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect because the passage does not suggest
Earth was warmer than it is today but as the that the separation of land masses directly caused the release of
Palaeocene epoch gave way to Eocene, it was about carbon into the atmosphere. Instead, it attributes the release of
to get much warmer still - rapidly and radically. The carbon during the PETM to a geologically sudden event.
cause was a massive geologically sudden release of ❖ Statement 3 is correct because the passage discusses how
carbon. During this period called Palaeocene - increased warming of Earth's atmosphere during the PETM
Eocene Thermal Maximum or PETM, the carbon affected the composition of flora and fauna.
injected into the atmosphere was roughly the ❖ Statement 4 is incorrect because while the passage compares
amount that would be injected today if humans the carbon released during the PETM to potential carbon release
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burned all the Earth's reserves of coal, oil and from burning fossil fuels today, it does not explicitly predict that
natural gas. The PETM lasted for about 1,50,000 present man-made global warming will lead to conditions similar
years, until the excess carbon was reabsorbed. It to those of the PETM.
brought on droughts, floods, insect plagues and a
few extinctions. Life on Earth survived-indeed, it CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
prospered-but it was drastically different. read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Based on the above passage the following Statement 1 – The statement is logical and hence can be correct.
assumptions have been made. (2019) Statement 2 – the extreme word – Huge – we know – extreme
1. Global warming has a bearing on the planet's words generally make the statement wrong. Hence, reject the
biological evolution. statement 2
2. Separation of land masses causes the release of Statement 3 – the statement is saying – CAN CHANGE – so, it is
huge quantities of carbon into the atmosphere. taking about a possibility. Such statements are generally wrong.
3. Increased warming of Earth's atmosphere can Statement 4 – this statement is wrong. It is saying global warming
change the composition of its flora and fauna. will finally lead to conditions similar to that which happened 56
4. The present man-made global warming will finally million years ago. How can you say this with such certainty. So, mark
lead to conditions similar to those which happened this option as wrong.
56 million years ago.
Which of the assumptions given above are valid? Hence, only 1 and 3 are correct making the option (c) as correct.
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 3 and 4
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 2 and 4

28 A changing climate and the eventual efforts of c ❖ Statement 1 is correct because the passage indicates that
governments (however reluctant) to deal with it, governments, albeit reluctantly, will eventually need to address
could have a big impact on investors returns. climate change, suggesting the necessity for preparation.
Companies that produce or use large amounts of ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect because the passage does not explicitly
fossil fuels will face higher taxes and regulatory state that extreme weather events will directly reduce the
burdens. Some energy producers may find it economic growth of governments and companies in the future.
impossible to exploit their known reserves and be While it does mention the economic damage caused by extreme
left with 'stranded assets' - deposits of oil and coal weather events, it does not specifically discuss the impact on
that have to be left in the ground. Other industries economic growth.
could be affected by the economic damage caused ❖ Statement 3 is correct because the passage implies that ignoring
by more extreme weather - storms, floods, heat climate change poses a significant risk for investors, as it could
waves and droughts. impact companies' returns due to regulatory burdens and
stranded assets.
On the basis of the above passage, the following
assumptions have been made. (2019) CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
1.Governments and companies need to be read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
adequately prepared to face the climate change. Let’s analyze the assumptions and options based on logical
2. Extreme weather events will reduce the economic reasoning and common sense:
growth of governments and companies in future. Assumption 1: Governments and companies need to be
3.Ignoring climate change is a huge risk for investors. adequately prepared to face climate change.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? ➢ This is a reasonable assumption because climate change has a
(a) 1 and 2 only global impact, affecting economies, infrastructure, and the
(b) Only 3 environment. Governments and companies need to be prepared
(c) 1 and 3 only for disruptions like extreme weather, resource scarcity, and
(d) 1, 2 and 3
regulatory changes.
➢ This assumption is valid.
Assumption 2: Extreme weather events will reduce the economic
growth of governments and companies in the future.

➢ While extreme weather events, like hurricanes, floods, and

droughts, can damage infrastructure, disrupt supply chains, and
harm agriculture—all of which has significant potential to affect
economic growth, the word ‘WILL’ is problematic. It is making
the statement extreme. In future, there are chances, that,
science and technology will be able to handle this. So, saying and
accepting this with certainty is not right currently
➢ So, this assumption is invalid. (if the word – can/may would
have been used instead of will making it a general/possibility
statement, I would have considered it correct)
Assumption 3: Ignoring climate change is a huge risk for investors.
➢ Investors are increasingly factoring in environmental, social, and
governance (ESG) risks. Ignoring climate change could lead to
financial losses, especially in industries vulnerable to its impacts,
such as agriculture, insurance, and real estate.
➢ This assumption is valid.
❖ Conclusion (Cheatcode Answer): Thus. Two out of three
assumptions (1 and 3) are logically and reasonably valid, based
on common knowledge.
Answer: (c) 1 and 3

29 Access to schooling for those coming of school age is b ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect because while the passage discusses the
close to universal, but access to quality exhibits a idea of an egalitarian education system with equality of
sharp gradient with socio-economic status. Quotas opportunity, it does not explicitly state that making equality of
for the weaker sections in private schools is opportunity a reality is the fundamental goal of the Indian
provision introduced by the Right of Children to Free education system. The passage describes this as an idea rather
and Compulsory Education Act, 2009. The quotas than a confirmed goal of the system.
have imposed a debate on issues of social ❖ Statement 2 is correct because the passage discusses the
integration and equity in education that private had unequal access to quality education based on socio-economic
escaped by and large. The idea of egalitarian status, indicating a lack of egalitarianism in the present Indian
education system with equality of opportunity as its school system.
primary goal appears to be outside the space that ❖ Statement 3 is incorrect because the passage does not suggest
private school principals inhabit. Therefore, the that abolishing private schools is the only way to ensure
imposition of the quotas has led to resistance, egalitarian education. It discusses the resistance to quotas in
sometimes justified. private schools but does not propose abolishing them as the sole
solution.
With reference to the above passage, the following
assumptions have been made. (2019)
1. Making equality of opportunity a reality is the
fundamental goal of the Indian education system.
2. The present Indian school system is unable to
provide egalitarian education.
3. Abolition of private schools and establishment of
more government schools is the only way to ensure
egalitarian education.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) Only 2
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) Only 3
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30 What stands in the way of the widespread and a ❖ Statement 1 is correct because the passage indicates that GM
careful adoption of Genetic Modification (GM) technology companies prioritize short-term profits through
technology is an ' Intellectual property Rights' herbicide-tolerant and pest-resistant crops rather than focusing
regime that seeks to create private monopolies for on genetic modifications that address natural calamities like
such technologies. If GM technology is largely drought and salinity.
corporate driven, it seeks to maximize profits and ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect because the passage does not explicitly
that too in the short run. That is why, corporations state that GM technology will be unable to solve agricultural
make major investments for herbicide - tolerant and problems arising due to global warming in the long run. It mainly
pest -resistant crops such properties have only short critiques the short-term focus of corporate-driven GM
window, as soon enough, pests and weeds will technology.
evolve to overcome such resistance. This suits the
corporations. The National Farmers Commission
pointed out that priority most be given in genetic
modification to the incorporation of genes that can
help imparts resistance to drought salinity and other
stresses.

On the basis of the above passage, the following

assumptions have been made. (2019)
1. The issue of effects of natural calamities on
agriculture is not given due consideration by GM
technology companies
2. In the long run, GM technology will not be able to
solve agricultural problems arising due to global
warming.
Which of the above assumptions is / are valid?
(a) Only1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
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(d) Neither 1 nor 2

31 Diarrheal deaths among Indian children are mostly a ❖ Statement 1 is correct because the passage describes multiple
due to food and water contamination. Use of factors (contaminated groundwater, unsafe chemicals, poor
contaminated groundwater and unsafe chemicals in hygiene, etc.) That need regulation and monitoring, indicating
agriculture, poor hygiene in storage and handling of that food safety is a complex issue requiring a multipronged
food items to food cooked and distributed in solution.
unhygienic surroundings, there are myriad factors ❖ Statement 2 is correct because the passage highlights the need
that need regulation and monitoring. People need to for good training of inspection staff and the significance of
have awareness of adulteration and ways of investing in training and education of street vendors, suggesting
complaining to the relevant authorities. Surveillance that significant investments are needed for surveillance and
of food -borne diseases involves a number of training.
government agencies and entails a good training of ❖ Statement 3 Is Incorrect Because, While The Passage Emphasizes
inspection staff. considering the proportion of the Regulation, Monitoring, And Training, It Does Not Explicitly
urban population that depends on street food for its Mention The Need For Sufficient Legislation For Governing The
daily meals, investing in training and education of Food Processing Industry.
street vendors is of great significance.
CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
On the basis of the above passage the following read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
assumptions have been made (2019) Let's analyze the assumptions based on common sense and logical
1.Food safety is a complex issue that calls a reasoning, without needing the specific passage:
multipronged solution.
2. Great investments need to be made in developing Assumption 1: Food safety is a complex issue that calls for a
the manpower for surveillance and training. multipronged solution.
3.India needs to make sufficient legislation for ➢ Food safety indeed involves many factors such as proper
governing food processing industry. production, processing, storage, and distribution of food, as well
Which of the above assumptions is /are valid? as health and hygiene standards. Ensuring food safety requires a
(a) 1 and 2 only multifaceted approach, addressing issues like regulations,
(b) Only 3 technology, and consumer awareness.
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(c) 1 and 3 only ➢ This assumption is valid because food safety is a complex issue
(d) 1, 2 and 3 that involves multiple strategies.
Assumption 2: Great investments need to be made in developing
the manpower for surveillance and training.
➢ To ensure food safety, investments in surveillance and training
are critical. Skilled personnel are needed to monitor food safety
standards, enforce regulations, and train those involved in the
food industry. Without adequate manpower, surveillance and
implementation of food safety measures would be
compromised.
➢ This assumption is valid because investment in manpower
development is necessary for effective food safety management.
Assumption 3: India needs to make sufficient legislation for
governing the food processing industry.
➢ India has sufficient legislation for food processing. What is
lagging – is the proper implementation. So, this argument is
invalid
Conclusion (Cheatcode Answer):
Hence, only 1 and 2 are correct making the option (a) as the correct
answer.

32 India's economic footprint, given its population, still d ❖ Statement 1 assumes that regulations are not effectively used to
remains small compared to the US, the European protect local markets in today's global economy. However, the
Union or China. It has much to learn from other passage does not explicitly make this claim. It discusses how
economies yet must implement solutions that fit its regulations may sometimes be used to protect local markets but
unique circumstances. India especially needs an emphasizes the need for regulations to seek cost-justified social
effective long-term regulatory system based on and environmental benefits while improving economic well-
collaboration rather than the current top-down being. Therefore, assumption 1 is not valid.
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approach. Regulations seek desirable outcomes yet ❖ Statement 2 assumes that social and environmental concerns
are repeatedly used as political tools to push one are generally ignored by governments across the world while
agenda or another. Often, regulations fail to consider implementing regulations. Again, the passage does not explicitly
impacts on jobs and economic growth - or less support this assumption. Instead, it highlights the importance of
restrictive alternatives. Regulations may be used to regulations seeking cost-justified social and environmental
protect local markets at the expense of more widely benefits. Therefore, assumption 2 is not valid.
shared prosperity in the future. Additionally,
regulations inevitably result in numerous
unintended consequences. In today's hyper
competitive global economy, regulations need to be
viewed as weapons that seek cost-justified social
and environmental benefits while improving the
economic well-being of most citizens.

On the basis of the above passage, the following

assumptions have been made. In today's global
economy, (2019)
1. Regulations are not effectively used to protect
local markets.
2. Social and environmental concerns are generally
ignored by the governments across the world while
implementing the regulations.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

33 In a study, scientists compared the microbiomes of b ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect: This assumption is not directly
poorly nourished and well-nourished infants and supported by the passage. The passage discusses the
young children. Gut microbes were isolated from relationship between the chemical composition of mother's
faecal samples of malnourished and healthy milk, gut microbiome maturity, and malnutrition but does not
children. The microbiome was immature' and less provide information about processed probiotic foods as a
diverse in malnourished children compared to the solution.
better developed 'mature' microbiome found in ❖ Statement 2 is correct: This assumption is supported by the
healthy children of the same age. According to some passage, which indicates that malnourished mothers have lower
studies, the chemical composition of mother's milk levels of sialylated oligosaccharides in their milk, leading to an
has shown the presence of a modified sugar immature microbiome in their babies, which in turn results in
(sialylated oligosaccharides). This is not utilised by malnourished babies.
the baby for its own nutrition. However, the bacteria
constituting the infant's microbiome thrive on this
sugar which serves as their food. Malnourished
mothers have low levels of this sugar in their milk.
Consequently, the microbiomes of their infants fail
to mature. That in turn, leads to malnourished
babies.

On the basis of the above passage, the following

assumptions have been made. (2019)
1. Processed probiotic foods are a solution to treat
the children suffering from malnutrition due to
immature gut bacteria composition
2. The babies of malnourished mothers generalise to
be malnourished.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
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(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

34 Temperatures have risen nearly five times as rapidly c ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect: The passage does state that
on the Western Antarctic Peninsula than the global temperatures have risen nearly five times as rapidly on the
average over the past five decades. Researchers Western Antarctic Peninsula, but it does not generalize this
have now found that melting glaciers are causing a warming trend to all glacial regions. Therefore, this assumption
loss of species diversity among benthos in the is not fully supported by the passage.
coastal waters of the Antarctic Peninsula, impacting ❖ Statement 2 is correct: This assumption is valid based on the
an entire seafloor ecosystem. They believe increased passage. The researchers believe that increased levels of
levels of suspended sediment in water to be the suspended sediment in the water, which is a consequence of
cause of the dwindling biodiversity in the coastal melting glaciers, are causing the loss of species diversity.
region. ❖ Statement 3 is correct: This assumption is directly supported by
the passage, which states that melting glaciers are causing a loss
On the basis of the above passage, the following of species diversity among benthos in the coastal waters of the
assumptions have been made. (2019) Antarctic Peninsula.
1. Regions of glaciers warm faster than other regions
due to global warming.
2.Global warming can lead to seafloor
sedimentation in some areas.
3. Melting glaciers can reduce marine biodiversity in
some areas.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) Only 3
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

35 A research team examined a long-term owl roost. b ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect: The passage mentions a period of rapid
Owls prey on small mammals and the excreted warming about 13,000 years ago, but it does not provide enough
remains of those meals that accumulated over the evidence to claim that global warming is frequently occurring.
time, provide us an insight into the composition and Therefore, this assumption is not fully supported by the passage.
structure of small mammals over the past millennia. ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect: The passage does not support this
The research suggested that when the Earth went assumption. While it mentions that small mammal communities
through a period of rapid warming about 13000 yr. were stable and resilient during a past warming period, it also
ago, the small mammal community was stable and highlights the significant negative impact of human-made
resilient. But, from the last quarter of the nineteenth environmental changes in recent times. This suggests that the
century, human-made changes to the environment current and impending global warming, exacerbated by human
had caused an enormous drop in biomass and activity, could adversely affect small mammals.
energy flow. This dramatic decline in energy flow ❖ Statement 3 is correct: This assumption is valid and supported
means modern ecosystems are not adapting as by the passage. The passage indicates that human-made
easily as they did in the past. changes to the environment since the last quarter of the
nineteenth century have caused a dramatic decline in biomass
On the basis of the above passage, the following and energy flow, leading to a loss of natural resilience.
assumptions have been made. (2019)
1. Global warming is a frequently occurring natural CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
phenomenon. read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
2. The impending global warming will not adversely See the statement (2) – it is straight incorrect. Eliminate the options
affect small mammals. have 2 as a subpart.
3. Humans are responsible for the loss of the Earth’s This will leave you with the right answer (b)
natural resilience
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) Only 3
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

36 Food varieties extinction is happening all over the b ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect: While the passage mentions human
world and it is happening fast. For example, of the dependence on a few high-yielding varieties and technology-
7000 apple varieties that were grown during the driven production leading to dwindling diversity, it does not
nineteenth century, fewer than a hundred remain. In explicitly state that humans are the main reason for the large-
the Philippines, thousands of varieties of rice once scale extinction of plant species overall. It focuses specifically on
thrived; now only up to a hundred are grown there. certain crop varieties rather than all plant species.
In China, 90 per cent of the wheat varieties ❖ Statement 2 is correct: The passage implies that in the past,
cultivated to a century ago have disappeared. farmers developed crops suited to local conditions, which
Farmers in the past painstakingly bred and maintained diversity. Therefore, this assumption is supported.
developed crops well suited to the peculiarities of ❖ Statement 3 is incorrect: The passage suggests potential
their local climate and environment. In the recent problems if current practices continue, but it doesn't explicitly
past, our heavy dependence on a few high yielding state that scarcity is inevitable in the near future.
varieties and technology-driven production and ❖ Statement 4 is correct: The passage supports this assumption
distribution of food is causing the dwindling of by indicating that we might need the extinct varieties in the
diversity in food crops. If some mutating crop future for food security.
disease or future climate change decimates the few
crop plants, we have come to depend on to feed our
growing population, we might desperately need
some of those varieties we have let go extinct.

On the basis of the above passage, the following

assumptions have been made. (2019)
1. Humans have been the main reason for the large-
scale extinction of plant species
2. Consumption of food mainly from locally
cultivated crops ensures crop diversity.
3. The present style of production and distribution of
food will finally lead to the problem of food scarcity
in the near future.
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4. Our food security may depend on our ability to

preserve the locally cultivated varieties of crops.
Which of the above assumptions are valid?
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 2 and 4
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1 and 4

37 Environmental problems cause health problems. a ❖ Option a) is supported by the passage's mention of substantial
Substantial changes in lifestyle can reduce changes in lifestyle that could reduce environmental or health
environmental or health problems, but this idea problems but are perceived as almost impossible to adopt. The
appears almost impossible to adopt. With passage implies that individuals may be more inclined to spend
environmental problems, individual efforts can be money on addressing health problems after they have occurred
perceived as having a negligible effect and therefore (cure) rather than investing in preventive measures. This aligns
lead to inertia. With health, on the other hand, with the passage's discussion of individual choices making a
individual choices can make the difference between difference between life and death in health, implying a tendency
life and death, literally. And yet, barring a few, there towards focusing on addressing health problems after they arise
seems to be the same collective lethargy towards rather than preventing them.
making their choices. ❖ Option b) is incorrect. While the passage discusses
environmental and health problems, it does not explicitly state
Which one of the following statements best implies that it is the government's responsibility to solve them. The
the most rational assumption that can be made focus of the passage is on individual actions and perceptions
from the passage? (2023) regarding addressing environmental and health issues, rather
(a) We are likely to spend more money on cure than than assigning responsibility to any specific entity like the
prevention. government.
(b) It is the job of the government to solve our ❖ Option c) is incorrect. This statement contradicts the implication
environmental and public health problems. of the passage, which highlights the link between environmental
(c) Health can be protected even if environmental problems and health problems. The passage suggests that
problems go on unattended. ignoring environmental problems can lead to health issues,
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(d) Loss of traditional lifestyle and the influence of indicating that health may not be fully protected if
western values led to some unhealthy way of living. environmental problems are left unattended.
❖ Option d) is incorrect. While the passage discusses lifestyle
changes and their impact on environmental and health
problems, it does not specifically attribute these changes to the
loss of traditional lifestyle or the influence of western values. The
passage focuses more on the reluctance to adopt substantial
lifestyle changes rather than on the causes of lifestyle changes.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC

aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
❖ Option a – this is a generally agreed universal statement
which is also supported by evidence. So, accept it for the
time being.
❖ Option b – Oh really? Is it only the job of government? Just
think on it. Is it not the participation of private sector and
people too. It is the cumulative efforts which matters. So,
reject it
❖ Option c – Dude! If environment goes bad, everything goes
bad. Simple, you can’t stay healthy if environment is not
healthy. So, reject it
❖ Option d – it is true to an extent. So, reserve it for the time
being.
Now, you have to choose between a and d. Which one would you
choose? It is clear, that the best option which is broader and more
inclusive is a rather than d. Option d is just the one part of reality
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and option a is far broader fact. So, choose a over d which is the
right answer.

38 In India, the segregation of municipal waste at d ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect because the passage does not explicitly
source is rare. Recycling is mostly with the informal state that these tasks should be solely handled by government
sector. More than three-fourths of the municipal agencies. It discusses the current scenario without specifying the
budget goes into collection and transportation, responsible entities for waste management tasks.
which leaves very little for processing/resource ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect because while the passage mentions
recovery and disposal. Where does waste-to-energy the need for technological inputs in resource recovery and
fit into all this? Ideally it fits in the chain after recycling, it does not specify whether these tasks should be
segregation (between wet waste and rest), handled by private sector enterprises or government agencies.
collection, recycling, and before getting to the It simply highlights the importance of technological inputs for
landfill. Which technology is most appropriate in these processes.
converting waste to energy depends on what is in
the waste (that is biodegradable versus non-
biodegradable component) and its calorific value.
The biodegradable component of India's municipal
solid waste is a little over 50 per cent, and bio
methanation offers a major solution for processing
this.

Based on the above passage, the following

assumptions have been made: (2023)
1.Collection, processing and segregation of
municipal waste should be with government
agencies.
2.Resource recovery and recycling require
technological inputs that can be best handled by
private sector enterprises.
Which of the assumptions given above is/are
correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

39 Food consumption patterns have changed b ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect because the passage does not suggest
substantially in India over the past few decades. This that monoculture agriculture practices are inevitable to
has resulted in the disappearance of many nutritious implement the Sustainable Development Goals and achieve the
foods such as millets. While food grain production zero-hunger goal. Instead, it highlights the negative
has increased over five times since independence, it consequences of monoculture practices on food and nutrition
has not sufficiently addressed the issue of security.
malnutrition. For long, the agriculture sector ❖ Statement 2 is correct because the passage discusses how
focused on increasing food production particularly dependence on a few crops has negative consequences for
staples, which led to lower production and human health and the ecosystem. It mentions the
consumption of indigenous traditional corps/grains, disappearance of nutritious foods like millets due to changes in
fruits and other vegetables, impacting food and food consumption patterns and emphasizes the need for crop
nutrition security in the process. Further, intensive, diversity.
monoculture agriculture practices can perpetuate
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the food and nutrition security problem by ❖ Statement 3 is correct because the passage suggests that
degrading the quality of land, water and food government policies regarding food planning need to
derived through them. incorporate nutritional security. It discusses how the focus on
increasing food production, particularly staples, has impacted
Based on the above passage, the following food and nutrition security.
assumptions have been made: (2023) ❖ Statement 4 is incorrect because the passage does not explicitly
1. To implement the Sustainable Development Goals mention subsidies or government support for monoculture
and to achieve zero-hunger goal, monoculture agriculture practices. While it discusses the impact of intensive
agriculture practices are inevitable even if they do monoculture practices on food and nutrition security, it does not
not address malnutrition. address the issue of subsidies or remunerative prices for grains.
2.Dependence on a few crops has negative
consequences for human health and the ecosystem. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
3.Government policies regarding food planning read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
need to incorporate nutritional security.
4.For the present monoculture agriculture practices, Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
farmers receive subsidies in various ways and aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
government offers remunerative prices for grains
and therefore they do not tend to consider crop ❖ Statement 1 – this goes against logic. In fact, monoculture is to
diversity. be rejected and diversity is to be promoted. Reject it
❖ Statement 2 – it is true and a possibility statement as it says few
Which of the above assumptions are valid? crops. Accept it
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only ❖ Statement 3 – it is suggestive and a correct statement. Accept it
(b) 2 and 3 only ❖ Statement 4– this is true to an extent. So, let us accept it.
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 So, initial logic says, answer should be 2, 3 and 4 only. But this Is not
an option. So, we need to look for other logic.
1 is rejected. Hence, option a and d is rejected for sure.
Now, 3 is common to b and c. So, we need not question 3.

Now, we need to choose between the left statements (2 in option

b vs 4 in option c). On which statement you can vote for 100 percent
without any confusion. It is clear, statement 2 is possibility
statement and hence, we will not reject it. Hence, 2 and 3 only
should be the answer which leads us to option b.

40 There is a claim that organic farming is inherently b ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect because the passage does not claim
safer and healthier. The reality is that because the that organic farming is inherently unsafe for both farmers and
organic farming industry is still young and not well- consumers. Instead, it highlights the challenges and risks
regulated in India, farmers and consumers, alike, are associated with the organic farming industry in India due to its
not only confused about what products are best for youth and lack of regulation.
them, but sometimes use products in ways that ❖ Statement 2 is correct. The passage suggests that farmers and
could harm them as well. For example, since organic consumers need to be educated about eco-friendly food to
fertilizers are difficult to obtain on a large scale in address confusion and potential risks associated with organic
India, farmers often use farmyard manure, which farming practices in India. It mentions the lack of awareness
may contain toxic chemicals and heavy metals. about what products are best and the potential harm caused by
Certain plant sprays, such as Datura flower and leaf improper use of certain products.
spray, have an element called atropine. If it is not
applied in the right dose, it can act on the nervous CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
system of the consumer. Unfortunately, how much read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
and when to use it are not well-researched or
regulated issues. Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
Based on the above passage, the following ❖ Statement 1 – this is incorrect. Else, why is everywhere,
assumptions have been made: (2023) people are crying to replace inorganic farming with organic
1.Organic farming is inherently unsafe for both farming. So, reject it
farmers and consumers. ❖ Statement 2 – this is a general statement and is agreed by
2. Farmers and consumers need to be educated all. So, accept it.
about eco-friendly food. As such option b (2 only) is correct
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Which of the assumptions given above is/are

correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

41 Scientist studied the vernal window – transition a ❖ Statement 1 is correct because the passage indicates that
period from winter to the growing season. They warmer winters with less snow result in a longer duration of the
found that warmer winters with less snow resulted vernal window, implying that spring comes early and lasts
in a longer lag time between spring events and a longer. This suggests that global warming is causing spring to
more protracted vernal window. This change in the come early and for longer durations.
spring timetable has ecological, social and economic ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect because the passage does not explicitly
consequences – for agriculture, fisheries and state that an early spring and longer period of spring is not good
tourism. As the ice melts earlier, the birds don't for bird populations. It mentions that as the ice melts earlier,
return, causing a delay, or lengthening in springtime birds may not return in time, causing a delay or lengthening in
ecological events. springtime ecological events. However, it does not specify
whether this has negative consequences for bird populations.
With reference to the above passage, the following
assumptions have been made: (2023) CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
1. Global warming is causing spring to come early read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
and for longer durations. Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
2. Early spring and longer period of spring is not aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
good for bird populations. ❖ Statement 1 – it is a known consequence of global warming.
Which of the above assumptions is/are correct? So, accept it.
(a) 1 only ❖ Statement 2 – We cannot say this with certainty. It depends
(b) 2 only on many complex factors. So, it is better to reject the
(c) Both 1 and 2 statement. So, reject it.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 Thus, 1 only (Option a) is correct.
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42 Pharmaceutical patents grant protection to the b ❖ Statement 1 is correct: The passage explicitly mentions that
patentee for the duration of the patent term. The pharmaceutical patents can lead to higher prices for patented
patentees enjoy the liberty to determine the price of medicines, potentially making them unaffordable for the public.
medicines, which is time-limited to the period of This aligns with the assertion that patent protection places a
monopoly, but could be unaffordable to the public. burden on the purchasing power of the public.
Such patent protection offered to the patentees is ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect: The passage does not directly address
believed to benefit the public over the longer term the issue of dependence on other countries for pharmaceutical
through innovations and research and development products. While it discusses the potential burden of high prices
(R&D), although it comes at a cost, in the nature of for patented medicines on the public, it does not mention
higher prices for patented medicine. The patent— dependence on other countries as a specific burden for
provide the patentee with a legitimate mechanism developing and poor countries. Therefore, this assumption
to get returns on the costs incurred in innovation cannot be validated based on the information provided in the
and research. passage.
❖ Statement 3 is incorrect: The passage does not explicitly
Based on the above passage, the following mention the goal of providing medicines to the public at
assumptions have been made: (2023) affordable prices as a key aspect of public health policy design in
1. Patent protection given to patentees puts a huge many countries. While it does discuss the potential burden of
burden on public's purchasing power in accessing higher prices for patented medicines on the public, it does not
patented medicines. directly state that affordability is a key goal in public health
2.Dependence on other countries for policy design. Therefore, this assumption cannot be inferred
pharmaceutical products is a huge burden for directly from the passage.
developing and poor countries. ❖ Statement 4 is correct: The passage suggests that governments
3. Providing medicines to the public at affordable need to find an appropriate balance between the rights of
prices is a key goal during the public health policy patentees and the requirements of patients. This indicates the
design in many countries. need for policies and regulations that strike a balance between
4.Governments need to find and appropriate incentivizing innovation through patent protection and ensuring
balance between the rights of patentees and the access to essential medicines at affordable prices. Therefore, this
requirements of the patients. assumption is valid based on the information provided in the
Which of the above assumptions are valid? passage.
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(a) 1 and 2
(b) 1 and 4 CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
(c) 3 and 4 read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(d) 2 and 3
Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
At the first stance, all the statements given seem correct. But
option does not allow that. Then, how to make a choice.
It is simple: look for the most correct statement which your mind
cannot reject in any case.
For this, statement 4 seems correct as it is talking about the balance
– always remember, wherever, there is talk of middle path – in
general that statement would be correct.
So, this will make us choose the option b and c as other options does
not have 4.
Now, you cannot choose both. So, you will have to make a choice
between statement 1 (from option b) and statement 3 (from option
c).

Which statement seems more logical: both are logical but

somehow, statement 3 is discussing only the one side of the
problem mentioned by statement 1. There can be other way of
handling it too. Hence, statement 1 is broader than statement 3. So,
we can choose 1 over 3.

Hence, the correct answer – we can arrive at is 1 and 4 only

which gives us option b.

43 India should ensure the growth of the digital c ❖ Statement 1 is correct: The passage clearly states that
economy while keeping personal data of citizens protection of privacy is valuable not just as a right but also to
secure and protected. No one will innovate in a foster economic growth. It suggests that innovation is unlikely in
surveillance-oriented environment or in a place an environment where personal data is compromised, indicating
where an individual's personal information is the economic value of privacy protection.
compromised. The ultimate control of data must ❖ Statement 2 is correct: The passage highlights the fundamental
reside with the individuals who generate it; they link between privacy and innovation by stating that no one will
should be enabled to use, restrict or monetize it as innovate in a surveillance-oriented environment. This implies
they wish. Therefore, data protection laws should that privacy protection is essential for fostering innovation.’
enable the right kind of innovation–one that is user-
centric and privacy protecting. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Based on the above passage, the following Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
assumptions have been made: (2023) aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
1. Protection of privacy is not just a right, but it has ❖ Statement 1 – it is logical. Right to privacy – you know
value to the economy. already and you know that privacy will lead to value addition
2. There is a fundamental link between privacy and in economy. So, it is correct.
innovation. ❖ Statement 2 – it is also logical.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? Hence, statement 1 and 2 both are correct.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

44 In India, the current focus on the right to privacy is a Let us analyse options one by one
based on some new realities of the digital age. A Statement 1. State should have some institutions to ensure its
right is a substantive right only if it works in all appropriate role in a digital society.
situations, and for everyone. A right to free ➢ The passage discusses the State's responsibility to actively
expression for an individual about her exploitation, safeguard rights (like privacy) in the digital age. For the State to
for instance, is meaningless without actual fulfil this role, it must have institutions or mechanisms in place
availability of security that guarantees that private to enforce these protections.
force cannot be used to thwart this right. The role of ➢ This assumption is valid as it aligns with the passage.
the State, therefore, is not just to abstain from Statement 2. State should ensure that private parties do not
preventing rightful free expression, but also to violate the citizens' right to privacy.
actively ensure that private parties are not able to ➢ The passage explicitly states that the State’s role includes
block it. ensuring that private parties do not block or violate rights,
including privacy.
On the basis of the above passage, the following ➢ This assumption is directly supported by the passage and is valid.
assumptions have been made: (2020) Statement 3. Digital economy is not compatible with the idea of
1. State should have some institutions to ensure its
not violating the citizens’ privacy.
appropriate role in a digital society.
➢ The passage does not criticize the digital economy or suggest
2. State should ensure that private parties do not
violate the citizens' right to privacy. that it inherently violates privacy. Instead, it highlights the need
3. Digital economy is not compatible with the idea for privacy protections in a digital age. The assumption that the
of not violating the citizens’ privacy. digital economy is incompatible with privacy is not valid based
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? on the passage.
(a) 1 and 2 So, the correct answer is (a) 1 and 2.
(b) 3 Only
(c) 1 and 3 CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
(d) 2 only read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Let's analyze each statement using common sense and reasoning:

Assumption 1: State should have some institutions to ensure its

appropriate role in a digital society.
➢ In a digital society, the state has a role in ensuring regulations,
protecting privacy, and addressing cybersecurity concerns.
Institutions are necessary for this purpose.
➢ This assumption seems valid as the state's role in governance
and regulation in the digital era is widely recognized.
Assumption 2: State should ensure that private parties do not
violate the citizens' right to privacy.
➢ The right to privacy is a fundamental concern in a digital society,
especially with private companies handling personal data. The
state must ensure laws and regulations to prevent privacy
violations.
➢ This assumption is valid, as it is a key responsibility of the state
in a digital economy.
Assumption 3: Digital economy is not compatible with the idea of
not violating the citizens’ privacy.
➢ While a digital economy poses challenges to privacy, stating that
it is inherently incompatible
➢ with privacy protection is an extreme conclusion. With robust
laws, technology, and accountability, privacy can coexist with a
thriving digital economy.
➢ This assumption is not valid because privacy can be upheld in a
well-regulated digital economy.
Conclusion:
The most logical and correct answer is A. 1 and 2.

45 Although most of the Genetically Modified (GM) b (a) Valid: The passage mentions that future GM crops will have
crops cultivated now are genetically engineered for multiple traits and that regulation needs to evolve to consider
a single trait, in future, crops genetically engineered broader socio-economic impacts and international obligations.
for more than one trait will be the norm. Thus, (b) Not Valid: This assumption is not directly mentioned in the
biotechnology's role in agriculture and the passage. The focus is more on the need for comprehensive
regulation or the same cannot be understood solely regulation considering different aspects but does not mention
the participation of the public specifically.
in the context of the current generation of GM crops.
(c) Valid: The passage clearly states that socio-economic impacts
Instead, there is a need to take a comprehensive
should be considered to harness the potential of biotechnology
look, taking into account various aspects, including while minimizing negative impacts.
socio-economic impacts, so that the potential or the (d) Not Valid: The passage talks about how biotechnology regulation
technology can be harnessed while minimizing should not be seen in isolation from trade policies and
negative impacts. Given the importance of international obligations, which implies political involvement in
biotechnology in developing varieties that can help these areas.
in climate change mitigation and adaptation, not
using biotechnology as a part of the climate change The valid assumptions are 1 and 3. Therefore, the correct answer is
action plan cannot be an option. Domestic (b) 1 and 3 only.
regulation of biotechnology cannot be viewed in
isolation of trade policy and obligations under
various international treaties and conventions.
With reference to the above passage, the following
assumptions have been made: (2020)
1. Biotechnology regulation is an evolving process.
2. Participation of people is needed in policy
decisions regarding biotechnology regulation.
3. Biotechnology regulation should take into
account socio-economic aspects in decision-
making.
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4. Wider involvement of political executive in

biotechnology regulation improves its
effectiveness in dealing with the country’s trade
Policies and international obligations.
Which of the above assumptions are valid?
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

46 Private investment in general is volatile. Foreign b (a) Valid: The passage indicates that FDI is volatile and cannot solely
private investment is more volatile because the provide stable employment.
available investment avenues are significantly (b) Valid: The text suggests that current FDI inflows are unstable,
greater (i.e., the entire world). Therefore, the implying a need for policies to manage this volatility.
responsibility of providing employment cannot be (c) Valid: The emphasis on not relying solely on FDI implies the
left to Foreign Direct investment (FDl). The current necessity of strengthening domestic investment for stability.
FDI inflows are volatile over time and across sectors (d) Not Valid: The passage does not explicitly state that public
and regions, which is a necessary consequence of investment should take precedence over private investment.
their search for the highest returns. The adverse (e) Not Valid: While public investment in education and health is
consequences are unstable employment and an beneficial, the passage does not assert this as a necessity.
accentuation of income and regional inequalities. A
probable positive consequence of foreign Therefore, the correct answer is (b) 1, 2, and 3.
investment is the inflow of new technology and its
subsequent diffusion. However, the technology CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
diffusion is not at all certain because the existing read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
state of physical and human capital in India may Let us apply our common sense and what we have studied till now
prove inadequate for the diffusion. and apply here.

With reference to the above passage, the following The goal is to find the most logical and valid assumptions based on
assumptions have been made: (2020) economic principles and common sense. Let’s us see a breakdown
1. Relying on foreign investment in the long run is of the assumptions and the options:
not an economically sound policy.
2. Policies must be undertaken to reduce volatility Assumptions:
in foreign private investment. 1. Relying on foreign investment in the long run is not an
3. Policies must be undertaken to strengthen
economically sound policy. This is valid because dependence on
domestic private investment.
foreign investment can lead to economic vulnerabilities due to
4. Public investment should be given priority over
private investment. external factors like market volatility.
5. Substantial public investment in education and 2. Policies must be undertaken to reduce volatility in foreign private
health should be undertaken. investment. Valid, as reducing foreign investment volatility is
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? critical for economic stability.
(a) 1, 2 and 4 3. Policies must be undertaken to strengthen domestic private
(b) 1, 3 and 5 investment. Valid, as strong domestic investment reduces reliance
(c) 2, 4 and 5 on foreign funds and fosters self-sufficiency.
(d) 3 only 4. Public investment should be given priority over private
investment. This is debatable. While public investment in specific
areas is essential, prioritizing it over private investment might not
always align with a balanced growth strategy.
5. Substantial public investment in education and health should be
undertaken. Valid, as investment in education and health supports
long-term economic growth and improves human capital.

Option Analysis:
(a) 1, 2 and 4: While 1 and 2 are valid, 4 is less convincing as
prioritizing public over private investment might not always be
ideal. This option is weaker.
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(b) 1, 3 and 5: This is the most logical combination. It focuses on

reducing foreign investment reliance, strengthening domestic
private investment, and supporting public investment in critical
areas like health and education.
(c) 2, 4 and 5: Assumption 4 is again problematic, making this option
less balanced than (b).
(d) 3 only: While assumption 3 is valid, it ignores other critical points
like reducing foreign investment reliance and public investment in
key sectors, making it incomplete.
Hence, Option (b) 1, 3 and 5 is correct

47 People will invest in education whenever they are c (a) Not Valid: While lower tax rates may incentivize some individuals
granted the economic freedom to fully enjoy to invest in education, the word "invariably" implies it applies
benefits Again, this is for the obvious reason that the universally, which the passage does not confirm.
return on education increases as the level of (b) Not Valid: The passage does not assert that investing in
economic freedom rises. When people, thanks to children's education guarantees economic freedom.
lower tax rates, are allowed to retain of the higher (c) Valid: The passage clearly states that increased economic
income that they gain from incremental level of freedom encourages investments in education, which
education, it makes sense to invest in education. On contributes to human capital development.
the other hand, when the government decides to tax Therefore, the correct answer is (c) 3 only.
the higher income of educated individuals at even
higher rates, it makes very little sense to invest in
educating oneself further. The same incentives apply
to parents who decide on whether to invest in their
children's education.

With reference to the above passage, the following

assumptions have been made: (2020)
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1. Lower tax rates in a country invariably translate

into greater investments in higher education.
2. Investment in the education of children ensures
their economic freedom.
3. Economic freedom has a positive impact on
building up human capital.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

48 Our urban bodies cannot possibly ensure b (a) Not Valid: This assumption implies that only wealthy cities have
sustainable delivery of water in our cities unless the necessary resources for sustainable water management.
financing mechanisms are put in place. Water However, cities can achieve sustainability through effective
delivery requires heavy investment in collecting it practices and community involvement, regardless of wealth.
from a natural source, treating it to make it potable, (b) Valid: This assumption recognizes that sustainability involves
and laying a distribution network of pipes for aspects like conservation, infrastructure, and environmental
delivery to the users. It also requires investments in considerations. It emphasizes a comprehensive approach to
sewerage infrastructure and sewage treatment water management beyond just household supply.
plants so that the sewers can carry the wastewater The correct choice is (b) 2 only.
to these plants to ensure that no untreated sewage
is discharged back into natural water bodies. If our CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
cities were rich enough to meet the entire cost, read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
water could be delivered free. They are not. Let’s evaluate the assumptions logically and eliminate the
unreasonable ones:
With reference to the above passage, the following
assumptions have been made: (2020) Assumptions:

1. Rich cities only can ensure sustainable delivery of 1. Rich cities only can ensure sustainable delivery of water: This is
water. an extreme statement that implies only wealth determines water
2. Sustainable delivery of water in cities means much sustainability. While resources and finances matter, water
more than supplying water to households. Which of management depends significantly on planning, governance,
the above assumptions is/are valid? and efficient use. Thus, this assumption is not valid.
(a) 1 only 2. Sustainable delivery of water in cities means much more than
(b) 2 only supplying water to households: This is a logical assumption
(c) Both 1 and 2 because sustainable water delivery involves broader aspects like
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 resource management, infrastructure maintenance, wastewater
treatment, and equitable access. Hence, this assumption is valid.
Conclusion: The most logical answer is (b) 2 only

49 In India, agriculture still engages about half of c (a) Not valid: While small and marginal farms can complicate
workforce, and about 85 per cent of its farms are transformation, they do not make it impossible.
small and marginal. Compared to China and (b) Valid: as the passage explicitly states that the change in relative
Vietnam, which have experienced fast structural and prices boosted private investments in agriculture.
rural transformation, India's story is of slow (c) Valid: While the passage doesn’t directly mention this necessity,
transformation. As a result, poverty reduction in the context suggests that developing such value chains could
India was at a much slower pace during 1988—2014, enhance agricultural productivity and income. Hence, it can be
compared to China and Vietnam. India's poverty considered valid in the broader context of improving agricultural
reduction was slow during 1988-2005, but during outcomes.
2005-2012, it accelerated dramatically—almost (d) Not Valid: While higher global prices contributed to investment
three times faster than during the earlier period. and poverty reduction during the specified period, poverty
What did India do during this period? Research reduction can occur through various other mechanisms as well.
reveals that the relative price scenario changed The correct choice is (c) 2 and 3.
significantly (by more than 50%) in favour of
agriculture in the wake of rising global prices. This CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
boosted private investments in agriculture by more read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
than 50%. As a result, agri-GDP growth touched 4.1%
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during 2007-2012 as against 2.4% during 2002— Let’s analyze the assumptions logically to identify the most valid
2007. The net surplus of agri-trade touched $25 ones:
billion in 2013-2014; real farm wages rose by 7% per Assumptions:
annum. All this led to unprecedented fall in poverty. (a) Structural and rural transformation is impossible when farms
are mainly small and marginal: This is too extreme to be
With reference to the above passage, the following entirely valid. While small and marginal farms pose challenges
assumptions have been made: (2020) to transformation, they are not an absolute barrier;
1. Structural and rural transformation is impossible appropriate policies and interventions can still lead to
when farms are mainly small and marginal. transformation. Hence, this assumption is not valid.
2. A good price incentive can trigger investments in (b) A good price incentive can trigger investments in agriculture:
agriculture. This is a logical and widely accepted principle in economics.
3. India needs to build value chains for high-value Farmers are more likely to invest in better inputs and practices
agri-products like livestock and horticulture. if they are assured of profitable returns. Hence, this
4. Higher global prices of agricultural commodities assumption is valid.
are essential for India's poverty reduction. (c) India needs to build value chains for high-value agri-products
Which of the above assumptions are valid? like livestock and horticulture: This is a valid and practical
(a) 1 and 3 assumption, as building value chains enhances market linkages,
(b) 2 and 4 reduces wastage, and increases farmers’ incomes, particularly
(c) 2 and 3 in sectors like horticulture and livestock. Hence, this
(d) 3 and 4 assumption is valid.
(d) Higher global prices of agricultural commodities are essential
for India’s poverty reduction: This is not necessarily valid.
While higher global prices may benefit exporters, they can
harm domestic consumers and may not directly address
poverty reduction. Poverty alleviation is more dependent on
domestic policies, rural development, and equitable
distribution. Hence, this assumption is not valid.
Conclusion: The most logical and valid assumptions are 2 and 3.
The correct answer is (c) 2 and 3.
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50 In India, authorities always look to store the d (a) Valid: This assumption suggests that the drive to maximize water
maximum amount of water in reservoirs during the storage for hydro power increases risks, which aligns with the
monsoon season, which is then used for irrigation passage's concerns about the consequences of storing too much
and generation of electricity during the summer water before the monsoon. Thus, this assumption is valid.
months. It is an internationally accepted practice (b) Valid: The passage explicitly states that it is an accepted practice
that the water level or a reservoir should be kept to keep reservoir levels below a certain threshold before the
below a certain level before the onset of monsoon monsoon to accommodate excess rainwater. This assumption is
season. This is so that when monsoon rains come, also valid.
there is space to store the excess rainwater and also (c) Valid: The passage hints at the importance of managing water
so that water can be released in a regulated manner. levels in reservoirs for flood control, suggesting that the potential
But the authorities store the maximum amount of risks of flooding may not be fully appreciated. Therefore, this
water in reservoirs even before the close of the assumption is valid as well.
monsoon, only to ensure greater electricity Hence, C is the correct answer
generation and irrigation.
CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
With reference to the above passage, the following read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
assumptions have been made: Let's evaluate the assumptions based on general knowledge and
1. High risks involved in holding maximum water in common sense about water reservoirs, hydro power projects, and
reservoirs are due to our overdependence on hydro flood control:
power projects. Assumption 1: High risks involved in holding maximum water in
2. Storage capacity of dams should not be fully used reservoirs are due to our overdependence on hydro power
before or during monsoon season. projects.
3. Role of dams in flood control is underestimated in ➢ Analysis: It's true that overdependence on hydro power can lead
India. to high risks, especially during seasons of heavy rainfall when the
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? reservoirs might be full. Excessive water storage for power
(2020) generation can create a risk of overflow and flooding,
(a) 1 and 2 only particularly if the reservoir is already near its maximum capacity.
(b) 2-only Therefore, this assumption seems plausible.
(c) 3 only
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(d) 1, 2 and 3 Assumption 2: Storage capacity of dams should not be fully used
before or during the monsoon season.
➢ Analysis: This is a practical approach. Dams and reservoirs are
usually not filled to their maximum capacity before or during the
monsoon season to leave room for incoming rainfall and reduce
the risk of flooding. So, this assumption makes sense.
Assumption 3: Role of dams in flood control is underestimated in
India.
➢ Analysis: This assumption is also plausible. While dams are often
thought of primarily as sources of water for irrigation, electricity,
and drinking, their role in flood control is significant. However,
the full potential of dams for flood management may not always
be fully utilized or recognized, especially in terms of controlling
excess water during peak monsoon periods. Hence, this
assumption appears valid.
Hence, on the basis of logic, we can infer the correct option as (d)
1, 2 and 3

51 Economic liberalization in India was shaped largely d (a) Not Valid: The passage does not explicitly mention the need for
by the economic problems of the government than greater integration with the global economy. Instead, it
by the economic priorities of the people or by the highlights issues like jobless growth and rising inequality as
long-term development objectives. Thus, there were problems arising from economic liberalization. Thus, this
limitations in conception and design which have assumption is not supported.
been subsequently validated by experience. Jobless (b) Not Valid: The passage indicates that economic liberalization has
growth, persistent poverty and rising inequality have led to problems like jobless growth and persistent poverty. This
mounted as problems since economic liberalization suggests that the assumption that economic liberalization would
began. And all these years later, four quiet crises automatically lead to large economic growth, reduced poverty,
confront the economy: agriculture infrastructure, and sufficient employment is not valid.
industrialization and education as constraints on the
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country’s future prospects. These problems must be Hence, D is the correct answer
resolved if economic growth has to be sustained and
transformed into meaningful development.

With reference to the above passage, the following

assumptions have been made: (2020)
1.India's economy needs to be greatly integrated
with global economy so as to create large number of
jobs and to sustain its growth momentum.
2.Economic liberalization would cause large
economic growth which would reduce poverty and
create sufficient employment in the long run.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

52 India has tremendous potential for solar energy. We a (a) Valid: The passage implies that business houses are wary of
all realize that we have to stop burning fossil fuels to investing in renewable energy due to the technology not being
meet our energy needs. But certain renewable ready yet. This suggests a concern about the effectiveness of
resources are still going through their cost curves government support for technologies that are still developing.
and learning curves to get the required amount of Therefore, this assumption appears to be valid.
output. The Indian Government has strongly (b) Not Valid: While the passage mentions a strong push towards a
committed to its targets of reducing emissions by 33 gas-based economy and investments in renewable energy, it
percent by 2030, and towards this it has initiated a does not explicitly state that the commitment to reduce
strong push towards a gas-based economy and has emissions will solely depend on the gas-based economy.
also invested heavily in renewable energy. However, Therefore, this assumption is not necessarily valid as it implies a
business houses are wary of investing too heavily in
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renewable energy at a time when the technology is definitive connection that is not clearly established in the
not yet ready. passage.
Hence, correct answer is A
With reference to the above passage, the following
assumptions have been made: (2020) CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
1. Governments often provide inefficient and costly read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
subsidies for technologies that may not be ready in Let us try to find the most rational, logical option based on common
the near future. sense and general knowledge To identify the most logical
2. India’s commitment of reducing emissions by 33% assumptions, let's analyze the given options and their validity based
by 2030 shall be on the basis of gas-based economy. on reasoning and context.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? Statement 1: Governments often provide inefficient and costly
(a) 1 only subsidies for technologies that may not be ready in the near
(b) 2 only future.
(c) Both 1 and 2 ➢ Governments often provide subsidies for emerging technologies
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 like renewables or gas-based systems to encourage adoption.
However, these subsidies can sometimes be inefficient or
misallocated, especially when the technology is immature or not
cost-effective. This statement seems rational and likely aligns
with real-world trends, even without the passage. Hence, this
assumption is valid.
Statement 2: India’s commitment of reducing emissions by 33% by
2030 shall be on the basis of gas-based economy.
➢ While natural gas may be part of India's transition strategy, the
country's broader commitment to emission reductions heavily
focuses on renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro) rather than a
complete reliance on gas-based solutions. Gas might serve as a
transitional fuel, but it is unlikely to be the cornerstone of the

strategy. This assumption overstates the reliance on gas and

therefore does not seem logical.
Hence, this assumption is not valid.
Thus, option (a) 1 only is the right answer.

53 Genome editing is different from genome c (a) Valid: The passage implies that genome editing focuses on
modification. Genome editing typically involves altering existing genes within a plant's genome rather than
finding the part of a plant genome that could be transferring genes from one plant to another.
changed to render it less vulnerable to disease, or (b) Valid: It also indicates that genome editing allows for precise
resistant to certain herbicides, or to increase yields. alterations similar to the natural processes that help plants adapt
Researchers use ‘molecular scissors’ to dissect the to environmental challenges.
genome and repair it, which is a process that occurs Thus, both assumptions are valid based on the information provided
naturally when plants are under attack from diseases in the passage.
and can throw up new mutations that enable the
plant to survive future attacks. This evolutionary CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
process can effectively be speeded up now that it is read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
possible to examine plant genomes in detail in Let us assess the assumptions, and analyze each statement carefully
laboratories, and create mechanisms through which with logical interpretation and general knowledge.
the relevant genes can be altered very precisely.
Statement 1: Genome editing does not require the transfer of
With reference to the above passage, the following genes from one plant to another.
assumptions have been made: ➢ Genome editing technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 allow precise
1. Genome editing does not require the transfer of modifications within the existing genome of an organism
genes from one plant to another. without necessarily introducing foreign genes. This differs from
2. Through genome editing, the chosen genes can be traditional genetic modification (GM), which often involves
altered precisely in a manner akin to the natural inserting genes from one species into another. This statement
process that helps plants to adapt to the aligns with the general understanding of genome editing and is
environmental factors. therefore logical. Hence, statement 1 is valid

Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? Statement 2: Through genome editing, the chosen genes can be
(2020) altered precisely in a manner akin to the natural process that helps
(a) 1 only plants to adapt to the environmental factors.
(b) 2 only ➢ Genome editing enables precise alterations in the DNA
(c) Both 1 and 2 sequence, which can simulate the natural mutations that occur
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 during adaptation to environmental factors. It mimics and
accelerates natural processes without disrupting the organism's
integrity. This statement is reasonable and aligns with the
purpose of genome editing in agriculture, which often aims to
enhance resilience to environmental stresses. Hence, statement
2 is valid
Hence, option (c) Both 1 and 2 is the right answer.

54 Approximately 80 percent of all flowering plant d (a) Not Valid: This assumption implies a direct dependency that is
species are pollinated by animals, including birds not explicitly stated in the passage. While pollinators are
and mammals, but the main pollinators are insects. important, the passage doesn’t confirm that their absence
Pollination is responsible for providing us with a makes sustainable production impossible.
wide variety of food, as well as many plant-derived (b) Not Valid: The passage does not directly address monoculture or
medicines. At least one-third of the world’s its impact on insect survival, so this assumption lacks support
agricultural crops depend upon pollination. Bees are from the text.
the most dominant taxa when it comes to pollination (c) Valid: This assumption aligns with the passage’s statement about
and they are crucial to more than four hundred the need for pristine natural vegetation for effective pollination,
crops. Pollination is an essential service that is the making it a valid inference.
result of intricate relationship between plants and (d) Valid: While the passage discusses the interrelationship between
animals, and the reduction or less of either affects plants and pollinators, it does not explicitly claim that insect
the survival of both. Effective pollination requires diversity induces plant diversity. However, one could infer that
resources, such as refuges of pristine natural diverse pollinators support diverse plant species.
vegetation.
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On the basis of the passage given above, the Hence, Correct option is (D) 3 and 4 only
following assumptions have been made: (2021)
1. Sustainable production of India’s cereal food
grains is impossible without the diversity of
pollinating animals.
2. Monoculture of horticultural crops hampers the
survival of insects.
3. Pollinators become scarce in cultivated areas
devoid of natural vegetation.
4. Diversity in insects induces diversity of plants.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 3 and 4 only

55 Researchers were able to use stem cells to gauge the c (a) This assumption is valid because the passage discusses how BPA
neurotoxic effects of the environmental pollutant affects embryonic stem cells, which suggests it could impact
Bisphenol A (BPA). They used a combination of embryonic development in living organisms.
biochemical and cell-based assays to examine the (b) This assumption is not explicitly supported in the passage. The
gene expression profile during the differentiation of focus is on assessing toxicity rather than finding treatments.
mouse embryonic stem cells upon treatment with (c) This assumption is valid because the passage describes the use
BPA, a compound known to cause heart diseases, of embryonic stem cells to study the effects of BPA.
diabetes, and developmental abnormalities in
humans. They were able to detect and measure BPA Thus, assumptions 1 and 3 are valid, making (c) the correct choice.
toxicity towards the proper specification of primary
germ layers, such as endoderm and ectoderm, and
the establishment of neural progenitor cells.

On the basis of the passage given above, the

following assumptions have been made: (2021)
1. BPA may alter embryonic development in vivo.
2. Biochemical and cell-based assays are useful in
finding out treatments for pollution-induced
diseases.
3. Embryonic stem cells could serve as a model to
evaluate the physiological effects of environmental
pollutants.
Which of the above assumptions are valid?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

56 Fig trees (genus Ficus) are considered sacred in India, d (a) Valid: The passage indicates that fig trees provide critical
East Asia and Africa and are common in agricultural resources (food for wildlife) and support biodiversity, which
and urban landscapes where other large trees are aligns with the concept of keystone species.
absent. In natural forests, fig trees provide food for (b) Not necessarily valid: While the passage states that fig trees are
wildlife when other resources are scarce and common in areas where other large trees are absent, it does not
support a high density and diversity of frugivores explicitly say that fig trees can grow in all places where other
(fruit-eating animals). If frugivorous birds and bats large species cannot. This makes this assumption less certain.
continue to visit to fig trees located in sites with high (c) Valid: The passage suggests that fig trees support wildlife and
human disturbances, sacred fig trees may promote other plant species, indicating a role in biodiversity conservation.
frugivore abundance. Under a favourable (d) Valid: The mention of frugivorous birds and bats visiting fig trees
microclimate, plenty of seedlings of other tree implies that they assist in seed dispersal, thus supporting this
species would grow around fig trees. assumption.
Hence, correct option is D

On the basis of the passage given above, the

following assumption have been made: (2021)
1. Fig trees can often be keystone species in natural
forests.
2.Fig trees can grow where other large woody
species cannot grow.
3. Sacred trees can have a role in biodiversity
conservation.
4. Fig trees have a role in the seed dispersal of other
tree species.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 3 and 4 only

57 A social and physical environment riddled with c (a) Not Valid: This is suggested in the passage but not explicitly
poverty, inequities, unhygienic and insanitary stated. It is an inference that could be made but lacks direct
conditions generate the risk of infectious diseases. evidence.
Hygiene has different levels: personal, domestic and (b) Not Valid: The passage implies that personal hygiene alone is not
community hygiene. There is no doubt that personal sufficient to prevent the emergence of resistant germs.
cleanliness brings down the rate of infectious (c) Not Valid: The passage discusses the false sense of security
diseases. But the entry of the market into this created by market influences but does not directly state that this
domain has created a false sense of security that increases the risk of infectious diseases. It’s an inference that can
gets conditioned and reinforced by the onslaught of be debated.
advertisements. Experience in Western Europe (d) Valid: The passage indicates that general improvements,
shows that along with personal hygiene, general including environmental conditions, are necessary, suggesting
improvements in environmental conditions and that micro-level interventions alone may not suffice.
components like clean water, sanitation and food
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security have brought down infant/child (e) Valid: The passage emphasizes the importance of overall
death/infections rates considerably. The obsession environmental improvements alongside personal hygiene,
with hand hygiene also brings in the persisting indicating that community hygiene is crucial.
influence of the market on personal health,
overriding or marginalizing the negative impact on Hence, C is the correct option
ecology and the emergence of resistant germs.
CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
On the basis of the passage given above, the read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
following assumptions have been made: (2021) To determine the most logical and valid assumptions, let us analyze
1. People who are obsessed with personal hygiene each statement and match it with the options, applying reasoning
tend to ignore the community hygiene. and common sense:
2. Emergence of multi-drug-resistant germs can be Analysis of Assumptions:
prevented by personal cleanliness. 1) People who are obsessed with personal hygiene tend to
3. Entry of the market in the domain of hygiene ignore the community hygiene: This is a plausible assumption
increases the risk of infectious diseases.
if the passage contrasts personal hygiene with the broader
4. Scientific and micro-level interventions are not
impact of community hygiene. However, it is a generalization
sufficient to bring down the burden of infectious
diseases. and may not be universally valid.
5. It is community hygiene implemented through 2) Emergence of multi-drug-resistant germs can be prevented by
public health measures that is really effective in the personal cleanliness: While personal cleanliness helps prevent
battle against infectious diseases. infections, multi-drug-resistant germs typically arise due to
Which of the above assumptions are valid? overuse or misuse of antibiotics, not solely a lack of hygiene.
(a) 1 and 2 only This assumption may not be entirely valid.
(b) 3 and 4 only 3) Entry of the market in the domain of hygiene increases the
(c) 4 and 5 only risk of infectious diseases: This assumption would require a
(d) 1, 2 and 4 only specific argument in the passage, such as how market-driven
hygiene products prioritize profit over efficacy. It might be valid
in certain contexts.

4) Scientific and micro-level interventions are not sufficient to

bring down the burden of infectious diseases: This aligns with
the idea that broader public health measures (e.g., community
hygiene) are critical for combating infectious diseases, making
it a valid assumption.
5) It is community hygiene implemented through public health
measures that is really effective in the battle against infectious
diseases: This is a logical assumption and aligns with evidence
from public health strategies worldwide, making it strongly
valid.

Now, let us do Option-by-Option Evaluation:

(a) 1 and 2 only: While assumption 1 is debatable, assumption 2 is
largely invalid as personal cleanliness alone cannot prevent the
emergence of multi-drug-resistant germs.
(b) 3 and 4 only: Assumption 3 may hold validity in specific contexts
but is not universal, while assumption 4 is valid and aligns with the
need for community hygiene.
(c) 4 and 5 only: Both assumptions 4 and 5 are valid. Assumption 4
highlights the limitations of individual measures, and assumption 5
emphasizes the effectiveness of public health measures. This
combination fits well.
(d) 1, 2 and 4 only: Assumptions 1 and 2 are weak or invalid, making
this option unlikely.
Hence, the Most Logical Answer would be (c) 4 and 5 only

58 Policy makers and media have placed the blame for d (a) Not Valid: The passage mentions "high fuel prices" as a factor
skyrocketing food prices on a variety of factors, contributing to rising food prices but does not specifically
including high fuel prices, bad weather in key food attribute this to oil-producing countries. Therefore, this
producing countries, and the diversion of land to assumption is not necessarily valid.
non-food production. Increased emphasis, however, (b) Not Valid: The passage suggests that mass consumption in
has been placed on a surge in demand for food from populous emerging economies could create a food crisis, but it
the most populous emerging economies. It seems does not definitively state that a crisis will occur only in these
highly probable that mass consumption in these countries. Thus, this assumption is also not valid.
countries could be well poised to create a food crisis. Hence, D is the correct option

With reference to the above passage, the following CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
assumptions have been made: read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
1. Oil producing countries are one of the reasons for Let’s analyze each option using common sense and logic to arrive at
high food prices. the most appropriate answer:
2. If there is a food crisis in the world in the near
future, it will be in the emerging economies. ❖ Option (a) – This is an extreme assumption. This misuse,
Which of the above statements is/are valid? (2021) hoarding etc. are the reasons for high food prices and not
(a) 1 only the producer countries themselves
(b) 2 only ❖ Option (b) – Food crisis does not know borders. This again is
(c) Both 1 and 2 an extreme statement. So, reject it.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 Hence, the correct answer would be option (d)

59 A central message of modern development d (a) Not Valid: The passage discusses the significance of rising GDP in
economics is the importance of income growth, by terms of economic growth and its benefits, but it does not assert
which is meant growth in Gross Domestic Product that rising GDP is the only criterion for a country to be classified
(GDP). In theory, rising GDP creates employment and as developed. Other factors can also play a role, so this
investment opportunities. As incomes grow in a assumption is not necessarily valid.
country where the level of GDP was once low, (b) Not Valid: The passage does not claim that rising GDP leads to
households, communities, and governments are equitable income distribution. It emphasizes growth and the
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increasingly able to set aside some funds for the ability to invest in improvements but does not ensure that this
production of things that make for a good life. Today growth benefits all households equally. Therefore, this
GDP has assumed such a significant place in the assumption is also not valid.
development lexicon, that if someone mentions
“economic growth”, we know they mean growth in Hence, D is the correct option
GDP. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
With reference to the above passage, the following Let’s analyze each option using common sense and logic to arrive at
assumptions have been made: the most appropriate answer. Hence, to determine the most logical
1.Rising GDP is essential for a country to be a and correct answer, let's evaluate each assumption and the
developed country. provided options based on reasoning and common sense.
2.Rising GDP guarantees a reasonable distribution of
income to all households. Analysis of Assumptions:
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
1) Rising GDP is essential for a country to be a developed
(2021)
country: Rising GDP is often seen as an indicator of economic
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only growth and development. However, it is not the sole
(c) Both 1 and 2 determinant of a country's development. Other factors, such as
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 health, education, infrastructure, and equitable income
distribution, also play a crucial role. While GDP growth is
important, equating it as essential for development overlooks
the multidimensional nature of progress. This assumption is
not valid.
2) Rising GDP guarantees a reasonable distribution of income to
all households: GDP measures the overall economic output,
but it does not account for income inequality. A rising GDP can
coexist with vast income disparities, where the benefits of
growth are concentrated in a small segment of society. For

example, many countries have high GDP growth but face

significant income inequality. Hence, this assumption is not
valid.
Hence, the Most Logical Answer is Option (d) Neither 1 nor 2

60 Inequality violates a basic democratic norm: the c (a) Valid: The passage implies that equality is essential for citizens
equal standing of citizens. Equality is a relation that to engage fully and confidently in society, as it emphasizes the
obtains between persons in respect of some equal standing of all citizens.
fundamental characteristic that they share in (b) Not Valid: While the passage highlights the importance of
common. Equality is, morally speaking, a default equality, it does not explicitly state that inequality is detrimental
principle. Therefore, persons should not be to democracy. It focuses on the moral principle of equality rather
discriminated on grounds such as race, caste, than asserting a direct consequence for democracy’s survival.
gender, ethnicity, disability, or class. These features (c) Not Valid: The passage does not suggest that equal standing is
of human condition are morally irrelevant. The idea unattainable; rather, it advocates for equality as a fundamental
that one should treat persons with respect not only democratic norm that should be upheld.
because some of these persons some special (d) Valid: The passage promotes the idea that equality is a basic
features or talent, for example skilled cricketers, principle that should guide societal norms and political
gifted musicians, or literary giants, but because discourse, indicating that it should be an integral part of our
persons are human being, is by now part of values.
commonsense morality.
Hence, C is the correct option
With reference to the above passage, the following
assumptions have been made: (2021)
1. Equality is a prerequisite for people to participate
in the multiple transactions of society from a
position of confidence.
2. Occurrence of inequality is detrimental to the
survival of democracy.

3. Equal standing of all citizens is an idea that cannot

actually be realised even in a democracy.
4. Right to equality should be incorporated into our
values and day-to-day political vocabulary.
Which of the above assumptions are valid?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 3 and 4 only

61 With respect to what are called denominations of c (a) Not Valid: This option suggests that everyone must belong to a
religion, if everyone is left to be a judge of his own religious group to lead a meaningful life. However, the passage
religion, there is no such things as religion that is does not support this idea; it focuses more on the subjective
wrong; but if they are to be a judge of each other’s nature of religious beliefs rather than a necessity to adhere to
religion, there is no such thing as a religion that is one.
right, and therefore all the world is right or all the (b) Not Valid: This implies that individuals should actively promote
world is wrong in the matter of religion. their religious beliefs to others. The passage does not discuss the
obligation to spread one’s beliefs, emphasizing instead the
What is the most logical assumption that can be complexities and subjective judgments surrounding religions.
made from the passage given above? (2021) (c) Valid: This option highlights how different religious beliefs can
(a) No man can live without adhering to some create divisions among people, obscuring their shared humanity.
religious denomination. The passage suggests that focusing on judging different religions
(b) It is the duty of everyone to propagate one’s may detract from recognizing common values and unity.
religious denomination. (d) Not Valid: This option implies a lack of understanding of one’s
(c) Religious denominations tend to ignore the unity own beliefs, which is not the main focus of the passage. The text
of man. discusses the challenges of judging religions rather than
(d) Men do not understand their own religious suggesting that individuals fail to understand their own beliefs.
denomination.
Hence, C is the correct option
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CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
To determine the most logical assumption, let's analyze each option
using reasoning and common sense:
Evaluation of Options:
(a) No man can live without adhering to some religious
denomination: This statement is too absolute. It assumes that every
individual follows a religious denomination, which is not true, as
some people identify as atheists, agnostics, or secular. This is not a
logical assumption.
(b) It is the duty of everyone to propagate one’s religious
denomination: This assumes that spreading one’s religion is a
universal duty, which is subjective and varies among religions and
individuals. Not all belief systems require or encourage propagation.
This is not a logical assumption.
(c) Religious denominations tend to ignore the unity of man: This
statement implies that religious divisions can sometimes
overshadow the broader idea of humanity's unity. This aligns with
historical and social observations where religious denominations
emphasize their differences rather than commonalities. This is a
plausible and logical assumption.
(d) Men do not understand their own religious denomination: This
assumes that people lack understanding of their faith, which may
be true for some but not universally applicable. It is more of a
critique than a logical assumption directly inferred from the
passage. This is not the best logical assumption.

Hence, Most Logical Answer is option (c) Religious denominations

tend to ignore the unity of man. As it highlights the potential
disconnect between religious denominations and the overarching
unity of humanity, making it the most rational and generalizable
assumption based on common sense. Other options are either
overly absolute, subjective, or tangentially related to the context.

62 In some places in the world, the productivity of d (a) Not Valid: The passage mentions that much of the change in
staples such as rice and wheat has reached a agricultural technology is brought about by affluent farmers in
plateau. Neither new strains nor fancy the West/Americas. However, it also states that techniques
agrochemicals are raising the yields. Nor is there developed in the West are being adapted in some places for
much unfarmed land left that is suitable to be tropical crops. This suggests that while development may be
brought under the plough. If global temperature prominent in developed countries, it is not confined to them, as
continues to rise, some places will become adaptation is taking place in other regions as well.
unsuitable for farming. Application of technology (b) Not Valid: The passage specifically states that technology is of
can help overcome these problems. Agricultural little use if it is not adapted, and it implies that adaptation is
technology is changing fast. Much of this change necessary, particularly for smallholders and subsistence farmers
is brought about by affluent farmers in the in Africa and Asia. This indicates that agricultural technology is
West/Americas. Techniques developed in the indeed being adapted in developing countries.
West are being adapted in some places to make
tropical crops more productive. Technology is of Hence, D is the correct option
little use if it is not adapted. In the developing CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
world, that applies as much to existing farming read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
techniques as it does to the latest advances in Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage. We will
genetic modification. Extending to the use reasoning and common sense along with known general
smallholders and subsistence farmers of Africa knowledge facts to reach at the solution. Let us look into each
and Asia the best of today's agricultural practices, option one by one
in such simple matters as how much fertilizers to
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apply and when, would lead to a greatly increased Assumption 1: Development of agricultural technology is confined
availability of food for humanity. So would things to developed countries.
like better roads and storage facilities, to allow for ➢ This statement implies that developing countries do not
the carriage of surpluses to markets and reduce contribute to the creation of agricultural technology. This is not
wastage. universally true, as agricultural technology is developed globally,
with contributions from both developed and developing
Based on the above passage, the following countries. Developing countries often adopt, modify, or innovate
assumptions have been made: technology suited to their specific needs. So, it is Unlikely and
1.Development of agricultural technology is overly restrictive.
confined to developed countries. Assumption 2: Agricultural technology is not adapted in
2.Agricultural technology is not adapted in developing countries.
developing countries. ➢ This assumption suggests that agricultural technology is either
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
inaccessible or irrelevant in developing countries, which is
(2022)
inaccurate. Many developing countries adapt agricultural
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only technologies to suit local conditions, even if the initial
(c) Both 1 and 2 technology originates from developed nations. So, it is
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 Unrealistic and inconsistent with common practice.
Hence, the Correct Answer is Option (d) Neither 1 nor 2

63 (Use same passage as above) a (a) Valid: The passage emphasizes that extending the best
agricultural practices to smallholders and subsistence farmers in
Based on the above passage, the following developing countries would lead to increased food availability.
assumptions have been made: This implies that there is a need for change in existing farming
1. Poor countries need to bring about change in techniques in poorer countries.
their existing farming techniques. (b) Not Valid: While the passage discusses advancements in
2.Developed countries have better infrastructure, agricultural technology in developed countries, it does not
and they waste less food. provide information regarding the infrastructure or food waste
comparison between developed and developing countries.
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Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? Hence, A is the correct option
(2022)
(a) 1 only CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
(b) 2 only read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage. We will
use reasoning and common sense along with known general
knowledge facts to reach at the solution. Let us look into each
option one by one
Assumption 1: Poor countries need to bring about change in their
existing farming techniques.
➢ This assumption suggests that poor countries face challenges in
agriculture due to outdated or inefficient techniques and need
to improve them for better yields or sustainability. This is a
reasonable assumption, as outdated farming techniques often
lead to inefficiency, lower productivity, and environmental
degradation in many developing countries. Hence, it is a Valid
assumption.
Assumption 2: Developed countries have better infrastructure,
and they waste less food.
➢ While developed countries generally have better infrastructure
(like storage, transportation, and distribution systems) that reduce
waste, they also tend to waste more food due to consumer habits
and overproduction. The second part of this assumption, that
developed countries waste less food, is not universally true.
Hence, this option is Partially valid but flawed in the context of
food wastage.

Hence, the Correct Answer is Option (a) 1 only as Poor countries

often need to update farming techniques to improve productivity
and sustainability. However, the idea that developed countries
waste less food is misleading, as they waste significant amounts
despite having better infrastructure. Therefore, only Assumption 1
is valid.

64 (Use same passage as above) a 1. Valid: The passage mentions that productivity of staples has
reached a plateau and that rising global temperatures may
Based on the above passage, the following render some areas unsuitable for farming. It also emphasizes the
assumptions have been made: need to adapt agricultural practices to ensure food availability.
1. Growing enough food for future generation This suggests that growing enough food will indeed be a
will be a challenge. challenge.
2. Corporate farming is a viable option for food 2. Not Valid: The passage does not mention corporate farming as a
security in poor countries. solution for food security in poor countries. It focuses more on
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? extending agricultural practices to smallholders and subsistence
(2022) farmers rather than promoting corporate farming.
(a) 1 only Hence, A is the correct option
(b) 2 only CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
(c) Both 1 and 2 read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage. We will
use reasoning and common sense along with known general
knowledge facts to reach at the solution. Let us look into each
option one by one

Assumption 1: Growing enough food for future generations will be

a challenge.

➢ This assumption aligns with global concerns about population

growth, climate change, and the limits of arable land and water
resources. Ensuring food security for future generations is widely
recognized as a significant challenge. Hence, it is a Valid
assumption.
Assumption 2: Corporate farming is a viable option for food
security in poor countries.
➢ Corporate farming refers to large-scale agricultural production
run by private companies. While it might bring efficiency and
investment, it can also lead to issues such as displacement of
small farmers, monocropping, and environmental concerns.
Thus, whether corporate farming is a viable or universally
applicable solution is debatable and not a definitive assumption
unless specifically argued in the passage. Hence, it is Not
necessarily valid.
Hence, the Correct Answer is Option (a) 1 only

65 Natural selection cannot anticipate future a 1) Valid: This assumption aligns with the passage's argument that
environments on the earth. Therefore, the set of species unable to withstand environmental adversities will face
existing organisms can never be fully prepared for extinction. Thus, this assumption is valid.
environmental catastrophes that await life. An 2) Not Valid: The passage states that more than 90% of all species
outcome of this is the extinction of those species that have ever lived are now extinct, but it does not claim that
which cannot overcome environmental adversity. current species are necessarily in danger of extinction due to
This failure to survive, in modern terms, can be environmental changes. Therefore, this assumption is not valid.
attributed to the genomes which are unable to 3) Not Valid: The passage discusses Darwin's theory in the context
withstand geological vagaries or biological of evolution and extinction but does not claim that it explains all
mishaps infections, diseases and so on). In natural phenomena. Therefore, this assumption is also not valid.
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biological evolution on the earth, extinction of

species has been a major feature. The earth may Hence, A is the correct option
presently have up to ten million species, yet more
than 90% of species that have ever lived on the CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
earth are now extinct. Once again, the creationist read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
doctrines fail to satisfactorily address why a Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage. We will
divine creator will firstly bother to create millions use reasoning and common sense along with known general
of species and then allow them to perish. The knowledge facts to reach at the solution Let’s evaluate each
Darwinian explanation for extinct life is once assumption based on logical reasoning and scientific understanding,
again simple, elegant and at once convincing even in the absence of the passage.
organisms go extinct as a function of 1. Only species that have the ability to overcome environmental
environmental or biological assaults for which catastrophes will survive and perpetuate.
their inheritance deems them ill-equipped. ➢ This aligns with the principle of natural selection, where
Therefore, the so-called Darwinian theory of organisms that adapt to environmental changes are more likely
evolution is not a theory at all. Evolution happens- to survive and reproduce. So, this is a Valid assumption.
this is a fact. The mechanism of evolution (Darwin 2. More than 90% of the species on the earth are in the danger of
proposed natural selection) is amply supported by
getting extinct due to drastic changes in the environment.
scientific data. Indeed, to date no single
➢ This is an exaggeration. While many species face threats due to
zoological, botanical, geological, paleontological,
genetic or physical evidence has refuted either of habitat destruction, climate change, and human activities, the
the central two main Darwinian ideas. If religion 90% figure is speculative and not universally applicable. Hence,
is not taken into consideration, Darwinian laws this is an Invalid assumption.
are acceptable just like the laws proposed by 3. Darwin's theory explains all the natural phenomena.
Copernicus, Galileo, Newton and Einstein-sets of ➢ Darwin’s theory of evolution primarily explains the diversity of
natural laws that explain natural phenomena in life and mechanisms like natural selection, not all natural
the universe. phenomena. This assumption is overly broad and incorrect.
Hence, this is an Invalid assumption.
Hence, the Correct Answer is Option (a) 1 only

With reference to the passage, the following

assumptions have been made: (2022)
1. Only species that have the ability to overcome
environmental catastrophes will survive and
perpetuate.
2. More than 90% of the species on the earth are
in the danger of getting extinct due to drastic
changes in the environment.
3.Darwin's theory explains all the natural
phenomena
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

66 To encourage research is one of the functions of c (a) it is never very valuable: This contradicts the passage, as it
a university. Contemporary universities have suggests some value exists.
encouraged research, not only in those cases (b) it is sometimes very valuable: This is true but does not capture
where research is necessary, but on all sorts of the author's broader assertion that there's always at least some
entirely unprofitable subjects as well. Scientific value.
research is probably never completely valueless. (c) it is never without some value: This aligns with the author's
However silly and insignificant it may seem, point that even seemingly insignificant research can contribute
however mechanical and unintelligent the labours to future discoveries.
of the researchers, there is always a chance that (d) it is always very valuable: This is too strong and not supported
the results may be of value to the investigator of by the text.
talent, who can use the facts collected for him by
uninspired but industrious researchers as the Hence, C is the correct option
basis of some fruitful generalization. But where
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research is not original, but consists in the mere CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
rearrangement of existing materials, where its read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
objects is not scientific but literary or historical, Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage. We will
then there is a risk of the whole business use reasoning, logic and common sense along with known general
becoming merely futile. knowledge facts to reach at the solution.
❖ Option (a) It is never very valuable: This is a very strong,
The author's assumption about scientific negative statement. It suggests that scientific research has no
research is that significant value, which is highly unlikely. Scientific research
(a) it is never very valuable typically leads to advancements in knowledge and technology,
(b) it is sometimes very valuable which are often valuable to society.
(c) it is never without some value ❖ Option (b) It is sometimes very valuable: This is a more balanced
(d) it is always very valuable approach. Scientific research can sometimes lead to
breakthrough discoveries and innovations, but not all research is
immediately or universally valuable. This option acknowledges
the possibility that some research may be more valuable than
others.
❖ Option (c) It is never without some value: This option suggests
that all scientific research has some value, even if it’s not always
immediately apparent or practical. While this may be true in the
sense that research often contributes to our broader
understanding, even failed experiments can sometimes lead to
valuable insights. This is a reasonable assumption about the
value of scientific research.
❖ Option (d) It is always very valuable: This is an overly broad and
definitive statement. While much scientific research can be
incredibly valuable, there are also instances where research may
not yield immediate or significant results. Not every scientific
endeavor is guaranteed to be "very valuable" in all cases.

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Hence, the most balanced and logical assumption, based on the

general view of scientific research, is (c) It is never without some
value. This acknowledges that while not all research leads to major
breakthroughs, it typically adds to our understanding in some way.
Here, option (c) is much comprehensive and broader than option
(b)

67 According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, a 1) Valid: This assumption aligns with the passage's indication that
one-third of food produced for human consumption food is lost throughout the supply chain, suggesting a need for
is lost or wasted globally. Food is lost or wasted improvements in distribution methods.
throughout the supply chain, from initial agricultural 2) Not Valid: The passage highlights the consequences of food
production to final household consumption. The wastage, implying a need for awareness and action. While it
increasing wastage also results in land degradation suggests the importance of addressing food loss and wastage, it
by about 45%, mainly due to deforestation, in does not explicitly state that it is a moral responsibility for all
sustainable agricultural practices, and excessive citizens.
groundwater extraction. The energy spent over
wasted food results in about 3.5 billion tonnes of Hence, A is the correct option
carbon dioxide production every year. Decay also
leads to harmful emissions of other gases in the
atmosphere. Addressing the loss and wastage of
food in forms is critical to complete the cycle of food
deficiency and food sustainability.

Based on the above passage, the following

assumption have been made:
1. The food distribution mechanism needs to be
reimagined and made effective to reduce the loss
and wastage of food.

2. Ensuring the reduction of wastage and loss of

food is a social and moral responsibility of all
citizens.
Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid?
(2024)
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

68 As inflation rises, even governments previously d 1) Not Valid: The passage discusses the relationship between fiscal
committed to budget discipline are spending freely policies, monetary policy, and inflation, but it does not claim that
to help households. Higher interest rates announced fiscal policies are solely responsible for higher prices. Inflation
by central banks are supposed to help produce can result from various factors, including monetary policy, supply
modest fiscal austerity, because to maintain stable chain issues, and external economic conditions.
debts while paying more to borrow, governments 2) Not Valid: The passage does not explicitly address the
must cut spending or raise taxes. Without the fiscal relationship between higher prices and long-term government
backup, monetary policy eventually loses traction. bonds. It focuses on the dynamics between fiscal policies,
Higher interest rates become inflationary, not monetary policy, and inflation, but does not state that higher
disinflationary, because they simply lead prices have no effect on government bonds.
governments to borrow more to pay rising debt- Hence, D is the correct option
service costs. The risk of monetary unmooring is
greater when public debt rises, because interest CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
rates become more important to budget deficits. read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage. We will
Based on the above passage, the following use reasoning and common sense along with known general
assumptions have been made: knowledge facts to reach at the solution
1. Fiscal policies of governments are solely
responsible for higher prices.
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2. Higher prices do not affect the long-term Statement 1: Fiscal policies of governments are solely responsible
government bonds. for higher prices.
Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid? ➢ This assumption is overly simplistic and ignores the role of other
(2024) factors such as monetary policy, supply chain disruptions, global
(a) 1 only commodity prices, and market dynamics. While fiscal policy (like
(b) 2 only excessive government spending or tax cuts) can contribute to
(c) Both 1 and 2
inflation, it is not the sole determinant of higher prices. Hence,
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
this assumption is invalid.
Statement 2: Higher prices do not affect the long-term
government bonds.
➢ This assumption is incorrect because higher prices (inflation)
typically impact the value of government bonds. Inflation erodes
the purchasing power of fixed returns from bonds, making them
less attractive to investors. Long-term bonds are particularly
sensitive to inflation expectations, as higher inflation often leads
to higher interest rates, reducing bond prices. Therefore, this
assumption is also invalid.
Thus, Neither of the assumptions is valid, making the correct answer
(d) Neither 1 nor 2.

69 Today, if we consider cities such as New York, London a 1. Valid: assumption is reasonable based on the passage's
and Paris as some of the most iconic cities in the emphasis on the need for an effective systems approach in urban
world, it is because plans carrying a heavy systems planning, which is tied to modern practices. The reference to the
approach were imposed on their precincts. The successful training of professionals in the West suggests that
backbone of the systems theory is the process of similar advancements are needed in India, making this
translating social, spatial and cultural desirables into assumption valid.
mathematical models using computing, statistics,

optimization and an algorithmic way of formulating 2. Not Valid: This assumption is more absolute. The passage
and solving problems. The early universities of the discusses differences in urban planning education between India
West which began to train professionals in planning, and the West but does not explicitly state that Indian universities
spawned some of the most ingenious planners, who lack capacity or potential entirely. It suggests that planning
were experts in these domains. This was because education in India differs, but this does not imply a complete
these very subjects were absorbed into the social absence of relevant training or capability.
sciences, geography and architecture. Planning in
India, and its education differ from the West. Hence, A is the correct answer.

Based on the above passage, the following CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
assumptions have been made: read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
1. India needs a new generation of urban Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage. We will
professionals with knowledge relevant to use reasoning and common sense along with known general
modern urban practice. knowledge facts to reach at the solution
2. Indian universities at present have no capacity Assumption 1: India needs a new generation of urban
or potential to impart training in systems professionals with knowledge relevant to modern urban practice.
approach. ➢ This is a logical assumption. As urban challenges evolve with
Which of the assumptions given above is/are modern needs, there is a demand for professionals equipped
correct? (2024)
with contemporary knowledge and skills in urban planning and
(a) 1 only
management. If the passage discusses the need for better urban
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 management or the inadequacy of current urban professionals,
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 this assumption aligns well.
Assumption 2: Indian universities at present have no capacity or
potential to impart training in systems approach.
➢ This is an extreme statement, claiming a complete lack of
capacity or potential in Indian universities, which is unlikely. Even
if the passage points to gaps in training, it would be

unreasonable to assume a total absence of capacity or potential.

Thus, this assumption is invalid.

Hence, the correct answer is (a) 1 only, as it is a logical and

reasonable assumption based on the general need for
modernization and specialization in urban management.

70 Not every voice on the internet commands the same c 1. Valid: The passage does not explicitly state that the internet is
kind of audience. When anonymous private entities not inclusive. It focuses more on how certain entities can
with high capital can pay for more space for their dominate discourse due to financial power, rather than
opinions, they are effectively buying a louder voice. discussing the inclusivity of the internet itself.
If political discourse in the digital sphere is a matter 2. Valid: This assumption is valid. The passage clearly argues that
of outshining one’s opponent till the election is won, the profit-driven nature of social media and the focus on
then the quality of politics suffers. The focus of social engagement can lead to a decline in the quality of political
media is restricted to the promotion of content that discourse.
generates more user engagement, regardless of how
inflammatory the content maybe. Hence, C is the correct answer.

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 of those who already have access, leaving marginalized groups
underrepresented.
Assumption 2: Internet can adversely affect the quality of politics
in a country.
➢ This is valid as well. The internet, particularly through social
media, has been linked to the spread of misinformation,
polarization, and the manipulation of public opinion. These
factors can degrade the quality of political discourse and
decision-making.
Why Both Are Correct: Y YThe internet's limitations in inclusivity and
its potential negative impact on political quality are widely
recognized concerns. While it is a transformative tool, it also has
shortcomings that need to be addressed.
Hence, both assumptions are logical and valid, making (c) the most
appropriate choice.

71 By the time children reach class 8, the bulk of them d 1) Not Valid: The passage does not specifically address the roles of
tend to be in the age range of 13 years to 15 years. parents versus government in education. It focuses on the
But in our country, about a quarter of all children in challenges faced by children in education but does not make a
class 8 struggle with reading simple texts and more comparative statement about the effectiveness of parents versus
than half are still unable to do basic arithmetic the government. Therefore, this assumption is not valid.
operations like division. Every year about 25 million 2) Not Valid: The passage discusses the low academic
young boys and girls from elementary school move competencies of children relative to expectations but does not
into the life that lies for them beyond compulsory provide evidence that a uniform curriculum would solve these
schooling. They cannot enter the workforce at least issues. It suggests that there are systemic problems, but does not
in the organized sector till they are 18. For many imply that a uniform curriculum is a solution. Hence, this
families, these children are the first from their assumption is also not valid.
families ever to get this far in school. Parents and Hence, D is the correct answer.
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children expect that such ‘graduates’ from school

will go on to high school and college. Hardly anyone CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
wants to go back to agriculture. On the other hand, read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
abilities in terms of academic competencies are far Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage. We will
lower than they should be even based on curricular use reasoning and common sense along with known general
expectations of class 8. knowledge facts to reach at the solution
Assumption 1: For effective school education, parents have greater
Based on the above passage, the following role than the governments.
assumptions have been made: ➢ This assumption is flawed because while parents play a
1. For effective school education, parents have significant role in their child's education, governments hold the
greater role than the governments. primary responsibility for creating and maintaining a robust
2. School curriculum that conforms to today’s education system. Education policy, infrastructure, teacher
requirements and is uniform for the entire training, and curriculum design are largely within the
country may address the issues brought out government's purview. Thus, it is not logical to assume that
Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid? parents' role outweighs that of governments in ensuring
(2024) effective school education.
(a) 1 only Assumption 2: School curriculum that conforms to today’s
(b) 2 only requirements and is uniform for the entire country may address
(c) Both 1 and 2 the issues brought out.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 ➢ A uniform curriculum across the country may not address all
educational issues. Different regions have diverse needs based
on local socio-economic and cultural factors. A one-size-fits-all
approach might overlook the specific challenges faced by
different communities and schools. Therefore, this assumption is
overly simplistic and invalid.
Thus, neither of the assumptions holds true based on logical
reasoning, making (d) Neither 1 nor 2 the correct answer.

72 Only with long experience and opening of his wares d ❖ Valid: This assumption is valid. The passage implies that through
on many a beach where his language is not spoken, travel and experience, one gains insights into human values and
will the merchant come to know the worth of what differences, enhancing understanding.
he carries, and what is parochial and what is ❖ Valid: This assumption is also valid. The passage explicitly states
universal in his choice. Such delicate goods as that learning fundamental common values is a significant benefit
justice, love and honour, courtesy, and indeed all the of travel.
things we care for, are valid everywhere but they are ❖ Valid: This assumption is invalid. While the passage mentions
variously moulded and often differently handled, that it helps to live with ease amongst the fellows, it does not
and sometimes nearly unrecognizable if you meet states that a person with long experience in travel can resolve
them in a foreign land, and the art of learning difference amongst people.
fundamental common values is perhaps the greatest
gain of travel to those who wish to live at ease Hence, D is the correct answer.
among their fellows.
CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
With reference to the above passage, the following read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
assumptions have been made: (2024) Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage. We will
1. Travel leads to an understanding of humans. use reasoning and common sense along with known general
2. Travel helps those who wish to learn knowledge facts to reach at the solution
fundamental common values. Assumption 1: Travel leads to an understanding of humans.
3. A person with long experience in travel can ➢ This is valid. Travel exposes individuals to diverse cultures,
resolve differences amongst people. perspectives, and behaviors, fostering an understanding of
Which of the assumptions given above are valid? human nature and diversity.
(a) 1 and 2 only Assumption 2: Travel helps those who wish to learn fundamental
(b) 2 and 3 only common values.
(c) 1 and 3 only ➢ This is valid. Through travel, people experience universal values
(d) 1, 2 and 3 like kindness, hospitality, and mutual respect, which transcend
local cultural differences.
Assumption 3: A person with long experience in travel can resolve
differences amongst people.
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➢ This is not a necessary inference. While travel might improve

one's understanding and appreciation of diversity, it does not
automatically equip someone with the ability to resolve
conflicts. Resolving differences requires additional skills like
diplomacy, communication, and mediation.
Hence, the most logical and rational choice is (a) 1 and 2 only.

73 The history of science is the real history of mankind. b 1. Not Valid: The passage questions whether the horrors (like wars)
In this striking epigram, a nineteenth-century writer are a direct result of scientific progress or if the blame lies
links science with its background. Like most elsewhere. It does not assert that these horrors are inevitable
epigrams, its power lies in emphasizing by contrast consequences of science, making this assumption incorrect.
an aspect of truth which may be easily overlooked. 2. Valid: This assumption aligns with the passage’s theme, which
In this case, it is easy to overlook the relations emphasizes the interconnectedness of science and humanity,
between science and mankind, and to treat the suggesting that the impact of science depends on human actions
former as some abstract third party, which can and decisions. This assumption is correct.
sometimes be praised for its beneficial influences,
but frequently and conveniently blamed for the Hence, B is the correct answer.
horrors of war. Science and mankind cannot be
divorced from time to time at men’s convenience. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
Yet we have seen that, in spite of countless read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
opportunities of improvement, the opening years of Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage. We will
the present period of civilization have been use reasoning and common sense along with known general
dominated by international conflict. Is this the knowledge facts to reach at the solution
inevitable result of the progress of science or does Assumption 1: The horrors of modern life are the inevitable result
the fault lie elsewhere? of the progress of science.
➢ This is a deterministic and overly simplistic assumption. The
Based on the above passage, the following horrors of modern life—such as wars, environmental
assumptions have been made: degradation, and social inequalities—cannot be solely attributed

1. The horrors of modern life are the inevitable to the progress of science. They are more often the result of how
result of the progress of science. humans choose to use scientific advancements, combined with
2. The aspect of truth likely to be overlooked is economic, political, and ethical factors. Hence, this assumption
that science is what man has made it. is not logically valid.
Which of the assumptions given above is/are Assumption 2: The aspect of truth likely to be overlooked is that
correct? (2024) science is what man has made it.
(a) 1 only
➢ This is a valid and reasonable assumption. Science is a tool
(b) 2 only
created and utilized by humans. Its outcomes—both beneficial
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 and harmful—are a reflection of human intentions, actions, and
decisions. This aligns with a balanced view that emphasizes
human responsibility in shaping the impact of scientific progress.
Why (b) is correct:
• Assumption 2 reflects a rational understanding of the
relationship between science and society.
• Assumption 1 is extreme and oversimplifies the role of science,
ignoring human agency and other contributing factors.
Hence, the correct answer is (b) 2 only, as it captures the
nuanced and logical inference that science's role is shaped by
human decisions, while assumption 1 is invalid.

74 When a child reaches adolescence, there is apt to be a 1) Valid: The passage describes a conflict between adolescents and
a conflict between the parents and the child, since parents, noting that parents often express their views
the latter considers himself to be by now quite dogmatically, which leads to adolescents not confiding in them.
capable of managing his own affairs, while the This suggests that the dominating and assertive nature of
former are filled with parental solicitude, which is parents contributes to the adolescent's discomfort. Therefore,
often a disguise for love of power. Parents consider, this assumption is valid.
usually, that the various moral problems which arise

in adolescence are peculiarly their province. The 2) Not Valid: The passage does not directly address respect or lack
options they express, however, are so dogmatic that thereof; it focuses more on the conflict arising from differing
the young seldom confide in them, and usually go perceptions and the secretive behavior of adolescents. The
their own way in secret. assumption about a lack of respect is not explicitly supported by
the text. Therefore, this assumption is not valid.
Based on the above passage, the following
assumptions have been made: (2024) Hence, A is the correct answer.
1. The adolescent does not feel comfortable with CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
his parents because they tend to be dominating read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
and assertive. Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage. We will
2. The adolescent of modern times does not have use reasoning and common sense along with known general
much respect for parents. knowledge facts to reach at the solution
Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid? Assumption 1: "The adolescent does not feel comfortable with his
(a) 1 only parents because they tend to be dominating and assertive."
(b) 2 only ➢ This assumption suggests that adolescents may feel
(c) Both 1 and 2 uncomfortable with their parents due to their dominance and
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 assertiveness. This is a common scenario in many families, where
parents may try to impose their views or control their children's
behavior, leading to discomfort in the adolescent’s interactions.
This assumption is often valid, as the adolescent years are a time
when young people seek independence, and overbearing or
authoritarian parenting can strain the relationship.
Assumption 2: "The adolescent of modern times does not have
much respect for parents."
➢ This assumption generalizes that modern adolescents lack
respect for their parents. However, respect for parents can vary
significantly from family to family and culture to culture. While
some adolescents may rebel or challenge their parents, it is not
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universally true that all modern adolescents lack respect. In fact,

respect is influenced by many factors beyond generational
differences, including individual family dynamics and cultural
norms. Therefore, this assumption is not necessarily valid or
universally true.
Hence, Assumption 1 is a reasonable inference based on the
dynamics of adolescent-parent relationships, while assumption 2
is too generalized and not always accurate. Therefore, the correct
answer is (a) 1 only.

75 Conventional classrooms, by emphasizing fixed d 1) Not Valid: This assumption implies that the existence of a large
duration over learning effectiveness, resign unorganized sector justifies maintaining the current educational
themselves to variable outcomes. The tyranny of the system. However, the passage criticizes the conventional
classroom is that every learner is subjected to the classroom system for its ineffectiveness and for leaving many
same set of lectures in the same way for the same learners behind. Therefore, this assumption does not logically
duration. In the end, a few learners shine, some follow from the passage and is not valid.
survive, and the rest are left behind. After the fixed 2) Not Valid: The passage indicates a low employability rate (10
duration, the classroom model moves on, with not a percent) among graduates after years of formal education,
thought spared for those left behind. This is how we suggesting that the current system does not produce enough
end up with 10 percent employability in our skilled workers. This assumption is therefore also not valid.
graduates after a decade and half of formal Hence, D is the correct answer.
education. Repeating the same ineffectual script in
the realm of skill education will not produce CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
different results. read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage. We will
Based on the above passage, the following use reasoning and common sense along with known general
assumptions have been made: (2024) knowledge facts to reach at the solution

1. As a large number of workers in our country are Assumption 1: "As a large number of workers in our country are
employed in unorganized sector, India does not employed in the unorganized sector, India does not need change
need change to its present conventional to its present conventional classroom system of education."
classroom system of education. ➢ This assumption suggests that because many workers are in the
2. Even with its present conventional classroom unorganized sector, there is no need for reform in the education
system of education, India produces sufficient system. However, this view neglects the fact that the
number of skilled workers to fully realize the
unorganized sector often lacks formal skills and training, and
benefits of demographic dividend.
many workers in this sector may not have received the quality
Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid?
(a) 1 only education needed to contribute effectively to the economy.
(b) 2 only Modernizing education systems to meet the evolving demands
(c) Both 1 and 2 of the workforce is essential for future growth.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 Assumption 2: "Even with its present conventional classroom
system of education, India produces a sufficient number of skilled
workers to fully realize the benefits of the demographic dividend."
➢ This assumption implies that the current education system in
India is already producing enough skilled workers to maximize
the demographic dividend. However, there are widespread
critiques that India's education system does not adequately
equip students with the skills needed in the modern workforce.
Many argue that the education system often falls short in
providing practical, job-oriented skills, which is crucial for
utilizing the demographic dividend.
Hence, Both assumptions fail to align with the broader critiques of
India's education system and the need for reform to enhance skills
and meet the challenges of the workforce. Therefore, the correct
answer is (d) Neither 1 nor 2.

75 Geographers analyzed 175 satellite images of ocean a 1. Valid: This assumption is valid. The passage states that melting
colour, which is an indicator of phytoplankton water from giant icebergs contains nutrients (like iron) that
productivity at the ocean’s surface, and found that support high levels of phytoplankton growth. Phytoplankton is a
giant icebergs are responsible for storing up to 20 primary producer in the ocean, forming the base of the food
percent of carbon in the Southern Ocean. The chain. Therefore, giant icebergs do influence primary
researchers discovered that melting water from productivity and, by extension, the food chains in the Southern
giant icebergs which contains iron and other Ocean.
nutrients, supports hitherto unexpectedly high 2. Not Valid: This assumption is more complex. While the passage
levels of phytoplankton growth. does mention that giant icebergs store carbon and influence
Based on the above passage, the following phytoplankton growth, it does not explicitly link melting icebergs
assumptions have been made: (2024) to broader climate change effects or directly state that they
1. Giant icebergs have a bearing on primary impact world fisheries. However, it can be inferred that changes
productivity and food chains of the Southern in primary productivity could affect marine ecosystems,
Ocean. including fisheries. Yet, without direct evidence from the
2. Melting of giant icebergs can produce climate passage, this assumption is less clearly supported.
change effects and impact world fisheries.
Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid? Hence, A is the correct answer.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

77 The flower was not invented to please us. It flaunted d 1) Not Valid: This assumption is not explicitly supported by the
its petals and spread its perfume to attract an insect. passage. The author describes the flower’s purpose in terms of
The insect carries the pollen from flower to flower its interaction with insects and its role in reproduction,
so that pollen is not carried away by wind and thus emphasizing that the flower’s beauty is a by-product of these
not wasted. What we call a flower’s beauty is merely processes. The idea of flowers as “creations of Nature’s luxury”
a by-product and a human invention. The perfume is is more interpretive and does not directly reflect the author’s
point of view regarding the function of flowers in nature.
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not there to please us, it pleases us because it is 2) Not Valid: The author believes flowers to have functional utility,
there and we have been conditioned to it. rather than being things of beauty. S/he highlights the practical
role of flowers in pollination: "The insect carries the pollen from
Based on the above passage, the following flower to flower so that pollen is not carried away by wind and
assumptions have been made: thus not wasted." This demonstrates the author's recognition of
1. The author of the passage believes that flowers the usefulness of flowers beyond their beauty.
are creations of Nature’s luxury.
2. The author of the passage does not believe in the Hence, D is the correct option
usefulness of flowers except as things of beauty.
Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid?
(2024)
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

TOPIC 3: INFERENCES
Total Number of Questions Asked from 2013-24
49
My instructions related this topic Dear students,
Inference forms an important portion for UPSC CSAT Questions and
many of us do the mistake while doing questions from this section.
But after going through this instruction and reinforcing the idea
with the CHEAT CODE, your accuracy will improve to the next level.
In general, apply these steps
Steps to Solve Inference Questions in UPSC CSAT
Comprehension:

1. Understand the Core Idea of the Passage:

Read the passage carefully to grasp its main argument,
purpose, or message. Inferences are derived from what is
implied, not explicitly stated.
2. Focus on Implied Meaning:
Inference questions test your ability to read between the
lines. Look for ideas that are hinted at but not directly
mentioned in the passage.
3. Avoid Adding External Knowledge:
Do not bring outside facts, assumptions, or personal
opinions. Stick strictly to the information given in the
passage.
4. Use Logical Deduction:
The inference should follow logically from the information
provided. It must be consistent with the passage's tone,
argument, and facts.
5. Eliminate Incorrect Options:
o Too Extreme: Options that exaggerate or go
beyond the scope of the passage are incorrect.
o Out of Context: Options that introduce unrelated
ideas or topics are invalid.

o Restates Facts: If an option merely restates

information from the passage without extending it,
it is not an inference.
6. Check for Universality:
The correct inference applies universally to the situation
described in the passage. If it works only in specific cases, it
may not be valid.
7. Practice the "Must Be True" Test:
An inference must be true based on the information in the
passage. If you can think of a situation where the inference
does not hold true, then it is likely incorrect.
8. Understand the Tone of the Passage:
The tone (neutral, critical, supportive, etc.) can help you
determine the nature of the inference. Avoid options that
conflict with the author’s attitude or perspective.
9. Read All Options Carefully:
Sometimes, the best inference might be subtly worded.
Evaluate each option for its relevance and logical
connection to the passage.
10. Prioritize Practice:
Regularly practice inference-based questions from previous
CSAT papers and mock tests to enhance your analytical
skills and speed.

By following these steps, you'll be able to tackle inference

questions with confidence and accuracy.
Apart from it, try to answer it through the CHEAT CODE METHOD.
This will enhance the accuracy of your answer.
Further must watch the video on CSAT Channel – CIVIL SERVICES
WITH NEELESH

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-EaE21NqDtI

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS RELATED TO THIS TOPIC

1 India accounts for nearly a fifth of the world's child c ❖ Option (a) is incorrect: This option might be indirectly true but is
deaths. In terms of numbers, it is the highest in the too broad and does not reflect the specific concerns raised in the
world - nearly 16 lakhs every year. Of these, more passage. The passage does not directly link literacy with the lack
than half die in the first month of life. Officials of adoption of basic health practices.
believe that the reason for this is the absence of ❖ Option (b) is incorrect: While India's large population is a context
steps to propagate basic health practices relating to setting for the passage, the statement that the government alone
breast feeding and immunisation. Also, the large cannot manage public health services is not directly supported or
reproductive population of 2.6 crore remains bereft mentioned in the text.
of care during the critical phases of pregnancy and ❖ Option (c) is correct: This option directly addresses the issues
post-delivery. Added to this is the prevalence of outlined in the passage. By suggesting the integration and
child marriages, anaemia among young women and universalization of maternal and child health services, it
lack of focus on adolescent sanitation, all of which acknowledges that improving health practices, care during critical
impact child death rates. phases, and addressing the broader health needs of women and
children could mitigate the high child mortality rates. This option
Which is the critical inference that can be made aligns well with the solutions implied by the identified problems
from the above passage? (2015) in the passage.

(a) A lot of Indians are illiterate and hence do not ❖ Option(d) is incorrect: This statement is contradicted by the
recognize the value of basic health practices. passage, which explicitly mentions anaemia among young women
(b) India has a very huge population and the as a contributing factor to child death rates, thereby affirming the
government alone cannot manage public health importance of women’s nutrition.
services.
(c) Universalization and integration of maternal
health and child health
services can effectively address the problem.
(d) The nutrition of women in child bearing age does
not affect child mortality rate.

2 The ultimate aim of government is not to rule or a The most logical and rational inference that can be made from the
control by fear, nor to demand obedience, but passage is (a) The true aim of government is to secure the citizens
conversely, to free every man from fear, that he may their social and political freedom. This conclusion is drawn from the
live in all possible security. In other words, to passage's emphasis on freeing individuals from fear, enabling them
strengthen his natural right to exist and work to live securely, and allowing them to develop and use their
without injury to himself or others. The object of reasoning freely, which collectively point towards the broader
government is not to change men from rational objective of ensuring social and political freedom for the citizens. The
beings into beasts or puppets. It should enable them passage articulates a vision of government that transcends mere
to develop their minds and bodies in security, and to control or security, aiming instead to foster an environment where
employ their reason unshackled. individuals' rights and freedoms are protected and promoted.

Which among the following is the most logical and CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
rational inference that can be made from the above read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
passage? (2015)
(a) The true aim of government is to secure the Just directly read the options
citizens their social and political freedom. (a) A good statement – can be the answer
(b) The primary concern of government is to provide (b) Absolute word – not generally – the extreme statements are
absolute social security to all its citizens. wrong. Also, our GS knowledge says – things should be moderate
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(c) The best government is the one that allows the and not absolute. No govt. works for absolute social security.
citizens to enjoy absolute liberty in all matters of life. Things are in moderation only – reject it
(d) The best government is the one that provides (c) Absolute liberty – cmon – you know – Liberty cannot be absolute.
absolute physical security to the people of the It must be balanced and promote the goodwill of all – So, reject
country it
(d) Absolute physical security – no govt. ever can provide it – there
will always be some lacunae. It is also an extreme statement –
reject it.

Remember, in b, c and d – absolute word is the culprit. So, reject

them. Hence, answer may be a – which is the right answer to make a
bet on.

3 The mangroves can shed tons of leaves per acre c The most logical inference of the above statement is (c) Mangroves
every year; fungi and bacteria break down this leaf have a crucial role in some of the coastal food chains. The statement
litter and consume it, they then are consumed by details how mangroves contribute to coastal ecosystems by shedding
tiny worms and crustaceans, which in turn feed leaves, which then become part of a food chain involving fungi,
small fish, which feed larger fish and birds and bacteria, worms, crustaceans, fish, birds, and crocodiles. This
crocodiles. illustrates the importance of mangroves in supporting these food
Which among the following is the most logical chains, but it does not suggest that all marine ecosystems or food
inference of the above statement? (2015) chains depend solely on mangroves, nor does it claim that
(a) Coastal areas cannot have food chains without mangroves determine the composition of marine flora and fauna
mangroves. entirely.
(b) Mangroves are an essential component of all CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
marine ecosystems. read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(c) Mangroves have a crucial role in some of the
coastal food chains. Simply apply your common sense and GS knowledge. Forget this
(d) The composition of marine flora and fauna is word logical inference. Just chill and think
largely determined by mangroves
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(a) Extreme statement – cannot have – does it support your GS

knowledge – NO – So, reject it
(b) Essential component of all marine ecosystem – again an extreme
statement – reject it
(c) Makes sense – mangroves have role in some of the coastal food
chain – my GS knowledge supports it – Accept it – it can be the
answer
(d) Largely determined – just think in case of India – Mangroves are
limited to limited areas and not in all areas – then how can it
largely determine marine flora and fauna – it will have impact
where it is present but it is not present in larger areas but limited
areas – So, reject it

So, if I have to take a chance, I will take a chance on c – which is

the answer

4 The Global Financial Stability Report finds that the d ❖ Option(a) is incorrect - This is a broad and somewhat extreme
share of portfolio investments from advanced statement that the passage does not directly support. While the
economies in the total debt and equity investments passage mentions risks associated with foreign portfolio
in emerging economies has doubled in the past investments due to potential policy changes like the U.S. Federal
decade to 12 percent. The phenomenon has Reserve's "Quantitative Easing" reversal, it does not conclude that
implications for Indian policy makers as foreign such investments are inherently bad for all emerging economies.
portfolio investments in the debt and equity ❖ Option(b) is incorrect. - The passage does highlight a risk to global
markets have been on the rise. The phenomenon is financial stability posed by changes in investment flows stemming
also flagged as a threat that could compromise from policy decisions in advanced economies. However, it does
global financial stability in a chain reaction, in the not make a generalized claim that advanced economies always or
event of United States Federal Reserve's imminent intentionally undermine global financial stability.
reversal of its "Quantitative Easing" policy. ❖ Option(c) is incorrect. - This is another extreme suggestion that is
not directly supported by the passage. The passage indicates
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Which among the following is the most rational potential risks but does not advise against accepting such
and critical inference that can be made from the investments entirely.
above passage? (2015) ❖ Option(d) is correct - This option captures the essence of the
(a) Foreign portfolio investments are not good for passage’s warning that policy shifts in advanced economies, such
emerging economies. as the reversal of "Quantitative Easing" by the U.S. Federal
(b) Advanced economies undermine the global Reserve, could lead to destabilizing effects in emerging
financial stability. economies. This recognizes the interdependence and the
(c) India should desist from accepting foreign potential vulnerability without asserting that all foreign
portfolio investments in the future. investments or actions by advanced economies are negative.
(d) Emerging economies are at a risk of shock from
advanced economies. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Do it also like a GS question

(a) FPI – we as a country always talk about how to increase FPI and
FDI. If it is not good, why we would want it. So, this runs
contrary to our knowledge. Reject it
(b) This is a kind of allegation. UPSC generally avoids it from
allegation game. They are solution oriented people. So, reject
it
(c) Even the current govt. wish to increase FDI and FPI – so, the
statement is contradictory in comparison to policies of govt.
Reject it
(d) This seems most appropriate. You have seen how the policies
of advanced economics impact the emerging economies. E.g.
Quantitative Easing etc. So, economy is always interlinked in
positive as well as in negative relation. So, accept it.
Thus, the most suitable option I would bet on is – d

5 Open defecation is disastrous when practiced in c ❖ Option(a) is incorrect - The passage does not discuss the financial
very densely populated areas, where it is impossible resources of the government or their capacity to provide latrines.
to keep away human faeces from crops, wells, food ❖ Option(b) is incorrect - While the passage details the severe
and children's hands. consequences of open defecation, it does not explicitly state that
Groundwater is also contaminated by open it is the most important public health problem, nor does it provide
defecation. Many ingested germs and worms spread a comparative analysis against other public health issues.
diseases. They prevent the body from absorbing ❖ Option(c) is correct. - This inference aligns well with the passage,
calories and nutrients. Nearly one- half of India's which explains the health effects like malnutrition, disease spread,
children remain malnourished. Lakhs of them die and developmental issues in children due to open defecation.
from preventable conditions. Diarrhea leaves These factors directly affect the physical and cognitive
Indians' bodies smaller on average than those of development of the workforce, thereby impacting human capital.
people in some poorer countries where people eat ❖ Option(d) is incorrect - The passage specifically discusses the
fewer calories. Underweight mothers produce situation in India, and while open defecation might be a problem
stunted babies prone to sickness who may fail to in other developing countries, the passage does not provide
develop their full cognitive potential. The germs information about its prevalence or impact in countries other than
released into environment harm rich and poor alike, India.
even those who use latrines.
CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
Which among the following is the most critical read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
inference that can be made from the above ❖ Option a – though we have resources, what we lack is
passage? (2015) implementation – so, you can reject it
(a) The Central and State governments in India do ❖ Option b – it is not the most important problem though it is
not have enough resources to afford a latrine for important problem. We have other concerns too like NCD,
each household. malnutrition etc. So, reject it
(b) Open defecation is the most important public ❖ Option c – this seems to be appropriate as per logic
health problem of India. ❖ Option d – Open defecation is a problem – agreed – but – it
(c) Open defecation reduces the human capital of cannot be problem in all developing countries – extreme
India's workforce. statement – reject it

(d) Open defecation is a public health problem in all So, as per the options, you can take a chance on c which is the
developing countries. answer.

6 We are witnessing a dangerous dwindling of d (a) Incorrect. The statement oversimplifies the causes of dependence
biodiversity in our food supply. The Green on chemical inputs. While the Green Revolution has contributed
Revolution is mixed blessing. Over time farmers to this dependence, other factors also play significant roles.
have come to rely heavily on broadly adapted, high (b) Incorrect. The Green Revolution did promote the adoption of
yield crops to the exclusion of varieties adapted to high-yield varieties and monocropping practices, but other factors
the local conditions. Monocropping vast fields with also contribute to these practices.
the same genetically uniform seeds helps boost (c) Incorrect. Monocropping with high-yield varieties is one approach
yield and meet immediate hunger needs. Yet high- to increase food production, but it is not the only way to ensure
yield varieties are also genetically weaker crops that food security.
require expensive chemical fertilisers and toxic (d) Correct. The passage emphasizes the threat posed by the Green
pesticides. In our focus on increasing the amount of Revolution to biodiversity in food supply and food security in the
food we produce today; we have accidentally put long run.
ourselves at risk for food shortages in future.
CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
Which among the following is the most logical and read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
critical inference that can be made from the above Read the question as a general GS answer
passage? (2016) (a) Only word – extreme statement. Afterall, our dependency can
(a) In our agricultural practices, we have become be attributed to several other reasons. So, reject it
heavily dependent on expensive chemical fertilisers (b) It can be one of the reasons but not the only reason. But as per
and toxic pesticides only due to Green Revolution the statement – it is taking somewhat a biased stand. Still, I will
(b) Monocropping vast fields with high-yield not reject it at this stage. Reserve it
varieties is possible due to Green Revolution (c) Only way – extreme word – reject it
(c) Monocropping with high-yield varieties is the (d) A good conclusion and matches with our understanding of GS
only way to ensure food security to millions knowledge in environment. So, accept it

(d) Green Revolution can pose a threat to Now, as a learned UPSC aspirant, if I have to make a choice
biodiversity in food supply and food security in the between b and d, I would find d as a better candidate for
long-run acceptance which is the right answer.

7 Climate adaptation may be rendered ineffective if d ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because the passage does not explicitly
policies are not designed in the context of other state that pursuing climate adaptation is difficult in developing
development concerns. For instance, a countries. Instead, it focuses on the importance of designing
comprehensive strategy that seeks to improve food policies that consider other development concerns to ensure the
security in the context of climate change may effectiveness of climate adaptation measures.
include a set of coordinated measures related to ❖ Option (b) is incorrect because the passage does not compare the
agricultural extension, crop diversification, complexity of improving food security with climate adaptation.
integrated water and pest management and While it mentions the complexity of addressing food security in
agricultural information services. Some of these the context of climate change, it does not suggest that food
measures may have to do with climate changes and security is inherently more complex than climate adaptation.
others with economic development. ❖ Option (c) is incorrect because the passage does not assert that
every developmental activity is directly or indirectly linked to
What is the most logical and rational inference that climate adaptation. It suggests that some developmental activities
can be made from the above passage? (2016) may include measures related to climate adaptation, but not
(a) It is difficult to pursue climate adaptation in the necessarily all activities.
developing countries ❖ Option (d) is correct because the passage emphasizes the
(b) Improving food security is a far more complex importance of considering climate adaptation in conjunction with
issue than climate adaptation other economic development options. It highlights the need for
(c) Every developmental activity is directly or comprehensive strategies that integrate climate adaptation
indirectly linked to climate adaptation measures with broader developmental concerns, such as
(d) Climate adaptation should be examined in improving food security. This suggests that climate adaptation
tandem with other economic development options should not be pursued in isolation but rather examined alongside
other economic development initiatives to effectively address the
challenges posed by climate change.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Simply read the options directly and think like a logical UPSC
aspirant. Choose the most generic, logical, solution-oriented and
positive statement.
(a) Difficult to pursue climate adaptation in developing countries –
seems a fact but a bit of illogical side to. Climate adaptation can
be difficult anywhere and it is not limited to developing countries
along.
(b) See the word ‘far more complex’-this is extreme therefore might
be incorrect. Further, how can you compare the food security with
climate adaptation. So, this is easily rejected.
(c) See the word every developmental activity-again hint towards
extremity-may be incorrect
(d) This seems the most correct as per common sense. Also, this is
solution-oriented statement.
Hence, Option D can be marked as correct.

8 Understanding of the role of biodiversity in the a ❖ Option (a) is the most critical inference that can be made from
hydrological cycle enables better policy making. The the passage because it emphasizes the role of biodiversity in
term biodiversity refers to the variety of plants, sustaining the ability of nature to recycle water. The passage
animals, microorganisms and the ecosystems in highlights the interdependence between water and biodiversity,
which they occur. Water and biodiversity are stating that vegetation and soil drive the movement of water, and
interdependent. In reality, the hydrological cycle passing through ecosystems cleanses water, making it fit for
decides how biodiversity functions. In turn, consumption. This indicates that biodiversity plays a crucial role in
vegetation and soil drive the movement of water. maintaining the hydrological cycle and ensuring the availability of
Every glass of water we drink has, at least in part, clean water.
passed through fish, trees, bacteria, soil and other
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organisms. Passing through these ecosystems, it is ❖ Option (b) is incorrect because while the passage acknowledges
cleansed and made fit for consumption. The supply the role of living organisms in cleansing water, it does not explicitly
of water is a critical service that the environment state that potable water cannot exist without the existence of
provides. living organisms.
❖ Option (c) is incorrect because although the passage mentions the
Which among the following is the most critical interaction among plants, animals, and microorganisms, it does
inference that can be made from the above not specifically state that they continuously interact among
passage? (2016) themselves. The emphasis is more on their collective role in the
(a) Biodiversity sustains the ability of nature to hydrological cycle.
recycle water ❖ Option (d) is incorrect because the passage does not discuss the
(b) We cannot get potable water without the origin of living organisms or suggest that they could not have
existence of living organisms come into existence without the hydrological cycle. Instead, it
(c) Plants, animals and microorganisms continuously focuses on the present-day interaction between biodiversity and
interact among themselves the hydrological cycle.
(d) Living organisms could not have come into
existence without hydrological cycle

9 To understand the nature and quantity of d The passage highlights how nature has created human beings with
Government proper for man, it is necessary to natural wants that exceed their individual capacities to fulfill. It
attend to his character. As nature created him for emphasizes that no individual can satisfy all their wants without the
social life, she fitted him for the station she aid of society, and it is the impelling force of these wants that drives
intended. In all cases, she made his natural wants individuals into society. Therefore, the passage implies that diverse
greater than his individual powers. No one man is natural wants drive humans towards forming social systems to
capable, without the aid of society, of supplying his collectively meet their needs and desires. Hence the correct answer
own wants; and those wants, acting upon every is option(d).
individual impel the whole of them into society.

Which among the following is the most logical and

rational inference that can be made from the above
passage? (2016)
(a) Nature has created a great diversity in human
society
(b) Any given human society is always short of its
wants
(c) Social life is a specific characteristic of man
(d) Diverse natural wants forced man towards social
system

10 About 15 per cent of global greenhouse gas b ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because while organic farming may reduce
emissions come from agricultural practices. This greenhouse gas emissions compared to mechanized and
includes nitrous oxide from fertilisers; methane chemical-dependent agricultural practices, the passage does not
from livestock, rice production and manure storage; explicitly advocate for immediate replacement of all such practices
and carbon dioxide (CO2) from burning biomass, but with organic farming.
this excludes CO2 emissions from soil management ❖ Option(b) is correct: The passage highlights the significant
practices, savannah burning and deforestation. contribution of agricultural practices and land use change to
Forestry, land use and land-use change account for greenhouse gas emissions, particularly from activities such as
another 17 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions deforestation and peatland degradation. Therefore, modifying
each year, three quarters of which come from land use practices to reduce emissions and mitigate climate
tropical deforestation. The remainder is largely from change becomes crucial.
draining and burning tropical peatland. About the ❖ Option (c) is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that
same amount of carbon is stored in the world's there are no technological solutions to the problem of greenhouse
peatlands as is stored in the Amazon rainforest. gas emissions. It simply highlights the significant contributions of
agricultural practices and land use change to emissions.
Which among the following is the most logical and ❖ Option (d) is incorrect because while the passage mentions
rational inference that can be made from the above tropical deforestation and peatland degradation as significant
passage? (2016) sources of greenhouse gas emissions, it does not explicitly state
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(a)Organic farming should immediately replace that tropical areas are the chief sites of carbon sequestration.
mechanised and chemical dependant agricultural Additionally, it mentions that peatlands store a significant amount
practices all over the world of carbon, comparable to the Amazon rainforest, suggesting that
(b) It is imperative for us to modify our land use carbon sequestration occurs in various ecosystems, not just
practices in order to mitigate climate change tropical areas.
(c)There are no technological solutions to the
problem of greenhouse gas emissions CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
(d)Tropical areas the chief sites of carbon read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
sequestration
Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it one by one
1-It has an extreme word ’immediately’ by which this statement
becomes incorrect.
2- This is a generic solution-oriented statement. It can be the
answer. Accept it
3-Again an extreme statement. So, it caan be taken as incorrect.
4-This is a very specific statement. In comparison, Option B seems
to be more general.
Therefore correct answer can be marked as option B.

11 In the last two decades, the world’s Gross Domestic b ❖ Option (a) is incorrect - While this could be a reasonable
Product (GDP) has increased by 50 per cent, suggestion given the decline in natural capital mentioned in the
whereas inclusive wealth has increased by a mere 6 passage, it does not capture the broad inference of the passage
per cent. about the overall relationship between GDP growth and inclusive
In recent decades, GDP-driven economic wealth. This option is a bit narrow in focus compared to the
performance has only harmed inclusive wealth like general context provided.
human capital; and natural capital like forests, land ❖ Option (b) is correct - This option effectively captures the essence
and water. While the world’s human capital which of the passage. The data mentioned in the passage indicates that
stands at 57 per cent of total inclusive wealth grew while GDP has increased significantly, inclusive wealth has only
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by only 8 per cent, the natural capital which is 23 per marginally increased, with natural capital actually declining. This
cent of total inclusive wealth declined by 30 cent disparity suggests that GDP-driven growth, without considering
worldwide in the last two decades. other forms of wealth, may not be sustainable or desirable.
❖ Option (c) is incorrect - This inference is too general and vague.
Which of the following is the most crucial inference The passage specifically discusses the impacts of GDP growth on
from the above passage? (2017) different types of capital, rather than making a broad statement
(a)More emphasis should be laid on the about overall economic performance being unsatisfactory.
development of natural capital. ❖ Option (d) is incorrect -Although the passage notes that human
(b)The growth driven by GDP only is neither capital has grown only by 8%, it does not necessarily imply that
desirable nor sustainable. there is a direct need for more human capital. The focus is more
(c) The economic performance of the countries of on the imbalance in growth between GDP and various forms of
the world is not satisfactory. capital.
(d) The world needs more human capital under the
present circumstances. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(a) This statement is a bit logical. Reserve it for the time being
(b) Makes sense. We always ask about inclusivity. So, reserve it
(c) It is true but generally a passage won’t give it as a message. So,
reject it as we have better options available in the form of a and
b
(d) This statement can also be reserved for the time being

Now, you have to make a choice between a, b and d as we have

already rejected c.
Compare the options. A and d options are somehow linked with
option b as b is a broader and more inclusive statement than a (which
focusses on natural capital) and d (which focusses on human capital).
Hence, if we have to take the chance, we must take the chance on b.

12 By 2020, when the global economy is expected to b ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because the passage does not discuss
run short of 56 million young people, India, with its population control as a strategy for reducing unemployment. It
youth surplus of 47 million, could fill the gap. It is in focuses more on labour reforms and employment rates,
this context that labour reforms are often cited as suggesting improvements in labour force utilization rather than
the way to unlock double-digit growth in India. In population control.
2014, India’s labour force was estimated to be about ❖ Option (b) is correct because the passage specifically mentions
40 per cent of the population, but 93 per cent of this labour reforms as a means to unlock double-digit growth in India.
force was in unorganized sector. Over the last It highlights the predominance of the unorganized sector within
decade, the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) the labour force and the slow growth rate of employment,
of employment has slowed to 0.5 per cent, with suggesting that reforms could enhance productivity and growth.
about 14 million jobs created during last year when ❖ Option (c) is incorrect because the passage does not state that
the labour force increased by about 15 million. India is about to achieve double-digit growth imminently. Instead,
it suggests labour reforms as a potential means to achieve such
Which of the following is the most rational growth, indicating that it is a possibility rather than a certainty.
inference from the above passage? (2017) ❖ Option (d) is incorrect because the passage does not mention the
(a) India must control its population growth so as to skills of the youth surplus or their readiness to be employed
reduce its unemployment rate. internationally. The mention of a youth surplus addresses a
(b) Labour reforms are required in India to make demographic factor, not necessarily the exportability of skilled
optimum use of its vast labour force productively. labour.
(c) India is poised to achieve the double-digit growth
very soon.
(d) India is capable of supplying the skilled young
people to other countries.

13 There has been a significant trend worldwide c ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because the passage does not specifically
towards regionalism in government, resulting in a mention the need for powerful mass leaders for successful
widespread transfer of powers downwards towards devolution but rather emphasizes mass demand and grassroots
regions and communities since 1990s. This process, mobilization as a whole.
which involves the creation of new political entities
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and bodies at a sub-national level and an increase in ❖ Option (b) is incorrect because it contradicts the passage, which
their content and powers, is known as devolution. indicates that devolution initiated by the upper tiers without
Devolution has been characterised as being made grassroots support often fails to achieve its objectives, suggesting
up of three factors – political legitimacy, that imposing devolution is not the advised approach.
decentralisation of authority and decentralisation of ❖ Option (c) is correct because it aligns with the key points in the
resources. Political legitimacy here means a mass passage that successful devolution requires political legitimacy,
demand from below for the decentralisation which involves mass demand and active participation from the
process, which is able to create a political force for grassroots level, supporting a democratic process where the will
it to take place. In many cases, decentralization is of the people at the lower level is freely expressed.
initiated by the upper tier of government without ❖ Option (d) is incorrect because while the passage discusses the
sufficient political mobilisation for it at the importance of grassroots involvement and political force, it does
grassroots level, and in such cases the not state that a strong feeling of regionalism is essential for
decentralisation process often does not fulfil its devolution to take place.
objectives.
CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
Which among the following is the most logical, read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
rational and critical inference that can be made
from the above passage? (2017) Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
(a) Emergence of powerful mass leaders is essential aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it -
to create sub-national political entities and thus (a) Option A contains extreme term ‘essential’ hence can be inferred
ensure successful devolution decentralisation. as wrong. Always remember, there are always options.
(b) The upper tier of government should impose (b) Option B is against the basic idea of devolution. We always tend
devolution and decentralisation on the regional to talk about participation and not the imposition. Hence, the
communities by law or otherwise. given statement is wrong.
(c)Devolution, to be successful, requires a (c) Option c – this statement makes sense. It is talking about the
democracy in which there is free expression of the participation of people at the grassroot level which is the heart
will of the people at lower level and their active of democracy. So, accept it.
participation at the grassroots level.

(d) For devolution to take place, a strong feeling of (d) Option D contains extreme term ‘essential’ hence can be inferred
regionalism in the masses is essential. as wrong. Further, it is against the idea of devolution itself.
Devolution through participation is what is the need of the hour.
14 The IMF has pointed out that the fast- growing a ❖ Option (a) is correct because it directly relates to and succinctly
economies of Asia face the risk of falling into summarizes the core message of the passage. The passage
“middle-income trap”. It means that average explains that the middle-income trap occurs when average
incomes in these countries, which till now have incomes in rapidly growing economies stop increasing due to a
been growing rapidly, will stop growing beyond a collapse in productivity growth. This option correctly identifies
point – a point that is well short of incomes in the that reaching the middle-income stage presents the risk of falling
developed West. The IMF identifies a number of productivity, which in turn can lead to stagnation in incomes.
causes of middle-income trap – none of which is ❖ Option (b) is incorrect because the passage does not claim that
surprising – from infrastructure to weak institutions, falling into the middle-income trap is a general characteristic of all
to less than favourable macroeconomic conditions. fast-growing economies. It specifically mentions that this is a risk,
But the broad overall cause, says IMF, is a collapse in implying it is a possibility but not a certainty or a general
the growth of productivity. characteristic.
❖ Option (c) is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that
Which among the following is the most logical, there is no hope for emerging Asian economies to sustain their
rational and critical inference that can be made growth momentum. It highlights challenges but does not imply
from the above passage? (2017) that overcoming these challenges is impossible.
(a) Once a country reaches middle-income stage, it ❖ Option (d) is incorrect because the passage does not explicitly
runs the risk of falling productivity which leads to critique the current performance of Asian economies regarding
stagnant incomes. productivity growth. It only mentions that a collapse in
(b) Falling into middle-income trap is a general productivity growth leads to the middle-income trap, without
characteristic of fast-growing economies. specifically stating that the current productivity growth is
(c) There is no hope at all for emerging Asian unsatisfactory.
economies to sustain the growth momentum.
(d) As regards growth of productivity, the CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
performance of Asian economies is not satisfactory. read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(a) This statement makes sense. Reserve it for the time being
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(b) This is not a conclusive statement. So, reject it. It cannot be the
general characteristics.
(c) No hope – UPSC is all about hope. So, reject it.
(d) This is more of a fact. And generally, is a true statement.
Now, you have to make a choice between a and d. Which one should
you choose just think. General statement vs Fact. In such cases, if you
have to take a chance, always prefer the general statement over the
fact-based statement. Hence the answer should be a.
15 Climate change is likely to expose a large number of d ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because the passage does not specifically
people to increasing environmental risks forcing claim that the world will not be able to cope with the migration of
them to migrate. The international community is yet climate refugees. It points out the lack of recognition and
to recognise this new category of migrants. There is definition, but does not assess the world's capacity to handle such
no consensus on the definition and status of climate migration.
refugees owing to the distinct meaning the term ❖ Option (b) is incorrect as the passage does not directly advocate
refugees carry under international laws. There are for stopping further climate change as part of the discussion on
still gaps in understanding how climate change will climate refugees. While preventing climate change might be
work as the root cause of migration. Even if there is implied as desirable, it is not the focus of this text.
recognition of climate refugees, who is going to ❖ Option (c) is incorrect because the passage does not assert that
provide protection? More emphasis has been given climate change will be the most important reason for future
to international migration due to climate change. migrations. It mentions climate change as a significant factor but
But there is a need to recognise the migration of does not establish it as the primary cause over others.
such people within the countries also so that their ❖ Option (d) is correct because it directly reflects the content of the
problems can be addressed properly. passage, which highlights the lack of consensus and understanding
regarding how climate change will serve as the root cause of
Which of the following is the most rational migration. The passage emphasizes the gaps in understanding the
inference from the above passage? (2017) relationship between climate change and migration, making this
(a) The world will not be able to cope with large- the most rational inference.
scale migration of climate refugees.

(b) We must find the ways and means to stop further CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
climate change. read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(c) Climate change will be the most important (a) Option a is absurd. While it is true that the large scale migration
reason for the migration of people in the future. of climate refugees is a problem, but saying that the world will
(d) Relation between climate change and migration not be able to cope with large scale migration of climate refugees
is not yet properly understood. is itself a contradictory statement. So, reject it
(b) This makes sense. Reserve this option for the time being.
(c) What would be the most important reason for migration – we
can predict only but cannot say with certainty. So, reject it
(d) This is a generic statement. So, accept it.

Now, you have to make a choice between b and d.

Option b is more of solution oriented statement – suggestive that we
must do something. Option d is more of a general statement, taking
a middle path that relation is complex and needs further study so
that we understand the relation properly. Hence, choose the generic
statement d over suggestive statement b.
Hence, if I have to take a bet, I would bet on d (since it is generic)
which is the right answer.

16 An Air Quality Index (AQI) is a way to combine c ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because the passage does not directly
measurements of multiple air pollutants into a discuss the responsibility or actions of governments in keeping
single number or rating. This index is ideally kept cities pollution-free. It focuses more on the utility of the Air
constantly updated and available in different places. Quality Index (AQI) in different pollution conditions.
The AQI is most useful when lots of pollution data ❖ Option (b) is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that
are being gathered and when pollution levels are there is no need for air quality indices; rather, it points out the
normally, but not always, low. In such cases, if challenges in the utility of AQI when pollution levels are constantly
pollution levels spike for a few days, the public can high.
quickly take preventive action (like staying indoors)
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in response to an air quality warning. Unfortunately, ❖ Option (c) is correct because the passage specifically states that in
that is not urban India. Pollution levels in many large urban India, where pollution levels are so high that they remain
Indian cities are so high that they remain well above well above health or regulatory standards for much of the year,
any health or regulatory standard for large part of the AQI remains in the "Red/Dangerous" region continuously. This
the year. If our index stays in the Red/ Dangerous‟ scenario reduces the helpfulness of the AQI to residents because
region day after day, there is not much any one can there is little actionable response they can take on a daily basis,
do, other than getting used to ignoring it. thus making the AQI less useful in these conditions.
❖ Option (d) is incorrect because, although increasing public
Which among the following is the most logical and awareness about pollution problems is generally advisable, the
rational inference that can be made from the above passage does not make a direct claim about the need for increased
passage? (2017) public awareness in every city. It specifically discusses the
(a) Our governments are not responsible enough to limitations of the AQI in high pollution scenarios.
keep our cities pollution free.
(b) There is absolutely no need for air quality indices CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
in our country. read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(c) Air Quality Index is not helpful to the residents of Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
many of our large cities. aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
(d) In every city, public awareness about pollution 1-Option A and B can be inferred as incorrect because of common
problems should increase. sense.
Now we are left with option C and D. On a cursory reading, it can
be seen that the passage is more about Air quality index therefore
we can infer option C as the correct answer.

17 Productive jobs are vital for growth and a good job c ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because the passage discusses the slow
is the best form of inclusion. More than half of our growth of employment in services and the quality of jobs in
population depends on agriculture, but the industry but does not specifically advocate only for the growth of
experience of other countries suggests that the service jobs as the solution.
number of people dependent on agriculture will ❖ Option (b) is incorrect because it simplifies the solution to merely
have to shrink if per capita incomes in agriculture shifting workers from agriculture to other sectors. While the
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are to go up substantially. While industry is creating passage does suggest that dependence on agriculture should
jobs, too many such jobs are low- productivity non- decrease for incomes to increase, it does not directly state that
contractual jobs in the unorganized sector, offering shifting farm workers to manufacturing and services alone ensures
low incomes, little protection, and no benefits. economic growth and inclusion.
Service jobs are relatively of high productivity, but ❖ Option (c) is correct because it encompasses the overall theme of
employment growth in services has been slow in the passage: the need for growth in productive jobs outside of
recent years. agriculture while also suggesting the necessity of improving
productivity within agriculture itself. This option aligns with the
Which among the following is the most logical and passage's emphasis on the need for productive jobs for growth
rational inference that can be made from the above and inclusion and acknowledges the dual approach required for
passage? (2017) both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors.
(a) We must create conditions for the faster growth ❖ Option (d) is incorrect because the passage does not specifically
of highly productive service jobs to ensure mention or focus on agricultural techniques such as high-yielding
employment growth and inclusion. hybrid varieties or genetically modified crops. While it talks about
(b) We must shift the farm workers to the highly improving incomes in agriculture, it does not limit the discussion
productive manufacturing and service sectors to to agricultural practices.
ensure the economic growth and inclusion.
(c)We must create conditions for the faster growth CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
of productive jobs outside of agriculture even while read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
improving the productivity of agriculture.
(d) We must emphasize the cultivation of high- Read the options as a well read UPSC aspirant
yielding hybrid varieties and genetically modified (a) This seems logical. Reserve it for the time being
crops to increase the per capita income in (b) This is absurd. In the country of ours, we need to take agriculture
agriculture. along. So, reject it
(c) This is an inclusive, solution oriented statement. Reserve it.
(d) This is a narrow statement and we already have a broader
statement in c. So, reject it.
Now, we have to make a choice between a and c.

Just think, which is more inclusive. While a is a good option but c talks
about balance amongst sectors. So, it is more prudent to choose c
over a due to its inclusive nature. So, accept c and reject a.

18 A landscape-scale approach to land use can a ❖ Option (a) is correct because it summarizes the benefits
encourage greater biodiversity outside protected highlighted in the passage about eco-agricultural practices, which
areas. During hurricane “Mitch” in 1998, farms using include reduced damage from natural disasters and increased
Eco agricultural practices suffered 58 per cent, 70 farm output through improved biodiversity. The examples from
per cent and 99 per cent less damage in Honduras, different countries in the passage support this inference.
Nicaragua and Guatemala, respectively, than farms ❖ Option (b) is incorrect because the passage promotes the
using conventional techniques. In Costa Rica, advantages of eco-agriculture over conventional agriculture.
vegetative windbreaks and fencerows boosted Suggesting that all countries replace eco-agriculture with
farmers’ income from pasture and coffee while also conventional agriculture contradicts the evidence and examples
increasing bird diversity. Bee pollination is more provided.
effective when agricultural fields are closer to ❖ Option (c) is incorrect because the passage does not address the
natural or seminatural habitat, a finding that issue of allowing eco-agriculture within protected areas. It
matters because 87 per cent of the world’s 107 discusses the benefits of eco-agricultural practices generally but
leading crops depend on animal pollinators. In Costa does not mention their use specifically in protected areas.
Rica, Nicaragua and Colombia silvopastoral systems ❖ Option (d) is incorrect because the passage does not specifically
that integrate trees with pastureland are improving claim that adopting eco-agricultural practices will lead to a very
the sustainability of cattle production, and high yield of food crops. While it notes general benefits like better
diversifying and increasing farmers’ income. pollination and increased income from diverse agricultural
activities, it does not make a definitive statement about significant
Which among the following is the most logical and yield increases.
rational inference that can be made from the above
passage? (2017) CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
(a) Agricultural practices that enhance biodiversity read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
can often increase farm output and reduce the (a) This is a logical statement. Reserve it
vulnerability to disasters.
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(b) All the countries of the world should be (b) This is an absurd statement. It is also an extreme statement. One
encouraged to replace Eco agriculture with shoe fit all approach does not work today. So, reject it
conventional agriculture. (c) This can be a good statement but it discusses narrow
(c) Eco agriculture should be permitted in protected interpretation of protected areas. This is narrower statement
areas without destroying the biodiversity there. than a. So, reject it
(d) The yield of food crops will be very high if Eco (d) Very high – this is extreme word. Moreover, yield is very high
agricultural practices are adopted to cultivate them. when you use chemicals/synthetic things. So, reject it.
Hence, we are left with option a.

19 The medium-term challenge for Indian c ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because the passage does not provide
manufacturing is to move from lower to higher tech specific details about the current status of India's GDP in relation
sectors, from lower to higher value-added sectors, to medium tech and resource processing industries. It focuses
and from lower to higher productivity sectors. more on the need to move towards higher tech, value-added, and
Medium tech industries are primarily capital productivity sectors.
intensive and resource processing; and high-tech ❖ Option (b) is incorrect because the passage implies the opposite:
industries are mainly capital and technology that India needs to push into capital and technology intensive
intensive. In order to push the share of manufacturing sectors to achieve a higher share of manufacturing
manufacturing in overall GDP to the projected 25 in its GDP. It suggests a goal rather than stating impossibility.
per cent, Indian manufacturing needs to capture the ❖ Option (c) is correct because it aligns with the strategies implied
global market in sectors showing a rising trend in by the passage for achieving the desired growth in manufacturing.
demand. These sectors are largely high technology The passage mentions the need to move towards higher
and capital intensive. technology and capital-intensive industries, which naturally
suggests the need for investments in research and development,
Which among the following is the most logical and technology upgradation, and skill development.
rational inference that can be made from the above ❖ Option (d) is incorrect because the passage does not claim that
passage? (2017) India has already achieved a significant market share in high-
(a) India’s GDP displays high value-added and high demand global sectors. Rather, it suggests that this is a goal or a
productivity levels in medium tech and resource requirement to increase the manufacturing sector's contribution
processing industries. to GDP.
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(b) Promotion of capital and technology intensive

manufacturing is not possible in India. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
(c) India should push up the public investments and read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
encourage the private investments in research and
development, technology upgradation and skill Check the options as a well-read UPSC aspirant
development. (a) This statement is a bit logical. Reserve it for the time being
(d) India has already gained a great share in global (b) This statement is negative and illogical. So, reject it.
markets in sectors showing a rising trend in demand. (c) This is again a positive statement. Reserve it
(d) This is against the current status of India in global market. This
can happen in future but currently it is not a reality. So, reject it.

Now, you have to make a choice between a and c. Which is a better

option?
Think on these lines
Option a at best represents the facts of the current India’s GDP. This
makes it a narrow statement. However, option c is a broader, positive,
solution oriented and suggestive statement. Definitely option c is
better and more inclusive statement than a. Hence, we must choose
cover a which is the right answer.

20 Global population was around 1.6 billion in 1990. a ❖ Option A is correct because it directly links up with the crux of the
Today it is around 7.2 billion and growing. Recent passage. The last line clearly states that the significant portion of
estimates on population growth predict a global India's population is dependent on agriculture even after 2030
population of 9.6 billion in 2050 and 10.9 billion in even if India do well in service and manufacturing sector. So,
2100. Unlike Europe and North America, where only ensuring the prosperity of this sector is critical for the livelihood
three to four percent of population is engaged in of many and for national economic stability.
agriculture, around 47 percent of India’s population ❖ Option B is incorrect because the passage does not explicitly state
is dependent upon agriculture. Even if India that the entire Indian economy is greatly dependent on
continues to do well in the service sector and the
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manufacturing sector picks up, it is expected that agriculture; it focuses more on the percentage of the population
around 2030 when India overtakes China as the engaged in agriculture.
world’s most populous country, nearly 42 % of ❖ Option C is incorrect because the passage does not discuss or
India’s population will still be predominantly imply that controlling population growth should be a strategy, thus
dependent making this a speculative inference not supported by the text.
❖ Option D is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that
Which of the following is the most logical and farming communities should switch to other occupations to
rational inference that can be made from the above improve economic conditions, making this inference beyond what
passage? (2018) is provided in the text.
(a) Prosperity of agriculture sector is of critical
importance to India CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
(b) Indian economy greatly depends on its read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
agriculture
(c) India should take strict measures to control its Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
rapid population growth aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
(d) India’s farming communities should switch over ❖ Option a – This statement makes sense. Reserve it for the
to other occupations to improve their economic time being.
conditions ❖ Option b – This statement also makes sense. Reserve it
❖ Option c – Strict measures for population growth. Remember
China, how it failed. You cannot take strict measures for such
things in a democratic country like India. Even the persuasive
policy in Web Series Panchayat (2 bacche meethi kheer, usse
zyada bawasheer) had repercussions. So, reject it.
❖ Option d – If everybody would shift, then what will you eat.
So, option must be moderate/balance. This says invariably
they should shift to other occupation. We already know about
the problems in other sector. Moreover, most of our farming
communities is not literate. They will only end up in low
paying jobs. So, reject it.
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Now, you have to make a choice between a and b since c and d are
rejected. What would you choose.
If you analyse both the statements, option a is suggestive of some
reforms too internally (critically important). Hence, option a will have
priority above b.
So, if I have to take a risk, I will choose a.

21 I am a scientist, privileged to be somebody who tries b ❖ Option A is incorrect because the passage does not claim that
to understand nature using the tools of science. But faith alone can solve all problems of mankind. It only suggests that
it is also clear that there are some really important faith provides answers to specific questions that science cannot
questions that science cannot really answer, such as: address.
Why is there something instead of nothing? Why are ❖ Option B is correct because the passage illustrates the viewpoint
we here? In those domains, I have found that faith that science and faith address different questions and can
provides a better path to answers. I find it oddly complement each other when their respective domains are
anachronistic that in today’s culture there seems to properly understood.
be a widespread presumption that scientific and ❖ Option C is incorrect because the passage explicitly states that
spiritual views are incompatible. faith provides answers to questions where science falls short,
implying that faith can answer some of those fundamental
Which of the following is the most logical and questions.
rational inference that can be made from the above ❖ Option D is incorrect because the passage does not claim that
passage? (2018) scientific views are given more importance than spiritual views in
(a) It is the faith and not science that can finally solve today's culture. Rather, it suggests there is a presumption that
all the problems of mankind scientific and spiritual views are incompatible, which is different
(b)Science and faith can be mutually from stating a preferential treatment of one over the other.
complementary if their proper domains are
understood CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
(c)There are some very fundamental questions read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
which cannot be answered by either science or faith

(d) In today’s culture, scientific views are given more Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
importance than spiritual views aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
❖ Option a – solve all problems. Can anything solve all
problems. Apply your mind. The answer is no – so, reject this
option
❖ Option b – this is an agreed statement and a balanced view.
Accept it for the time being
❖ Option c – This is making some sense – although, in general
perspective, we have only two methods of answering any
question – either science or faith. Let us reserve it for time
being though.
❖ Option d – This is correct. Reserve it.

So, now, we have to make the best choice in the options b, c and d.
Just think, which you reject first amongst given option. It is definitely
c since we do accept b and d without question.
Now, we are left with b and d.

Which is a better option in your view

B takes about complementarity and walking together. D simply states
a fact that what is happening today. Obviously, b is a solution-
oriented statement. So, accept it and mark it as correct.

22 ‘Desertification’ is a term used to explain a process a ❖ Statement 1 is correct because the passage directly mentions the
of decline in the biological productivity of an damage to tea plantations due to the rising level of the river
ecosystem, leading to total loss of productivity. bottom because of siltation and changing course of the river
While this phenomenon is often linked to the arid, system, which can be inferred as a consequence of deforestation
semi-arid and sub-humid ecosystems, even in the affecting river courses.
humid tropics, the impact could be most dramatic.
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Impoverishment of human-impacted terrestrial ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect because while the passage mentions
ecosystems may exhibit itself in a variety of ways: salinisation of land in the context of the semi-arid and arid 'green
accelerated erosion as in the mountain regions of revolution' areas, it does not specifically state that this process is
the country, salinisation of land as in the semi-arid due solely to human activities. Other natural factors could also
and arid ‘green revolution’ areas of the country, e.g. contribute, so this statement cannot be inferred with certainty
Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and site quality solely from the passage.
decline – a common phenomenon due to general ❖ Statement 3 is incorrect because the passage does mention
decline in tree cover and monotonous monoculture general decline in tree cover and monoculture of rice/wheat as
of rice/wheat across the Indian plains. A major phenomena contributing to site quality decline, but it does not
consequence of deforestation is that it relates to explicitly state that intense monoculture practice is a major reason
adverse alterations in the hydrology and related soil for desertification in Tropical Asia, Africa, and South America. The
and nutrient losses. The consequences of passage focuses more broadly on several factors contributing to
deforestation invariably arise out of site degradation desertification.
through erosive losses. Tropical Asia, Africa and
South America have the highest levels of erosion. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
The already high rates for the tropics are increasing read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
at an alarming rate (e.g., through the major river Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
systems – Ganga and Brahmaputra, in the Indian aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
context), due to deforestation and ill- suited land 1-Statement 1 can be inferred as correct from a general perspective.
management practices subsequent to forest 2-Statement 2 contains the word ‘only’ hence can be inferred as
clearing. In the mountain context, the declining incorrect.
moisture retention of the mountain soils drying up Now the only option which has statement 1 and not statement 2 is
of the underground springs and smaller rivers in the option A hence this can be marked as correct.
Himalayan region could be attributed to drastic
changes in the forest cover. An indirect consequence
is drastic alteration in the upland-lowland
interaction, mediated through water. The current
concern the tea planter of Assam has is about the
damage to tea plantation due to frequent
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inundation along the flood-plains of Brahmaputra

and the damage to tea plantation and the
consequent loss in tea productivity is due to rising
level of the river bottom because of siltation and the
changing course of the river system. The ultimate
consequences of site desertification are soil
degradation, alternation in available water and its
quality and the consequent decline in food, fodder
and fuel-wood yields essential for the economic
well-being of rural communities.

Which of the following is/are the correct

inference/ inferences that can be made from the
passage? (2018)
1. Deforestation can cause changes in the course of
rivers
2. Salinisation of land takes place due to human
activities only
3. Intense monoculture practice in plains is a major
reason for desertification in Tropical Asia, Africa and
South America
Select the correct answer using the code given
below.
(a) Only 1
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 3
(d) None of the above is a correct inference

23 Today, the top environmental challenge is a c ❖ Option C is correct- This is supported by the passage's focus on
combination of people and their aspirations. If the the need to move beyond a consumption-oriented mindset,
aspirations are more like the frugal ones we had where the planet is seen as a "giant shopping mall." The passage
after the Second World War, a lot more is possible calls for a shift in aspirations to more frugal ones, akin to those
than if we view the planet as a giant shopping mall. post-Second World War, highlighting the importance of moving
We need to get beyond the fascination with glitter away from excessive materialism and understanding the planet as
and understand that the planet works as a biological a biological system. This implies that moderating our consumer
system. behaviors is beneficial for both environmental sustainability and
our own well-being, making this the most direct and logical
Which of the following is the most crucial and inference based on the passage's content.
logical inference that can be made from the above ❖ Options (a), (b), and (d) do not directly align with the specific
passage? (2018) inference about consumer behavior and its direct impact as
(a) The Earth can meet only the basic needs of emphasized in the passage. Instead, they either expand beyond
humans for food, clothing and shelter the passage’s focus or interpret the passage’s message in a way
(b) The only way to meet environmental challenges that introduces new elements not specifically mentioned or
is to limit human population implied.
(c) Reducing our consumerism is very much in our
own interest CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
(d) Knowledge of biological systems can only help us read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
save this planet
Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
1-Option A, B and D contains the word ‘only’ making them the
extreme options. In general, extreme options will always be wrong.
So, rejecting them leave us with the right option c.

24 Cooking with biomass and coal in India is now d ❖ Option A is incorrect because the passage states that the number
recognised to cause major health problems, with of people using polluting solid fuels has remained static for nearly
women and children in poor populations facing the 30 years, implying that there has not been a significant shift away
greatest risk. There are more than 10 lakh from these fuels despite awareness of health risks.
premature deaths each year from household air ❖ Option B is incorrect because, while subsidizing clean cooking
pollution due to polluting cooking fuels with fuels could potentially help, the passage does not provide
another 1.5 lakh due to their contribution to general information to conclusively state that this alone will solve the
outdoor air pollution in the country. Although the problem of indoor air pollution. It's an assumption that could be
fraction of the Indian population using clean cooking part of a solution, but other factors might also need to be
fuels, such as LPG, natural gas and electricity, is addressed.
slowly rising, the number using polluting solid fuels ❖ Option C is incorrect because the passage does not discuss
as their primary cooking fuel has remained static for increasing imports of natural gas or producing more electricity as
nearly 30 years at about 70 crores. solutions. These are potential actions, but they are not directly
inferred from the given text.
Which of the following is the most crucial and ❖ Option D is correct because the passage links the use of
logical inference that can be made from the above polluting cooking fuels to premature deaths, noting that the use
passage? (2018) of clean cooking fuels is rising. It is a logical inference that
(a) Rural people are giving up the use of polluting increasing access to these cleaner fuels could reduce the
solid fuels due to their increasing awareness of number of premature deaths associated with household air
health hazards pollution, as cleaner fuels would likely decrease exposure to
(b) Subsidising the use of clean cooking fuels will harmful pollutants.
solve the problem of India’s indoor air pollution
(c) India should increase its import of natural gas
and produce more electricity
(d) Access to cooking gas can reduce premature
deaths in poor households

25 The practice of dieting has become an epidemic; d ❖ Option A is incorrect because the passage does not specifically
everyone is looking out for a way to attain that state that obesity itself has become an epidemic, although it
perfect body. We are all different with respect to our discusses the widespread practice of dieting.
ethnicity, genetics, family history, gender, age, ❖ Option B is incorrect because, although the passage mentions the
physical and mental and spiritual health status, obsession with attaining a perfect body, this is not the central
lifestyles and preferences. Thereby we also differ in focus or inference regarding the effectiveness of diets or their
what foods we tolerate or are sensitive to. So, we failures in addressing obesity.
really cannot reduce so many complexities into one ❖ Option C is incorrect because the passage does not claim that
diet or diet book. This explains’ the failure of diets obesity is incurable. It discusses the ineffectiveness of current diet
across the world in curbing obesity. Unless the approaches without proper understanding and adjustment to
reasons for weight gain are well understood and individual needs.
addressed and unless habits are changed ❖ Option D is correct because it most accurately reflects the
permanently, no diet is likely to succeed. passage’s discussion that due to the wide variation in individual
needs and conditions, no single diet can effectively address
What is the most logical and rational inference that obesity universally. This is the main logical inference from the
can be made from the above passage? (2018) text.
(a) Obesity has become an epidemic all over the
world
(b) A lot of people are obsessed with attaining a
perfect body
(c) Obesity is essentially an incurable disease
(d) There is no perfect diet or one solution for
obesity

26 Political theorists no doubt have to take history of d ❖ Option A is incorrect because the passage does not state that
injustice, e.g. untouchability, seriously. The concept untouchability in India has not been taken seriously by political
of historical injustice takes note of a variety of theorists. Instead, it emphasizes the complexities of addressing
historical wrongs that continue into the present in historical injustices like untouchability.
some form or the other and tend to resistance ❖ Option B is incorrect because the passage does not claim that
repair. Two reasons might account for resistance to historical injustice is inevitable in any society or that it is always
repair. One, not only are the roots of injustice buried beyond repair. It discusses the challenges and resistance to
deep in history, injustice itself constitutes economic repairing historical injustices but does not assert their inevitability
structures of exploitation, ideologies of or total irreparability.
discrimination and modes of representation. Two, ❖ Option C is incorrect because the passage does not directly link
the category of historical injustice generally extends social discrimination and deprivation solely to bad economies. It
across a number of wrongs such as economic mentions that injustices are embedded in economic structures,
deprivation, social discrimination and lack of ideologies of discrimination, and modes of representation,
recognition. This category is complex, not only indicating a more complex interplay of factors.
because of the overlap between a number of ❖ Option D is correct because the passage explains that the deeply
wrongs but because one or the other wrong rooted and multifaceted nature of historical injustices makes it
generally discrimination, tends to acquire partial difficult to repair every manifestation of them. It highlights the
autonomy from others. This is borne out by the overlap of various wrongs and the partial autonomy of some forms
history of repair in India. of discrimination, which complicates the repair process.

What is the main idea that we can infer from the CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
passage? (2019) read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(a) Untouchability in India has not been taken
seriously by political theorists. Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
(b) Historical injustice is inevitable in any society and aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
is always beyond repair. 1) 1-Option A can be inferred as incorrect since both
(c) Social discrimination and deprivation have their constitution and laws address untouchability.
roots in bad economies. 2) Option B becomes incorrect because of the word ‘inevitable’
– remember – in general, extreme statements are wrong.
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(d) It is difficult, if not impossible, to repair every 3) Option C can be inferred incorrect as the roots are in the
manifestation of historical injustice. social domain. Further, giving the causality only in 1 thing is
generally wrong. It is, in general, a mix of reasons.
4) Option d is logical. It talks about things in general and does
not impose any rigid view. Hence, it should be correct.
Therefore, Option D can be marked as correct.

27 Climate change may actually benefit some plants by a ❖ Option A is correct because the passage suggests that climate
lengthening growing seasons and increasing carbon change will cause shifts in suitable croplands and that factors like
dioxide. Yet other effects of a warmer world, such as political shifts, global demand, and agricultural practices will
more pests, droughts and flooding, will be less influence future farming success. This implies that farmers who
benign. How will the world adapt? Researchers modernize their methods and diversify their fields will be better
project that by 2050, suitable croplands for four positioned to adapt to these changes.
commodities - maize, potatoes, rice and wheat will ❖ Option B is incorrect because the passage does not state that
shift, in some cases pushing farmers to plant new climate change will necessarily reduce crop diversity. It mentions
crops. Some farmlands may benefit from warming, shifts in suitable croplands for certain crops but does not imply an
but others won't. Climate alone does not dictate overall reduction in crop diversity.
yields: political shifts, global demand and ❖ Option C is incorrect because the passage does not state that
agricultural practices will influence how farms fare shifting major crops to new croplands will lead to a great increase
in the future. in the total area under cultivation or overall agricultural
production. It only discusses the redistribution of suitable
Which one of the following is the most logical and croplands.
rational inference that can be made from the above ❖ Option D is incorrect because the passage states that while
passage? (2019) climate change is a significant factor, it is not the only one. Political
(a) Farmers who modernise their methods and shifts, global demand, and agricultural practices also play crucial
diversify their fields will be in an advantageous roles in determining future agricultural outcomes.
position in future.
(b) Climate change will adversely affect the crop CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
diversity. read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
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(c) Shifting major crops to new croplands will lead to ❖ See the option a – this is a generally agreed statement. Hence,
a great increase in the total area under cultivation can be the answer. So, reserve a.
and thus, an increase in overall agricultural ❖ Now, look at option b – the statement seems correct – but
production adversely word is a bit problematic. Nevertheless, lets reserve
(d) Climate change is the most important factor this too
affecting the agricultural economy in the future. ❖ Option c – the word great increase is extreme statement. Shifting
major crops to new cropland may increase area under cultivation
– but how much it will in future, is yet to be decided. So, great
word – will make this option wrong.
❖ Option d – Although climate change will affect the agricultural
economy, but saying it as the most important factor without
certainty is problematic in itself. If can be ONE of the MOST
IMPORTANT factors, but nor certainly the most unless explicitly
stated.

Hence, c and d must be wrong.

Now, we have to make a choice between a and b. In both the
statements, the word – adversely – makes the Option b – a kind on
extreme statement. Hence, if I have to make a choice b/w a and b, I
will always choose a on the safer side.
So, I would mark a as correct answer and so should You.

28 A bat's wings may look like sheets of skin. But d ❖ Option A is incorrect because the passage does not emphasize
underneath, a bat has the same five fingers as an biodiversity, but rather the structural similarities between
orangutan or a human, as well as a wrist connected different species.
to the same cluster of wrist bones of the arm. What ❖ Option B is incorrect because the focus of the passage is on the
can be more curious that the hand of a man, formed structural similarity of the limbs, not on the different functions
for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the they perform.
horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of
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the bat, should all be constructed on the same ❖ Option C is incorrect because the passage implies that the similar
pattern? limb structure is due to a common pattern, not mere coincidence.
❖ Option D is correct because the passage suggests that the
Which one of the following is the most logical, similar structure of limbs in humans and the mentioned animals
scientific and rational inference that can be made indicates a shared evolutionary history, implying a common
from the above passage? (2019) ancestry.
(a) Different species having similar structure of
hands is an example of biodiversity.
(b) Limbs being used by different species for
different kinds of work is an example of biodiversity.
(c) Man, and the aforementioned animals having
similar structure of limbs is an example of
coincidence in evolution.
(d) Man, and the aforementioned animals have
shared an evolutionary history.

29 Low -end IoT (Internet of Things) devices are cheap d ❖ Option A is incorrect because the passage does not discuss the
commodity items: addressing security would add to development of enabling technologies in India or its potential
the cost. This class of items is proliferating with new impact on the manufacturing sector.
applications: many home appliances, thermostats, ❖ Option B is incorrect because the passage does not explicitly state
security and monitoring devices and personal that India is not yet fully ready to adopt IoT. While it mentions the
convenience devices are part of the IoT. So, are daunting security challenges associated with IoT devices, it does
fitness trackers certain medical implants and not specifically address India's readiness or lack thereof.
computer -like devices in automobiles. The IoT is Therefore, the inference that India is not yet fully ready to adopt
expected to expand exponentially but new security IoT is not directly supported by the passage.
challenges are daunting. ❖ Option C is incorrect because while the passage mentions that
low-end IoT devices offer new applications and convenience, it
does not explicitly state that life becomes more comfortable as a
result.
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Which one of the following statements is the most ❖ Option D is correct because the passage explicitly discusses the
logical and rational inference that can be made security challenges posed by IoT devices as they become more
from the above passage? (2019) prevalent in digital environments.
(a) Development of the enabling technologies in
India can be a big boost to its manufacturing sector.
(b) India is not yet fully ready to adopt IoT in view of
the imminent security challenges.
(c)Life becomes more comfortable with the
development of cheap low -end IoT devices.
(d) As we go digital, we must recognize the huge
threat to Internet security from some IoT devices.

30 Most invasive a species are neither terribly c ❖ Option A is incorrect because, while the passage mentions that
successful nor very harmful. Britain's invasive plants invasive species tend to colonize disturbed habitats, it does not
are not widespread, not spreading especially specifically suggest using them to rehabilitate desert areas and
quickly, and often less of a nuisance than vigorous wastelands.
natives such as bracken. The arrival of new species ❖ Option B is incorrect because the passage does not discuss the
almost always increases biological diversity in a necessity or lack thereof of laws against the introduction of foreign
region; in many cases, a flood of newcomers drives plants. It only describes the current impact of invasive species.
no native species to extinction. One reason is that ❖ Option C is correct because the passage indicates that most
invaders tend to colonize disturbed habitats like invasive species are neither particularly successful nor harmful
polluted lakes and post - industrial wasteland, and that campaigns against them might be unnecessary or
where little else lives. They are nature's pointless since they do not typically cause extinctions or major
opportunists. problems.
❖ Option D is incorrect because, although the passage mentions
Which one of the following is the most logical and that the arrival of new species increases biodiversity, it does not
rational inference that can be made from the above explicitly recommend using foreign plants to increase biodiversity.
passage? (2019)

(a) Invasive species should be used to rehabilitate CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
desert areas and wastelands of a country. read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(b) Laws against the introduction of foreign plants
are unnecessary. Let's analyze each option logically and rationally, based on common
(c) Sometimes, the campaigns against foreign plants sense and general understanding:
are pointless. Option a) Invasive species should be used to rehabilitate desert
(d) Foreign plants should be used to increase the areas and wastelands of a country.
biodiversity of a country. ➢ Invasive species often cause ecological damage by outcompeting
native species and disrupting ecosystems. While they may grow
quickly in some areas (such as deserts or wastelands), their long-
term environmental impact can be harmful.
➢ This statement is not very logical because using invasive species
for rehabilitation could lead to unintended consequences, making
it an unreliable strategy for ecosystem management.
Option b) Laws against the introduction of foreign plants are
unnecessary.
➢ This statement is too extreme. In many cases, laws are necessary
to regulate the introduction of foreign plants (especially invasive
ones), as they can negatively affect local ecosystems and
biodiversity.
➢ This is not a logical inference, as it disregards the potential harms
of introducing foreign plants without regulation.
Option c) Sometimes, the campaigns against foreign plants are
pointless.
➢ This option suggests that campaigns against foreign plants may
sometimes be unnecessary or excessive. While some campaigns
may indeed be overly cautious or based on incorrect assumptions,
many campaigns against foreign plants are important to protect
native biodiversity and prevent environmental harm.
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➢ This is a reasonable and logical inference, as there can be cases

where campaigns are exaggerated or based on
misunderstanding, but it still leaves room for situations where
regulation is necessary.
Option d) Foreign plants should be used to increase the biodiversity
of a country.
➢ While foreign plants can increase plant diversity, they are not
always beneficial to the broader ecosystem. Many foreign species
become invasive and negatively impact the local environment.
Simply increasing biodiversity through foreign plants could harm
native species and ecosystems.
➢ This is not a logical or rational inference because increasing
biodiversity should ideally focus on supporting native species, not
just adding foreign plants.
Conclusion (Cheatcode Answer): The most logical and rational
inference seems to be Option c. It acknowledges that some
campaigns against foreign plants might be overly cautious or
misinformed, while still considering that not all foreign plants are
harmful.
Answer: c) Sometimes, the campaigns against foreign plants are
pointless.

31 Indian has Banking Correspondents, who help bring c (a) Option A is incorrect because the passage does not state that
people in the hinterland into the banking fold. For efforts to bring people into the banking system are unsuccessful;
them to succeed, banks cannot crimp on costs. They it focuses on how these efforts can be improved.
also cannot afford to ignore investing in financial (b) Option B is incorrect because, although the passage emphasizes
education and literacy. Banking correspondents are the importance of incentives and investments in financial
way too small to be viewed as a systemic risk. Yet education and literacy, it does not specifically mention the need
India's banking regulator has restricted them to for more banking correspondents and other last-mile workers.
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serving only one bank, perhaps to prevent arbitrage. (c) Option C is correct because the passage implies that financial
Efforts at banking outreach may succeed only if inclusion requires banking correspondents to not only provide
there are better incentives at work for such last- mile basic bank accounts but also offer other financial products such as
workers and also those providers who ensure not insurance and micro pension schemes, indicating the need for
just basic bank account but also products such as diverse skills.
accident and life insurance and micro pension (d) Option D is incorrect because the passage mentions the
schemes. restriction on banking correspondents serving only one bank,
but it does not argue that this restriction is the main obstacle to
Which one of the following is the most logical, better banking outreach.
rational and crucial inference that can be derived
from the above passage? (2019)
(a) Efforts to bring people in India's hinterland into
the banking system are not successful.
(b) For meaningful inclusion, India's banking system
needs more number of banking correspondents and
other such last -mile workers.
(c) Financial inclusion in India requires that banking
correspondents have diverse skills.
(d) Better banking outreach would be impossible
unless each banking correspondent is allowed to
serve a number of banks.

32 India's economic footprint, given its population, still b (a) Option A is incorrect because the passage does not explicitly state
remains small compared to the US, the European that a better regulatory system will help India achieve the size of
Union or China. It has much to learn from other economy appropriate to its population. While it discusses the
economies yet must implement solutions that fit its need for an effective regulatory system, it does not directly link it
unique circumstances. India especially needs an to the size of the economy.
effective long-term regulatory system based on (b) Option B is correct because the passage emphasizes the
collaboration rather than the current top-down importance of India using regulations strategically in today's
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approach. Regulations seek desirable outcomes yet hyper-competitive global economy. It suggests that regulations
are repeatedly used as political tools to push one should seek cost-justified social and environmental benefits while
agenda or another. Often, regulations fail to also improving the economic well-being of citizens.
consider impacts on jobs and economic growth - or (c) Option C is incorrect because the passage does not explicitly state
less restrictive alternatives. Regulations may be that regulations in India do not favor its integration with today's
used to protect local markets at the expense of hyper-competitive global economy. It focuses more on the need
more widely shared prosperity in the future. for an effective regulatory system rather than the current state of
Additionally, regulations inevitably result in regulations in India.
numerous unintended consequences. In today's (d) Option D is incorrect because while the passage mentions that
hyper competitive global economy, regulations need regulations should consider impacts on jobs and economic
to be viewed as weapons that seek cost-justified growth, it does not state that these considerations should
social and environmental benefits while improving dominate the development of India's regulatory system. It
the economic well-being of most citizens. suggests that regulations should seek desirable outcomes while
also considering economic well-being and less restrictive
Which one of the following is the most logical, alternatives.
rational and crucial inference that can be derived
from the above passage? (2019)
(a) A better regulatory system will help India achieve
the size of economy appropriate to its population.
(b) In a competitive global economy. India must use
regulations strategically.
(c) Regulations in India do not favour its integration
with today's hyper competitive global economy
(d) Job creation and economic growth should be
dominant considerations in developing India's
regulatory system.

33 In a study, scientists compared the microbiomes of d (a) Option A is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that
poorly nourished and well-nourished infants and malnourished conditions caused by gut bacteria are untreatable.
young children. Gut microbes were isolated from Instead, it implies that there could be ways to address the issue by
faecal samples of malnourished and healthy targeting the microbiome.
children. The microbiome was immature' and less (b) Option B is incorrect because, although inoculating malnourished
diverse in malnourished children compared to the babies with mature microbiomes might seem beneficial, the
better developed 'mature' microbiome found in passage does not provide sufficient evidence to support this as the
healthy children of the same age. According to some most crucial inference. Additionally, it does not address the root
studies, the chemical composition of mother's milk cause, which is the lack of sialylated oligosaccharides in the milk
has shown the presence of a modified sugar of malnourished mothers.
(sialylated oligosaccharides). This is not utilised by (c) Option C is incorrect because the passage does not explicitly state
the baby for its own nutrition. However, the bacteria that babies should be fed with dairy milk fortified with sialylated
constituting the infant's microbiome thrive on this oligosaccharides instead of mother's milk. While it might be a
sugar which serves as their food. Malnourished potential solution, it is not presented as the primary inference or
mothers have low levels of this sugar in their milk. recommendation from the information provided.
Consequently, the microbiomes of their infants fail (d) Option D is correct because the passage emphasizes the
to mature. That in turn, leads to malnourished significant role of gut bacteria and their relationship with specific
babies. sugars in mother's milk, which affects the nutritional status of
infants. This understanding suggests that research into these
Which one of the following is the most logical, effects can inform policies aimed at improving maternal and infant
rational and crucial inference that can be derived health, such as fortifying dairy milk or other interventions.
from the above passage? (2019)
(a) If malnourished condition in children is caused by
gut bacteria, it cannot be treated.
(b) The guts of malnourished babies should be
inoculated with mature microbiomes.
(c) Babies of malnourished mothers should be fed
with dairy milk fortified with sialylated
oligosaccharides instead of mother's milk.
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(d) Research on benign effects of gut bacteria on

nutrition has policy implications.

34 Good corporate governance structures encourage b ❖ Option A is incorrect because the passage emphasizes the
companies to provide accountability and control. A importance of effective corporate governance for access to
fundamental reason why corporate governance has external financing, but it does not explicitly state that it is an
moved onto the economic and political agenda important agenda of countries around the world.
worldwide has been the rapid growth in ❖ Option B is correct because the passage directly states that
international capital markets. Effective corporate effective corporate governance enhances accountability, control,
governance enhance access to external financing by and standards of disclosure, which in turn improves the credibility
firms, leading to greater investment, higher growth of firms in the eyes of investors and stakeholders.
and employment. Investors look to place their funds ❖ Option C is incorrect because while the passage mentions the
where the standards of disclosure, of timely and rapid growth in international capital markets as a fundamental
accurate financial reporting, and of equal treatment reason for the importance of corporate governance, it does not
to all stakeholders are met. suggest that international capital markets ensure that firms
maintain good corporate governance.
Which of the following statements best reflects the ❖ Option D is incorrect because the passage does not discuss the
logical inference from the passage given above? relationship between corporate governance and supply chains. It
(2023) primarily focuses on the benefits of effective corporate
(a) It is an important agenda of the countries around governance for firms, investors, and stakeholders.
the world to ensure access to good external
financing. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
(b) Good corporate governance improves the read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
credibility of the firms.
(c) International capital markets ensure that the Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
firms maintain good corporate governance. aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
(d) Good corporate governance paves the way for ❖ Option a – Access to good external financing is not necessarily
robust supply chains. the case with most of the countries except those with huge
international market capitals and stakeholders. So, reject it
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❖ Option b – It is logical statement and agreed in general

perspective. Reserve it
❖ Option c – It is not necessarily possible always. And unless there
are ethical aspect in company and the country, how can the
international capital market ensure it. Further, even without
international capital market, a company can have good
corporate structure. So, reject it
❖ Option d – It is not necessary a case. A supply chain needs many
stakeholders to work. So, reject it.
Hence, we are left with option b only which is the correct answer.

35 Elephants are landscape architects, creating b ❖ Option A is incorrect because while the passage highlights the
clearings in the forest, preventing overgrowth of important role of elephants in shaping their environment and
certain plant species and allowing space for the contributing to biodiversity, it does not explicitly mention the
regeneration of others, which in turn provide need for their home range to be a vast area of rich biodiversity.
sustenance to others herbivorous animals. ❖ Option B is correct because the passage describes how elephants
Elephants eat plants, fruits and seeds, propagating act as landscape architects, creating clearings in the forest,
the seeds when they defecate in other places as dispersing seeds, providing nourishment through their dung, and
they travel. Elephant dung provides nourishment to accessing water sources. These activities benefit the biodiversity
plants and animals and acts as a breeding ground for of the ecosystem, indicating that elephants are indeed a keystone
insects. In times of drought, they access water by species essential for ecosystem health and stability.
digging holes which benefits other wildlife. ❖ Option C is incorrect because while elephants contribute
significantly to maintaining biodiversity in forests, the passage
Which one of the following statements best does not state that rich biodiversity cannot be maintained without
reflects the most logical and rational inference that their presence. While they play a crucial role, other factors also
can be drawn from the passage? (2023) contribute to biodiversity maintenance.
(a) The home range of elephants needs to be a vast ❖ Option D is incorrect because while the passage highlights how
area of rich biodiversity. elephants contribute to the regeneration of certain plant species
through their activities, it does not suggest that they are capable
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(b) Elephants are the keystone species and they of regenerating entire forests according to their requirements.
benefit the biodiversity. Their impact is significant but not to the extent of forest-wide
(c) Rich biodiversity cannot be maintained in the regeneration.
forests without the presence of elephants.
(d) Elephants are capable of regenerating forests CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
with species as per their requirement. read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC

aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
❖ Option a – it is a general statement. Accept it for the time
being.
❖ Option b – it is also a generally agreed statement. Accept it
❖ Option c- it is an extreme statement and does not reflect the
true state. Indeed, disappearance of elephant may affect the
biodiversity but at the same time, even without elephant, it
can be maintained. So, reject it.
Option d – this is illogical. So, reject it

Now, you have to make a choice between a and b. Which one would
you choose.
Which is more logical?
B is indeed more logical and more acceptable statement than a. So,
choose b over a which is the right answer.

36 One of the biggest ironies around water is that it c Let us analyse options one by one
comes from rivers and other wetlands. Yet it is seen Option (a). Rivers and other wetlands should be protected under
as divorced from them. While water is used as a Ramsar Convention.
resource, public policy does not always grasp that it

is a part of the natural ecosystem. Efforts at ➢ While protection of wetlands aligns with the theme, the passage
engineering water systems are thus efforts at does not mention the Ramsar Convention specifically, nor does it
augmenting water supply rather than strengthening call for this type of legal protection directly.
the capacities of ecological systems. ➢ Why incorrect?: The passage focuses on strengthening ecological
systems, not on any specific legal framework.
Which one of the following is the most logical and
Option(b) Engineering water systems should be modernized and
rational inference that can be made from the above
further augmented.
passage? (2020) ➢ This is contradictory to the passage. The passage critiques the
(a) Rivers and other wetlands should be protected reliance on engineering solutions to augment water supply,
under Ramsar Convention. advocating instead for strengthening ecological capacities.
(b) Engineering water systems should be ➢ Why incorrect?: The passage identifies engineering solutions as
modernized and further augmented. inadequate and secondary to ecological restoration.
(c) Wetlands need to be reinforced as more than Option (c) Wetlands need to be reinforced as more than just open
just open sources or water. sources or water.
(d) Water supply should not be free of cost so as to ➢ This directly reflects the central message of the passage. It
prevent its misuse or overuse. emphasizes the need to see wetlands as part of a broader natural
ecosystem, not merely as sources of water.
➢ Why correct?: The passage advocates reinforcing the role of
wetlands and rivers in sustaining water through ecosystem
strengthening rather than engineering solutions.
Option (d) Water supply should not be free of cost so as to prevent
its misuse or overuse.
➢ The passage does not discuss issues of water pricing or misuse. It
focuses on the ecosystem-based approach to water
management, making this option irrelevant.
➢ Why incorrect?: This option introduces an unrelated issue,
diverting from the ecological argument of the passage.

Hence, Option (c) is correct

37 The pulse variety ‘Pusa Arhar 16’ has the potential c 1) Not Valid: While the passage suggests that Pusa Arhar 16 has a
to be grown in the paddy-growing of Punjab, higher yield and other benefits, it does not provide direct
Haryana and Uttar Pradesh and eventually in all of evidence or comparison of income levels between pulse and
India. Its yield (about 2000 kg/hectare) will be paddy cultivation. Therefore, this inference cannot be definitively
significantly greater than those of the existing made.
varieties and because its size will be uniform, it will 2) Valid: The passage indicates that Arhar straw can be ploughed
be amenable to mechanical harvesting, an attractive back into the soil and decomposes easily, reducing the need for
feature for farmers in northern India who currently burning, which causes pollution. This makes the inference that
use this technology for paddy. Most important, pulse cultivation is less polluting valid.
Arhar straw, unlike paddy straw, is green and can be 3) Valid: Since Arhar straw can be decomposed and ploughed back
ploughed back into the soil. In Paddy straw, the into the soil, it contributes to soil health and quality. This inference
problem is the high silica content, which does not is supported by the information in the passage.
allow for easy decomposition. In the case of Arhar, 4) Not Valid: The passage highlights issues with paddy straw,
the farmer, even after combine harvesting, just particularly its high silica content and difficulty in decomposition,
needs to run a rotovator to cut the leftover straw but it does not claim that paddy straw has no usefulness at all.
into pieces, which can be ploughed back and will Therefore, this inference is not justified.
decompose very fast. All this is difficult with leftover 5) Not Valid: The passage states that farmers choose to burn paddy
paddy stalks that cannot be easily salvaged or straw because it is difficult to salvage or plough back. However, it
ploughed back. Farmers, therefore, choose the does not imply that mechanized agriculture is the main cause of
easiest option of simply burning it. stubble burning. Thus, this inference is not supported.
Hence, C is the correct answer

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Which of the following are the most rational Let's carefully evaluate the inferences based on common sense and
inferences that can be made from the passage? the general implications of agricultural practices, particularly pulse
(2020) and paddy cultivation, pollution, soil health, and mechanization:
1.Farmers' income will be higher with pulse Inference 1: Farmers' income will be higher with pulse cultivation
cultivation than with paddy cultivation. than with paddy cultivation.
2.Pulse cultivation causes less pollution as ➢ Analysis: Generally, pulses have lower input costs and are more
compared to paddy cultivation. drought-resistant compared to paddy. However, the income from
3. Pulse straw can be used to improve soil quality. pulse cultivation is often considered lower than that from paddy
4. In the context of northern Indian agriculture, because of the market prices and yield differences. This statement
paddy straw has no usefulness. is not necessarily correct without specific data, so it seems less
5. Mechanized agriculture is the main cause for likely to be a valid inference.
stubble burning. Inference 2: Pulse cultivation causes less pollution as compared to
Select the correct answer using the code given paddy cultivation.
below. ➢ Analysis: Pulse cultivation is generally considered more
(a) 2, 3 and 5 environmentally friendly than paddy farming. Paddy cultivation
(b) 1, 4 and 5 involves the use of large amounts of water, and the decomposition
(c) 2 and 3 only of submerged organic matter can lead to the release of methane,
(d) 1 and 4 only a potent greenhouse gas. In contrast, pulse farming requires less
water and is less likely to produce methane, so this inference is
likely valid.
Inference 3: Pulse straw can be used to improve soil quality.
➢ Analysis: This is a valid and well-established fact. Pulse crops, such
as legumes, have the ability to fix nitrogen in the soil, enriching
the soil with organic matter and improving its quality. Pulse straw
can also be used as green manure to improve soil fertility. So, this
inference is correct.
Inference 4: In the context of northern Indian agriculture, paddy
straw has no usefulness.

➢ Analysis: This statement is not correct. Paddy straw can be used

as animal feed, for composting, or as a biomass fuel. The problem
arises when it is burned, leading to air pollution, but that doesn't
mean it has no usefulness. Therefore, this inference is incorrect.
Inference 5: Mechanized agriculture is the main cause for stubble
burning.
➢ Analysis: Mechanized harvesting is often cited as a major
contributor to stubble burning in northern India. While it is a
major reason for stubble burning, the ultimate reason is
unawareness as well as not taking reasons due to economic
reasons which is the core of the problem. So, this inference is
incorrect.
Hence, The most rational and logical inferences are Inference 2 and
3, so the correct answer is (c) 2 and 3.

38 Economic liberalization in India was shaped largely c 1) Valid: The passage discusses limitations in the conception and
by the economic problems of the government than design of economic policies and suggests that these have
by the economic priorities of the people or by the contributed to issues like jobless growth and rising inequality. This
long-term development objectives. Thus, there implies a need to reevaluate the state’s role in fostering
were limitations in conception and design which meaningful development, making this inference valid.
have been subsequently validated by experience. 2) Valid: The mention of persistent poverty and rising inequality
Jobless growth, persistent poverty and rising indicates that policies may not have been effectively implemented
inequality have mounted as problems since or adequately focused on social sectors. Therefore, this inference
economic liberalization began. And all these years about the lack of sufficient investment and effectiveness in social
later, four quiet crises confront the economy: policies is also valid.
agriculture infrastructure, industrialization and Hence, C is the correct answer
education as constraints on the country’s future
prospects. These problems must be resolved if CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
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economic growth has to be sustained and Let's evaluate the two inferences logically based on common sense,
transformed into meaningful development. keeping in mind general knowledge of development policies, state
roles, and social sector investments:
Which of the following is/are the most rational and Inference 1: It is essential to rethink and redefine the economic role
logical Inference/ Inferences that can be made of the state in the quest for development.
from the passage? (2020) ➢ Analysis: This inference suggests that the role of the state in
1.It is essential to rethink and redefine the economic economic development should be reassessed and potentially
role of the state in the quest for development. modified. This is a common argument in discussions about
2.India has not made effective implementation of its development, especially when economies face challenges like
policies in social sectors nor made sufficient inadequate infrastructure, unemployment, or inefficient public
investments in them. sectors. Many economic thinkers have argued that the state’s role
Select the correct answer using the code given needs to be more strategic, focusing on enabling private sector
below. growth, fostering innovation, and regulating markets rather than
(a) 1 only directly controlling all sectors. This inference seems plausible and
(b) 2 only rational.
(c) Both 1 and 2 Inference 2: India has not made effective implementation of its
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 policies in social sectors nor made sufficient investments in them.
➢ Analysis: This inference focuses on India's performance in
implementing policies and investing in social sectors (such as
education, healthcare, and welfare). This is a commonly discussed
topic in policy circles in India. Despite the country’s economic
growth, many challenges remain in social sectors, such as access
to quality education, healthcare, and basic services, indicating
that policy implementation and investment in these areas may
have been insufficient or ineffective. This inference also seems
logical based on common observations of social sector
challenges in India.

Thus, the most logical and rational answer is (c) Both 1 and 2, as both
inferences are reasonable based on common understanding of
development issues and social sector challenges.

39 Bank credit to the industrial sector has started c (a) Not Valid: While the passage suggests problems in the banking
shrinking. Its decline has been a serious concern as system, it does not explicitly state that it cannot help with economic
credit growth is essential to revive investment. The growth.
problem's origin lie in the incomplete reforms of the (b) Not Valid: This is somewhat implied, but the main focus of the
last 25 years. An institutional change that should passage is on the banking resolution mechanism rather than overall
have followed the 1991 reforms should have been economic improvement.
setting up of a resolution corporation for banks. In a (c) Valid: This directly aligns with the passage's emphasis on the
market economy with booms and busts, banks absence of a resolution corporation and the inability to shut down
should be allowed to be set up and to fail. Today, we failing banks.
cannot shut down banks because there is no proper (d) Not Valid: This option introduces a new idea not discussed in the
system to shut them down. Weak lossmaking banks passage.
continue to need more capital. The most logical and rational inference from the passage is: (c) India
lacks the institutional mechanism to deal with the failure of banks.
Which one of the following is the most logical and
rational inference that can be made from the above CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
passage? (2020) read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(a) Indian banking system is not able to help the We will try to identify the most logical and rational inference based
country in its economic growth. on the given options and general reasoning. Let’s analyze each option
(b) Economic reforms that started in 1991 have not carefully.
helped in improving the economy to expected Option (a): Indian banking system is not able to help the country in
levels. its economic growth.
(c) India lacks the institutional mechanism to deal ➢ This is a broad generalization. Even if there are issues with the
with the failure of banks. banking system, it would be incorrect to conclude that it
completely fails to support economic growth. Banks still play a

(d) Encouraging the foreign investments in our crucial role in providing credit to businesses and individuals, which
industrial sector is a good alternative to this sector's is essential for growth. Hence, this is not the best answer, as it
dependence on banks for credit. seems exaggerated.
Option (b): Economic reforms that started in 1991 have not helped
in improving the economy to expected levels.
➢ Economic reforms in 1991 indeed improved the economy
significantly, especially in terms of liberalization, globalization, and
privatization. While some challenges remain, stating that they
"have not helped" is overly negative and not supported by
historical evidence. Hence, this is not the best answer, as it
misrepresents the overall success of the reforms.
Option (c): India lacks the institutional mechanism to deal with the
failure of banks.
➢ This is a plausible inference. In the context of banking-related
challenges (e.g., rising NPAs, poor governance, or lack of robust
frameworks for managing bank failures), India has faced criticisms
for its inadequate institutional mechanisms to handle such issues
effectively. Mechanisms like the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code
have been introduced, but there is still room for improvement in
handling banking crises. Hence, this is a strong contender for the
correct answer.
Option (d): Encouraging foreign investments in our industrial sector
is a good alternative to this sector's dependence on banks for credit.
➢ While foreign investment can complement credit from banks, it
cannot fully replace banks as a source of funding for the industrial
sector. Industries rely heavily on domestic banking systems for
working capital, long-term loans, and other financial services.

Additionally, this option diverts focus from the main issue of

improving the banking system. Hence, this is not the best answer,
as it proposes an incomplete solution.
Final Answer:
(c) India lacks the institutional mechanism to deal with the failure
of banks.
Why we chose (c) as the final answer
• Option (c) is the most logical inference because it directly
addresses a critical issue in India's banking system and aligns
with common criticisms of the sector.
• Other options either exaggerate, misrepresent, or fail to directly
address the underlying challenges.

40 India has tremendous potential for solar energy. We c (a) Not Valid: The passage does not suggest that the commitment is
all realize that we have to stop burning fossil fuels to unlikely; it only discusses current challenges in technology and
meet our energy needs. But certain renewable investment.
resources are still going through their cost curves (b) Not Valid: This option introduces a new idea that is not directly
and learning curves to get the required amount of supported by the passage, which mentions a push towards a gas-
output. The Indian Government has strongly based economy but does not advocate for imports.
committed to its targets of reducing emissions by 33 (c)Valid: This aligns well with the passage's concern that technology
percent by 2030, and towards this it has initiated a is not ready and that business houses are wary of investing heavily at
strong push towards a gas-based economy and has this time.
also invested heavily in renewable energy. However, (d) Not Valid: While the passage mentions a push towards a gas-
business houses are wary of investing too heavily in based economy, it does not imply that exploration efforts are
renewable energy at a time when the technology is necessary or insufficient.
not yet ready. The most logical and rational inference from the passage is: (c)
Getting renewable resources to market too soon may be costly.
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Which one of the following is the most logical and

rational inference that can be made from the above CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
passage? (2020) read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(a) India's commitment to reduce emissions by 33% Let us try to arrive at the most logical and rational inference based
is unlikely to be achieved. on common sense. For this, we will analyze each option using general
(b) India should import gas rather than invest in reasoning based on India's energy, emission reduction goals, and
renewable resources. economic considerations.
(c) Getting renewable resources to market too soon Option (a): India's commitment to reduce emissions by 33% is
may be costly. unlikely to be achieved.
(d) India should put in more efforts in the ➢ This is a highly pessimistic statement. India has made international
exploration of natural gas. commitments under the Paris Agreement to reduce emissions,
and significant efforts are being made, particularly in renewable
energy adoption. Without evidence from the passage to justify
this negativity, such a conclusion is speculative. Hence, this is not
the best answer, as it assumes failure without support.
Option (b): India should import gas rather than invest in renewable
resources.
➢ While importing gas might temporarily reduce emissions (as
natural gas is cleaner than coal), it contradicts India's long-term
goal of sustainability and energy independence. The global trend
and India's strategy are focused on renewables rather than
increasing dependence on imported fossil fuels. Hence, this is not
the right answer, as it contradicts the push for renewables.
❖ Option (c): Getting renewable resources to market too soon may
be costly.
➢ This statement reflects a practical concern often associated with
renewable energy. Premature market introduction, without cost-

efficiency and scalability, can be financially burdensome. It implies

the need for a balanced and phased transition to renewables. This
aligns with rational thinking and India's economic reality of
optimizing costs while reducing emissions. Hence, this is a Strong
contender for the correct answer.
Option (d): India should put in more efforts in the exploration of
natural gas.
➢ Increasing exploration of natural gas might provide a temporary
solution, but it is not aligned with the global and national priorities
for renewable energy and reducing carbon emissions. While
natural gas is cleaner than coal, it remains a fossil fuel and does
not address India's long-term renewable energy goals. Hence, this
is not the best answer, as it does not align with India's renewable
energy commitment.

Thus, we get the Final Answer as option (c) Getting renewable

resources to market too soon may be costly.
Why we chose (c) finally:
• Remember, Option (c) stands out because it reflects a practical
challenge India faces: ensuring that renewables are cost-
effective and scalable before full market deployment.
• Other options either contradict India's renewable energy goals
or are overly pessimistic/speculative.

41 In Part III of the constitution which assures people b (a) Not Valid: the passage indicates that the State can intervene
certain fundamental rights, Article 25 proclaims that under certain conditions.
“all persons are equally entitled to freedom of (b) Valid: the passage emphasizes that religious freedom is subject
conscience and the right freely to profess, practice to public order, morality, and health, allowing for State
and propagate religion”. What people fail to notice intervention.
is that this proclamation is prefixed with the words (c) Not Valid: the passage acknowledges that religious freedom is
“subject to public order, morality, health and to the included in the fundamental rights but with qualifications.
other provisions of this Part”, which set conditions (d) Not Valid: the passage suggests that religious practices can be
precedent for the legal protection of religious regulated by State laws based on the conditions outlined.
practices of any community. The closing words of Hence, correct option is B
this prefatory rider in Article 25 virtually constitute
a subordination clause placing other fundamental CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
rights mentioned in Part Ill over and above the right read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
to religious freedom. Among those other We will try to identify the most logical inference. Let's analyze each
fundamental rights is the rights to equality before option in light of general principles regarding religious freedom and
law and equal protection of laws-assured at the the state's role, as typically understood in a constitutional framework
outset and elaborated in later articles to mean, inter of India:
alia, that the State shall not deny equal protection Option (a): State shall not interfere with the religious affairs of the
of laws to any person or group of persons on the citizens.
basis of religion alone. ➢ While the state generally respects religious affairs, this statement
is too absolute. In India, for example, the Constitution allows the
What is the most logical inference from the above
state to intervene in religious practices if they violate public order,
passage? (2020)
morality, or health. The principle of secularism doesn't mean the
(a) State shall not interfere with the religious affairs
of the Citizens. state cannot regulate religious practices in certain contexts. So,
(b) Religious freedom under the Constitution is open this option is Not entirely correct, as the state does have the
to State intervention power to interfere in specific cases.
(c) Religious freedom of the citizens is not covered Option (b): Religious freedom under the Constitution is open to State
under fundamental rights. intervention.
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(d)Religious practices of any Community are ➢ This is accurate in many constitutional democracies, including
immune to State laws. India. Religious freedom is a fundamental right, but it is not
absolute. The state can intervene when religious practices conflict
with public order, morality, health, or the rights of others. Hence,
it is the most logical and balanced inference.
Option (c): Religious freedom of the citizens is not covered under
fundamental rights.
➢ This is incorrect because religious freedom is indeed a
fundamental right under most constitutional systems, including
India's Article 25-28. The Constitution explicitly guarantees
individuals the right to profess, practice, and propagate religion,
subject to reasonable restrictions. Hence, this statement is
factually incorrect.
Option (d): Religious practices of any community are immune to
State laws.
➢ This statement is misleading. Religious practices are not immune
to state laws; they are subject to regulation, especially if they
violate fundamental principles like public order, morality, or
individual rights. For instance, the state has intervened in practices
like triple talaq, sati, or child marriage. Hence, this statement is
Incorrect, as religious practices are not entirely immune.
Hence the Final Answer would be option (b) Religious freedom
under the Constitution is open to State intervention.
Explanation Recap:
Option (b) strikes the right balance between recognizing religious
freedom as a fundamental right and acknowledging the state's
authority to intervene when necessary. Other options either
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exaggerate the extent of religious autonomy or ignore constitutional

safeguards and state powers.

42 Researchers simulated street lighting on artificial b (a) Not Valid: This statement assumes a direct comparison between
grassland plots containing pea-aphids, sap-sucking light intensities, but the passage only discusses the effects of low-
insects, at night. These were exposed to two intensity amber light and does not provide information about high-
different types of light – a white light similar to intensity light.
newer commercial LED lights and an amber light (b) Valid: This option best reflects the passage's findings, which
similar to sodium street lamps. The low intensity indicate that artificial light can disrupt plant flowering and reduce
amber light was shown to inhibit, rather than food availability for aphids, affecting the ecosystem's balance.
induce, flowering in a wild plant of the pea family (c) Not Valid: While the passage contrasts white and amber light, it
which is a source of food for the pea-aphids in does not directly conclude that white light is better for flowering; it
grasslands. The number of aphids was also only suggests that amber light inhibits flowering.
significantly suppressed under the light treatment (d) Not Valid: While this option acknowledges the importance of light
due to the limited amount of food available. for both plants and animals, the passage specifically focuses on the
negative impact of light on plants and subsequently on aphids,
Which one of the following statements best making this a broader interpretation than what is supported by the
reflects the most critical inference that can be text.
made from the passage given above? (2021) Hence, B is the correct option
(a) Low intensity light has more adverse effect on
the plants as compared to high intensity light. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
(b) Light pollution can have a permanent adverse read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
impact on an ecosystem. Without the passage, we use general principles about light pollution
(c) White light is better for the flowering of plants as and ecosystems to evaluate the options. Light pollution, particularly
compared to the light of other colours. artificial light, is known to disrupt plant and animal behaviors and can
(d) Proper intensity of light in an ecosystem is harm ecosystems.
important not only for plants but for animals too. Option (a): Low intensity light has more adverse effect on the plants
as compared to high intensity light.

➢ This option assumes the passage compares the effects of light

intensity (low vs. high) on plants. While light pollution can have
adverse effects, the comparison between "low" and "high"
intensity light isn't universally relevant to ecological discussions
unless specifically stated. Hence, it is Too narrow and conditional
and Not a critical inference.
Option (b): Light pollution can have a permanent adverse impact on
an ecosystem.
➢ This statement aligns with broader ecological understanding. Light
pollution disrupts natural processes (e.g., plant growth, animal
behaviors like migration or mating). Such disturbances can lead to
long-term or even permanent ecosystem imbalance. Hence, it is
Logical and critical, given the general impact of light pollution.
Option (c): White light is better for the flowering of plants as
compared to the light of other colours.
➢ This assumes the passage discusses plant flowering and the role
of different light colors. While specific wavelengths (e.g., red or
blue light) can affect plant growth, this is highly technical and not
critical to understanding light pollution's broader ecological
impact. Thus, it is Too specific and narrow and hence not the best
solution
Option (d): Proper intensity of light in an ecosystem is important not
only for plants but for animals too.
➢ Analysis: This is a valid point, as light pollution affects both plants
and animals. However, the statement focuses more on "intensity"
rather than the broader impact of light pollution, such as

disruption of natural cycles or permanent ecosystem damage.

Hence this option is Relevant but it is less critical than option (b).

Hence, the final Answer will be option (b) Light pollution can have
a permanent adverse impact on an ecosystem.
Explanation Recap:
Option (b) is the most critical inference because it emphasizes the
broader, lasting harm of light pollution on ecosystems, which
encompasses plants, animals, and overall ecological balance. Other
options are either too narrow, conditional, or technical.
43 Computers increasingly deal not just with abstract a (a) Valid: This directly reflects the main concern in the passage
data like credit card details and databases, but also regarding the potential for hacking and the trustworthiness of
with the real world of physical objects and internet-connected devices.
vulnerable human bodies. A modern car is a (b) Not Valid: While this could be an implication, the passage does
computer on wheels; an aeroplane is a computer on not explicitly state that companies are neglecting cybersecurity;
wings. The arrival of the “Internet of Things” will see it mainly focuses on the safety of the devices themselves.
computers baked into everything from road signs (c) Not Valid: This is a possible inference but is not the most critical
and MRI scanners to prosthetics and insulin pumps. point made in the passage.
There is little evidence that these gadgets will be any (d) Not Valid: This is a broader statement that, while true, does not
more trustworthy than their desktop counterparts. capture the specific critical inference regarding safety.
Hackers have already proved that they can take
remote control of internet connected cars and Hence correct option is A
pacemakers.

Which one of the following statements best

reflects the most critical inference that can be
made from the passage given above? (2021)
(a) Computers are not completely safe.
(b) Companies producing the software do not take
cyber security seriously.
(c) Stringent data security laws are needed.
(d)The present trend of communication
technologies will affect our lives in future.

44 It is certain, that seditions, wars, and contempt or c (a) Not Valid: This option suggests that conflicts and lawlessness are
breach of the laws are not so much to be imputed to unavoidable in any governing system. However, the passage
the wickedness of the subjects, as to the bad state implies that these issues arise due to the failure of the dominion
of a dominion. For men are not born fit for to promote unity and good laws, not that they are inherently
citizenship but must be made so. Besides, men’s inevitable.
natural passions are everywhere the same; and if (b) Not Valid: While the passage suggests that the state of the
wickedness more prevails, and more offences are dominion influences the behavior of its citizens, it does not place
committed in one commonwealth than in another, all blame on the sovereign. It emphasizes that both the structure
it is certain that the former has neither enough of governance and the citizens' development contribute to
pursued the end of unity, nor framed its laws with societal issues.
sufficient forethought; and that, therefore, it has (c) Valid: This option aligns well with the passage’s main point that
failed in making quite good its right as a a successful dominion is one that fosters unity and creates
commonwealth. effective laws. It infers that the quality of governance can be
judged by its ability to create good citizens and maintain
harmony.
(d) Not Valid: This option suggests a complete inability to create
effective governance, which contradicts the passage's
implication that a well-structured dominion can be achieved
through thoughtful laws and unity.
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Which among the following is the most logical and Hence, C is the correct option
rational inference that can be made from the
passage given above? (2021) CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
(a) Seditions, wars, and breach of the laws are read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
inevitable in every dominion. To determine the most logical assumption, let's analyze each option
(b) It is not the people, but the sovereign who is using reasoning and common sense:
responsible for all the problems of any dominion. Analyzing Each Option:
(c) That dominion is the best which pursues the aim Option (a) Seditions, wars, and breach of the laws are inevitable in
of unity and has laws for good citizenship. every dominion:
(d) It is impossible for men to establish a good ➢ This statement is too pessimistic and generalized. While conflicts
dominion. may occur in some dominions, stating that they are "inevitable" in
every dominion dismisses the possibility of peaceful and stable
governance. Hence, this is not the most logical inference.
Option (b) It is not the people, but the sovereign who is responsible
for all the problems of any dominion:
➢ This places all responsibility on the sovereign, which is an
oversimplification. A dominion's issues often result from complex
interactions between the government, people, and external
factors. Hence, this is not a balanced or logical inference.
Option (c) That dominion is the best which pursues the aim of unity
and has laws for good citizenship:
➢ This aligns with the principles of effective governance. A dominion
focused on unity and fostering good citizenship would likely create
a harmonious and stable society. Hence, this is a logical and
rational inference.
Option (d) It is impossible for men to establish a good dominion: This
is overly pessimistic and dismissive of the idea that humans can create

functioning and stable societies. While challenges exist, history

provides examples of well-governed states. Hence, this is not a logical
inference.

Hence, the Most Logical and Rational Inference would be Option (c)
That dominion is the best which pursues the aim of unity and has laws
for good citizenship as it reflects the essence of good governance by
emphasizing unity and citizenship laws, which are critical for
maintaining a stable and prosperous dominion. It avoids the extremes
of inevitability (option a), oversimplification (option b), and pessimism
(option d).

45 The demographic dividend, which has begun in d 1) Not Valid: The passage highlights that the demographic dividend
India and is expected to last another few decades, can contribute to economic growth, but it does not state that it
is a great window of opportunity. The is an essential condition. Other factors, such as quality of the
demographic dividend is basically a swelling in working-age population and their education, also play a
the working age population, which conversely significant role. Therefore, this inference cannot be conclusively
means that the relative ratio of very young and drawn.
very old will, for a while, be on the decline. From 2) Not Valid: While the passage emphasizes the importance of
the experience of Ireland and China, we know education and skill acquisition in maximizing the benefits of the
that this can be a source of energy and an engine demographic dividend, it does not explicitly state that promoting
of economic growth. The demographic dividend higher education is essential for rapid economic growth. Other
tends to raise a nation's savings rate since in any factors could also contribute to growth, so this inference is not
nation, it is the working age population that is the necessarily valid.
main saver. And since the savings rate is an
important driver of growth, this should help Hence, D is the correct option
elevate our growth rate. However, the benefits of
demographic dividend depend on the quality of
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the working age population. And this implies CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
bringing back the importance of education, read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
acquisition of skills and human capital. Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage. We will
use reasoning, logic and common sense along with known general
With reference to the passage, which of the knowledge facts to reach at the solution.
following inferences can be drawn? (2022) Let’s assess each statement logically, based on common-sense
1. Demographic dividend is an essential condition reasoning and general knowledge about economic growth and
for a country to rapidly increase its economic demographic dividend.
growth rate.
2. Promotion of higher education is an essential 1. Demographic dividend is an essential condition for a country to
condition for a country for its rapid economic rapidly increase its economic growth rate.
growth. Analysis: Demographic dividend refers to a period when the working-
Select the correct answer using the code given age population grows larger compared to the dependent population.
below. While it provides an opportunity for rapid growth, it is not an
(a) 1 only essential condition.
(b) 2 only ➢ Countries can achieve rapid growth through other means, such as
(c) Both 1 and 2 industrialization, technological advancements, trade policies, and
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
institutional reforms.
➢ The presence of a demographic dividend alone is not sufficient
unless supported by proper policies in education, health, and
employment.
➢ Some nations, like Japan, experienced economic booms despite
having aging populations.
• Conclusion: This statement is incorrect, as demographic dividend
is not an essential condition.
2. Promotion of higher education is an essential condition for a
country for its rapid economic growth.

• Analysis: Higher education is crucial for producing skilled labor

and fostering innovation. However, focusing only on higher
education is not enough for rapid economic growth.
➢ Many developing nations benefit more from improving basic
education and vocational training, which have a direct impact on
employability and productivity.
➢ Rapid economic growth often relies on a balanced approach that
includes primary, secondary, and technical education.
• Conclusion: This statement is also incorrect, as rapid growth can
occur with a well-rounded education policy rather than solely
promoting higher education.

Hence, the Correct Answer is Option (d) Neither 1 nor 2

46 As inflation rises, even governments previously c 1. Valid: The passage implies that without fiscal discipline and
committed to budget discipline are spending freely budgetary support, monetary policy alone may not effectively
to help households. Higher interest rates control inflation. It suggests that higher interest rates could lead
announced by central banks are supposed to help to more borrowing by governments, which can counteract the
produce modest fiscal austerity, because to intended effects of monetary tightening.
maintain stable debts while paying more to borrow, 2. Valid: This statement is directly supported by the passage, which
governments must cut spending or raise taxes. discusses how the effectiveness of monetary policy (like raising
Without the fiscal backup, monetary policy interest rates) is influenced by government fiscal policies,
eventually loses traction. Higher interest rates especially in the context of rising public debt.
become inflationary, not disinflationary, because Hence, C is the correct option
they simply lead governments to borrow more to
pay rising debt-service costs. The risk of monetary Statement 1: Central banks cannot bring down inflation without
unmooring is greater when public debt rises, budgetary backing.

because interest rates become more important to ➢ This statement implies that the efforts of a central bank to control
budget deficits. inflation through monetary policy (like adjusting interest rates or
controlling money supply) require alignment with fiscal policies
Which of the following statements best reflect the (like government spending and taxation).
most logical and rational inference/inferences that ➢ For example, if a government continues high spending while the
can be made from the passage? central bank tightens monetary policy, the two forces can
1. Central banks cannot bring down inflation counteract each other, making it difficult to control inflation
without budgetary backing. effectively. Hence, budgetary support is crucial for monetary
2. The effects of monetary policy depend on the measures to succeed in managing inflation.
fiscal policies pursued by the government. ➢ This statement is logical and aligns with economic principles.
Select the correct answer using the code given Statement 2: The effects of monetary policy depend on the fiscal
below: (2024) policies pursued by the government.
(a) 1 only ➢ This statement highlights the interdependence between
(b) 2 only monetary and fiscal policies. Fiscal actions, such as government
(c) Both 1 and 2 expenditure or tax policies, can either complement or undermine
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 the central bank's monetary measures.
➢ For example, expansionary fiscal policy (increased spending or
reduced taxes) during a tightening monetary phase can dilute the
effects of monetary measures aimed at reducing inflation.
➢ This is a valid inference as the interaction between fiscal and
monetary policies is a widely recognized concept in economics.

Conclusion: Both statements logically and rationally follow from the

premise that fiscal and monetary policies are interconnected and
must be aligned to achieve macroeconomic objectives like inflation
control. Therefore, the correct answer is (c) Both 1 and 2.

47 According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, b 1. Not Valid: The passage indicates that food is lost or wasted
one-third of food produced for human consumption throughout the entire supply chain, from agricultural production
is lost or wasted globally. Food is lost or wasted to household consumption. This suggests that while distribution
throughout the supply chain, from initial agricultural methods may contribute, they are not the sole factor. Thus, this
production to final household consumption. The statement is overly simplistic and not fully supported.
increasing wastage also results in land degradation 2. Valid: The passage mentions that food wastage contributes to
by about 45%, mainly due to deforestation, in land degradation, particularly through deforestation and
sustainable agricultural practices, and excessive unsustainable agricultural practices. This implies that as food is
groundwater extraction. The energy spent over wasted, land resources are mismanaged, negatively impacting
wasted food results in about 3.5 billion tonnes of overall productivity.
carbon dioxide production every year. Decay also 3. Valid: The passage states that food waste contributes to about 3.5
leads to harmful emissions of other gases in the billion tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions annually. Therefore,
atmosphere. Addressing the loss and wastage of reducing food loss and wastage would likely decrease these
food in forms is critical to complete the cycle of food emissions, leading to a lower carbon footprint, making this
deficiency and food sustainability. statement valid.
4. Not Valid: The passage does not address the availability or lack of
Which of the following statements best reflect the post-harvest technologies. It focuses more on the effects of food
most logical and rational inferences that can be loss and wastage rather than the solutions available, making this
made from the passage? (2024) statement unsupported by the text.
1. The current methods of food distribution are
solely responsible for the loss and wastage of Hence, B is the correct option
food.
2. Land productivity is adversely affected by the CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
prevailing trend of food loss and wastage. read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
3. Reduction in the loss and wastage of food Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage. We
results in lesser carbon footprint. will use reasoning and common sense along with known general
4. Post-harvest technologies to prevent or reduce knowledge facts to reach at the solution
the loss and wastage of food are not available.

Select the correct answer using the code given 1. The current methods of food distribution are solely responsible
below. for the loss and wastage of food.
(a) 1, 2 and 3 ➢ This is a strong and absolute statement. While food distribution
(b) 2 and 3 only methods do contribute to food loss and wastage, there are other
(c) 1, 3 and 4 factors like improper storage, poor harvesting techniques, and
(d) 1, 2 and 4 lack of infrastructure. Hence, this statement is incorrect because
food distribution is not the sole cause.
2. Land productivity is adversely affected by the prevailing trend of
food loss and wastage.
➢ Logical inference: When food is wasted, the resources (land,
water, energy) used to produce that food are wasted as well. This
reduces the effective productivity of land, making this statement
correct.
3. Reduction in the loss and wastage of food results in lesser carbon
footprint.
➢ Logical inference: Food waste contributes to greenhouse gas
emissions during production, transportation, and decomposition
in landfills. Reducing food wastage minimizes these emissions,
lowering the carbon footprint. This statement is correct.
4. Post-harvest technologies to prevent or reduce the loss and
wastage of food are not available.
➢ This is incorrect because post-harvest technologies like
refrigeration, improved packaging, and storage facilities do exist.
The challenge often lies in their accessibility and implementation,
not their availability.
Hence, the Final Answer is Option (b) 2 and 3 only as this option
reflects the most logical and rational inferences from the passage.
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48 Today, if we consider cities such as New York, a (a) Valid: This option reflects the core idea presented in the passage.
London and Paris as some of the most iconic cities The passage emphasizes that effective urban planning involves
in the world, it is because plans carrying a heavy integrating various disciplines such as social sciences, geography, and
systems approach were imposed on their precincts. architecture. A diverse and interdisciplinary curriculum would ensure
The backbone of the systems theory is the process that planners are equipped with the necessary tools and knowledge
of translating social, spatial and cultural desirables from different fields, aligning well with the successful models
into mathematical models using computing, observed in Western cities.
statistics, optimization and an algorithmic way of (b) Not Valid: While this statement might address some challenges
formulating and solving problems. The early in urban management in India, the passage does not provide specific
universities of the West which began to train evidence or examples to support the claim about bureaucracy or lack
professionals in planning, spawned some of the of formal training. The focus of the passage is more on the
most ingenious planners, who were experts in these educational differences rather than bureaucratic issues.
domains. This was because these very subjects were (c) Not Valid: This option discusses local management and funding
absorbed into the social sciences, geography and issues but does not directly relate to the central theme of the
architecture. Planning in India, and its education passage, which is about the systems approach to urban planning
differ from the West. education. The passage does not provide information about local
management practices or funding problems in India.
Which one of the following statements best (d) Not Valid: This option points to challenges faced in urban
reflects the most logical and rational inference that planning due to population density and poverty. However, the
can be made from the above passage? (2024) passage does not specifically mention these issues as barriers to
(a) Curriculum for urban planning courses should planning in India. Instead, it focuses on the educational and
have diverse and interdisciplinary approach. theoretical frameworks for planning, making this inference less
(b) In India, city administration is under bureaucracy relevant.
which lacks formal training in urban planning and Hence, A is the correct answer.
management.
(c) In India, the management of urban areas is a local CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
affair with a chronic problem of insufficient funds. read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

(d) With high density of population and widespread Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage. We will
poverty in our urban areas, planned development in use reasoning and common sense along with known general
them is very difficult. knowledge facts to reach at the solution
Option (a): Curriculum for urban planning courses should have
diverse and interdisciplinary approach.
➢ This statement is logical and forward-looking, focusing on
improving urban planning by addressing its root causes, such as a
lack of diverse and interdisciplinary training. If the passage
discusses challenges in urban management or planning, it aligns
with the idea that a better curriculum can prepare professionals
for handling urban complexities effectively. This is the most
rational and proactive inference.
Option (b): In India, city administration is under bureaucracy which
lacks formal training in urban planning and management.
➢ While this might highlight a problem, it doesn't provide a solution.
Furthermore, the passage would need to explicitly mention the
role of bureaucracy for this to be a valid inference. This statement
is plausible but less forward-thinking than (a).
Option (c): In India, the management of urban areas is a local affair
with a chronic problem of insufficient funds.
➢ This focuses on financial challenges but doesn't align with the
improvement or solution-oriented tone implied by the question.
It might be partially correct but lacks the broader perspective of
curriculum improvement.
Option (d): With high density of population and widespread poverty
in our urban areas, planned development in them is very difficult.

➢ This statement highlights the challenges of urban planning but

assumes that planned development is nearly impossible, which is
pessimistic. The question seeks a rational and logical inference,
and this option doesn't offer constructive insights or solutions.
Hence, the best choice is (a) as it provides a constructive and
rational inference aimed at addressing challenges in urban
planning.

49 Conventional classrooms, by emphasizing fixed c 1. Valid: This aligns well with the passage, which criticizes the
duration over learning effectiveness, resign emphasis on fixed durations over effective learning outcomes. It
themselves to variable outcomes. The tyranny of the suggests that the focus is more on how long students are taught
classroom is that every learner is subjected to the rather than whether they actually understand the material.
same set of lectures in the same way for the same 2. Valid: This statement also reflects the passage's critique of
duration. In the end, a few learners shine, some conventional classrooms, which apply the same lectures and
survive, and the rest are left behind. After the fixed methods to all students, disregarding individual learning needs
duration, the classroom model moves on, with not a and differences.
thought spared for those left behind. This is how we Hence, C is the correct answer.
end up with 10 percent employability in our
graduates after a decade and half of formal CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
education. Repeating the same ineffectual script in read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
the realm of skill education will not produce Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage. We will
different results. use reasoning and common sense along with known general
knowledge facts to reach at the solution Based on the context of
Which of the following statements best typical critiques of conventional classroom learning:
reflects/reflect the most logical and rational ❖ Statement 1 suggests that in traditional classrooms, there is a
inference/inferences that can be made from the focus on the duration of learning rather than the actual attainment
passage? (2024) of competency. This is a common critique, as schools often

1. In conventional classroom learning, the central emphasize time spent in the classroom (e.g., hours per day or days
goal is duration of Learning rather than per year) over whether students have mastered the material.
attainment of competency. ❖ Statement 2 highlights that conventional classrooms often adopt
2. Conventional classrooms encourage one-size- a "one-size-fits-all" approach, meaning that they try to teach all
fits-all approach and stamp out all students in the same way, without adjusting for individual learning
differentiation. differences. This is another common criticism of traditional
Select the correct answer using the code given education systems, where differentiation based on students'
below. varying needs and abilities may not be adequately addressed.
(a) 1 only Since both statements are reasonable critiques of conventional
(b) 2 only classrooms, the most logical and rational inference from the passage
(c) Both 1 and 2 would be both statements 1 and 2. Therefore, the correct answer is
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (c) Both 1 and 2.

TOPIC 4: IMPLICATION
Total Number of Questions Asked from 2013-24
24
My instructions related this topic Dear students,
Implication forms an important portion for UPSC CSAT Questions
and many of us do the mistake while doing questions from this
section. But after going through this instruction and reinforcing the
idea with the CHEAT CODE, your accuracy will improve to the next
level.
In general, apply these steps
Steps to Solve Implication Questions in UPSC CSAT
Comprehension:

1. Understand the Passage Thoroughly:

Read the passage carefully to grasp its meaning, context,
and tone. Implication questions ask what logically follows
from the passage, often about its broader effects or
unstated consequences.
2. Focus on Implied Meaning, Not Stated Facts:
Implications are subtle outcomes or consequences hinted
at in the passage. They are not explicitly mentioned but are
logically deduced.
3. Link Implication to the Core Message:
Identify the central argument or idea of the passage. The
implication must align with and extend the passage's
meaning without introducing new or unrelated concepts.
4. Avoid Extremes:
Eliminate options that are overly broad, exaggerated, or
extreme, as implications are generally moderate and
reasonable.
5. Stick to the Context:
The implication must logically arise from the context of the
passage. Options introducing unrelated topics or deviating
from the main idea are incorrect.
6. Use the "If-Then" Test:
Ask yourself: "If the argument in the passage is true, then
what logically follows?" The correct implication must

naturally arise as a consequence of the passage's

argument or tone.
7. Eliminate Common Traps:
o Restating the Passage: Avoid options that merely
rephrase information already mentioned.
o Unwarranted Assumptions: Discard options that
assume something not supported by the passage.
o Out-of-Scope Options: Ignore choices that
introduce unrelated ideas.
8. Pay Attention to the Author’s Tone:
The author’s tone (critical, supportive, neutral, etc.) can
guide the type of implication that fits logically with the
passage.
9. Practice Logical Deduction:
Focus on what is likely to follow based on the evidence and
reasoning presented in the passage. Use logical reasoning
to connect the dots.
10. Practice Regularly:
Solve previous years’ CSAT papers and mock questions to
familiarize yourself with implication-based questions and
refine your skills.

By applying these steps, you'll develop the ability to handle

implication questions with clarity and precision, ensuring better
accuracy in the CSAT comprehension section.
Apart from it, try to answer it through the CHEAT CODE METHOD.
This will enhance the accuracy of your answer.
Further must watch the video on CSAT Channel – CIVIL SERVICES
WITH NEELESH
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-EaE21NqDtI

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS RELATED TO THIS TOPIC

1 Climate change is a complex policy issue with a ❖ Statement 1 is correct- The passage explicitly mentions that
major implications in terms of finance. All actions domestic finances in developing countries are likely to fall short of
to address climate change ultimately involve costs. current and projected needs. This is tied to the context of funding
Funding is vital for countries like India to design for climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. Thus, it
and implement adaptation and mitigation plans clearly indicates that domestic finances will be impacted by
and projects. Lack of funding is a large impediment climate change.
to implementing adaptation plans. The scale and ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect - The passage does not mention or imply
magnitude of the financial support required by anything about the capacity for multilateral trade in the context of
developing countries to enhance their domestic climate change or the funding discussions. The focus is strictly on
mitigation and adaptation actions are a matter of financial support for adaptation and mitigation, and there is no
intense debate in the multilateral negotiations discussion about trade impacts.
under the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC)' The Convention
squarely puts the responsibility for provision of
financial support on the developed countries,
taking into account their contribution to the stock
of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere.
Given the magnitude of the task and the funds
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required, domestic finances are likely to fall short

of the current and projected needs of the
developing countries. Global funding through the
multilateral mechanism of the Convention will
enhance their domestic capacity to finance the
mitigation efforts.

With regards to developing countries, it can be

inferred from the passage that climate change is
likely to have implications on their (2015)
1. domestic finances.
2. capacity for multilateral trade.
Select the correct answer using the code given
below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

2 India has suffered from persistent high inflation. d ❖ Option (a) is incorrect: This option suggests an extreme measure
Increase in administered prices, demand and that the passage does not explicitly advocate. The passage
supply imbalances, imported inflation aggravated indicates issues related to economic reforms, including trade
by rupee depreciation, and speculation - have liberalization, but it does not recommend a complete avoidance
combined to keep high inflation going. If there is of these policies.
an element common to all of them, it is that many ❖ Option (b) is incorrect: While the passage discusses the effects
of them are the outcomes of economic reforms. and challenges of trade liberalization, it does not make a definitive
India's vulnerability to the effects of changes in statement about India's readiness for it. Instead, it focuses on the
international prices has increased with trade outcomes and vulnerabilities as a result of liberalization already in
liberalisation. The effort to reduce subsidies has progress.
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resulted in a continuous increase in the prices of ❖ Option (c) is incorrect. - The passage does not discuss the
commodities that are administered. inevitability of unsolvable poverty and inflation, nor does it state
that these issues are without solution. It merely outlines causes of
What is the most logical, rational and crucial ongoing inflation.
message that is implied in the above passage? ❖ Option (d) is correct: This aligns with the passage's indication that
(2015) inflation has been driven by factors associated with economic
(a) Under the present circumstances, India reforms, including trade liberalization and changes in
should completely avoid all trade administered prices.
liberalisation policies and all subsidies.
(b) Due to its peculiar socio-economic situation, CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
India is not yet ready for trade liberalisation read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
process. Just think of the options given as a general UPSC Candidate:
(c) There is no solution in sight for the problems (a) This is an exaggeration and extreme statement – an absurd
of continuing poverty and inflation in India in solution to any problem – reject it
the near future. (b) India already has trade liberalisation policies – so this is
(d) Economic reforms can often create a high contradictory statement against current reality – reject it
inflation economy. (c) This is also a wrong statement. We always have some solution
though the issue is of implementation and not the idea of
solution. So, reject it
(d) This is a meaningful statement and makes sense. So, we will
accept it.
Thus, the answer on which bet may be taken is d which is the right
answer too.

3 In the last decade, the banking sector has been d ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because the passage does not advocate
restructured with a high degree of automation and for more automation and more products of banks. While it
products that mainly serve middle-class and upper mentions the high degree of automation in the banking sector
middle-class society. Today, there is a need for a over the last decade, it suggests a need for a new agenda that
new agenda for the banking and non-banking goes beyond the current focus on serving the middle and upper-
financial services that does not exclude the middle-class society.
common man. ❖ Option (b) is incorrect because the passage does not call for a
Which one of the following is the message that is radical restructuring of the entire public finance system. It
essentially implied in the above passage? (2016) specifically discusses the need for a new agenda for banking and
(a) Need for more automation and more non-banking financial services, rather than advocating for a
products of banks comprehensive overhaul of the public finance system.
(b) Need for a radical restructuring of our entire ❖ Option (c) is incorrect because although the passage mentions
public finance system. banking and non-banking financial services, it does not explicitly
(c) Need to integrate banking and non- banking state a need to integrate these institutions. Instead, it focuses on
institutions the need for a new agenda that does not exclude the common
(d) Need to promote financial inclusion man from accessing financial services.
❖ Option (d) is the message essentially implied in the passage
because it emphasizes the need to promote financial inclusion.
The passage discusses the restructuring of the banking sector
with a focus on automation and products serving the middle and
upper-middle-class society. This aligns with the concept of
financial inclusion, which aims to provide access to financial
services to underserved and marginalized populations.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Simply read the options directly and think like a logical UPSC
aspirant. Choose the most generic, logical, solution-oriented,
inclusive and positive statement.
Check the options:
❖ Option a – makes sense – reserve it for time being
❖ Option b – radical structuring – reject it since it is extreme
statement
❖ Option c – can be a good option – but under the present
circumstances – how will you integrate the banking and non-
banking institutions – so, I would prefer not to take a chance
on it. Still, reserve it for time being.
❖ Option d – good statement – reserve it

One thing is sure – we are not going to take a chance on b.

Now, amongst a, c and d, option d is solution-oriented statement
and hence, I would bet on d.

4 The conceptual difficulties in National Income b ❖ Option(b) is correct: The statement suggests that in
comparisons between underdeveloped and underdeveloped countries, a portion of the national output is
industrialized countries are particularly serious produced without passing through commercial channels. This
because a part of the national output in various implies the presence of a non-commercialized sector, which
underdeveloped countries is produced without poses conceptual difficulties when comparing National Income
passing through the commercial channels. between underdeveloped and industrialized countries.
Therefore, the author indicates that the existence of this non-
In the above statement, the author implies that commercialized sector complicates comparisons of National
(2016) Income between different countries.
(a) the entire national output produced and ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because the statement does not imply
consumed in industrialized countries passes that the entire national output produced and consumed in
through commercial channels
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(b) the existence of a non-commercialized sector industrialized countries passes through commercial channels. It
in different underdeveloped countries specifically discusses the situation in underdeveloped countries.
renders the National Income comparisons ❖ Option (c) is incorrect because the statement does not express
over countries difficult a normative stance that no part of national output should be
(c) no part of national output should be produced and consumed without passing through commercial
produced and consumed without passing channels. It simply describes the existence of a non-
through commercial channels commercialized sector in underdeveloped countries.
(d) a part of the national output being produced ❖ Option (d) is incorrect because the statement does not suggest
and consumed without passing through that a part of the national output being produced and consumed
commercial channels is a sign of without passing through commercial channels is a sign of
underdevelopment underdevelopment. It highlights the conceptual difficulties in
comparing National Income due to the presence of this non-
commercialized sector, but it does not explicitly characterize it as
a sign of underdevelopment.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC

aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it one by
one
1) This statement is extreme. Can be taken as wrong. (the
extreme word - entire)
2) This statement seems correct as it is generic in nature.
3) Again extreme statement which can be inferred as incorrect.
(when was such condition/suggestion ever made. Simply
reject it.)

4) If you read it with caution, it offers an explanation not very

relevant to the general studies perspective. Therefore it can
be taken as wrong.
Hence correct answer is option B.

5 What climate change will undeniably do is cause c ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because the passage does not claim that
or amplify events that hasten the reduction of resource-based conflicts are always politically motivated.
resources. Competition over these diminishing Instead, it suggests that these conflicts often take on the guise of
resources would ensue in the form of political or more politically acceptable issues, like identity or ideology,
even violent conflict. Resource-based conflicts implying a masking of the true, underlying resource-based
have rarely been overt and are thus difficult to motives.
isolate. Instead they take on veneers that appear ❖ Option (b) is incorrect because the passage does not state or
more politically palatable. Conflicts over resources imply that there are no political solutions to resolve
like water are often cloaked in the guise of identity environmental and resource-based conflicts. The passage
or ideology. discusses the nature of such conflicts, not the possibility or
impossibility of their resolution through political means.
What does the above passage imply? (2017) ❖ Option (c) is correct because it directly reflects the essence of
(a) Resource-based conflicts are always the passage. The text explicitly states that climate change will
politically motivated. "cause or amplify events that hasten the reduction of resources,"
(b) There are no political solutions to resolve leading to competition and conflict. This suggests that
environmental and resource-based conflicts. environmental issues are significant contributors to resource
(c) Environmental issues contribute to resource stresses, which in turn lead to political conflict.
stresses and political conflict. ❖ Option (d) is incorrect because the passage does not imply that
(d) Political conflict based on identity or ideology political conflicts based on identity or ideology cannot be
cannot be resolved. resolved. It merely states that these often serve as facades for
deeper, resource-based conflicts, without commenting on the
resolvability of conflicts based on identity or ideology.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC

aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
1-There are extreme words like ‘always’, ‘no political solutions’
and ‘cannot’ in Option A,B and D respectively which makes them
incorrect leaving Option C as the correct answer.

Another way of looking at the options individually:

(a) Always politically motivated – it negates other possibilities –
reject it
(b) No political solution – extreme statement – reject it.
(c) A sensible statement – reserve it for the time being
(d) Cannot be resolved – a negative statement – UPSC looks for
positivity and solutions. Further, it is extreme statement – so
reject it.

6 In a democratic state, where a high degree of d ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because the passage does not imply that
political maturity of the people obtains, the force is the main phenomenon in exercising sovereignty. It rather
conflict between the will of the sovereign law- highlights the alignment between the sovereign's decisions and
making body and the organized will of the people the people's will, suggesting an absence/balance of force or
seldom occurs. coercion.
❖ Option (b) is also incorrect because it, too, suggests that force is
What does the above passage imply? (2017) a main phenomenon in the exercise of sovereignty in a mature
(a) In a democracy, force is the main democracy, which contradicts the idea presented in the passage
phenomenon in the actual exercise of that there is harmony and few conflicts.
sovereignty. ❖ Option (c) is incorrect as it may overstate the case by implying
that the use of force is completely irrelevant. The passage does
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(b) In a mature democracy, force to a great extent not assert the complete irrelevance of force; rather, it indicates
is the main phenomenon in the actual that conflicts are seldom due to the political maturity, which
exercise of sovereignty. reduces but doesn't necessarily eliminate all forms of
(c) In a mature democracy, use of force is enforcement or coercion.
irrelevant in the actual exercise of ❖ Option (d) is correct because it accurately reflects the
sovereignty. implication of the passage: in a mature democracy, where there
(d) In a mature democracy, force is narrowed is a high degree of political maturity, the need for force in
down to a marginal phenomenon in the exercising sovereignty becomes minimal or marginal. This aligns
actual exercise of sovereignty. with the idea that conflicts between the sovereign and the
people are rare, suggesting that force is not a prominent tool in
governance within such contexts.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Read the options. All are related to democracy and primarily
mature democracy. Let us analyse it one by one
(a) This is wrong and against the idea of democracy. Democracy is
primarily based on consensus and not force. So, reject it
(b) When democracy is mature, actual sovereignty is exercised
through the will of the people. You might remember, ‘ of the
people, for the people and by the people’. This does not
indicate – force. So, reject it
(c) This is again absurd. Sometimes, use of force becomes
necessary to maintain law and order. So, reject it
(d) This is the most logical statement. Force can be used but there
is a general consensus that its usage must be minimal. So,
accept it.
Hence, the answer as per logic should be d.

7 Scientific knowledge has its dangers, but so has a ❖ Option A is correct because the passage suggests that science
every great thing. Over and beyond the dangers uniquely opens up the vision of a possible happy world,
with which it threatens the present, it opens up as indicating that the concept of a happy world is closely tied to the
nothing else can, the vision of a possible happy aspirations and possibilities offered by science.
world; a world without poverty, without war, with ❖ Option B is incorrect because the passage does not claim that
little illness. Science, whatever unpleasant science is the only major threat, even though it mentions that
consequences it may have by the way, is in its very science has dangers.
nature a liberator. ❖ Option C is incorrect because while the passage highlights the
significant role of science in creating a happy world, it does not
Which one of the following is the most important state that a happy world is entirely impossible without it.
implication of the passage? (2018) ❖ Option D is incorrect because the passage specifically argues
(a) A happy world is a dream of science that science opens up the vision of a possible happy world,
(b) Science only can build a happy world, but it is suggesting that such a world is indeed possible with scientific
also the only major threat advancements.
(c) A happy world is not possible without science
(d) A happy world is not at all possible with or
without science

8 The Arctic’s vast reserves of fossil fuel, fish and b ❖ Option A is incorrect because the passage does not mention
minerals are now accessible for a longer period in India or suggest that countries without an Arctic coastline can
a year. But unlike Antarctica, which is protected make territorial claims or have free access to Arctic resources.
from exploitation by the Antarctic Treaty framed ❖ Option B is correct because it directly relates to the scenario
during the Cold War and is not subject to described in the passage. The text states that the possibility of
territorial claims by any country, there is no legal an ice-free Arctic has prompted countries with Arctic coastlines
regime protecting the Arctic from to scramble for resources, implying significant geopolitical
industrialisation, especially at a time when the changes and competition.
world craves for more and more resources. The ❖ Option C is incorrect because, although the passage mentions
distinct possibility of ice-free summer has that the Arctic has significant resources, it does not claim that
the Arctic will definitively solve the world's resource issues. It
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prompted countries with Arctic coastline to merely suggests the region is becoming more accessible and
scramble for great chunks of the melting ocean. hence of greater interest.
Which one of the following is the most important ❖ Option D is incorrect because the passage does not compare the
implication of the passage? (2018) resource quantities of the Arctic and Antarctica directly in terms
(a) India can have territorial claims in the Arctic of abundance. It focuses more on the legal and geopolitical
territory and free access to its resources aspects rather than quantifying resources.
(b) Melting of summer ice in the Arctic leads to
changes in the geopolitics CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
(c) The Arctic region will solve the world’s future read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
problem of resource crunch Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
(d) The Arctic region has more resources than aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it
Antarctica
Simply read the options with an open mind
(a) Can India really claim territory in Arctic. There is vast distance
between India and Arctic region. So, it is next to impossible as
per the current geopolitics
(b) This is making some sense. So, reserve it for the time being
(c) There is no surety of it. So, reject it
(d) We are yet to discover the sources of both the region. So,
comparison cannot be made as such. So, reject it.
So, only statement which is making sense is b which is our
answer.

9 With the digital phenomenon restructuring most a ❖ Option A is correct because the passage implies that Big Data is
social sector, it is little surprise that global trade a key resource in the digital space. It discusses how Big Data is
negotiations are now eyeing the digital area in an collected from developing countries and converted into digital
attempt to pre-emptively colonize it. Big Data is intelligence in developed countries, indicating its importance in
freely collected or mined from developing the digital realm.
countries, and converted into digital intelligence in
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developed countries. This intelligence begins to ❖ Option B is incorrect because the passage does not explicitly
control different sectors and extract monopoly state that big economies create Big Data. It mentions that Big
rents. A large foreign company providing cab Data is freely collected or mined from developing countries, but
service, for instance is not a network of cars and it does not attribute the creation of Big Data solely to big
drivers: it is digital intelligence about commuting, economies.
public transport, roads traffic, city events. ❖ Option C is incorrect because the passage does not explicitly
personal behavioural, characteristics of state that access to Big Data is the prerogative of developed
commuters and so on. countries. It discusses how Big Data is collected from developing
countries and converted into digital intelligence in developed
Which of the following is most definitively countries, but it does not imply that only developed countries
implied by the above passage? (2019) have access to Big Data.
(a) Big Data is the key resource in the digital space. ❖ Option D is incorrect because while the passage suggests that
(b) Big economies create Big Data. access to and possession of Big Data is a characteristic of
(c) Access to Big Data is the prerogative of developed countries, it does not explicitly state that it is the only
developed countries. characteristic. It does not rule out the possibility of access to Big
(d) Access to and possession of Big Data is a Data by other entities or countries, nor does it suggest that
characteristic of developed countries. possession of Big Data is exclusive to developed countries.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Let’s break down each of the options based on logical reasoning and
common sense, especially considering the topic likely revolves
around digital sovereignty, globalization, and trade, which are
highly relevant in the current global context.
Option a) Globalization is not in the interests of India as it
undermines its socio-economic structures.
➢ While globalization has pros and cons, this statement is too one-
sided. Globalization can bring economic benefits, such as
increased trade, access to new technologies, and economic
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growth, but it may also bring challenges like cultural shifts and
economic dependency. It doesn’t seem to fit the theme of digital
sovereignty or IoT security from the passage context.
➢ Not a logical corollary.
Option b) India should be careful to protect its digital sovereignty
in global trade talks.
➢ Digital sovereignty refers to the right of a nation to control its
own digital resources, data, and infrastructure. In the modern
digital economy, countries need to be cautious in protecting their
data in global trade agreements, especially with the rise of IoT,
big data, and digital technologies.
➢ This is highly relevant to the topic of digital control and security
and is a logical step that India would need to consider to protect
its interests in the digital age.
➢ Most logical and rational corollary.
Option c) India should charge monopoly rents from multinational
companies in exchange for Big Data.
➢ This option suggests charging high fees (monopoly rents) from
multinational companies for access to Big Data. While data is a
valuable resource, the idea of charging monopoly rents is
unrealistic and could be considered unethical or anti-
competitive. It doesn't align well with standard economic or
diplomatic principles.
➢ Not a rational or diplomatic strategy.
Option d) The loss of Big Data from India is proportional to the
degree/value of its foreign trade.
➢ This statement suggests a direct relationship between the loss of
Big Data and the value of foreign trade, but the link is not very
clear. The loss of Big Data may be more related to digital
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sovereignty and data privacy rather than being strictly

proportional to trade value.
➢ This is less relevant to the broader discussion about digital
sovereignty and global trade talks.

Conclusion (Cheatcode Answer): The most logical and sensible

inference, based on the context of digital sovereignty, trade, and
technology, would be Option b. It reflects the need for India to
protect its digital resources and control over data in global trade
agreements, which is highly relevant in the current digital
landscape.
Answer: b) India should be careful to protect its digital sovereignty
in global trade talks.

10 A vast majority of Indian are poor, with barely 10 c ❖ Statement 1 is correct because the passage implies that the
per cent employed in the organized sector. We are growth in the economy is not leading to substantial employment,
being convinced that vigorous economic growth is which suggests that modern economic growth might be driven
generating substantial employment. But this is not by technological progress rather than labor-intensive industries.
so. When our economy was growing at 3 per cent ❖ Statement 2 is correct because the passage indicates that
per year, employment in the organized sector was vigorous economic growth is not generating substantial
growing at 2 percent per years. As the economy employment, suggesting that the modern Indian economy may
began to grow at 7-8per cent per year, the rate of not be adequately supporting labor-intensive, natural resource-
growth of employment in the organized sector based livelihoods.
actually declined to 1 per cent per year. ❖ Statement 3 is correct because the passage implies that the
service sector, which is a significant part of the modern Indian
economy, is not very labor-intensive as the employment growth
in the organized sector is low despite high economic growth.

The above passage seems to imply that (2019) ❖ Statement 4 is incorrect because the passage does not provide
1. most of modern economic growth is based on any information about the willingness of the literate rural
technological progress. population to enter the organized sector.
2. Much of modern Indian economy does nurture
sufficient symbiotic relationship with labour - CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
intensive, natural resource -based livelihoods. read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
3. Service sector in Indian is not very labour
intensive. Let's analyze the statements logically and based on common
4. Literate rural population is not willing to enter sense, without the passage:
organized sector. Statement 1: Most of modern economic growth is based on
Which of the statements given above are correct? technological progress.
(a) 1 and 2 only ➢ This is a widely accepted view. In many modern economies,
(b) 3 and 4 only especially developed countries, economic growth is increasingly
(c) 1, 2 and 3 only driven by technological innovation and advances in sectors like
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 IT, automation, and biotechnology.
➢ This statement is likely correct.
Statement 2: Much of the modern Indian economy does nurture
sufficient symbiotic relationship with labor-intensive, natural
resource-based livelihoods.
➢ India has a diverse economy that still relies heavily on
agriculture, natural resources, and labor-intensive industries
(such as textiles and handicrafts), though these are transitioning.
➢ This statement is valid because India is known for its reliance on
labor-intensive sectors in its economy, even as it develops more
high-tech industries.
Statement 3: The service sector in India is not very labor-intensive.
➢ The Indian service sector is one of the largest contributors to
GDP, but it includes sectors like IT, BPO, and finance, which are

typically less labor-intensive compared to agriculture or

manufacturing.
➢ This statement is generally correct in the context of high-tech
services, although certain service sectors (like hospitality or
retail) can be labor-intensive. However, overall, the service
sector is not as labor-intensive as agriculture or manufacturing.
➢ This statement seems reasonable based on the context
provided.
Statement 4: Literate rural population is not willing to enter
organized sector.
➢ The literate rural population in India has been increasingly
moving toward organized sectors (such as corporates,
government jobs, etc.), as education levels rise and urbanization
increases.
➢ The assertion that they are not willing to enter the organized
sector seems incorrect. The trend in India shows a growing
participation of rural educated youth in organized employment.
➢ This statement is likely incorrect.
➢ Conclusion (Cheat code Answer): The most logical and correct
combination of statements would be Statements 1, 2, and 3.
Answer: (c) 1, 2, and 3 only.

11 To tackle the problem of pollution in cities, policy b ❖ Option a) is incorrect: The passage indeed suggests that
makers think that drastic actions like temporary arbitrary curbs on vehicles to reduce pollution are ineffective
use of odd- even number scheme for vehicles, measures, rather than being difficult to implement. The issue
closing schools, factories, construction activities, lies more with flawed policies than with implementation
and banning the use of certain type of vehicles are challenges.
a way forward. Even then the air is not clean. ❖ Option b) is correct: The passage highlights knee-jerk reactions
Vehicles more than 15 years old comprise one like temporary measures and arbitrary bans as ineffective
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percent of the total; and taking them off the road solutions to pollution. It advocates for an evidence-based
will not make any difference. Banning certain fuels approach, emphasizing the need for scientific data and reliable
and car types arbitrarily is not proper. Diesel information to formulate effective policies.
engines produce more PM 2.5 and less CO2 than ❖ Option c) is incorrect: Imposing heavy penalties on those driving
petrol or CNG engines. On the other hand, both without periodic pollution tests could be seen as another knee-
diesel and CNG engines produce more NOx than jerk reaction. The passage advocates for well-researched
petrol engines. No one has measured the amount policies based on scientific information, rather than punitive
of NOx that CNG engines are emitting. Arbitrary measures.
bans on vehicles that have passed mandated ❖ Option d) is incorrect: The passage does not suggest a dearth of
fitness tests and periodic pollution tests are laws but rather criticizes the ineffectiveness of existing policies
unfair. What is needed is the scientific and reliable in addressing pollution. It emphasizes the need for well-
information about the source of pollutants on a researched policies based on scientific information, rather than
continuing basis and the technologies that will arbitrary decisions.
work to reduce pollution from them.
CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
Which one of the following statements best read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
reflects the most logical and rational implication
conveyed by the passage? (2023) Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
(a) Arbitrary curbs on vehicles to reduce pollution aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
are difficult to implement. ❖ Option a – this seems logical. So, reserve it for the time
(b) Knee-jerk reactions cannot but an evidence- being.
based approach will be more effective. ❖ Option b – this is also logical. So, reserve it
(c) A heavy penalty should be enforced on those ❖ Option c – this is also suggestive and logical. Reserve it.
driving without periodic pollution tests. ❖ Option d – there are existence of laws to deal with problems
(d) In the absence of laws to deal with the problem of pollution. The issue is implementation. So, reject it.
of pollution, the administration tends to make
arbitrary decisions. Now, we have to choose between a, b and c. Just think which is
more inclusive.

Let us compare a with b. Both are logical statements. But statement

a can be said to be narrow in comparison to b since b is more
comprehensive in approach. So, reject a.

Now, we are left with b and c. Again, the option in c can at best be
said to be a part of evidence based approach which is being
explained in b. So, b is again broader and more inclusive. So, choose
b over c.
Hence, b is the right answer.

12 India is at once among the fastest growing global b 1) Not Valid: While monitoring the Public Distribution System (PDS)
economies and home to the largest number of can help improve food security, the passage primarily focuses on
malnourished children in the world. There are immediate nutritional issues and their impact on children,
regions where malnutrition is not the exception making this option less directly relevant.
but the norm. And across the country, 2) Valid: Delaying marriage and pregnancy can improve girls’ health
malnutrition is the cause of death for roughly half and education, leading to better nutritional outcomes for future
the 1-3 million children who die before their fifth generations. This is a practical implication given the context of
birthday each year. Even those children who malnutrition affecting children's health and education.
survive suffer permanently from the damage that 3) Valid: Immediate breastfeeding provides essential nutrients and
has already been done to their bodies and minds immunity to newborns, directly addressing malnutrition issues
from not getting enough of the right foods and mentioned in the passage. This is a rational implication for
nutrients. Around 44 million children under 5 are improving child health.
stunted. That makes it harder for them to learn in 4) Valid: Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is crucial for
school and subsequently earn a living as adults. preventing malnutrition and improving overall health. This
Their lifetime earnings potential is almost a addresses broader health issues that contribute to malnutrition,
quarter less than that of their healthy peers. making it a practical implication.
5) Valid: Vaccinations prevent diseases that can exacerbate
malnutrition, thus protecting children's health. This is directly
relevant to improving the overall well-being of children.
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With reference to the above passage, which of

the following is/are the most rational and Overall, options 2, 3, 4, and 5 are all practical implications for
practical implication/ Implications? (2020) addressing the issues of malnutrition highlighted in the passage.
1. India’s Public Distribution System should be Hence, B is the correct answer
monitored by the Union Government.
2. Girls should be encouraged to delay marriage
and first pregnancy.
3. Mothers should be encouraged to breastfeed
their children immediately after birth.
4. The supply of safe drinking water and proper
sanitation facilities to all should be ensured.
5. Authorities should ensure the vaccination as
prescribed
Select the correct answer using the code given
below.
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(b) 2, 3, 4 and 5
(c) 1 only
(d) 3 and 5 only

13 Many opportunities to harness the highly skewed, a 1) Valid: This can help optimize the use of water resources,
seasonal and spatial distribution of monsoon addressing the skewed distribution of monsoon flows.
flows, which occur in a four-month period from 2) Valid: This aligns with the need for holding rainwater and
June to September annually, have been lost. Since ensuring year-round water availability.
these few months account for most or the rainfall 3) Invalid: While this might help individual farmers access water, it
and consequent freshwater availability, the need does not address the broader issues of managing monsoon flows
for holding rainwater in reservoirs, for and water distribution mentioned in the passage. Thus, it's less
subsequently releasing it for use over the year, is a aligned with the main implications.
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necessity nobody can afford to overlook. Climate 4) Invalid: This could be a potential measure, but the passage does
change will continue to affect weather conditions not explicitly mention the need for such regulation. It focuses
and create water shortages and excesses. While more on infrastructure for water management.
millions suffer from droughts and floods, waters in 5) Invalid: While regulating water distribution might be important,
the country's many rivers flow unutilized, and are the passage emphasizes physical infrastructure solutions (dams,
discharged into the sea every year. canals) rather than government regulation as a primary
implication.
With reference to the above passage, which of
the following could be the most rational and Therefore, the correct answer is (a) 1 and 2.
practical implications for India? (2020)
1) Inter-linking of rivers should be undertaken.
2) A network of dams and canals should be built
across the country for proper distribution of
water.
3) Farmers should be provided easy loans for
digging borewells.
4) Usage of water for agriculture should be
regulated by law.
5) Distribution of river water among regions
should be regulated by the Union Government.
Select the correct answer using the code given
below.
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2, 4 and 5
(c) 1, 3 and 4
(d) 2, 3 and 5

14 In India, over the last decade or so, labour has d Let us analyse options one by one:
been departing agriculture, but is only going to Option (a): Strong measures need to be taken to reduce the rural
construction and unregistered manufacturing to urban migration of labour.
which are not markedly better jobs. Services, ➢ The passage focuses on the type of jobs available, not on
where labour tends to be most productive, are not discouraging migration. Migration is not criticized as the root
generating the additional jobs the country needs. problem, so this is not supported by the passage.
India will need 24 million or so jobs over the next Option (b): The working condition in construction and unregistered
decade. The new sector, e-commerce, can at best manufacturing needs to be improved.
➢ While the passage mentions that construction and unregistered
close only half the jobs gap. Only those sectors
that drive domestic demand such as health and manufacturing jobs are not better than agricultural jobs, the
education can comfortably fill the other half. focus is not on improving these sectors but on creating better-
quality jobs in other sectors. This is a partial interpretation but
Which one of the following is best Implied in the not the main idea.
passage? (2020) Option (c): Service sector has been reducing the problem of
(a) Strong measures need to be taken to reduce unemployment.
the rural to urban migration of labour. ➢ The passage states that the service sector is productive but not
(b) The working condition in construction and generating enough additional jobs. So, this statement
unregistered manufacturing needs to be contradicts the passage and is incorrect.
improved. Option (d): Increased social sector spending is imperative for large-
(c) Service sector has been reducing the problem scale job creation.
of unemployment. ➢ The passage highlights that sectors like health and education,
(d) Increased social sector spending is imperative which drive domestic demand, can create the required jobs. This
for large-scale job creation. suggests the need for investment in social sectors, making this
option the most relevant and accurate.
Hence, option (d) is the right answer

15 Asset allocation is the most important investment a (a) Valid: This matches the author’s suggestion best. The passage
decision we will ever make, and sadly, most of us talks about how no asset is risk-free and recommends
do not give that decision the importance it diversifying to reduce risk, which means spreading your money
deserves. We are adamant about seeking across different types of investments. This minimizes the impact
predictability with our future. We tend to think of if one asset loses value.
investing in risky assets as extremely volatile and (b) Not Valid: This doesn’t capture the main point of the passage.
While the author mentions that risks are everywhere, the
value eroding. We also dislike fluctuating returns
emphasis is on smart allocation of assets rather than just taking
and the loss of control of investment. We think our
risks.
money is best left idle unproductive but safe. (c) Not Valid: The passage doesn’t suggest leaving your investments
There is no asset that is risk-free. We could lose to a management company. It’s more about making wise
our jobs, our homes can lose value, our banks can decisions yourself regarding how to spread your wealth.
go bankrupt, our bonds can default, the (d) Not Valid: While this is true, the passage doesn’t just focus on
government can collapse and companies we chose stating that investments are risky. The point is that risk is
fondly may cease to exist. But we cannot live life unavoidable, but smart asset allocation can help minimize it.
assuming that all these extreme events are waiting Thus, the best answer is (A) Distribute your wealth across different
to happen, and all at the same time. All these kinds of assets so that your risks would be minimized.
extreme forms or risks we know will not manifest
at the same time.
Which one of the following statements best
implies the suggestion given by the author of the
passage? (2020)
(a) Distribute your wealth across different kinds of
assets so that your risks would be minimized.
(b) Risk-taking behaviour should be a necessary
component of your Personality if you want to
generate wealth.
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(c) While making investments, find a trustworthy

asset management organization which would
manage your wealth for you.
(d) You should know that investing your money is
a risky business.

16 Although most of the Genetically Modified (GM) c (a) Not Valid: The passage does not focus on the precautionary
crops cultivated now are genetically engineered principle or whether it is emphasized in the debate around GM
for a single trait, in future, crops genetically crops. It is more about the broader role of biotechnology and
engineered for more than one trait will be the how regulation needs to evolve.
norm. Thus, biotechnology's role in agriculture (b) Not Valid: The passage mentions that biotechnology is
and the regulation or the same cannot be important for climate change mitigation and adaptation, but it
does not say that it is not currently used. Therefore, this option
understood solely in the context of the current
doesn’t fit.
generation of GM crops. Instead, there is a need
(c) Valid: This is the best fit. The passage highlights that
to take a comprehensive look, taking into account biotechnology will go beyond the current focus on single-trait
various aspects, including socio-economic GM crops and will be key for addressing future challenges,
impacts, so that the potential or the technology including climate change and socio-economic impacts. It
can be harnessed while minimizing negative emphasizes that regulation needs to consider these broader
impacts. Given the importance of biotechnology roles.
in developing varieties that can help in climate (d) Not Valid: The passage does not claim that the negative impacts
change mitigation and adaptation, not using are fully understood; it talks about minimizing potential negative
biotechnology as a part of the climate change impacts, which implies there is still work to be done.
action plan cannot be an option. Domestic
regulation of biotechnology cannot be viewed in The best implication of the passage’s crux is (c) Biotechnology’s role
is not confined to the current priorities of developing GM crops.
isolation of trade policy and obligations under
various international treaties and conventions.

Which one of the following statements best

implies the crux of the passage? (2020)
(a) Precautionary principle is not given
importance in current debate on developing
GM crops.
(b) Biotechnology is not currently used in climate
change mitigation and adaptation
mechanisms.
(c) Biotechnology’s role is not confined to the
current priorities of developing GM crops.
(d) The negative Impacts of not biotechnology are
properly understood.

17 In the immediate future, we will see the increasing c 1) Not Valid: This statement suggests that excessive globalization
commodification of many new technologies – can lead to issues like lack of control over local matters, which
artificial intelligence and robotics, 3D can relate to the complexities mentioned in the passage.
manufacturing, custom made biological and However, the passage does not explicitly argue against
pharmaceutical products, lethal autonomous globalization, so this statement might not be directly supported.
weapons and driverless cars. This will pose 2) Valid: The passage discusses how technologies like driverless
conundrums. The moral question of how a cars and AI raise questions that cross national borders, indicating
driverless car will decide between hitting that economic and ethical considerations are becoming
jaywalker and swerving and damaging the car has intertwined. This statement is plausible and reflects the
often been debated. The answer is both simple- passage's implications.
save the human life- and complex. At which angle 3) Valid: The passage highlights how technological advancements
should the car swerve- just enough to save the (e.g., driverless cars) present challenges to state governance and
jaywalker or more than enough? If the driverless moral decision-making. This statement is supported by the
car is in Dublin, who would take the decision? The passage.
Irish Government, or the car’s original code writer
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in California, or a software programer in 4) Not Valid: While the passage discusses complexities arising from
Hyderabad to whom maintenance is outsourced? technological decisions that span multiple jurisdictions, it does
If different national jurisdictions have different not specifically address supply chains or advocate for countries
fine print on prioritizing a human life, how will it to develop their own. Thus, this statement is less directly
affect insurance and investment decisions, supported by the passage.
including transnational ones? 5) Valid: The passage points out ambiguities regarding moral
decisions in technology and how different jurisdictions may have
Which of the following statements best reflect varying approaches. This statement reflects the need for
the rational, plausible, and practical implications geopolitical navigation through uncertainties, making it a
that can be derived from the passage given plausible implication.
above? (2021)
1) Too much globalization is not in the best Hence, correct option is C
interests of any country.
2) Modern technologies are increasingly blurring
the economic borders.
3) Innovation and capital have impinged on the
domain of the state.
4) Public policy of every country should focus on
developing its own supply chains.
5) Geopolitics will have to reconcile to many
ambiguities and uncertainties.
Select the correct answer using the code given
below:
(a) 1, 4 and 5 only
(b) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2, 3 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

18 The majority of people who fail to accumulate c (a) Not Valid: This option suggests that a majority of individuals are
money sufficient for their needs, are generally, unable to save enough money. While the passage does imply
easily influenced by the opinions of others. that many people struggle financially, it doesn’t make a definitive
They permit the newspapers and the gossiping claim about most people. The focus is on the influence of
neighbours to do their thinking for them. opinions rather than quantifying the financial struggles of the
Opinions are the cheapest commodities on the majority.
earth. Everyone has a flock of opinions ready to (b) Not Valid: This statement claims that the majority are successful
be wished upon by anyone who will accept in saving money, which contradicts the passage's message. The
them. If you are influenced by opinions when text emphasizes the challenges faced by those who are
you reach decisions, you will not succeed in any influenced by external opinions, indicating that many do fail to
undertaking. accumulate sufficient funds.
(c) Valid: This option accurately captures the essence of the
Which one of the following is implied by the passage. It acknowledges the existence of individuals who
passage? struggle with financial accumulation, which is central to the
(a) Most of the people do not accumulate author’s argument about how outside opinions can hinder
money for their needs. success.
(b) Most of the people never fail to accumulate (d) Not Valid: This choice implies a lack of importance in saving
money for their needs. money, which is contrary to the passage's message. The text
(c) There are people who fail to accumulate underscores the significance of financial security and suggests
money for their needs. that failing to accumulate money can lead to negative outcomes,
(d) There is no need to accumulate money. especially when swayed by others’ opinions.
Hence, C is the correct option

➢ This implies that the majority of people fail to save or plan

financially for their future needs. It could be true, but it's a
generalization without any context about why or how people
manage money.
(b) Most of the people never fail to accumulate money for their
needs.
➢ This suggests that the majority of people are always successful
in saving money for their needs. It's a very positive and confident
statement, but without knowing the passage’s focus, this seems
unlikely unless it's about financial responsibility or planning.
(c) There are people who fail to accumulate money for their needs.
➢ This is a reasonable and logical statement. It suggests that some
people face difficulties or fail in saving money for their needs,
which is a common reality for many. It’s a more neutral
statement and likely a reflection of the passage.
(d) There is no need to accumulate money.
➢ This is a bold statement that suggests accumulating money is
unnecessary. While some philosophies or perspectives might
argue this, it’s not as universally accepted or logical as a general
truth, especially in a passage discussing practical matters like
financial management.
Hence, the most logical and reasonable answer is Option (c) There
are people who fail to accumulate money for their needs, as it
acknowledges a common reality without making broad or extreme
claims.

19 More than half of Indian women and almost a d ❖ Option a) is incorrect because while education is important, the
quarter of Indian men of working age suffer from passage specifically discusses the impact of health and nutrition
anaemia. According to studies, they are anywhere issues like anaemia and tuberculosis on productivity and
from 5-15% less productive than they could be, as cognitive ability. Strengthening the education system, especially
a result thereof. India also has the largest in rural areas, is not the primary concern highlighted in the
tuberculosis burden in the world, costing 170 passage.
million workdays to the country annually. But ❖ Option b) is incorrect because although skill development is
what is just as important as lost productivity now valuable, the passage underscores the crucial role of health and
is lost potential in the future. It is becoming nutrition in enhancing productivity and cognitive potential.
increasingly clear that on many measures of Without addressing these fundamental health issues, skill
cognitive ability, malnourished Indian children development programs alone won't be sufficient to achieve the
perform, two or three times worse than their desired economic growth.
adequately nourished peers. For an economy that ❖ Option c) is incorrect because the passage does not limit the
will be more dependent on highly skilled workers, focus to skilled workers. Instead, it highlights the broader issue
this poses a significant challenge. And it is one that of health and nutrition affecting a significant portion of the
really should be addressed given India's population, including children and working-age adults.
demographic outlook. Addressing the health and nutrition needs of the entire
population is necessary for overall economic development.
Which one the following statements best reflects ❖ Option d) is correct because the passage makes it clear that
what is implied by the passage? (2023) improving health and nutrition is essential for both current
(a) Education system must be strengthened in productivity and future economic potential. Ensuring that the
rural areas. population is healthy and well-nourished is fundamental to
(b) Large scale and effective implementation of achieving rapid economic growth, as it directly impacts the
skill development programme is the need of workforce's effectiveness and the cognitive development of
the hour. future generations.
(c) For economic development, health and
nutrition of only skilled workers needs special CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
attention. read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

(d) For rapid economic growth as envisaged by Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
us, attention should be paid to health and aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
nutrition of the people. (a) Statement makes sense – but it is a narrow statement – we also
need to strengthen the education system in urban areas. Still
reserve it
(b) It has logic. Reserve it
(c) Only skilled workers – this is very narrow and extreme
statement too. Reject it
(d) This also makes sense
Now, we have three options in which we guess that our right answer
should be there since we have already rejected c.

Which option would you choose between a and b. Think. Which is

narrower. Clearly it is a. Since it is taking about strengthening
education system in rural areas only. What about urban areas. So,
reject it in comparison to b which is offering a more generalist
solution.
Now, you have to make a choice between b and d.
Skill development is the part of economic growth. Also, without
proper health and nutrition, how will you give skill if there is issue
of cognitive development. So, first things come first. So, accept d
over a.
20 A global analysis of nitrogen use efficiency– a ❖ Option A is correct because the passage emphasizes the
measure of the amount of nitrogen a plant takes importance of enhancing nitrogen use efficiency for both food
in to grow versus what is left behind as pollution– production and the environment. It highlights the current global
says that using too much fertilizers will lead to nitrogen use efficiency and its implications for pollution of
increased pollution of waterways and the air. waterways and the air, indicating the urgent need for improved
Currently, the global average for nitrogen use efficiency to mitigate these environmental impacts.
efficiency is approximately 0.4, meaning 40 per
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cent of the total nitrogen added to cropland goes ❖ Option B is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that
into the harvested crop while 60 per cent is lost to the production of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers cannot be
the environment, says a study. More than half of stopped. While it acknowledges the role of synthetic nitrogen
the world's population is nourished by food grown fertilizers in achieving high crop yields, it also emphasizes the
with fertilizers containing synthetic nitrogen, negative environmental consequences associated with their
which is needed to produce high crop yields. excessive use.
Plants take the nitrogen they need to grow, and ❖ Option C is incorrect because while identifying and cultivating
the excess is left in the ground, water and air. This alternatives to crops that require excess nitrogen may be
results in significant emissions of nitrous oxide, a beneficial, it is not the primary message implied by the passage.
potent greenhouse and ozone depleting gas, and The passage focuses more on the need to improve nitrogen use
other forms of nitrogen pollution, including efficiency and reduce nitrogen pollution.
eutrophication of lakes and rivers and ❖ Option D is incorrect because while the passage mentions
contamination of river water. alternative agricultural practices such as agroforestry,
agroecosystems, and organic farming, it does not explicitly
Which one of the following statements best advocate for replacing conventional agriculture with these
reflects the most logical, rational and crucial practices. The passage primarily emphasizes the importance of
message implied by the passage? (2023) enhancing nitrogen use efficiency rather than advocating for a
(a) An enhanced efficiency of use of nitrogen is specific agricultural method.
imperative for both food production and
environment.
(b) Production of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers
cannot be stopped as it will adversely affect
global food security.
(c) Alternatives to crops that require excess of
nitrogen should be identified and cultivated.
(d) Conventional agriculture using synthetic
fertilizers should be replaced with
agroforestry, agro ecosystem and organic
farming.
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21 The paradox of choice is illustrated by the story of d ❖ Option A is incorrect because while the passage mentions
Buridan's ass. Jean Buridan, the 14th century changes in technology and innovations, it does not specifically
philosopher, wrote about free will and the state that modern technology weakens societal structure.
inability to choose due to numerous choices and Instead, it suggests that modern technology exacerbates the
uncertainties. In the story, a donkey stands problem of too many choices.
between two equally appealing stacks of hay. ❖ Option B is incorrect because while the passage discusses
Unable to decide which to eat, it starves to death. uncertainties and difficult choices, it does not suggest that
Changes in technology and innovations such as modern life is solely characterized by these factors. It focuses
smart phones and tablets only exacerbate our glut more on the challenges posed by an abundance of choices rather
of choices. Constant connectivity and than uncertainties.
overconsumption of real-time data and social ❖ Option C is incorrect because while the passage mentions the
media can leave little room for self-reflection and influence of constant connectivity and overconsumption of real-
rest, making decisions more difficult. Life is about time data and social media, it does not specifically address the
choices. Many people are overwhelmed with idea of being influenced by the opinions of others and lacking
attractive life choices, yet find themselves the courage to follow one's convictions.
unhappy and anxious. ❖ Option D is correct because it reflects the most logical message
implied by the passage. The passage discusses the paradox of
Which one of the following statements best choice, where having too many choices can lead to decision
reflects the most logical message implied by the paralysis and unhappiness. It illustrates this concept through the
above passage? (2023) story of Buridan's ass and relates it to modern life, suggesting
(a) Modern technology enfeebles societal that changes in technology and innovations have exacerbated
structure and makes life difficult. the glut of choices, making decisions more difficult. Therefore,
(b) Modern life is full of uncertainties and endless the passage implies that having too many choices can be equally
difficult choices. challenging as having too few.
(c) We are influenced by the opinion of others and
have no courage to follow our own convictions. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
(d) In our lives, having too few choices may not be read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
a good thing, but having too many can be
equally as difficult.
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Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC

aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
In the given choice of options, all the statements seems correct. But,
then, how can you make a choice. It is simple – look for the broader
statement which somehow can incorporate the ideas of other
statements. In that sense, statement d is the right choice than a, b
and c.
Further, the more humane statement which is closer to human
psyche is statement d. See the initial 4 words of paragram – the
paradox of choice – so, a message may/must include a logical
statement having the idea of choice which makes statement d a
right choice.

22 Household finance in India is unique. We have a d ❖ Statement 1 is correct: The passage emphasizes the need for a
tendency to invest heavily in physical assets such flexible environment to encourage the financialization of
as gold and property. Steps to encourage the savings. It mentions hurdles such as bureaucracy and skepticism
financialization of savings are critical. A populace of financial institutions, suggesting that solutions must be
accustomed to traditional processes will not adaptable to address these challenges. Therefore, a flexible
simply jump into financialization. Hurdles to approach is necessary to develop solutions that can cater to the
change include onerous bureaucracy, a scepticism diverse needs and preferences of households.
of organized financial institutions, a lack of basic ❖ Statement 2 is correct: Although the passage does not explicitly
information about which of the myriad services mention the need for customized solutions for households, it
and providers is best for each family, and how implies the importance of tailored approaches. It discusses
(and even if) one can make the transition between hurdles such as a lack of basic information and skepticism
them if necessary. towards financial institutions, indicating that households may
require personalized strategies to overcome these barriers
Regarding the financialization of household effectively.
savings, which of the following statements best ❖ Statement 3 is correct: The passage highlights the significance
of innovations in financial technology (fintech) to facilitate the
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reflect the solutions that are implied by the financialization of savings. It suggests that advancements in
passage? (2023) fintech can help address obstacles such as skepticism towards
1. A flexible environment is needed to develop financial institutions and provide households with better access
solutions. to financial services. Therefore, innovations in financial
2. Households need customized solutions. technology are indeed required to encourage the
3. Innovations in financial technology are required financialization of household savings.
Select the correct answer using the code given
below: NOTE- The question asks about implied solutions. Try to gauge if any
(a) 1 and 2 only direct/indirect reference is made in the passage and mark the
(b) 2 and 3 only statement correct even if there is any indirect mention of the
(c) 1 and 3 only solution.
(d) 1, 2 and 3
CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC

aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
Simply solve this as a general GS Question.
The question is looking for solution regarding the financialization of
household savings.
For this all the given statement are logical in terms of reasons. So,
mark 1, 2 and 3 are correct which gives us option d.

23 When an international team of scientists pumped b (a) Not Valid: While the passage mentions the formation of
a carbon dioxide and water mix into underground limestone, it does not discuss the economic feasibility or
basalt rocks, basic chemistry took over. The acidic practical applications for commercial production of limestone.
mixture dissolved rocks’ calcium and magnesium The focus is on the chemical process and its implications for
and formed limestone. Basically, carbon dioxide is carbon sequestration, not commercial use.
converted into stone, exclaimed the scientists.
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Which one of the following statements best (b) Valid: This option directly relates to the passage's emphasis on
reflects the most logical, rational and practical converting carbon dioxide into a solid form (limestone). Carbon
suggestion implied by the passage? (2024) sequestration refers to the process of capturing and storing
(a) It is a cheap and practical method to produce atmospheric carbon dioxide, which aligns with the scientists'
limestone at commercial level for building findings and the goal of reducing greenhouse gases.
purposes. (c) Not Valid: Although the process does involve dissolving calcium
(b) This can be used as one of the methods of and magnesium from basalt rocks, the passage does not suggest
carbon sequestration. that this is a practical or intended outcome for sourcing these
(c) Basalt rock can be made a good source of minerals. The main focus is on the conversion of carbon dioxide,
calcium and magnesium minerals by this not mineral extraction.
method. (d) Not Valid: This statement implies that the mixture itself is a
(d) Good rock-dissolving acid can be produced by beneficial acid, but the passage does not discuss the acidity of
mixing carbon dioxide and water. the resulting solution or its usefulness as a dissolving agent. The
focus is more on the chemical reaction and its products rather
than the properties of the mixture itself.
Hence, B is the correct answer.

➢ Producing limestone through natural processes or chemical

reactions may be a plausible industrial method, but without
specifics from the passage, this doesn't seem to be the most
likely implied suggestion. Producing limestone, while practical, is
not directly related to any of the common methods related to
environmental solutions or carbon sequestration, which is often
a focus in such contexts.
(b): "This can be used as one of the methods of carbon
sequestration."
➢ This is a highly plausible and practical suggestion. The
dissolution of rocks, particularly basalt, with carbon dioxide is a
method studied for carbon sequestration, where CO₂ is turned
into solid minerals, effectively removing carbon from the
atmosphere. This ties well with environmental sustainability and
current scientific efforts to address climate change. Also, this
statement is suggestive and progressive and is discussing
possibilities. Such statements are generally correct.
(c): "Basalt rock can be made a good source of calcium and
magnesium minerals by this method."
➢ This option seems somewhat less likely to be the main
suggestion. While basalt rocks do contain these minerals, the
implied process is more likely to focus on carbon sequestration
and CO₂ dissolution rather than extracting calcium and
magnesium for commercial use. The focus would typically be on
reducing CO₂ rather than on mineral extraction for building
purposes.

(d): "Good rock-dissolving acid can be produced by mixing carbon

dioxide and water."
➢ This suggestion seems to focus on the process of creating an
acid, but it's less practical in the context of commercial use for
environmental solutions. The passage might discuss dissolving
rocks, but focusing on producing an acid as the main goal isn't
the typical focus in environmental contexts where CO₂ is
involved.
Hence, the most logical, rational, and practical suggestion
implied by the passage, especially in the context of carbon
dioxide and environmental solutions, is Option (b): "This can be
used as one of the methods of carbon sequestration." This
aligns with the broader scientific interest in using natural or
chemical processes to store carbon and reduce atmospheric CO₂,
making it the most reasonable answer.

24 Now-a-days there is a growing trend to use d (a) Not Valid: This statement focuses on manufacturing
interconnected home devices. As consumers expenditures, which is not the central theme of the passage. The
increasingly network their homes, the connected emphasis is on data gathering and consumer privacy.
home device manufacturers and service providers (b) Not Valid: While this option discusses consumer behaviour and
will seek to overcome “thin profit margins by economic growth, it does not capture the primary concerns of
gathering more of our personal data-with or privacy and data collection outlined in the passage.
without our agreement- turning the home into a (c) Not Valid: This statement highlights positive aspects of
corporate storefront”. Corporate marketers will interconnected devices but overlooks the significant risks related
have powerful incentives to observe consumer to privacy and security mentioned in the passage.
behaviour to understand the buying needs and (d) Valid: The passage highlights concerns about interconnected
preferences of the device owners. home devices, particularly the gathering of personal data by
manufacturers and service providers. It emphasizes the potential
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Which one of the following statements best risks to privacy and security as these devices turn homes into
reflects the most logical, rational and practical corporate storefronts. This option directly addresses the
message implied by the passage? (2024) implications of data collection and the associated risks.
(a) Knowledge of consumer behaviour leads to Hence, D is the correct answer.
more capital expenditure in manufacturing
sector.
(b) Knowledge of consumer behaviour stimulates
the growth of commerce and trade and thus
helps in the overall economic development of
the country.
(c) Interconnected devices give a lot of comfort to
home users and improve the overall quality of
life.
(d) Interconnected devices can be at security risk
and home users may have privacy risk.

TOPIC 5: COROLLARY
Total Number of Questions Asked from 2013-24
9
My instructions related this topic Dear students,
Corollary forms an important portion for UPSC CSAT Questions and
many of us do the mistake while doing questions from this section.
But after going through this instruction and reinforcing the idea
with the CHEAT CODE, your accuracy will improve to the next level.
In general, apply these steps

Steps to Solve Corollary Questions in UPSC CSAT Comprehension:

Corollary questions ask for conclusions or propositions that

naturally follow from the information provided in the passage. They
require a strong understanding of logical connections.
1. Understand the Passage’s Core Argument:
o Identify the main argument or idea in the passage.
o Look for the reasoning or principles underlying the
argument.
2. Define Corollary:
A corollary is a logical extension of the given argument. It
must directly follow from the passage without introducing
new ideas or assumptions.
3. Look for Cause-and-Effect Relationships:
Corollaries often emerge from the cause-and-effect
structure in the passage. If the passage explains a principle
or a fact, think about what logically happens next.
4. Stick to What is Implied:
o Avoid options that require additional assumptions
not supported by the passage.
o The corollary should feel like a natural consequence
of the argument presented.
5. Apply the "Must Follow" Test:

o If the passage is true, the corollary must follow

logically and inevitably.
o If an option does not necessarily follow, it cannot be
the correct answer.
6. Eliminate Incorrect Options:
o Restatements: Corollaries are new logical
consequences, not repetitions of the passage's
content.
o Irrelevant Ideas: Discard options unrelated to the
argument.
o Overgeneralizations: Avoid options that extend
beyond the scope of the passage.
7. Focus on Logical Consistency:
The corollary must align with the tone, logic, and scope of
the passage. Anything contradicting or exceeding the
context is incorrect.
8. Practice Regularly:
Solve corollary-based questions in CSAT mocks and
previous papers to get a sense of how they are framed and
develop speed in recognizing logical extensions.
Apart from it, try to answer it through the CHEAT CODE METHOD.
This will enhance the accuracy of your answer.
Further must watch the video on CSAT Channel – CIVIL SERVICES
WITH NEELESH

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-EaE21NqDtI

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS RELATED TO THIS TOPIC

1 Flamingos in large flock in the wild are social and c The most logical corollary to the passage is (c) Social behaviour in
extremely loyal. They perform group mating some species of birds increases the odds of survival in an unsafe world.
dances. Parents are very fond of their chicks, This corollary directly relates to the description of flamingos' social
gathering them into crèches for protection while behaviours, such as group mating dances, parents caring for their
both males and females fly off to search for food. chicks, and the formation of crèches for protection while searching for
food, illustrating how social behaviours can enhance survival chances.
Which among the following is the most logical
corollary to the above passage? (2015) CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
(a) Mass nesting in all species of bird is essential to read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
ensure complete survival of their offspring.
(b) Only birds have the capacity to develop social (a) All species – extreme statement – reject
behaviour and thus can do mass nesting to raise (b) Only birds – extreme word – reject
their chicks in safety. (c) Some species – a POSSIBILITY STATEMENT – can be the answer
(c)Social behaviour in some species of birds (d) All word – extreme word – Reject
increases the odds of survival in an unsafe world.
(d) All species of birds set up creches for their Thus, logic says, answer should be c which is the actual answer.
chicks to teach them social behaviour and loyalty

2 Climate change is already making many people b ❖ Option(a) is incorrect - While this option addresses support for
hungry all over the world, by disrupting crop yields affected communities, it focuses on alleviation measures without
and pushing up prices. And it is not just food but addressing the interlinked cycle of poverty and climate change
nutrients that are becoming scarcer as the climate directly.
changes. It is the poorest communities that will ❖ Option(b) is correct - This option directly addresses the cyclical
suffer the worst effects of climate change, relationship between poverty and climate change as described in

including increased hunger and malnutrition as the passage. It implies a need for systemic changes to how food is
crop production and livelihoods are threatened. On produced, distributed, and consumed to break this cycle.
the other hand, poverty is a driver of climate ❖ Option(c) is incorrect. - While global unity against poverty and
change, as desperate communities’ resort to malnutrition is important, this option does not specifically address
unsustainable use of resources to meet current the linkage between climate change and poverty nor the specific
needs. context of disrupted food systems due to climate change.
❖ Option(d) is incorrect - This option addresses some of the
Which among the following is the most logical symptoms mentioned in the passage (unsustainable practices and
corollary to the above passage? (2015) high food prices) but does not fully capture the interdependency
(a) Government should allocate more funds to between climate change and poverty or suggest a systemic
poverty alleviation programmes and increase food rethinking of food systems.
subsidies to the poor communities.
(b) Poverty and climate impacts reinforce each CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
other and therefore we have to re-imagine our read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
food systems.
(c) All the countries of the world must unite in Just think of the options like a learned option
fighting poverty and malnutrition and treat poverty (a) Option a – even in India, we ask for empowering people instead
global problem. of simply allocating funds. It is generally a agreed fact that we
(d) We must stop unsustainable agricultural have sufficient funds but somehow, we lack in implementation –
practices immediately and control food prices. so, I would prefer to reject it
(b) Option b – this seems to be a right statement – Reserve it to
choose from
(c) Option c – Imaginary statement – but can be the answer
(d) Option d – immediately word – reject it. Just think of livelihood
of those who are involved in such practices. So, definitely, such
practices must be removed but only after taking various factors
in account.
So, if I have to take a bet, I will take a bet in b/w b and c.

And amongst them, b seems to be more appropriate to me – since –

it is rare that the world will unite to fight poverty and treat it as
global problem. Even the steps by developed countries are namesake
and for paper purpose only. So, I would prefer b which is the answer.

3 By killing transparency and competition, crony c ❖ Option a is incorrect: This option suggests increasing welfare
capitalism is harmful to free enterprise, schemes and financial allocations. However, the passage primarily
opportunity and economic growth. Crony focuses on the negative impacts of crony capitalism and the middle-
capitalism, where rich and the influential are income trap. While welfare schemes may address some social
alleged to have received land and natural resources issues, they do not directly relate to the core issues raised in the
and various licences in return for payoffs to venal passage.
politicians, is now a major issue to be tackled. One ❖ Option b is incorrect: This option proposes alternative methods to
of the greatest dangers to growth of developing boost economic growth and suggests providing licenses to the poor.
economies like India is the middle-income trap While economic growth is a concern mentioned in the passage, the
where crony capitalism creates oligarchies that focus is more on addressing crony capitalism and its impact on
slow down the growth. growth, rather than solely on economic growth itself. Providing
licenses to the poor is not directly related to the issue of crony
Which among the following is the most logical capitalism.
corollary to the above passage? (2016) ❖ Option c is correct: This option emphasizes the need for
(a) Launching more welfare schemes and allocating transparency in government operations and promoting financial
more finances for the current schemes are urgently inclusion, which directly addresses the issues of crony capitalism
needed and the middle-income trap mentioned in the passage.
(b) Efforts should be made to push up economic Transparency helps prevent corrupt practices, while financial
growth by other means and provide licences to the inclusion ensures broader access to economic opportunities, which
poor are essential for addressing the negative effects of crony capitalism.
(c) Greater transparency in the functioning of the ❖ Option d is incorrect: This option suggests focusing on developing
government and promoting the financial inclusion the manufacturing sector over the service sector. While economic
are needed at present diversification is important, the passage primarily discusses issues

(d) We should concentrate more on developing related to crony capitalism and its impact on economic growth,
manufacturing sector than service sector rather than the relative importance of different sectors.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Simply read the options directly and think like a logical UPSC aspirant.
Choose the most generic, logical, solution-oriented and positive
statement
(a) We do not have dearth of welfare schemes – what we lack is
implementation – this is as per our GS knowledge. So, reject it
(b) Providing licences to the poor -cmon – first provide them the
necessary things such as job, ration card, health benefit,
education etc. Then will come license. So, reject it
(c) This seems a logical and solution-oriented statement. Accept it
(d) This is illogical. While focus must be on manufacturing but this
must not come at the cost of service sector. Reject it

Hence, by logic, answer should be c.

4 An increase in human-made carbon dioxide in the d ❖ Option(d) is correct: The passage highlights the potential
atmosphere could initiate a chain reaction consequences of increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere
between plants and microorganisms that would on soil carbon reservoirs. It suggests that as plant growth increases
unsettle one of the largest carbon reservoirs on the due to higher carbon dioxide levels, microbial activity in the soil
planet-soil. In a study, it was found that the soil, could also accelerate, leading to the decomposition of soil carbon
which contains twice the amount of carbon and its release into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Therefore,
present in all plants and Earth’s atmosphere increasing green cover (plant growth) could indeed trigger the
combined, could become increasingly volatile as release of carbon trapped in soil.
people add more carbon dioxide to the ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because while the passage mentions the role
atmosphere. This is largely because of increased of carbon dioxide in stimulating plant growth, it does not
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plant growth. As trees and other vegetation specifically state that carbon dioxide is essential for the survival of
flourish in a carbon dioxide-rich future, their roots microorganisms and plants.
could stimulate microbial activity in soil that may in ❖ Option (b) is incorrect because while humans contribute to the
turn accelerate the decomposition of soil carbon increase in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, the passage
and its release into the atmosphere as carbon does not attribute the release of carbon dioxide solely to humans.
dioxide. It discusses the potential consequences of increased carbon dioxide
levels, regardless of the source.
Which among the following is the most logical ❖ Option (c) is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that
corollary to the above passage? (2016) microorganisms and soil carbon are mainly responsible for
(a) Carbon dioxide is essential for the survival of increased plant growth. It highlights the potential feedback loop
microorganisms and plants between increased plant growth, microbial activity in soil, and the
(b) Humans are solely responsible for the release release of soil carbon into the atmosphere.
of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
(c) Microorganisms and soil carbon are mainly CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
responsible for the increased plant growth read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(d) Increasing green cover could trigger the release
of carbon trapped in soil Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it one by one
(a) We already know that there are many microorganisms which do
not need carbon di-oxide. That is why, it is biodiversity. So, reject
it
(b) Solely responsible. What about animals who breathe – reject it
(c) There can be other factors too which are responsible for increased
plant growth – so reject it
(d) Makes sense – a possibility statement – so, accept it
So, d must be the answer as per common sense.

5 Over the last decade, Indian agriculture has a ❖ Option (a) is correct because it addresses the contrast in the
become more robust with record production of passage between high agricultural production and the persistence
food grains and oilseeds. Increased procurement, of undernourishment. Improving the efficiency of the farm-to-fork
consequently, has added huge stacks of food grains value chain could help bridge the gap between production and the
in the granaries. India is one of the world’s top actual food security of the population, tackling issues like
producers of rice, wheat, milk, fruits and distribution, storage, and accessibility, which are implied challenges
vegetables. India is still home to a quarter of all given the context of the passage.
undernourished people in the world. On an ❖ Option (b) is incorrect because the passage itself presents a
average, almost half of the total expenditure of scenario where despite high productivity in agriculture,
nearly half of the households is on food. malnutrition and poverty persist. This indicates that merely
increasing agricultural productivity does not automatically solve
Which among the following is the most logical these socio-economic issues.
corollary to the above passage? (2017) ❖ Option (c) is incorrect as the passage implies that despite
(a) Increasing the efficiency of farm-to-fork value significant production achievements, issues like undernourishment
chain is necessary to reduce the poverty and remain prevalent. Thus, the quality, distribution, or access related
malnutrition. to agricultural productivity still requires attention, not just the
(b) Increasing the agricultural productivity will quantity of production.
automatically eliminate the poverty and ❖ Option (d) is incorrect because, while funding for social welfare and
malnutrition in India. poverty alleviation is important, the passage specifically discusses
(c) India’s agricultural productivity is already great the paradox of high agricultural output alongside high rates of
and it is not necessary to increase it further. undernourishment. This suggests that solutions might also need to
(d) Allocation of more funds for social welfare and focus on the agricultural sector's efficiencies and systems rather
poverty alleviation programmes will ultimately than solely on increasing funding for social programs.
eliminate the poverty and malnutrition in India.
CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC

aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it –
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➢ Option B has the word ‘automatically eliminate’ which can be

inferred as incorrect.
➢ Option C is incorrect from GS point of view.
➢ Option D also has the word ‘ultimately eliminate’ hence we can
infer it incorrect.

The correct answer becomes option A.

6 Many pathogens that cause foodborne illnesses a ❖ Option A is correct -This conclusion can be drawn directly from the
are unknown. Food contamination can occur at any concerns expressed in the passage about the rapid globalisation of
stage from farm to plate. Since most cases of food food production, which has led to increased complexity in
poisoning go unreported, the true extent of global regulating and tracing food, thereby increasing consumers'
food borne illnesses is unknown. vulnerability to foodborne illnesses. The statement "We have the
Improvements in international monitoring have led world on our plates" by a WHO official underscores the vast variety
to greater public awareness, yet the rapid of food sources now available, which logically correlates to
globalisation of food production increases increased risk of contamination due to more complex supply chains
consumers’ vulnerability by making food harder to and regulatory challenges.
regulate and trace. ‘We have the world on our ❖ Option (b) is incorrect because the passage does not claim that
plates’, says an official of WHO. food processing is the sole source of all foodborne illnesses.
Instead, it mentions that contamination can occur at any stage from
Which of the following is the most logical farm to plate.
corollary to the above passage? (2018) ❖ Option (c) is incorrect because, while promoting locally produced
(a) With more options for food come more risks food might reduce some risks of foodborne illness by shortening
(b) Food processing is the source of all foodborne supply chains and potentially simplifying regulation and traceability,
illnesses the passage does not specifically advocate exclusively depending on
(c) We should depend on locally produced food local food.
only ❖ Option (d) is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that
(d) Globalisation of food production should be globalization of food production should be stopped or reduced; it
curtailed
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simply highlights the increased risk and regulatory challenges

associated with it.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

In such questions, elimination technique should be used Option b, c

and d are extreme situations and also illogical, which can be easily
eliminated.
Just read the question without reading the passage. As an UPSC
aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see it:
➢ Option A is correct from a general studies perspective. So,
reserve it for the time being.
➢ Option B is incorrect because it contains the word ‘all’ which
makes the statement extreme. Rest, the statement itself is
illogical.
➢ Option C can be inferred as incorrect since it contains the word
‘only’. Further, should you really depend on local food only? This
will be anti-global. Isn’t it. So, reject this option.
➢ Option D can also be inferred as incorrect since the statement
talks of curtailing food production which is not desirable. So,
reject it.

Hence, the best option to choose is option A.

7 With the digital phenomenon restructuring most b ❖ Option A is incorrect because the passage does not explicitly state
social sector, it is little surprise that global trade that globalization is not in the interests of India. It discusses how
negotiations are now eyeing the digital area in an global trade negotiations are targeting the digital area and the
attempt to pre-emptively colonize it. Big Data is potential exploitation of digital intelligence, but it does not make a
freely collected or mined from developing direct statement about the overall impact of globalization on India's
countries, and converted into digital intelligence in socio-economic structures.
developed countries. This intelligence begins to ❖ Option B is correct because the passage suggests the need for India
control different sectors and extract monopoly to protect its digital sovereignty in global trade talks, as it highlights
rents. A large foreign company providing cab the potential exploitation of digital intelligence collected from
service, for instance is not a network of cars and developing countries by developed ones.
drivers: it is digital intelligence about commuting, ❖ Option C is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that
public transport, roads traffic, city events. personal India should charge monopoly rents from multinational companies
behavioural, characteristics of commuters and so in exchange for Big Data. It discusses how multinational companies
on. may extract monopoly rents using digital intelligence, but it does
not propose this specific course of action for India.
Which one of the following is the most logical and ❖ Option D is incorrect because the passage does not imply that the
rational corollary to the above passage? (2019) loss of Big Data from India is directly proportional to the degree or
(a) Globalization is not in the interests of Indian as value of its foreign trade. It highlights the potential exploitation of
it undermines its socio - economic structures. digital intelligence from developing countries, but it does not make
(b) India should be careful to protect its digital a direct correlation between this and the extent of foreign trade.
sovereignty in global trade talks.
(c) Indian should charge monopoly rents from CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
multinational companies in exchange for Big Data. read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(d) The loss of Big Data from India is proportional
to the degree/value of its foreign trade. Option (a) – we regularly talk about globalisation and how it is bringing
the positive change – so, it is in the interest of Indians – hence, reject
this option

Option (b) – the given statement is correct and logical from common
sense. India must always work to protect its digital sovereignty. Hence,
accept it
Option (c) – we have always opposed Monopoly in the interest of all
as monopoly works against inclusivity – so, this statement is wrong –
reject it
Option (d) - there is conclusive metric to show such measurement –
so reject it.
Hence, the only logical statement to accept is option (b)

8 The rural poor across the world, including India a ❖ Option A is correct because the passage highlights the significant
have contributed little to human- induced climate role of small-holder farmers in food production and their
change, yet they are on the frontline in coping with vulnerability to climate change. Therefore, supporting small
its effects. Farmers can no longer rely on historical farmers becomes crucial for ensuring both food security and
averages for rainfall and temperature and the more environmental sustainability.
frequent and extreme weather events such as ❖ Option B is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that
droughts and floods can spell disaster. And there poor countries have little role to play in the mitigation of global
are new threats, such as sea level rise and the warming. Instead, it emphasizes the vulnerability of rural poor,
impact of melting glaciers on water supply. How including small farmers, to the effects of climate change.
significant are small farms? As many as two billion ❖ Option C is incorrect because while the passage mentions the
people worldwide depend on them for their food significant contribution of small-holder farmers to food security in
and livelihood. Small -holder farmers in India India, it does not imply that India will not have food security
produce 41 per cent of the country's food grains problems in the foreseeable future solely because of the large
and other food items that contribute to local and number of farmer households.
national food security. ❖ Option D is incorrect because while small-holder farmers in India
contribute significantly to food security, the passage does not
What is the most logical and rational corollary to suggest that only they can ensure food security. It emphasizes the
the above passage? (2019) importance of supporting small farmers but does not exclude the
role of other stakeholders in ensuring food security.
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(a) Supporting small farmers is an important part of

any agenda regarding environmentally sustainable CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you cannot
development. read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(b) Poor countries have little role to play in the
mitigation of global warming. Let's break down each option logically and based on common sense,
(c) Due to a large number of farmer households, even without the passage:
India will not have food security problem in the Option a) Supporting small farmers is an important part of any
foreseeable future. agenda regarding environmentally sustainable development.
(d) Only small-holder farmers in India can ensure ➢ Small farmers often play a key role in environmental
food security. sustainability due to their diversified, often organic, farming
practices, which can be more ecologically friendly compared to
large-scale industrial farming.
➢ This makes logical sense, as environmental sustainability is
closely linked with agriculture, and supporting small farmers can
be an effective way to ensure long-term environmental health.
➢ This is a reasonable and logical statement.
Option b) Poor countries have little role to play in the mitigation of
global warming.
➢ This statement is contradictory to common global environmental
discussions, where even developing nations are encouraged to
play a role in global warming mitigation, as the effects of climate
change impact every country, including poorer ones.
➢ Furthermore, poorer countries are often at the frontlines of
climate change, facing the most severe consequences despite
contributing the least to global warming.
➢ Not a logical statement in the modern context.
Option c) Due to a large number of farmer households, India will not
have food security problems in the foreseeable future.

➢ While India does have a large number of farmers, food security is

a complex issue that also involves factors like climate change,
water availability, government policies, and economic access to
food. Simply having a large number of farmers doesn't guarantee
food security.
➢ This statement oversimplifies the issue of food security and isn’t
a logical corollary to broader discussions about food and
agricultural policies.
➢ Not a rational or logical inference.
Option d) Only small-holder farmers in India can ensure food
security.
➢ While small-holder farmers can play a significant role in ensuring
food security through local and sustainable practices, it’s overly
simplistic to claim that only small farmers can ensure food
security. Large-scale farming, technological advancements, and
government policies also contribute to food security.
➢ This statement is too restrictive and doesn’t take into account the
bigger picture of food security.
➢ Not a balanced or logical statement.
Conclusion (Cheatcode Answer):
The most logical and rational option, considering the importance of
sustainable development and environmental factors in modern
agriculture, is Option a. Supporting small farmers contributes to both
food security and environmental sustainability.
Answer: a) Supporting small farmers is an important part of any
agenda regarding environmentally sustainable development

9 In India, the objective of macroeconomics policy is a (a) Valid: This statement aligns well with the passage’s implication of
to enhance the economic welfare of the people, interdependence between monetary policy (typically managed by the
and any one wing of such macro policy, monetary central bank) and fiscal policy (managed by the government). It
or fiscal, cannot independently work without reflects the idea that both entities need to collaborate to achieve
active support of another. macroeconomic objectives.
(b) Not Valid: While this may be true, it doesn't directly reflect the
Which one of the following statements best interdependence of monetary and fiscal policies highlighted in the
reflects the corollary to the passage given above? passage.
(2021) (c) Not Valid: This statement introduces a contrasting view but does
(a) The central bank cannot work independently of not relate to the interdependence of monetary and fiscal policy, thus
the Government. is not a corollary to the passage.
(b) Government should regulate financial markets (d) Not Valid: Although financial sector reforms can contribute to
and institutions closely. economic welfare, this statement does not directly address the
(c) Market economy is not compatible with the interdependence aspect discussed in the passage.
socialist policies of the Government.
(d) Financial sector reforms are required for Hence, correct option is A
enhancing the economic welfare of the people.

TOPIC 6: FACTUAL QUESTIONS

Total Number of Questions Asked from 2013-24
103
My instructions related this topic Dear students,
Factual questions are easy to do and forms an important portion for
UPSC CSAT Questions and many of us do the mistake while doing
questions from this section. But after going through this instruction
and reinforcing the idea with the CHEAT CODE, your accuracy will
improve to the next level.
In general, apply these steps
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Steps to Solve Factual Questions in UPSC CSAT Comprehension:

Factual questions test your ability to extract specific details or
directly stated information from the passage. They require
attention to the explicit content without interpretation or inference.
1. Read the Question First:
• Understand what the question is asking. Look for specific
keywords, figures, or phrases that direct you to a part of the
passage.
2. Skim and Scan the Passage:
• Quickly locate the section of the passage that contains the
information related to the question.
• Use the keywords from the question to narrow down the
relevant portion.
3. Focus on Explicit Information Only:
• Factual questions require you to rely strictly on what is
stated in the passage. Avoid interpreting or assuming
anything beyond what is mentioned.
4. Be Cautious with Similar Words or Phrasing:
• Sometimes options paraphrase parts of the passage. Ensure
the meaning aligns exactly with the information in the
passage.
• Watch out for options that sound plausible but are not
mentioned or are slightly distorted.

5. Eliminate Incorrect Options:

• Discard options that:
o Introduce new information not found in the passage.
o Generalize or overextend what is stated.
o Contradict the passage.

6. Verify with the Passage:

• Double-check the answer by cross-referencing it with the
passage to ensure accuracy.
7. Practice Precision:
• Pay attention to details like numbers, names, dates, or
specific facts mentioned in the passage. These are
commonly targeted in factual questions.

Common Traps to Avoid:

• Misinterpreting Facts: Stick to what is explicitly stated
without adding meaning.
• Partial Information: Some options may only include part of
the fact, making them incorrect.
• Extreme Options: Avoid options with absolute terms like
always, never, all, unless explicitly mentioned in the
passage.
By following these steps and practicing regularly, you’ll develop
accuracy in answering factual questions with confidence.
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Apart from it, try to answer it through the CHEAT CODE METHOD.
This will enhance the accuracy of your answer.
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WITH NEELESH
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-EaE21NqDtI

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS RELATED TO THIS TOPIC

1 Corporate governance is based on principles such as a ❖ Statement 1 is correct because the passage mentions in
conducting the business with all integrity and fairness, the first line that conducting business in compliance with
being transparent with regard to all transactions, making all the laws of the land is a fundamental principle of
all the necessary disclosures and decisions, complying with corporate governance. This would naturally include labour
all the laws of the land, accountability and responsibility and tax laws. Thus, this statement is aligned with the
towards the stakeholders and commitment to conducting principles described in the passage.
business in an ethical manner. Another point which is ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect. The passage simply mentions
highlighted on corporate governance is the need for those that the presence of an active group of independent
in control to be able to distinguish between what are directors on the board contributes a great deal towards
personal and corporate funds while managing a company. ensuring the confidence in the market. However, the
Fundamentally, there is a level of confidence that is passage does not specifically mention that a government
associated with a company that is known to have good representative must be one of these independent
corporate governance. The presence of an active group of directors. The key point is the independence of the
independent directors on the board contributes a great directors, not necessarily their governmental affiliation.
deal towards ensuring confidence in the market. Corporate ❖ Statement 3 is incorrect because the passage does not
governance is known to be one of the criteria that foreign make such a categorical statement about managers

institutional investors are increasingly depending on when investing personal funds in the company. It highlights the
deciding on which companies to invest in. It is also known importance of distinguishing between personal and
to have a positive influence on the share price of the corporate funds in the management of a company, which
company. Having a clean image on the corporate is a matter of financial integrity and transparency, rather
governance front could also make it easier for companies than outright prohibiting personal investment in the
to source capital at more reasonable costs. Unfortunately, company.
corporate governance often becomes the centre of
discussion only after the exposure of a large scam. Therefore, the answer is Option (a).

According to the passage, which of the following should CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
be the practice/practices in good corporate governance? cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(2013) Just read the options directly and apply your common
1. Companies should always comply with labour and tax sense/GS knowledge on Corporate Governance
laws of the land. 1) It is definitely right. Complying with labour and tax laws
2. Every company in the country should have a is one of the features of corporate governance. So, accept
government representative as one of the independent it
directors on the board to ensure transparency. 2) This is gross overstatement. Even the govt. does not have
3. The manager of a company should never invest his
enough machinery that it can employ a representative for
personal funds in the company.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below: each and every small company. So, reject it.
(a) 1 only 3) It is never written anywhere. Though manager may avoid
(b) 2 and 3 only investing his personal funds in the company, but in time
(c) 1 and 3 only of crisis, to save the company, he may. So, reject it.
(d) 1, 2 and 3 So, common sense says 1 only which is the right answer.

2 Use the Same passage as Above a ❖ Statement 1 is correct since the passage explicitly states
that good corporate governance is known to have a
According to the passage, which of the following is/are positive influence on the share price of the company. This
the major benefit/benefits of good corporate makes statement 1 accurate based on the passage.
governance? (2013) ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect because the passage does not
1. Good corporate governance leads to increase in share mention anything about the rate at which business
price of the company. turnover increases as a direct result of good corporate
2. A company with good corporate governance always governance. While good corporate governance might
increases its business turnover rapidly. contribute to a favourable business environment,
3. Good corporate governance is the main criterion for attributing rapid turnover increase solely to it is not
foreign institutional investors when they decide to buy a supported by the passage.
company. ❖ Statement 3 is also incorrect because the passage
Select the correct answer using the codes given below: indicates that corporate governance is one of the criteria
(a) 1 only that foreign institutional investors are increasingly
(b) 2 and 3 only depending on when deciding on which companies to invest
(c) 1 and 3 only in. However, it does not state that it is the ‘main’ criterion.
(d) 1, 2 and 3 Therefore, this statement is partially true but overstates
the passage's claim.
Therefore, the answer is (a).

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
1) This is definitely a benefit of good governance. Accept it.
2) Always increase – extreme statement – reject it. Further,
things are gradual and not rapid
3) Good corporate governance can be the criteria but is not
the main criteria. The main criteria is the profitability for

any company to invest. They will bring the corporate

governance once they invest. So, reject it.
So, 1 only should be the answer if we have to take a bet on.

3 Malnutrition most commonly occurs between the ages of c ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because the passage specifically
six months and two years. This happens despite the child's points out that the issue isn't just the regularity of food
food requirements being less than that of an older child. intake but the adequacy and suitability of the food
Malnutrition is often attributed to poverty, but it has been provided to young children. Malnutrition can occur even
found that even in households where adults eat adequate when food is regularly available if the specific nutritional
quantities of food, more than 50 per cent of children- needs of children are not met. Hence, this option is too
under-five do not consume enough food. The child's broad and does not directly address the crux of the
dependence on someone else to feed him/her is primarily problem as outlined in the passage.
responsible for the malnutrition. Very often the mother is ❖ Option (b) is incorrect since the passage mentions that
working and the responsibility of feeding the young child is malnutrition most commonly occurs between six months
left to an older sibling. It is therefore crucial to increase and two years of age, implying that it's a critical period for
awareness regarding the child's food needs and how to addressing nutritional needs. However, suggesting that
satisfy them. malnutrition can be reduced "after they cross the age of
five" does not address the root causes of malnutrition
According to the passage, malnutrition in children can discussed in the passage, such as the dependency on
be reduced (2013) others for feeding and the lack of awareness regarding the
(a) if the children have regular intake of food. child's food needs. Therefore, this option does not offer a
(b) after they cross the age of five. solution based on the information given.
(c) if the food needs of younger children are known. ❖ Option (c) is correct as it aligns with the passage's
(d) if the responsibility of feeding younger children is emphasis on the necessity of understanding and fulfilling
given to adults. the specific food needs of younger children to reduce
malnutrition. It suggests that awareness and knowledge
about these needs are crucial. This is given in the last line.
❖ Option (d) is incorrect because the passage highlights that
the issue is not merely about who feeds the child but the
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awareness and understanding of the child's specific food

needs. Even in households where adults consume
adequate food, more than 50% of children under five do
not consume enough food, indicating that the problem lies
in the lack of awareness and knowledge about how to
meet these needs.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
See the question. How will you reduce the malnutrition.
Simple – if you give the right food. When will you give the right
food – when you have the knowledge of the right food. So,
move accordingly
(a) Regular intake of food – a wrong answer e.g. in rich families
– they have enough food but Kurkure and chips become
the culprit for malnutrition. So, it is not always the
availability which is the concern. The right knowledge of
food is the concern. So, reject it
(b) They is absurd – malnutrition can occur at any age. Reject
it
(c) This makes sense – if you know it – you may give the right
food. Reserve the answer
(d) This makes little sense. What if the adults themselves do
not have the right knowledge. Will they give the right food.
The answer is no. So, reject it.

Thus, the best answer to choose from is c. which is the right

answer.

4 Use same passage as above b ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect. The related statement given is -
Very often the mother is working and the responsibility of
According to the author, poverty is not the main cause of feeding the young child is left to an older sibling. But, this
malnutrition, but the fact that (2013) statement and passage as a whole does not explicitly state
1. Taking care of younger ones is not a priority for working or imply that taking care of younger ones is not a priority
mothers. for working mothers. The issue seems to be more about
2. Awareness of nutritional needs is not propagated by the practical difficulties and circumstances that lead to
the Public Health authorities. inadequate feeding, rather than a question of prioritization
Select the correct answer using the code given below: by the mothers.
(a) 1 only ❖ Statement 2 is correct under the interpretation that
(b) 2 only increasing awareness about nutritional needs potentially a
(c) Both 1 and 2 role for Public Health authorities is crucial for addressing
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 malnutrition, even if the passage does not directly address
the actions or inactions of these authorities. The passage
underscores the general need for increased awareness of
a child's food needs, which could be seen as implicating a
wider array of stakeholders, including public health
entities, in the effort to combat malnutrition.
Hence, correct answer is (b).

5 A number of empirical studies find that farmers are risk- c ❖ Option a is incorrect. It is clearly written that farmers are
averse, though only moderately in many cases. There is risk-averse, though only moderately in many cases.
also evidence to show that farmers' risk aversion results in Moderate is not extreme. Further, the passage indicates
cropping patterns and input use designed to reduce risk that farmers are risk-averse to a degree, but it does not
rather than to maximize income. Farmers adopt a number state that extreme risk aversion is the primary reason for
of strategies to manage and cope with agricultural risks. the need for policy intervention. The focus is rather on the
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These include practices like crop and field diversification, inadequacy of existing strategies and institutions in
non-farm employment, storage of stocks and strategic adequately mitigating risks.
migration of family members. There are also institutions ❖ Option b is incorrect. It is clearly written that farmers
ranging from share tenancy to kinship, extended family adopt a number of strategies to manage and cope with
and informal credit agencies. One major obstacle to risk agricultural risk. Thus, the passage acknowledges that
sharing by farmers is that the same type of risks can affect farmers do have knowledge of risk mitigation strategies,
a large number of farmers in the region. Empirical studies such as crop and field diversification, non-farm
show that the traditional methods are not adequate. employment, and strategic migration. The inadequacy of
Hence there is a need for policy interventions, especially these methods, rather than a lack of knowledge on the part
measures that cut across geographical regions. of farmers, is highlighted as the reason for policy
intervention.
Policies may aim at tackling agricultural risks directly or ❖ Option c is correct since this option directly aligns with the
indirectly. Examples of risk-specific policies are crop passage's explanation of why there is a need for policy
insurance, price stabilization and the development of intervention: the inadequacy of traditional methods and
varieties resistant to pests and diseases. Policies which existing risk-sharing institutions to fully mitigate
affect risk indirectly are irrigation, subsidized credit and agricultural risks. The passage emphasizes that while
access to information. No single risk-specific policy is farmers have developed strategies to manage risks, these
sufficient to reduce risk and is without side-effects, are not sufficient, thus necessitating policy interventions to
whereas policies not specific to risk influence the general address the gaps. See the underlined statement from the
situation and affect risks only indirectly. Crop insurance, as passage in the bracket (Empirical studies show that the
a policy measure to tackle agricultural risk directly, traditional methods are not adequate. Hence there is a
deserves careful consideration in the Indian context and in need for policy interventions, especially measures that cut
many other developing countries because the majority of across geographical regions)
farmers depend on rain-fed agriculture and in many areas ❖ Option d is incorrect because while the dependence on
yield variability is the predominant cause of their income rain-fed agriculture does make farmers more vulnerable to
instability risks, leading to income instability due to yield variability,
the passage argues for policy intervention based on the
broader inadequacy of traditional methods and
institutions to mitigate risks. This option focuses on one
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The need for policy intervention to mitigate risks in aspect of agricultural risk rather than the overall
agriculture is because (2013) inadequacy of current risk management strategies and
(a)farmers are extremely risk-averse. institutions, which is the primary reason given for the need
(b)farmers do not know how to mitigate risks. for policy interventions.
(c) the methods adopted by farmers and existing risk
sharing institutions are not adequate. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
(d) majority of farmers depend on rain-fed agriculture cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

NOTE: This question can also be solved by the COMMON-

SENSE METHOD too. (But use this only if you have to take
chance due to lack of time (due to which you are unable to
read comprehension) and the number of questions attempted
are very less. Elimination/Common sense method can never
take the place of RIGHT METHOD which is reading your
comprehension and then solving. And at times, it may give you
wrong answer too

Note, the statement a has a extreme word – EXTREMELY, the

statement b is absurd – since it is saying – farmers do not know
– but obviously they know something about risk (common
sensical). Now, you have to make a choice between c and d.
Between them, c is more exhaustive and adequate and hence
the answer.
(Sometimes, this thing will also give you wrong answer –
but it is worthy to take risk if there is surety of failure.)

6 Same Passage as Above b ❖ Option(a) is incorrect since the passage explicitly states
that no single risk-specific policy is sufficient to reduce risk
Which of the following observations emerges from the and is without side-effects. Therefore, this observation is
above passage? (2013) directly contradicted by the passage.
(a) One can identify a single policy that can reduce risk ❖ Option(b) is correct since this statement directly aligns
without any side-effect. with the passage, which mentions that no single risk-
(b) No single risk-specific policy is sufficient to reduce specific policy is sufficient to reduce risk and highlights the
agricultural risk. complexity of addressing agricultural risks, indicating that
(c) Policies which affect risk indirectly can eliminate it. a combination of policies or broader interventions may be
(d) Government's policy intervention can mitigate necessary.
agricultural risk completely. ❖ Option(c) is incorrect because the passage does not claim
that indirect risk policies can eliminate risk entirely.
Instead, it suggests that these policies affect the general
situation and influence risks indirectly, implying that they
do not completely eliminate agricultural risks.
❖ Option(d) is also incorrect since the passage does not
suggest that government policy intervention can
completely mitigate agricultural risk. It advocates for the
need for policy interventions to better tackle agricultural
risks, recognizing the limitations of current methods and
institutions, but does not claim that such interventions can
completely eliminate risk.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

NOTE: This question can also be solved by the COMMON-

SENSE METHOD too. (But use this only if you have to take
chance due to lack of time (due to which you are unable to
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read comprehension) and the number of questions attempted

are very less. Elimination/Common sense method can never
take the place of RIGHT METHOD which is reading your
comprehension and then solving. And at times, it may give you
wrong answer too

❖ Statement a – It is against common sense. Everything

comes with a side effect in general. So, you can
eliminate it.
❖ Statement d – The word “COMPLETELY” – a extreme
word. Extreme word are in general wrong. Eliminate it.
Now, you are left to choose between b and c. Which would you
choose?
The answer is obvious – it is statement b. Since, no single risk
specific policy is sufficient. It is a generally agreed statement.
This will take you to right answer.
(Sometimes, this thing will also give you wrong answer – but
it is worthy to take risk if there is surety of failure.)

7 Read the following passage and answer the four items b ❖ Statement 1 is correct because the passage explicitly
that follow. Your answers to these items should be based states that weak global economic prospects have had an
on the passage only. impact on the emerging market economies, including
India. This highlights the sensitivity of these economies to
Passage - broader global economic trends and challenges.
Financial markets in India have acquired greater depth and ❖ Statement 2 is correct because the passage mentions
liquidity over the years. Steady reforms since 1991 have led uncertainties in the international financial markets as a
to growing linkages and integration of the Indian economy contributing factor to the adverse effects on emerging
and its financial system with the global economy. Weak market economies. These uncertainties can lead to
global economic prospects and continuing uncertainties
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the in international financial markets therefore, have had increased volatility and risk, affecting investor confidence
their impact on the emerging market economies. and financial stability.
Sovereign risk concerns, particularly in the Euro area, ❖ Statement 3 is correct because the passage identifies
affected financial markets for the greater part of the year, sovereign risk concerns, particularly in the Euro area, as a
with the contagion of Greece's sovereign debt problem significant issue affecting financial markets. It specifically
spreading to India and other economies by way of higher- references the contagion effect from Greece's sovereign
than-normal levels of volatility. debt problem, illustrating how regional issues can have a
wider impact on global financial stability.
The funding constraints in international financial markets ❖ Statement 4 is incorrect because the passage does not
could impact both the availability and cost of foreign mention bad monsoons or crop loss as factors affecting the
funding for banks and corporates. Since the Indian financial financial markets.
system is bank dominated, banks' ability to withstand
stress is critical to overall financial stability. Indian banks, You must learn here:
however, remain robust, notwithstanding a decline in Many times, the answer/point will seem obvious to be correct.
capital to risk-weighted assets ratio and a rise in It may be correct too in the general sense. But unless given
nonperforming asset levels in the recent past. Capital explicitly or indicated, it is wrong. You have to answer on the
adequacy levels remain above the regulatory basis of the passage and not common sense.
requirements. The financial market infrastructure
continues to function without any major disruption. With
further globalization, consolidation, deregulation, and
diversification of the financial system, the banking business
may become more complex and riskier. Issues like risk and
liquidity management and enhancing skill therefore
assume greater significance.

According to the passage, the financial markets in the

emerging market economies including India had the
adverse impact in recent years due to (2013)
1. weak global economic prospects.
2. uncertainties in the international financial markets.
3. sovereign risk concerns in the Euro area.
4. bad monsoons and the resultant crop loss.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 2 and 3
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 2, 3 and 4

8 (Use the same passage as above) c (a) Option a is incorrect because the passage does not
specifically mention the inflow of remittances from abroad
The Indian financial markets are affected by global as a primary reason for the Indian financial markets being
changes mainly due to the (2013) affected by global changes. While remittances can
(a) increased inflow of remittances from abroad. influence the economy, the passage emphasizes the
(b) enormous increase in the foreign exchange reserves. integration and linkages of the Indian financial system with
(c) growing global linkages and integration of the Indian the global economy as the main factor.
financial markets. (b) Option b is incorrect because the passage does not cite an
(d) contagion of Greece's sovereign debt problem. enormous increase in foreign exchange reserves as the
main reason for the susceptibility of Indian financial
markets to global changes. Foreign exchange reserves can
impact financial stability but are not mentioned in the
passage as a key factor for the global influence on Indian
markets.
(c) Option c is correct because the passage explicitly states
that steady reforms since 1991 have led to growing
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linkages and integration of the Indian economy and its

financial system with the global economy, making it more
affected by weak global economic prospects and
uncertainties in international financial markets.
(d) Option d is incorrect because while the passage mentions
the contagion of Greece's sovereign debt problem
affecting financial markets, including India, through
increased volatility, it is described as an example of how
global issues can impact India, not as the main reason for
the overall susceptibility of Indian financial markets to
global changes. The primary reason given is the growing
global linkages and integration.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
See the options. The Indian Financial Market are affected by
global challenges. This is fact. Why this would happen. The first
and primary concern would be integrated of economies. This
is supported by the statement c. So, this should be the answer.
Let us evaluate the rest options too
(a) Increased flow of remittance from abroad – while this can
affect but here in the question affect is used more in the
negative sense. Remittance is a good thing. So, it is
contradictory. Reject it.
(b) Enormous increase – this is kind of extreme statement –
remember that the words like suddenly, enormous etc. are
generally wrong. So, reject it

(c) Discussed above already

Although global economy is somehow integrated but Greece

economy is not that big to impact us too much – reject it. It is
also more of narrow interpretation of statement c – which is a
broader statement.

9 (Use the same passage as above) d ❖ Option a is incorrect because the passage does not
attribute the critical importance of banks' ability to
According to the passage, in the Indian financial system, withstand stress to the financial system being controlled by
banks' ability to withstand stress is critical to ensure the Government of India. While the government does play
overall financial stability because Indian financial system a regulatory role, the passage specifically points to the
is (2013) structure of the financial system as being bank-dominated
(a) controlled by the Government of India. as the reason for the critical importance of banks' stability.
(b) less integrated with banks. ❖ Option b is incorrect because the passage indicates the
(c) controlled by Reserve Bank of India. opposite: the Indian financial system is heavily integrated
(d) dominated by banks. with banks, not less integrated. It is precisely because of
this high level of integration and the dominance of banks
within the financial system that their ability to withstand
stress is critical for overall financial stability.
❖ Option c is incorrect because while the Reserve Bank of
India (RBI) is the central banking institution of India and
plays a significant role in regulating and supervising the
banking sector, the passage does not cite control by the RBI
as the reason for the importance of banks' ability to
withstand stress. The critical factor is the bank-dominated
nature of the Indian financial system, not the regulatory
body's control per se.

❖ Option d is correct because the passage explicitly states

that the Indian financial system is bank dominated,
emphasizing the critical importance of banks' ability to
withstand stress for ensuring overall financial stability. This
structure means that the health and resilience of banks are
directly linked to the stability of the broader financial
system in India.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
See the tone of the question. It is asking for reason why banks
ability to withstand stress is critical. It is simple – because it
would be important – why it is important – because it will have
some role to play
❖ See option a and c – in either way our financial system
is dominated by Govt. and RBI – so this cannot be a
suitable reason. It is a fact which is somehow accepted
as a good thing. So, accept option a and c.
❖ Option b – we know – today banks are everywhere. So,
this option is contrary to the current facts. So, reject it
❖ Option d – this makes sense. So, accept it.

10 Risk and liquidity management assumes more a ❖ Statement 1 is correct because the passage explicitly
importance in the Indian banking system in future due mentions that further globalization will contribute to
to (2013) making the banking business more complex and riskier,
1. further globalization. underscoring the growing importance of risk and liquidity
2. more consolidation and deregulation of the financial management in the Indian banking system.
system. ❖ Statement 2 is correct because the passage identifies more
consolidation and deregulation of the financial system as
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3. further diversification of the financial system. factors that will lead to an increase in the complexity and
4. more financial inclusion in the economy. riskiness of the banking business, which in turn highlights
Select the correct answer using the code given below: the need for enhanced risk and liquidity management
(a) 1, 2 and 3 practices.
(b) 2, 3 and 4 ❖ Statement 3 is correct because further diversification of
(c) 1 and 2 only the financial system is directly mentioned in the passage as
(d) 3 and 4 only a reason for the banking business becoming more complex
and riskier, necessitating improved risk and liquidity
management.
❖ Statement 4 is incorrect because the passage does not
specifically mention more financial inclusion in the
economy as a factor contributing to the increased
importance of risk and liquidity management in the Indian
banking system. It is not listed in the passage among the
reasons for the heightened focus on risk and liquidity
management.

11 Crude mineral oil comes out of the earth as a thick brown b ❖ Statement a is incorrect because the passage mentions
or black liquid with a strong smell. It is a complex mixture that ocean currents cover the deposits with sand and silt,
of many different substances, each with its own individual but it does not state that the washing by ocean currents
qualities. Most of them are combinations of hydrogen and prevents decomposition. The critical factor in preventing
carbon in varying proportions. Such hydrocarbons are also decomposition is the exclusion of oxygen, not the action of
found in other forms such as bitumen, asphalt and natural ocean currents directly.
gas. Mineral oil originates from the carcasses of tiny ❖ Statement b is correct because the passage explains that
animals and from plants that live in the sea. Over millions the carcasses of tiny animals and plants that form mineral
of years, these dead creatures form large deposits under oil deposits are covered by a blanket of sand and silt, which
the sea-bed; and ocean currents cover them with a blanket hardens into sedimentary rock. This process effectively
of sand and silt. As this mineral hardens, it becomes shuts out oxygen, preventing the complete decomposition
sedimentary rock and effectively shuts out the oxygen, so of the marine deposits underneath. (EXACT STATEMENT -
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preventing the complete decomposition of the marine As this mineral hardens, it becomes sedimentary rock and
deposits underneath. The layers of sedimentary rock effectively shuts out the oxygen, so preventing the
become thicker and heavier. Their pressure produces heat, complete decomposition of the marine deposits
which transforms the tiny carcasses into crude oil in a underneath.) The absence of oxygen is a key factor in
process that is still going on today. preventing complete decomposition, as it inhibits the
biological and chemical processes that would otherwise
Mineral oil deposits under the sea do not get break down the material.
completely decomposed because they (2013) ❖ Statement c is incorrect because while the passage
(a) are constantly washed by the ocean currents. describes mineral oil as a complex mixture of
(b) become rock and prevent oxygen from entering them. hydrocarbons, including combinations of hydrogen and
(c) contain a mixture of hydrogen and carbon. carbon, it does not attribute the prevention of complete
(d) are carcasses of organisms lying in saline conditions decomposition to the chemical composition of these
hydrocarbons. The prevention of decomposition is instead
explained by the exclusion of oxygen due to the formation
of sedimentary rock.
❖ Statement d is incorrect because although the passage
mentions that mineral oil originates from the carcasses of
tiny animals and plants in the sea, it does not indicate that
the saline conditions of these carcasses are what prevent
their complete decomposition. The key factor mentioned
is the formation of sedimentary rock that shuts out oxygen,
not the saline conditions.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Apply your GS knowledge for the options. It is simple.
Decomposition needs oxygen and when oxygen is cut-off,
decomposition is retarded/stopped. So, the best option which
supports it is b which is the answer.
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Advice – solve these type of questions like a GS answer – you

will end up marking correct generally if Luck and God supports
you (not always.)
Now, let us discuss reason one by one.
(a) Constantly washed – this is illogical reason. Reject it
(b) Discussed above – accept it
(c) It is absurd as per our science knowledge. Reject it

It is absurd reason. Things decompose under suitable

conditions such as availability of oxygen. Reject it.

12 (Use same passage as above) c ❖ Statement a is incorrect because the passage does not link
the formation of oil deposits to the absence of saline
Sedimentary rock leads to the formation of oil deposits conditions beneath the sedimentary rock. The formation of
because (2013) oil is discussed in the context of heat and pressure resulting
(a) there are no saline conditions below it. from the accumulation of sedimentary layers, not the
(b) it allows some dissolved oxygen to enter the dead salinity of the environment.
organic matter below it. ❖ Statement b is incorrect because the passage indicates
(c) weight of overlying sediment layers causes the that sedimentary rock effectively shuts out oxygen, which
production of heat. is essential for preventing the complete decomposition of
(d) it contains the substances that catalyse the chemical the organic matter underneath. This directly contradicts
reactions required to change dead organisms into the suggestion that sedimentary rock allows oxygen to
oil. enter, which would not support the formation of oil as
described.
❖ Statement c is correct because the passage explains that
the layers of sedimentary rock become thicker and heavier
over time. The pressure from these overlying layers
produces heat, which is a critical factor in transforming the
tiny carcasses into crude oil. This indicates that the weight
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and pressure of the sedimentary layers, contributing to the

production of heat, play a crucial role in the formation of
oil deposits.
❖ Statement d is incorrect because the passage does not
mention the presence of catalytic substances within the
sedimentary rock as a factor in the transformation of dead
organisms into oil. The transformation process is attributed
to heat produced by the weight of overlying sediment
layers, without reference to catalytic chemical reactions.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
See the question and associated options
(a) No saline condition – extreme statement – reject it
(b) Dissolved oxygen will lead to decomposition – you have to
stop it – to convert it into oil – reject it
(c) Makes sense – reserve it
(d) Makes little sense – reserve it

We are atleast sure that option a and b are not correct. So,
reject them. Now, you can make a bet on c and d.
Catch – c represents a universal condition (weight will produce
pressure which will produce hear) but in case of d- is it
necessary that chemical will always be present. On the basis
of this logic, you can reject d to mark c as correct which is
actually the answer too.

13 The law in many parts of the world increasingly restricts c (a) Statement 1 is correct because the passage suggests that
the discharge of agricultural slurry into watercourses. The returning slurry to the land as manure or sprayed slurry is
simplest and often the most economically sound practice often the most economically sound practice, implying that
returns the material to the land as semisolid manure or as discharging it into watercourses is economically less
sprayed slurry. This dilutes its concentration in the advantageous. This is because utilizing slurry on land
environment to what might have occurred III a more converts what would be a pollutant into fertilizer, making
primitive and sustainable type of agriculture and converts better use of its nutrient content.
pollutant into fertilizer. Soil microorganisms decompose (b) Statement 2 is incorrect because the passage does not
the organic components of sewage and slurry and most of state that watercourses lack microorganisms capable of
the mineral nutrients become available to be absorbed decomposing organic components of agricultural slurry. It
again by the vegetation. mentions that soil microorganisms decompose these
The excess input of nutrients, both nitrogen and components when returned to the land, but it doesn't
phosphorus - based, from agricultural runoff (and human compare this capability to that of watercourses. The main
sewage) has caused many 'healthy' oligotrophic lakes (low concern with discharging slurry into watercourses is not
nutrient concentrations, low plant productivity with the absence of decomposing microorganisms but the
abundant water weeds, and clear water) to change to environmental impact, such as eutrophication.
eutrophic condition where high nutrient inputs lead to (c) Statement 3 is correct because the passage explicitly
high phytoplankton productivity (sometimes dominated by describes how the discharge of agricultural slurry into
bloom forming toxic species). This makes the water turbid, water bodies can lead to eutrophication, transforming
eliminates large plants and, in the worst situations, leads oligotrophic lakes into eutrophic conditions with negative
to anoxia and fish kills; so called cultural eutrophication. consequences for water clarity, plant and animal life, and
Thus, important ecosystem services are lost, including the ecosystem services. This process of cultural eutrophication
provisioning service of wild-caught fish and the cultural is a direct result of the nutrient enrichment from
services associated with recreation. agricultural runoff and sewage.
The process of cultural eutrophication of lakes has been
understood for some time. But only recently did scientists CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
notice huge 'dead zones' in the oceans near river outlets, cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
particularly those draining large catchment areas such as Apply your GS knowledge and common sense
the Mississippi in North America and the Yangtze in China. (a) This makes sense – accept it
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The nutrient-enriched water flows through streams, rivers (b) Watercourses do have microorganism. A common sense
and lakes, and eventually to the estuary and ocean where logic. They have everything for decomposition though it
the ecological impact may be huge, killing virtually all can be slow. So, reject it
invertebrates and fish in areas up to 70,000 km2 in extent. (c) We regularly read about eutrophication. The discharge of
More than 150 sea areas worldwide are now regularly
agricultural slurry into watercourses leads to it – so, this
starved of oxygen as a result of decomposition of algal
blooms, fuelled particularly by nitrogen from agricultural also can be the reason.
runoff of fertilizers and sewage from large cities. Oceanic
So, if I have to take a bet, I would go for a and c which is the
dead zones are typically associated with industrialized
right answer here.
nations and usually lie off'- 'countries that subsidize their
agriculture, encouraging farmers to increase productivity
and use more fertilizer.

According to the passage, why should the discharge of

agricultural slurry into watercourses be restricted? (2013)
1. Losing nutrients in this way is not a good practice
economically.
2. Watercourses do not contain the microorganisms that
can decompose organic components of agricultural slurry.
3. The discharge may lead to the eutrophication of water
bodies.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

14 (Use same passage as above) b (a) Statement a is incorrect because the passage does not
identify decomposed organic components of slurry as
The passage refers to the conversion of "pollutant to pollutants nor does it suggest that microorganisms in soil
fertilizer". What is pollutant and what is fertilizer in this constitute fertilizer. Instead, it indicates that the slurry
context? (2013) itself, when not properly managed, acts as a pollutant, and
(a) Decomposed organic component of slurry is pollutant its decomposition by soil microorganisms helps convert it
and microorganisms in soil constitute fertilizer. into a beneficial substance (fertilizer).
(b) Discharged agricultural slurry is pollutant and (b) Statement b is correct because the passage discusses the
decomposed slurry in soil is fertilizer. discharge of agricultural slurry into watercourses as a
(c) Sprayed slurry is pollutant and watercourse is fertilizer. practice that should be restricted due to its environmental
(d) None of the above expressions is correct in this impact, effectively treating the slurry as a pollutant in this
context. context. However, when this material is returned to the
land as semisolid manure or sprayed slurry, it dilutes its
concentration in the environment to what might have
occurred in a more primitive and sustainable type of
agriculture, thereby converting the "pollutant" into a
useful resource as fertilizer. The decomposed slurry in the
soil, thanks to soil microorganisms, provides nutrients that
become available to vegetation, making it a fertilizer in this
context.
(c) Statement c is incorrect because it misrepresents the roles
of sprayed slurry and watercourses. The passage does not
imply that sprayed slurry is a pollutant with watercourses
acting as fertilizer. Instead, it discusses how slurry can act
as a pollutant when improperly discharged into
watercourses but can be beneficial (as fertilizer) when
applied to the land.
(d) Statement d is incorrect because statement b correctly
interprets the context given in the passage about the
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transition of agricultural slurry from being considered a

pollutant when discharged into watercourses to acting as a
fertilizer when it is returned to the land and decomposed.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Apply your common sense, you have to make the best use of
your mind to identify the pollutant and fertilizer
(a) Decomposed organic component of slurry – this can never
be pollutant as per our GS knowledge – it can only be the
fertilizer – you know about composting – so, reject it
(b) Discharged agricultural slurry – can be pollutant,
decomposed slurry becomes natural fertilizer – so, this
option can be accepted
(c) Watercourse – this is not a fertilizer – this is simply water
(d) It depends on if we accept b or not now

As per the given options, b seems to be the most appropriate.

So, accept it. This is also the right answer.

15 (Use same passage as above) b ❖ Statement 1 is correct because the passage discusses the
environmental impact of agricultural runoff, including
According to the passage, what are the effects of fertilizers, leading to the addition of pollutants to soil and
indiscriminate use of fertilizers? water. This runoff contributes to the nutrient enrichment
1. Addition of pollutants to the soil and water. of water bodies and can be considered as adding pollutants
2. Destruction decomposer of microorganisms in soil. due to the negative effects it has on aquatic ecosystems.
3. Nutrient enrichment of water bodies. ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect because the passage does not
4. Creation of algal blooms. address the impact of fertilizer use on decomposer
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Select the correct answer from the codes given below: microorganisms in the soil. While such an impact is
(2013) possible with the indiscriminate use of fertilizers, the
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only passage focuses more on the broader environmental
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only effects, particularly in aquatic ecosystems, rather than
(c) 2 arid 4 only specific effects on soil microorganisms.
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 ❖ -Statement 3 is correct because it aligns with the passage's
explanation of how nutrient enrichment of water bodies,
resulting from agricultural runoff (which includes
fertilizers), leads to eutrophication. This nutrient
enrichment is a direct consequence of the excessive and
indiscriminate use of fertilizers.
❖ Statement 4 is correct because the passage explicitly links
the nutrient enrichment of water bodies to high
phytoplankton productivity and the creation of algal
blooms, which are sometimes toxic. These blooms are
described as a result of the nutrient-rich conditions created
by agricultural runoff, including the excessive use of
fertilizers.

NOTE:
Answer has always to be mentioned – as per passage and not
as per common sense. This mistake is done by many costing
them their marks.

16 (Use same passage as above) b ❖ Statement 1 is correct because the passage describes the
consequences of cultural eutrophication, including the loss
What is/are the characteristics of a water body with of important ecosystem services such as the provisioning
cultural eutrophication? (2013) service of wild-caught fish and cultural services associated
1. Loss of ecosystem services with recreation.
2. Loss of flora and fauna ❖ Statement 2 is correct because cultural eutrophication
3. Loss of mineral nutrients leads to environmental conditions that eliminate large
Select the correct answer using the code given below plants, potentially lead to anoxia and fish kills, and make
(a) 1 only the water turbid, indicating a significant loss of aquatic
(b) 1 and 2 only flora and fauna.
(c) 2 and 3 only ❖ Statement 3 is incorrect because cultural eutrophication is
(d) 1, 2 and 3 characterized by the excessive presence of mineral
nutrients (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus-based
nutrients) in the water body, not the loss of them. The
issue with eutrophication is the overabundance of
nutrients, which leads to problems like algal blooms, rather
than a deficiency.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
See the options and apply your GS knowledge.
1) This is possibility – accept it
2) This is again a possibility – accept it
3) Eutrophication leads to mineral enrichment – infact that is
why there is algal bloom – so reject it.

So, if I have to take a bet on, I would go with 1 and 2 only which
is also the right answer.

17 The miseries of the world cannot be cured by physical help b ❖ Statement a is incorrect because the passage does not
only. Until man's nature changes, his physical needs will primarily attribute man's miseries to poor economic and
always arise, and miseries will always be felt, and no social conditions. While these may be factors in human
amount of physical help will remove them completely. The suffering, the passage focuses more on the internal nature
only solution of the problem is to make mankind pure. and character of individuals as the root cause of misery,
Ignorance is the mother of evil and of all the misery we see. rather than external conditions.
Let men have light, let them be pure and spiritually strong ❖ Statement b is correct because the passage emphasizes
and educated; then alone will misery cease in the world. the idea that until man's nature or character changes, his
We may convert every house in the country into a miseries will persist regardless of the amount of physical
charitable asylum, we may fill the land with hospitals, but help provided. (Exact statement -The miseries of the
human misery will continue until man's character changes. world cannot be cured by physical help only. Until man's
nature changes, his physical needs will always arise, and
According to the passage, which of the following miseries will always be felt, and no amount of physical
statements is most likely to be true as the reason for help will remove them completely ) It suggests that the
man's miseries? (2013) root cause of misery lies in ignorance, which leads to evil
(a) The poor economic and social conditions prevailing in and suffering, and that the solution is to enlighten, purify,
society. and strengthen men spiritually and morally. This implies
(b) The refusal on the part of man to change his that the refusal or failure to change one's character is a
character. primary reason for continued miseries.
(c) The absence of physical and material help from his ❖ Statement c is incorrect because the passage explicitly
society. states that physical and material help alone cannot cure
(d) Ever increasing physical' needs due to changing social the miseries of the world. It argues that such help will not
structure. completely remove miseries as long as man's nature
remains unchanged, suggesting that the absence of
physical and material help is not identified as the primary
reason for man's miseries.
❖ Statement d is incorrect because although the passage
acknowledges that physical needs will always arise, it does
not argue that the ever-increasing physical needs due to a
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changing social structure are the primary cause of man's

miseries. Instead, it suggests that the persistence of misery
is due to the unaltered nature or character of individuals,
not the external increase in physical needs.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Read all the options. We always talk about improvement in
personality, empowerment etc. while reading the things.
Which option supports it. It is b – this is a broader reason
amongst all the options. If anybody would refuse to change his
character, he wont work and would remain poor. So, it should
be the answer.
Other options i.e. a and d are the narrow interpretations as
compared to b and c seems illogical. There is no absence of
help though there can be scarcity of help.

18 Read the following passage and answer the two items that a ❖ Statement 1 is correct because the passage explicitly
follow. Your answers to these items should be based on the identifies habitat fragmentation as a serious threat to
passage only. biodiversity conservation. It implies that maintaining the
continuity of forested landscapes and corridors is crucial
Passage for preserving biodiversity by preventing the degradation
of forests and the disruption that affects extinction-prone
Ecological -research over the last quarter of the century species of wildlife.
has established the deleterious effects of habitat ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect because the passage does not
fragmentation due to mining, highways and such other discuss the management of mineral resources as a purpose
intrusions on forests. When a large block of forests gets for maintaining the continuity of forested landscapes and
fragmented into smaller bits, the edges of all these bits corridors. The focus is on the ecological impacts of habitat
come into contact with human activities resulting in the fragmentation and the importance of continuous forested
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degradation of the entire forests. Continuity of forested areas for biodiversity, rather than on mineral resource
landscapes and corridors gets disrupted affecting several management.
extinction-prone species of wildlife. Habitat ❖ Statement 3 is incorrect because the passage actually
fragmentation, is therefore considered as the most serious highlights the negative impact of granting forest lands for
threat to biodiversity conservation. Ad hoc grants of forest human activities like mining, which contributes to habitat
lands to mining companies coupled with rampant, illegal fragmentation and biodiversity loss. The purpose of
mining is aggravating this threat. maintaining continuity in forested landscapes and
corridors is presented as a measure to protect natural
What is the purpose of maintaining the continuity of habitats and biodiversity, not to facilitate human activities
forested landscapes and corridors? (2013) that lead to habitat disruption.
1. Preservation of biodiversity.
2. Management of mineral resources. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
3. Grant of forest lands for human activities. cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Select the correct answer using the codes given below: See the question as a GS question and think, what you would
(a) 1 only have marked
(b) 1 and 2 (a) This seems a valid reason – accept it
(c) 2 and 3 (b) This is not a reason for continuity of forested landscapes
(d) 1, 2 and 3 and corridors – reject it. The primary purpose is protection
of biodiversity itself.
(c) This is also the illogical reason here in this case and it
diverts from the purpose. Reject it

So, we are left with option a which is the right answer.

19 Seven-year-old Jim came home from the park without b ❖ Option (a) i.e. were angry with him is not the most
his new bicycle. "An old man and a little boy borrowed accurate description because, while the passage mentions
it," he explained. "They are going to bring it back at four that his parents were upset about the bicycle being lent
o'clock." His parents were upset that he had given his out, it immediately follows that they were secretly proud
expensive new bicycle, but were secretly proud of his of Jim's kindness and faith. The emphasis is more on their
kindness and faith. Came four o'clock, no bicycle. The concern and anxiety rather than anger.
parents were anxious. But at 4:30, the doorbell rang, ❖ Option (b) is the most accurate description of Jim's
and there stood a happy man and a boy, with the bicycle parents' reaction when he came home without his bicycle.
and a box of chocolates. Jim suddenly disappeared into The passage mentions that his parents were upset about
his bedroom, and then came running out. "All right," he him giving away his expensive new bicycle, indicating they
said, after examining the bicycle. ''You can have your were worried about the situation. While they were also
watch back!" secretly proud of his kindness and faith, the initial reaction
was one of concern for the loss of the bicycle.
When Jim came home without his bicycle, his parents ❖ Option (c) i.e. Did not feel concerned is incorrect because
(2013) the passage clearly states that his parents were upset
(a) were angry with him. about the expensive new bicycle being lent out, indicating
(b) were worried. that they did feel concerned about the situation.
(c) did not feel concerned. ❖ Option(d) i.e. Were eager to meet the old man and the
(d) were eager to meet the old man and the little boy. little boy is not mentioned or implied in the passage. The
focus is on the parents' reactions to the bicycle being lent
out and their worry about whether it would be returned,
not on any eagerness to meet the individuals who
borrowed it.

20 (Use same passage as above) c ❖ Option a is incorrect because the passage does not
indicate that Jim returned the watch as a direct result of
Jim returned the watch to the old man and the little receiving chocolates. The chocolates were mentioned as
boy because (2013) part of what was brought back with the bicycle, but Jim's
(a) they gave him chocolates. decision to return the watch was made after inspecting the
(b) his father was proud of him. condition of his bicycle, not because of the chocolates.
(c) he was satisfied with the condition of his bicycle. ❖ Option b is incorrect because there is no mention in the
(d) they were late only by 30 minutes. passage of Jim's father's pride influencing Jim's decision to
return the watch. The narrative focuses on Jim's actions
and decisions regarding the bicycle and the watch, without
indicating that his father's feelings directly affected these
decisions.
❖ Option c is correct because the passage describes Jim
inspecting the bicycle upon its return before deciding to
give back the watch. This sequence suggests that his
satisfaction with the bicycle's condition was the reason for
returning the watch to the old man and the little boy.
❖ Option d is incorrect because the passage does not imply
that the timeliness of the bicycle's return (being late by
only 30 minutes) was the reason Jim decided to return the
watch. Jim's action is directly linked to his inspection of the
bicycle, indicating his concern was with the bicycle's
condition rather than the punctuality of its return.

21 It was already late when we set out for the next town, which c ❖ Option a is incorrect because while the passage mentions
according to the map was about fifteen kilometres away on that they were driving along a narrow winding road that
the other side of the hills. There we felt that we would find led to the hills, the specific reason given for asking John to
a bed for the night. Darkness fell soon after we left the drive more slowly was the difficulty in seeing the road due
village, but luckily we met no one as we drove swiftly along to rain, not merely the fact that the road led to the hills.
the narrow winding road that led to the hills. As we climbed ❖ Option b is incorrect because there is no mention in the
higher, it became colder and rain began to fall, making it passage of John's experience as a driver. The concern
difficult at times to see the road. I asked John, my expressed by the author about the driving speed was
companion, to drive more slowly. After we had travelled for directly related to the visibility issues caused by the rain,
about twenty kilometres, there was still no sign of the town not John's driving skills or experience.
which was marked on the map. We were beginning to get ❖ Option c is correct because the passage explicitly states
worried. Then without warning, the car stopped and we that the rain began to fall, making it difficult at times to see
found we had run out of petrol. the road, which led the author to ask John to drive more
slowly. This reason is directly linked to concerns about
The author asked John to drive more slowly because visibility and safety on the road under those weather
(2013) conditions.
(a) the road led to the hills. ❖ Option d is incorrect because although the passage
(b) John was an inexperienced driver. describes driving in a remote area, the direct reason for
(c) the road was not clearly visible. asking John to drive more slowly was the impaired visibility
(d) they were in wilderness. due to the rain, not their location in the wilderness. The
concern was about seeing the road clearly in the rain,
rather than the nature of the surroundings.

22 (Use same passage as above) d ❖ Option a is incorrect because the passage does not
mention that the travellers were in a hurry. Their
The travellers set out for the town although it was motivation for continuing despite the darkness was to
getting dark because (2013) reach the next town in hopes of finding a place to rest for
(a) they were in a hurry. the night, not because they were pressed for time.
(b) the next town was a short distance away and was a ❖ Option b is incorrect because there is no mention in the
hill-resort. passage of the next town being a hill-resort or that its being
(c) they were in wilderness. a hill-resort was a factor in their decision to head there.
(d) the next town was a short distance away and The motivation was finding accommodation for the night,
promised a good rest for the night. not the town's characteristics as a resort.
❖ Option c is incorrect because while the travellers found
themselves in a challenging situation, the passage does not
suggest that being in the wilderness was the reason they
decided to head for the next town. The decision was based
on the anticipation of finding a place to rest, not their
current location's nature.
❖ Option d is correct because the passage states that the
travellers felt they would find a bed for the night in the next
town, which was about fifteen kilometres away on the
other side of the hills. This indicates that their decision to
set out despite the darkness was motivated by the
expectation of finding accommodation for rest in the next
town, rather than the town being a hill-resort or them
being in a hurry or because they were in the wilderness.
(Exact Statement - It was already late when we set out for
the next town, which according to the map was about
fifteen kilometres away on the other side of the hills.
There we felt that we would find a bed for the night.)

23 (Use same passage as above) b ❖ Option a is incorrect because while the passage describes
driving through a remote area, the specific reason for the
The travellers were worried after twenty kilo metres travellers’ worry after twenty kilometres was not simply
because (2013) the loneliness of the countryside but the absence of the
(a) it was a lonely countryside. town they expected to find according to the map.
(b) they probably feared of having lost their way. ❖ Option b is correct because after traveling for about
(c) the rain began to fall twenty kilometres, which was more than the expected
(d) it was getting colder as they drove. distance to the town according to the map, there was still
no sign of the town. This discrepancy between the
expected and actual distance travelled would naturally
lead to concerns about possibly having lost their way,
which is why they were beginning to get worried.
❖ Option c is incorrect because although the rain did fall and
made it difficult to see the road, leading to a request for
slower driving, it is not cited as the reason for their worry
after traveling twenty kilometres. Their concern was
specifically due to the lack of any sign of the town they
were heading to.
❖ Option d is incorrect because while the passage mentions
it became colder as they drove higher into the hills and rain
began to fall, the coldness itself is not identified as the
cause of their worry after traveling twenty kilometres. The
main cause of worry was the absence of the town they
expected to reach, suggesting they might have lost their
way.

24 A stout old lady was walking with her basket down the a The correct answer is A, a pedestrian. The text specifically
middle of a street in Petrograd to the great confusion of the mentions that "the pavement was the place for foot-
traffic and no small peril to herself. It was pointed out to her passengers," indicating the reason she was advised to walk on
that the pavement was the place for foot-passengers, but the pavement was because she was a pedestrian, not because
she replied, "I m going to walk where I like. We've got liberty of her physical attributes or what she was carrying.
now." It did not occur to the dear lady that if liberty entitled
the foot-passenger to walk down the middle of the road it CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
also entitled the taxi-driver to drive on the pavement, and cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
that the end of such liberty would be universal chaos. Note – this thing would work very limited in these kind of
Everything would be getting in everybody else's way and passages
nobody would get anywhere. Individual liberty would have Why would somebody would ask you to walk on the pavement
become social anarchy. (a) You are a pedestrian – makes sense
(b) Carrying a basket – illogical reason
It was pointed out to the lady that she should walk on (c) Stout – just because you are heavily build – nobody would
the pavement because she was (2013) ask you to walk on pavement – illogical reason
(a) a pedestrian.
(d) An old lady – this can be reason in some cases to protect
(b) carrying a basket.
(c) stout. you
(d) an old lady.
So, if I have to make a bet, I would make a bet on a or d. So, in
50 percent of the cases, you would mark it correctly.

25 (Use same passage as above) b The lady refused to move from the middle of the street
because she felt that she is entitled to do whatever she liked.
The lady refused to move from the middle of the street This is evidenced by her statement, "I'm going to walk where I
because (2013) like. We've got liberty now," indicating her belief in her
(a) she was not afraid of being killed. entitlement to walk wherever she prefers due to her
(b) she felt that she is entitled to do whatever she liked. understanding of "liberty."
(c) she did not like walking on the pavement.
(d) she was confused.

26 (Use same passage as above) b The old lady failed to realize that her liberty was not unlimited.
The narrative highlights that her notion of liberty, if applied
The old lady failed to realise that (2013) universally, would lead to chaos because it would mean
(a) she was not really free. everyone could do as they please without regard for others,
(b) her liberty was not unlimited. leading to social anarchy.
(c) she was an old person.
(d) roads are made for motor vehicles only

27 In recent times, India has grown fast not only compared to c ❖ Option (c) is correct since it is evident from the text's
its own past but also in comparison with other nations. emphasis on the idea that while economic growth is
But. there cannot be any room for complacency because it necessary for eradicating poverty, it is not sufficient on its
is possible for the Indian economy to develop even faster own. The author argues for complementing growth-
and also to spread the benefits of this growth more widely promoting policies with mechanisms to ensure broader
than has been done thus far. Before going into details of participation in the growth process and to redistribute
the kinds of micro-structural changes that we need to some of the gains to those who are unable to participate
conceptualize and then proceed to implement, it is in the market process and get left behind. (Exact
worthwhile elaborating on the idea of inclusive growth statement: In other words, policies growth, need to be
that constitutes the defining concept behind this complemented with policies to ensure that more and
Government's various economic policies and decisions. A more people join in the growth process and, further, that
nation interested in inclusive growth views the same there are mechanisms in place to redistribute some of the
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growth differently depending on whether the gains of the gains to those who are unable to partake in the market
growth are heaped primarily on a small segment or shared process and, hence, get left behind.)
widely by the population. The latter is cause for ❖ Option (a) is too narrow because it focuses solely on the
celebration but not the former. In other words, growth development of economic growth without addressing the
must not be treated as an end in itself but as an instrument crucial aspect of redistribution and inclusivity that the
for spreading prosperity to all. India's own past experience author emphasizes. The text makes it clear that while
and the experience of other nations suggests that growth growth is necessary, it's not sufficient by itself to ensure
is necessary for eradicating poverty but it is not a sufficient the well-being of the entire population.
condition. In other words, policies growth, need to be ❖ Option (b) shifts the focus exclusively to the distribution
complemented with policies to ensure that more and of income without acknowledging the importance of
more people join in the growth process and, further, that economic growth as a prerequisite for such distribution.
there are mechanisms in place to redistribute some of the The author argues for a balance between growth and
gains to those who are unable to partake in the market distribution, making this option incorrect.
process and, hence, get left behind. ❖ Option (d) is incorrect since it puts an emphasis on the
A simple way of giving this idea of inclusive growth a development of the poorest segments of society. While
sharper form is to measure a nation's progress in terms of focusing on the poorest segments is a part of the author's
the progress. of its poorest segment, for instance the argument, this option overlooks the broader concept of
bottom 20 per cent of the population. One could measure inclusive growth that encompasses both developing
the per capita income of the bottom quintile of the economic growth and ensuring that its benefits reach
population and also calculate the growth rate of income; those getting left behind. It misses the holistic approach
and evaluate our economic success in terms of these advocated by the author, which includes but is not limited
measures that pertain to the poorest segment» This to the development of the poorest segments. (Exact
approach is attractive because it does not ignore growth statement: Hence the criterion being suggested here is a
like some of the older heterodox criteria did. It simply statistical summing up of the idea of inclusive growth,
looks at the growth of income of the poorest sections of which, in turn, leads to two corollaries: to wish that India
the population. It also ensures that those who are outside must strive to achieve high growth and that we must
of the bottom quintile do not get ignored. If that were work to ensure that the weakest segments benefit from
done, then those people would in all likelihood drop down the growth.)
into the bottom quintile and so would automatically
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become a direct target of our policies. Hence the criterion CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
being suggested here is a statistical summing up of the cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
idea of inclusive growth, which, in turn, leads to two
corollaries: to wish that India must strive to achieve high Firstly, read all the options, choose one which is most inclusive.
growth and that we must work to ensure that the weakest
segments benefit from the growth. (a) Growth is good – but inclusivity is missing. Ignore and
reject
The author supports policies which will help (2014) (b) You need distribution + also good rate of growth – common
(a) develop economic growth. sense – so, reject
(b) better distribution of incomes irrespective of rate of (c) It seems the most appropriate as it accepts redistribution
growth + growth. Accept. Tick it YES
(c) develop economic growth and redistribute economic c is better option to choose than d as apart from poor, you also
gains to those getting left behind need growth.
(d) put an emphasis on the development of the poorest
segments of society.

28 (Use the same passage as above) d ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect: While the author states that
growth is necessary for eradicating poverty, they also
Consider the following statements: (2014) clarify that growth alone is not sufficient to ensure poverty
According to the author, India's economy has grown but eradication. The implication is that additional measures
there is no room for complacency as are needed to ensure that the benefits of growth are
1. growth eradicates poverty. shared widely.
2. growth has resulted in prosperity for all. ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect: The assertion that growth has
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? resulted in prosperity for all is directly contradicted by the
(a) 1 only author's emphasis on the need for inclusive growth. The
(b) 2 only author argues that the benefits of growth have not been
(c) Both1and2 shared widely enough and that policies must ensure more
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 inclusive participation and benefit distribution.

Therefore, neither of the provided statements accurately

reflects the author's nuanced view on economic growth and
its effects on poverty and prosperity.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

1) Common sense – growth does not eradicate poverty –

chances are there, it will reduce it – reject
2) Growth cannot result in prosperity of all – extreme
statement – reject.
Rejecting 1 and 2 gives d.

29 It is easy for the government to control State-owned b 2 and 3 is correct because the passage explicitly mentions that
companies through nods and winks. So, what really needs if an oil company can innovate and cut costs, it will make
to be done as a first step is to put petrol pricing on a greater profits under a system where petrol pricing is based on
transparent formula - if the price of crude is x and the a transparent formula that considers the price of crude and
exchange rate y, then every month or fortnight, the the exchange rate. This setup encourages firms to innovate
government announces a maximum price of petrol, which and be efficient, as those that manage to reduce their
anybody can work out from the x and the y. The rule has operational costs can charge competitive prices and thus
to be worked out to make sure that the oil-marketing improve their profitability. (Exact statement: This will mean
companies can, in general, cover their costs. This will mean that if one company can innovate and cut costs, it will make
that if one company can innovate and cut costs, it will greater profits)
make greater profits. Hence, firms will be more prone to
innovate and be efficient under this system. Once the rule
is announced, there should be no interference by the
government. If this is done for a while, private companies
will re-enter this market. And once a sufficient number of
them are in the fray, we can remove the rule-based pricing
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and leave it truly to the market (subject to, of course, the

usual regulations of anti-trust and other competition
laws).

Consider the following statements: (2014)

According to the passage, an oil company can make
greater profits, if a transparent formula for petrol
pricing is announced every fortnight or month, by
1. promoting its sales.
2. undertaking innovation.
3. Cutting costs.
4. selling its equity shares at higher prices.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 and 4
(d) 1, 2 and 4

30 (Use the same passage as above) a ❖ Statement 1 is correct: The passage explicitly suggests
implementing a transparent formula for petrol pricing,
Consider the following statements: (2014) which factors in the price of crude oil and the exchange
According to the passage, private oil companies re-enter rate. This transparency in pricing is highlighted as a key
the oil producing market if step to encourage innovation and efficiency among oil
1. a transparent rule-based petrol pricing exists. companies. It's stated that such a transparent system will
2. there is no government interference in the oil also attract private companies back into the market
producing market. because it provides a clear and predictable framework for
3. subsidies are given by the government. pricing, allowing them to cover costs and potentially
4. regulations of anti-trust are removed. achieve greater profits through innovation and cost-
Which of the statements given above are correct? cutting.
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(a) 1 and 2 ❖ Statement 2 is correct: The passage strongly emphasizes

(b) 2 and 3 the importance of no government interference once the
(c) 3 and 4 transparent pricing rule is announced. This non-
(d) 2 and 4 interference is critical for ensuring that the market
operates on the principles of efficiency and competition,
which are necessary for the re-entry of private companies.
Government non-interference allows companies to
operate under the set rules without the unpredictability of
ad-hoc decisions, which can be a significant deterrent to
private sector participation.
❖ Statement 3 is incorrect: The passage does not mention
subsidies as a factor for private oil companies to re-enter
the market. Instead, it focuses on transparent pricing and
the absence of government interference as the key factors.
Introducing subsidies would actually represent a form of
government interference and could distort the market
dynamics that the transparent pricing and non-
interference seek to establish.
❖ Statement 4 is incorrect: The passage does not suggest
that the removal of anti-trust regulations is a condition for
private companies to re-enter the market. On the contrary,
it implies that even after transitioning to a fully market-
based pricing system, the usual regulations of anti-trust
and other competition laws would still apply. These
regulations are essential for maintaining a healthy,
competitive market environment and preventing
monopolistic practices, which is why their removal is not
advocated as a condition for market re-entry by private
companies.
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31 Climate change poses potentially devastating effects on b ❖ Justification for Statement 2 being correct: The passage
India’s agriculture. While the overall parameters of climate clearly mentions the necessity to shift the locations where
change are increasingly accepted - a 1 degree C average crops are grown in response to temperature changes as
temperature increase over the next 30 years, sea level rise well as to water availability. This is directly linked to the
of less than 10 cm in the same period, and regional effects of climate change, such as altered weather patterns
monsoon variations and corresponding droughts — the and the resulting impact on agricultural practices to ensure
impacts in India are likely to be quite site and crop specific. continued yields of important staple crops.
Some crops may respond favourably to the changing ❖ Justification for Statement 3 being correct: While the
conditions, others may not. This emphasizes the need to passage does not explicitly state "poor productivity of
promote agricultural research and create maximum crops" as a reason for shifting crop locations, the need to
flexibility in the system to permit adaptations. maintain yields and adapt to changing conditions (like
temperature and water availability) indirectly implies
The key ingredient for "drought proofing' is the managed concerns over productivity. The essence of managing
recharge of aquifers. To ensure continued yields of agricultural adaptations to climate change is to combat
important staple crops (e.g. wheat), it may also be potential reductions in crop productivity due to
necessary to shift the locations where these crops are unfavourable growing conditions.
grown, in response to temperature changes as well as to ❖ Why Statement 1 is incorrect: Although melting glaciers
water availability. The latter will be a key factor in making are mentioned as affecting water runoff and subsequently
long term investment decisions. the availability of water, the passage does not directly link
melting glaciers to the shifting of crop locations. The
For example, water runoff from the Himalayas is concern with melting glaciers is more about their impact
predicted to increase over the next 30 years as glaciers on water runoff patterns over the long term, which is a
melt, but then decline substantially thereafter. It will be broader context affecting water availability but not the
critical to provide incentives to plan for these large-scale immediate reason for shifting crop locations as described.
shifts in ago-ecological conditions. ❖ Why Statement 4 is incorrect: The passage does not
mention the wider adaptability of crop plants as a reason
India needs to make long term investment in research and for shifting crop locations. Instead, it focuses on the
development in agriculture. India is likely to experience external environmental conditions that necessitate such
changed weather patterns in future.
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Consider the following statements: (2014) shifts (temperature and water availability), rather than the
Climate change may force the shifting of locations of the intrinsic adaptability of the crops themselves.
existing crops due to
1. melting of glaciers. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
2. water availability and temperature suitability at other cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
locations.
3. poor productivity of crops. Check all options. It is clear, that, if crops have wider
4. wider adaptability of crop plants. adaptability, they will not have to shift location. This eliminates
Which of the statements given above are correct? 4. Thus, options c and d are automatically eliminated since,
(a) 1, 2 and 3 they have 4. Now, you have to choose between a and b. Also,
(b) 2 and 3 only the option 1 – melting of glacier – may not directly but
(c) 1 and 4 only indirectly impact the existing crops due to submergence. So, if
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 we have to choose between a and b, it is better to go with b
which is our answer
32 (Use the same passage as above) c ❖ Option (c) is most aligned with the passage's emphasis on
adapting to site and crop-specific impacts of climate
According to the passage, why is it important to promote change, including variations in temperature, water
agricultural research in India? (2014) availability, and potentially altered monsoon patterns. By
(a) To predict variations in monsoon patterns and to promoting agricultural research, India can develop
manage water resources strategies and technologies to ensure crops are more
(b) To make long term investment decisions for economic adaptable to these changing conditions, thereby securing
growth food production and agricultural sustainability. (Exact
(c)To facilitate wider adaptability of crops statement - This emphasizes the need to promote
(d) To predict drought conditions and to recharge aquifers agricultural research and create maximum flexibility in
the system to permit adaptations.)
❖ Options (a), (b), and (d) mention important aspects related
to agriculture and climate change, such as managing water
resources, making long-term investment decisions, and
predicting drought conditions. However, these are not
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directly cited as reasons for promoting agricultural

research in the context provided. The passage specifically
highlights the need for research to allow for adaptations to
the changing climate, which closely relates to facilitating
the wider adaptability of crops.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

See all the options. Why would you promote agricultural

research – the straight first hitting point is – improve crop.
Everything comes after. So, c would become correct.

33 It is essential that we mitigate the emissions of greenhouse c ❖ Statement 1 is correct because the passage explicitly
gases and thus avoid some of the worst impacts of climate highlights the significant contribution of livestock sector
change that would take place in coming years and emissions to overall greenhouse gas emissions, amounting
decades. Mitigation would require a major shift in the way to 18 percent of the total. It suggests that changing human
we produce and consume energy. A shift away from dietary habits, specifically reducing the consumption of
overwhelming dependence on fossil fuels is now long animal protein, is a direct and actionable way to mitigate
overdue, but unfortunately, technological development these emissions.
has been glow and inadequate largely because ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect because the passage does not
government policies have not promoted investments in mention or imply that economic liberalization plays a role
research and development, myopically as a result of in the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. The focus is
relatively low prices of oil. It is now, therefore, imperative rather on promoting investments in renewable energy and
for a country like India treating the opportunity of changing lifestyles, including consumption patterns, to
harnessing renewable energy on a large scale as a national achieve mitigation.
imperative. This country is extremely well endowed with ❖ Statement 3 is correct because the passage implies the
solar, wind and biomass sources of energy. Where we have need for changes in lifestyles and a transformation of
lagged, unfortunately, is in our ability to develop and to economic structures that would lead to effective emission
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create technological solutions for harnessing these reductions. This includes consuming lower quantities of
resources. certain products, which aligns with the idea of reducing
consumerism as a part of broader efforts to mitigate
One particular trajectory for carrying out stringent greenhouse gas emissions.
mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions assessed by the ❖ Statement 4 is incorrect because the passage focuses on
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) clearly the impact of human dietary habits on emissions from the
shows the need for ensuring that global emissions of livestock sector, rather than suggesting improvements in
greenhouse gases peak no later than 2015 and reduce livestock management as a mitigation strategy. The text
rapidly thereafter. The cost associated with such a points towards the need for individuals to reconsider their
trajectory is truly modest and would amount, in the consumption of animal protein as a means to reduce
estimation of IPCC, to not more than 3 percent of the emissions, not specifically modernizing livestock
global GDP in 2030. In other words, the level of prosperity management practices.
that the world would have reached without mitigation
would at worst be postponed by a few months or a year at CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
the most. This is clearly not a very high price to pay for cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
protecting hundreds of millions of people from the worst
risks associated with climate change. Any such effort, As in statement 2 is- “rapid economic liberalization”, this
however, would require lifestyles to change appropriately statement is false because rapid economic liberalization will
also. Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions is not a mere increase rather than reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
technological fix, and clearly requires changes in lifestyles Therefore, when statement 2 is eliminated, only option c
and transformation of a country's economic structure, remains.
whereby effective reduction in emissions is brought about,
such as through the consumption of much lower quantities Alternately, use your GS knowledge to solve this question.
of animal protein. The Food and Agriculture Organization What would mitigate the greenhouse gas.
(FAO) has determined that the emissions from the (a) You know already through your GS knowledge that
livestock sector amount to 18 percent of the total. The livestock leads to greenhouse gases – so this should be
reduction of emissions from this source is entirely in the correct
hands of human beings, who have never questioned the
impacts that their dietary habits of consuming more and
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more animal protein are bringing about. Mitigation overall (b) Economic liberalisation might increase the GHG indirectly
has huge co-benefits, such as lower air pollution and as per our knowledge. So, obviously this is against what
health benefits, higher energy security and greater we learnt in GS. So, reject b
employment. (c) You reduce consumerism, so obviously, you become
environment friendly – hence, GHG mitigated. Accept c
According to the passage, which of the following would (d) Modern management practices – this can also aid in GHG
help in the mitigation of greenhouse gases? (2014) mitigation
1. Reducing the consumption of meat So, answer should be 1, 3 and 4 at best but it is not given. So,
2. Rapid economic liberalization option having these at best can be 1 and 3 only as there is no
3. Reducing the consumerism other subset in option of 1, 3 and 4. So, we reach c.
4. Modern management practices of livestock
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 2 and 4 only

34 (Use the same passage as above) d All statements are correct because

Why do we continue to depend on the fossil fuels ❖ Statement 1 is highlighted in the passage as a key reason
heavily? (2014) for the continued heavy dependence on fossil fuels. The
1. Inadequate technological development passage notes that technological development has been
2. Inadequate funds for research and development "slow and inadequate" in part due to government policies
3. Inadequate availability of alternative sources of energy not promoting sufficient investment in research and
Select the correct answer using the code given below: development. This inadequacy hampers the ability to shift
(a) 1 only away from fossil fuels towards more sustainable energy
(b) 2 and 3 only sources.
(c) 1 and 3 only
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(d) 1, 2 and 3 ❖ Statement 2 is directly mentioned as contributing to the

slow technological development in alternative energy
sources. The passage suggests that government policies
have not promoted investments in research and
development, implying that there are insufficient funds
allocated towards finding and improving alternative energy
solutions, which perpetuates the reliance on fossil fuels.
❖ Statement 3 can be inferred from the context of the
passage, which emphasizes the need for a significant shift
in how we produce and consume energy. While it mentions
that India is well endowed with solar, wind, and biomass
sources of energy, it also notes the country has lagged in
its ability to develop and create technological solutions for
harnessing these resources effectively.

35 (Use the same passage as above) b ❖ Statement 1 is correct because the passage mentions that
mitigation has "huge co-benefits, such as lower air
According to the passage, how does the mitigation of pollution and health benefits." By reducing greenhouse gas
greenhouse gases help us ? emissions, the quality of air improves, which in turn can
1. Reduces expenditure on public health lead to better public health outcomes and potentially
2. Reduces dependence on livestock reduce the costs associated with treating health issues
3. Reduces energy requirements related to pollution.
4. Reduces rate of global climate change ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect because while the passage does
Select the correct answer using the code below: (2014) discuss reducing the consumption of animal protein to
(a) 1, 2 and 3 mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, it doesn't explicitly
(b) 1, 3 and 4 state that mitigation efforts would reduce dependence on
(c) 2, 3 and 4 livestock as a broader economic or societal goal. The focus
(d) 1 and 4 only is more on the individual dietary choices rather than on

altering the livestock industry's role in society or the

economy.
❖ Statement 3 is correct because while not stated explicitly
in the provided passage excerpt, the implication of
transitioning to renewable energy sources and changing
lifestyles (including consumption patterns) as part of
mitigation efforts can lead to more efficient energy use and
potentially reduce overall energy requirements. For
instance, adopting more energy-efficient technologies and
practices can lower the demand for energy, which aligns
with the broader goals of mitigation.
❖ Statement 4 is correct because the primary goal of
mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, as stated in the
passage, is to "avoid some of the worst impacts of climate
change that would take place in coming years and
decades." By reducing emissions, we can slow the rate of
climate change, thereby limiting its adverse effects on
ecosystems, weather patterns, and human societies.

36 The Himalayan ecosystem is highly vulnerable to damage, a ❖ Statement 1 is correct, as the passage mentions the
both due to geological reasons and on account of the possible loss of genetic resources and species, which could
stress caused by increased pressure of population, lead to the permanent disappearance of some of the
exploitation of natural resources and other related ecosystem's flora and fauna due to climate change
challenges. These aspects may be exacerbated due to the impacts.
impact of climate change. It is possible that climate change ❖ Statement 2 is not directly stated. While the passage
may adversely impact the Himalayan ecosystem through mentions threats to the ecosystem, including a decrease in
increased temperature, altered precipitation patterns, ecosystem services, it does not explicitly state that the
episodes of drought and biotic influences. This would not entire ecosystem could permanently disappear. Instead, it
only impact the very sustenance of the indigenous
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communities in uplands but also the life of downstream emphasizes the need for conservation efforts to sustain the
dwellers across the country and beyond. Therefore, there Himalayan ecosystem.
is an urgent need for giving special attention to sustain the
Himalayan ecosystem. This would require conscious CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
efforts for conserving all the representative systems. cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Further, it needs to be emphasized that the
endemics with restricted distribution, and most open with See the two statements:
specialized habitat requirements, are among the most 1) Permanent disappearance of some of the flora and fauna
vulnerable elements. In this respect the Himalayan – our GS knowledge says, this can happen. Accept 1
biodiversity hotspot, with rich endemic diversity, is 2) Disappearance of ecosystem itself – now just think – can
vulnerable to climate change. The threats include possible ecosystem permanently disappear – there will always be
loss of genetic resources and species, habitats and some ecosystem though in modified form. So, this goes
concomitantly a decrease in ecosystem services. against common sense. So, reject 2
Therefore, conservation of endemic elements in Finally, we reach answer a (1 only)
representative ecosystem/habitats assumes a great
significance while drawing conservation plans for the
region.
Towards achieving the above, we will have to shift
toward contemporary conservation approaches, which
include a paradigm of landscape level interconnectivity
between protected area systems. The concept advocates
a shift from the species-habitat focus to an inclusive focus
on expanding the biogeographic range so that natural
adjustments to climate change can proceed without being
restrictive.

Consider the following statements

According to the passage, the adverse impact of climate
change on an ecosystem can be a
1. permanent disappearance of some of its flora and fauna.
2.permanent disappearance of ecosystem itself.
Which of the statements given above are correct? (2014)
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

37 (Use the same passage as above) d ❖ Option (d) is correct as it directly addresses the essence of
adopting contemporary conservation approaches. The
Which one of the following statements best implies the passage emphasizes the need for a paradigm shift in
need to shift toward contemporary conservation conservation strategies to include landscape-level
approach? (2014) interconnectivity and an expanded biogeographic focus.
(a) Exploitation of natural resources causes a stress on the This is aimed at facilitating natural adjustments to climate
Himalayan ecosystem. change, ensuring that the Himalayan ecosystem can adapt
(b) Climate change alters precipitation patterns, causes smoothly to the impending changes. This statement
episodes of drought and biotic encapsulates the need for innovative and broad-scaled
interference. conservation efforts that go beyond traditional methods,
(c The rich biodiversity, including endemic diversity, makes directly linking to the passage's call for contemporary
the Himalayan region a approaches to conservation in response to climate change.
biodiversity hotspot. ❖ Option (a) is incorrect: While this statement identifies a
(d) The Himalayan biogeographic region should be problem affecting the Himalayan ecosystem, it does not
enabled to adapt to climate change smoothly. specifically imply the need for contemporary conservation
approaches. It highlights an issue but doesn't address the
solution or the methodological shift in conservation
strategies that the passage discusses.
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❖ Option (b) is incorrect: This statement describes the

impact of climate change on the ecosystem, which is
indeed a concern highlighted in the passage. However, it
does not directly imply the need for a shift toward
contemporary conservation approaches. It outlines the
challenges but not the response strategy.
❖ Option (c) is incorrect: This statement emphasizes the
Himalayan region's significance as a biodiversity hotspot
due to its rich endemic diversity. While it underscores the
value and vulnerability of the region's biodiversity, it
doesn't specifically suggest the need for contemporary
conservation approaches or the paradigm shift towards
landscape-level interconnectivity and broader
biogeographic focus described in the passage.

38 It is often forgotten that globalization is not only about a ❖ Option (a) is correct: The passage explains that the basic
policies on international economic relationships and philosophy underlying globalization emphasizes the
transactions, but has equally to do with domestic policies absolute freedom of markets to determine prices,
of a nation. Policy changes necessitated by meeting the production, and distribution patterns, and views
internationally set conditions (by WTO etc.) of free trade government interventions as creating distortions and
and investment flows obviously affect domestic producers bringing inefficiency.
and investors. But the basic philosophy underlying ❖ Option (b) is incorrect: The passage does not suggest that
globalization emphasizes absolute freedom to markets to globalization views government intervention as leading to
determine prices and production and distribution the optimum use of resources. Instead, it argues that
patterns, and view government interventions as processes globalization prefers market forces to determine economic
that create distortions and bring in inefficiency. Thus, outcomes, implying that government interventions are
public enterprises have to be privatized through seen as distortive rather than optimizing.
disinvestments and sales; sectors and activities hitherto ❖ Option (c) is incorrect: While globalization and the
reserved for the public sector have to be opened to the opening up of markets may indirectly lead to increased
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private sector. This logic extends to the social services like profitability for some industries by allowing freer trade and
education and health. Any restrictions on the adjustments competition, the passage specifically criticizes government
in workforce by way of retrenchment of workers should interventions as being inefficient and distortive, rather
also be removed and exit should be made easier by than directly associating them with industry profitability.
removing any restrictions on closures. Employment and ❖ Option (d) is incorrect: This option misinterprets the
wages should be governed by free play of market forces, passage. It is not government interventions that are seen
as any measure to regulate them can discourage as leading to the free play of market forces; rather, the
investment and also create inefficiency in production. essence of globalization, according to the passage, is to
Above all, in line with the overall philosophy of reduction allow market forces to operate freely without government
in the role of the State, fiscal reforms should be intervention. Government interventions are viewed
undertaken to have generally low levels of taxation and negatively as creating distortions and inefficiency, not as a
government expenditure should be kept to the minimum mechanism to ensure the free play of market forces.
to abide by the principle of fiscal prudence. All these are
policy actions on the domestic front and are not directly CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
related to the core items of the globalization agenda, cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
namely free international flow of goods and finance.
Use your logic of GS, If you want globalisation, it is simple you
According to the passage, under the globalization, want freedom. Freedom means uninterrupted work by private
government interventions are viewed as processes sector and minimal/least/zero interference by the
leading to (2014) government.
(a) distortions and inefficiency in the economy. Among the given options, government interventions – since –
(b) optimum use of resources. should be minimal – the only reason which seems correct is –
(c) more profitability to industries. it will bring inefficiency. (Remember – private sector sees govt.
(d) free play of market forces with regard to industries. as inefficient only). So, a is correct.

Govt. is known to waste resources and not make the optimum

use – so reject b.
Govt. intervention – for private sector – brings inefficiency and
loss – common sense – reject c.
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Govt. intervention is contrary to free play of market resources

– when you interfere – how can market play freely. – reject d.

Thus, we finally reach the answer as (a)

39 (Use the same passage as above) c ❖ Option (c) is correct: The passage explicitly states that
globalization emphasizes absolute freedom for markets to
According to the passage, the basic philosophy of determine prices and production and distribution patterns,
globalization is to (2014) viewing government interventions as processes that create
(a) give absolute freedom to producers to determine distortions and bring in inefficiency. It also mentions
prices and production. employment as being governed by the free play of market
(b) give freedom to producers to evolve distribution forces, highlighting the broad scope of market freedom
patterns. that includes not just prices and production but also
(c) give absolute freedom to markets to determine prices, employment aspects.
production and employment. ❖ Option (a) is incorrect: This option is too narrow because
(d) give freedom to producers to import and export. it focuses only on producers and excludes other market
aspects like distribution and employment, which are also
integral to the passage's description of globalization's
philosophy.
❖ Option (b) is incorrect: Similar to option (a), this choice is
too narrow and specific. While it mentions distribution
patterns, it omits the broader freedoms related to prices,
production, and employment that the passage identifies as
central to globalization.
❖ Option (d) is incorrect: This option limits the scope of
freedom to import and export activities, which, while
important, do not encompass the entire philosophy of
globalization as outlined in the passage. The passage

emphasizes broader market freedoms beyond just

international trade activities.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Use your common sense, the statement a, b and d talks only a

narrow perception – talking only about producers. While the
primary purpose of globalisation is to give freedom to market.
So, answer should be c as it is more inclusive and diverse.

Always choose the answer which encapsulates more and more

ideas and is more inclusive and is not narrow – if you have to
make a choice due to want of time.

40 (Use the same passage as above) c ❖ Statement 1 is correct: The passage mentions that public
enterprises have to be privatized through disinvestments
According to the passage, which of the following is/are and sales as part of the globalization process.
necessary for ensuring globalization? (2014) ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect: This option is not supported by
1. Privatization of public enterprises the passage. In fact, the passage suggests the opposite by
2. Expansionary policy of public expenditure advocating for generally low levels of taxation and minimal
3. Free play of market forces to determine wages and government expenditure to abide by the principle of fiscal
employment prudence, which is in line with reducing the role of the
4. Privatization of social services like education and state as per the globalization philosophy.
health ❖ Statement 3 is correct: It also states that employment and
Select the correct answer using the code given below: wages should be governed by the free play of market
(a) 1 only forces, emphasizing the minimization of government
(b) 2 and 3 only intervention in these areas.
(c) 1, 3 and 4
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(d) 2, 3 and 4 ❖ Statement 4 is correct: The passage explains that sectors

and activities reserved for the public sector, including
social services like education and health, need to be
opened to the private sector as part of the globalization
philosophy.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
See the option 2. Globalisation is generally seen to be more
supportive of private sector and does not discuss primarily
about public sector that too expansionary. Infact, it wants that
private sector does everything mainly and not the public
sector. So, reject 2. Thus, 1, 3 and 4 which talks about the
private sector is correct.

41 (Use the same passage as above) b According to the passage, in the process of globalization, the
State should have (b) reducing role. The passage emphasizes
According to the passage, in the process of globalization the philosophy underlying globalization, which views
the State should have (2014) government interventions as processes that create distortions
(a) expanding role. and bring inefficiency.
(b) reducing role. Therefore Option (b) is the correct answer.
(c) statutory role.
(d) none of the above roles CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

See the options and apply your GS knowledge. In globalisation

– more role for private sector and reducing role of public
sector is argued. So, b should be correct.

42 Many nations now place their faith in capitalism and c ❖ Option (c) is correct: The passage discusses how debates
governments choose it as the strategy to create wealth for around the free market tend to focus on its efficiency and
their people. The spectacular economic growth seen in self-correction capabilities, despite the challenges
Brazil, China and India after the liberalisation of their highlighted by the global banking crisis and economic
economies is proof of its enormous potential and success. recession. It mentions that these apologists argue that the
However, the global banking crisis and the economic recent crisis was merely a temporary setback, indicating
recession have left many bewildered. The debates tend to their faith in the market's inherent ability to correct itself
focus on free market operations and forces, their over time.
efficiency and their ability for self-correction. Issues of ❖ Option (a) is incorrect: While the apologists of the free-
justice, integrity and honesty are rarely elaborated to market system do advocate for less government
highlight the failure of the global banking system. The intervention, the passage specifically highlights their belief
apologists of the system continue to justify the success of in the market's ability to self-correct as a key point. This
capitalism and argue that the recent crisis was a blip. option, though related, does not capture the specific belief
mentioned in the passage regarding self-correction.
Their arguments betray an ideological bias with the ❖ Option (b) is incorrect: This option implies a lack of
assumptions that an unregulated market is fair and government protection, which is not the same as the belief
competent, and that the exercise of private greed will be in market efficiency and self-correction capabilities
in the larger public interest. emphasized in the passage. The passage does not
specifically discuss the concept of government protection
Few recognize the bidirectional relationship between in relation to market operations.
capitalism and greed; that each reinforces the other. ❖ Option (d) is incorrect: This option misrepresents the
Surely, a more honest conceptualisation of the conflicts of concept of a "free market". In economic terms, a "free
interest among the rich and powerful players who have market" refers to minimal governmental intervention, not
benefited from the system, their biases and ideology is the provision of goods and services for free. The passage
needed; the focus on the wealth creation should also does not suggest that apologists believe in markets for free
highlight the resultant gross inequity. goods and services.

The apologists of the “Free Market System”, according to

the passage, believe in (2014) See the statements. Free market system – what is the good
(a) market without control by government authorities. about it – ability for self-correction. Market is rarely without
(b) market without protection by the government. control or protection by the government (this rejects a and b),
(c) ability of market to self-correct. and when we have to make a choice between c and d, the good
(d) market for free goods and services. Samaritan would choose – self improvement or correction.
Simple logic and common sense.
So, you can make a bet on c.

43 (Use the same passage as above) c With reference to "ideological bias," the passage implies that
(c) free market is fair and competent. The passage discusses
With reference to "ideological bias", the passage implies the ideological bias of free market system apologists who
that (2014) continue to justify the success of capitalism, arguing that the
(a) free market is fair but not competent. recent economic crises were merely temporary setbacks. It
(b) free market is not fair but competent. mentions their underlying assumptions that an unregulated
(c) free market is fair and competent. market is both fair and competent, highlighting their belief in
(d) free market is neither fair nor biased. the inherent fairness and efficiency of free market
mechanisms, despite evidence of systemic failures such as the
global banking crisis.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Simple, when you are talking about free market in general, it

is seen as good one. A good one will have all positives in
general, it will be fair as well as competent. That is why it is
free market is advocated. So, you can make a bet on c.

44 (Use the same passage as above) c ❖ Statement 1 is correct: This is correct because the passage
critically addresses the claim that "the exercise of private
The exercise of private greed will be in the larger public greed will be in the larger public interest," presenting it as
interest" from the passage part of the flawed ideological foundation of capitalism. It
1.refers to the false ideology of capitalism. suggests that this ideology is misleading by promoting the
2. underlies the righteous claims of the free market. notion that personal greed can somehow result in
3. shows the benevolent face of capitalism. collective benefit, which the passage implies is not the
4.ignores resultant gross inequity. case.
Which Of the statements given above is/are correct? ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect: The passage does not endorse
(2014) the free market's claims as righteous; rather, it critiques
(a) 1 only the assumptions behind such claims. It challenges the
(b) 2 and 3 notion that unregulated markets are inherently fair and
(c) 1 and 4 efficient, suggesting that this belief overlooks significant
(d) 4 only issues like inequity and the failure to self-correct in times
of crisis.
❖ Statement 3 is incorrect: The passage does not depict
capitalism in a benevolent light. Instead, it critically
examines the ideology of capitalism, pointing out its
failures, particularly in relation to the recent economic
crisis and the systemic inequities it perpetuates. The idea
that private greed serves the public interest is presented as
a flawed justification rather than a benevolent aspect of
capitalism.
❖ Statement 4 is correct: This is also correct as the passage
points out the inequities resulting from the capitalist
system, where the focus on wealth creation for a few leads
to widespread disparities. By stating that the ideology of
capitalism (where private greed is seen as beneficial for

public interest) ignores the gross inequity it creates, the

passage highlights a significant critique of capitalism.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

According to the above passage, 'Private greed will be treated

in the larger public interest' - now this ideology neither accepts
the just claims of the free market nor shows the virtuous face
of capitalism, and the passage is about the good things of the
free market system – therefore, you can elimination
statement 2 and 3 by logic and common sense.
1 – any advocate of free market place will deny the wrong
things about the free market – so obviously if you say that
private greed will be in the larger public interests – they will
say – it is false ideology. So, accept 1
4 – same logic as above. Private greed in the larger public
interest – this will automatically ignore the gross inequality. So,
accept 4.

Thus, 1 and 4 are correct.

45 Net profits are only 2.2% of their total assets for central c ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect: The passage does not explicitly
public sector undertakings, lower than for the private state that the public sector has lost its relevance in the
corporate sector. While the public sector or the State-led industrialization process. Instead, it acknowledges the
entrepreneurship played an important role in triggering public sector's important role in triggering India's
India's industrialization, our evolving development needs, industrialization but suggests a review based on evolving
comparatively less-than- satisfactory performance of the development needs and other factors.
public sector enterprises, the maturing of our private
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sector, a much larger social base now available for ❖ Statement 2 is correct: The passage mentions the
expanding entrepreneurship and the growing institutional "comparatively less-than-satisfactory performance of the
capabilities to enforce competition policies would suggest public sector enterprises" as one of the reasons for
that the time has come to review the role of public sector. revaluating its role.
❖ Statement 3 is correct: The passage highlights "the
What should the portfolio composition of the maturing of our private sector, a much larger social base
government be? It should not remain static all times. The now available for expanding entrepreneurship" as reasons
airline industry works well as a purely private affair. At the for this review.
opposite end, rural roads, whose sparse traffic makes ❖ Statement 4 is correct: The growing institutional
tolling unviable, have to be on the balance-sheet of the capabilities to enforce competition policies are mentioned
State. If the government did not own rural roads, they as a factor suggesting a need to reconsider the public
would not exist. Similarly, public health capital in our sector's role.
towns and cities will need to come from the public sector.
Equally, preservation and improvement of forest cover will CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
have to be a new priority for the public sector assets. cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
1- Loosing its relevance and lost its relevance are two different
Take the example of steel. With near-zero tariffs, things. 1 says it is lost – making the process complete and
India is a globally competitive market for the metal. Indian hence is extreme statement. So, reject 1.
firms export steel into the global market, which Rejecting 1 will reject options a and d.
demonstrates there is no gap in technology. Indian Now, we are left only with option b and c. Obviously 2 is
companies are buying up global steel companies, which common so, we do not need to check it. Let us go for 3 and 4.
shows there is no gap in capital availability. Under these 3 – it is true – entrepreneurship is expanding – so, option
conditions, private ownership works best. should include 3.
4 – it is also true – makes logic – we have effective competition
Private ownership is clearly desirable in regulated policies. So, accept it to.
industries, ranging from finance to infrastructure, where a
government agency performs the function of regulation Finally, we reach c which is 2, 3 and 4 only.
and multiple competing firms are located in the private
sector. Here, the simple and clean solution — government
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as the umpire and the private sector as the players is what

works best. In many of these industries, we have a legacy
of government ownership, where productivity tends to be
lower, fear of bankruptcy is absent, and the risk of asking
for money from the tax payer is ever present. "There is also
the conflict of interest between government as an owner
and as the regulator. The formulation and implementation
of competition policy will be more vigorous and fairer if
government companies are out of action.

According to the passage, what were the reason/reasons

for saying that the time has come to review the role of
public sector? (2014)
1.Now public sector has lost its relevance in the
industrialization process.
2.Public sector does not perform satisfactorily.
3.Entrepreneurship in private sector is expanding.
4. Effective' competition policies are available now.
Which of the statements given above Ware correct in the
given context?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

46 (Use the same passage as above) b The passage specifically mentions that rural roads, whose
sparse traffic makes tolling unviable, have to be on the balance
According to the passage, rural roads should be in the sheet of the State. This implies that such infrastructure
domain of public sector only. Why? (2014) projects are not financially attractive for the private sector due
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(a) Rural development work is the domain of government to the inability to generate significant revenue from them,
only. hence the necessity for public sector involvement.
(b) Private sector cannot have monetary gains in this.
(c) Government takes money from tax payers and hence CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
it is the responsibility of cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
government only. (a) Only word – at times, private sector also make road.
(d) Private sector need not have any social responsibility. Further, only is extreme statement – reject it.
(b) Private sector – we know – private sector looks for instant
profit making endeavors. So, b makes sense
(c) Only word – eliminate
(d) This statement is against corporate social responsibility. So,
it should be rejected.
Thus, out of a, b, c, and d, only b makes some sense. And,
hence b should be the answer.

47 (Use the same passage as above) c The portfolio composition of the government refers to (c) Mix
of government investment in different industrial sectors. The
The portfolio composition of the government refers to passage discusses varying degrees of government involvement
(2014) across different sectors, such as the airline industry being
(a) Public sector assets quality. suitable for private ownership, whereas rural roads and public
(b) Investment in liquid assets. health capital require public sector investment. This indicates
(c) Mix of government investment in different industrial a deliberate choice in the allocation of government resources
sectors. and investments across various industries, defining the
(d) Buying Return on Investment yielding capital assets. "portfolio composition" as the mix of these investments.

48 (Use the same passage as above) a The author prefers government as the umpire and private
sector as players because (a) Government prescribes norms
The author prefers government as the umpire and private for a fair play by the private sector. The passage suggests that
sector as players because (2014) in regulated industries, having the government act as a
(a) Government prescribes norms for a fair play by the regulator (umpire) while the private sector companies
private sector. compete (players) works best. This setup allows for the
(b) Government is the ultimate in policy formulation. establishment of a fair and efficient marketplace, where the
(c) Government has no control over private sector government's role is to ensure fair competition and regulation,
players. rather than being directly involved in the market as a
(d) None of the above statements is correct in thig context. competitor.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

(a) Govt. is seen to ensure a fair play for private sector by

making common rules and regulation – so, this makes
sense
(b) Ultimate – true but not relevant for the question as it is
authoritative and we are looking for more participation of
govt. + private together
(c) It can never happen – govt. always have control over
private – since – it has power. So, reject c.
Out of a, b and c, a makes sense and hence is answer. When
we choose a, d is automatically rejected.

49 Human history abounds in claims and theories confining a The statement that is least essential as a part of the argument
the right of governing to a few select citizens. Exclusion of in the above passage is (a) Man seeks control over external
the many is justified on the ground that human beings may things affecting him. The main argument in the passage
be rightfully segregated for the good of society and viability focuses on the historical justification for limiting governance
of the political process. to a select few, based on assumptions about societal good and
political viability. This involves the concept of segregating
Which one of the following statements is least essential human beings for certain claimed benefits (as mentioned in
as a part of the argument in the above passage? (2015) options (b), (c), and (d).
(a) Man seeks control over external things affecting him. In contrast, the idea that man seeks control over external
(b) In society, there are 'super' and 'sub' human beings. things, while possibly relevant to discussions about human
(c)Exceptions to universal citizen participation are behaviour or psychology, does not directly contribute to the
conducive to systemic efficacy. passage's argument about the justification for excluding most
(d)Governing implies recognition of disparities in individual people from the right to govern.
capacities.

50 Foods travel more than the people who eat them. Grocery c ❖ Statement 1 is correct: The passage discusses the negative
stores and supermarkets are loaded with preserved and environmental impacts associated with the transportation
processed foods. This, however, often leads to of food over long distances, including pollution and food
environmental threats, such as pollution generated by long wastage. By highlighting these issues, the passage implies
distance food transportation and wastage of food during that opting for regionally grown food, which does not need
processing and transportation, destruction of rain forests, to be transported long distances, could mitigate these
reduced nutritional content, increased demand for environmental threats. This suggests that consuming
preservation and packaging. Food insecurity also increases locally grown food is indeed a part of eco-friendly
as the produce comes from regions that are not feeding behaviour.
their own population properly. ❖ Statement 2 is correct: The passage mentions several
negative effects associated with processed and preserved
foods, such as the destruction of rain forests, increased
demand for preservation and packaging, and the reduction
of nutritional content. These points indicate that the food
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With reference to the above passage, which of the processing industry, through its demands on resources for
following statements is/are true? (2015) processing, preservation, and packaging, indeed puts a
1. Consuming regionally grown food and not depending on burden on natural resources.
long travelled food is a part of eco-friendly behaviour.
2. Food processing industry puts a burden on our natural
resources.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

51 I must say that, beyond occasionally exposing me to a ❖ Option(a) is correct: - While it's true that not wasting time
laughter, my constitutional shyness has been of no is a benefit of being cautious with words, the author
disadvantage whatever. In fact, I can see that, on the doesn't explicitly link his avoidance of thoughtless words
contrary, it has been all to my advantage. My hesitancy in to a direct intention to not waste time. Instead, he
speech, which was once an annoyance, is now a pleasure. describes the benefits of being reserved, such as sparing
Its greatest benefit has been that it has taught me the him mishaps and being more discerning of the truth.
economy of words. I have naturally formed the habit of ❖ Option(b) is incorrect. - The author explicitly states that he
restraining my thoughts. And I can now give myself the has learned the economy of words, which directly relates
certificate that a thoughtless word hardly ever escapes my to not letting thoughtless words escape because he
tongue or pen. I do not recollect ever having had to regret measures each word carefully.
anything in my speech or writing. I have thus been spared ❖ Option(c) is incorrect. - The author explains that he has
many a mishap and waste of time. Experience has taught naturally formed the habit of restraining his thoughts,
me that silence is part of the spiritual discipline of a votary which directly leads to not speaking or writing
of truth. Proneness to exaggerate, to suppress or modify thoughtlessly, as he is considerate about what he says or
the truth, wittingly or unwittingly, is a natural weakness of writes.
man, and silence is necessary in order to surmount it. A ❖ Option(d) is incorrect. - His hesitancy in speech, which
man of few words will rarely be thoughtless in his speech; initially was an annoyance, has transformed into a pleasure
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he will measure every word. We find so many people and a method for teaching him the economy of words,
impatient to talk. There is no chairman of a meeting who is which contributes to the lack of thoughtless words.
not pestered with notes for permission to speak. And
whenever the permission is given the speaker generally
exceeds the time-limit, asks for more time, and keeps on
talking without permission. All this talking can hardly be
said to be of any benefit to the world. It is so much waste
of time. My shyness has been in reality my shield and
buckler. It has allowed me to grow. It has helped me in my
discernment of truth.

The author says that a thoughtless word hardly ever

escapes his tongue or pen. Which one of the following is
not a valid reason for this? (2015)
(a) He has no intention to waste his time.
(b) He believes in the economy of words.
(c) He believes in restraining his thoughts.
(d) He has hesitancy in his speech.

52 (Use the same passage as above) a ❖ Option(a) is correct: - This is directly mentioned in the text
as a result of his habit of careful speech and writing, which
The most appropriate reason for the author to be spared he credits for sparing him many mishaps. By not speaking
many a mishap is that (2015) or writing thoughtlessly, he avoids misunderstandings and
(a) he hardly utters or writes a thoughtless word. other potential negative consequences.
(b) he is a man of immense patience. ❖ Option(b) is incorrect: - While patience might be inferred
(c) he believes that he is a spiritual person. as a quality, he possesses due to his thoughtful and
(d) he is a votary of truth. deliberate approach. It is not directly cited as the reason
for being spared mishaps related to his communication.

❖ Option(c) is incorrect. - The author does talk about silence

being part of the spiritual discipline of a votary of truth.
However, this belief in itself is not identified as the direct
reason for being spared mishaps; it’s more about the
practices associated with this belief.
❖ Option(d) is incorrect. - Commitment to truth is certainly
a part of his philosophy, and while it informs his
behaviours, it's the practical application of this
commitment (like being careful with words) that spares
him mishaps, rather than the mere status of being a votary.

53 (Use the same passage as above) d ❖ Option (a) is incorrect: - While the author mentions being
constitutionally shy, he does not directly connect this
For the author, silence is necessary in order to surmount shyness to the necessity of silence for overcoming it.
(2015) Instead, he discusses how his shyness led to benefits in his
(a) constitutional shyness. manner of communication.
(b) hesitancy in speech. ❖ Option (b) is incorrect. - Although hesitancy in speech is
(c) suppression of thoughts. mentioned, it is described more as a characteristic that led
(d) tendency to overstate. him to value silence, not something he is trying to
overcome through silence.
❖ Option (c) is incorrect. - Suppressing or restraining
thoughts is related to being careful with words but isn't
specifically stated as a reason why silence is necessary.
❖ Option (d) is correct. - The author explicitly addresses the
importance of silence in surmounting natural human
weaknesses, including the proneness "to exaggerate, to
suppress or modify the truth, wittingly or unwittingly." This
aligns directly with a tendency to overstate as a natural
human weakness that silence helps to control.
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54 Individuals, groups and leaders who promote human c ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect: This statement is not supported
development operate under strong institutional, structural by the passage. The passage mentions institutional,
and political constraints that affect policy options. But structural, and political constraints but does not claim that
experience suggests broad principles for shaping an a strong institutional framework is the only requirement
appropriate agenda for human development. One for human development. Therefore, statement 1 is
important finding from several decades of human incorrect.
development experience is that focusing exclusively on ❖ Statement 2 is correct: This statement is supported by the
economic growth is problematic. While we have good passage. It discusses the limitations of focusing exclusively
knowledge about how to advance health and education, on economic growth and mentions the problematic
the causes of growth are much less certain and growth is aspects of such a focus, suggesting that human
often elusive. Further, an unbalanced emphasis on growth development and economic growth do not always go hand
is often associated with negative environmental in hand. Therefore, statement 2 is correct.
consequences and adverse distributional effects. The ❖ Statement 3 is incorrect: This statement is somewhat
experience of China, with its impressive growth record, misleading based on the passage. While the passage
reflects these broader concerns and underlines the criticizes the exclusive focus on economic growth and
importance of balanced approaches that emphasize highlights the importance of considering non-income
investments in the non-income aspects of human aspects of human development, it does not suggest that
development. the sole goal of economic growth should be focusing only
on human development. It implies the importance of a
With reference to the above passage, consider the balanced approach. Thus, statement 3 is not directly
following statements: (2015) supported by the passage.
1.In developing countries, a strong institutional framework
is the only requirement for human development and policy CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
options cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
2. Human development and economic growth are not
always positively interrelated. Just read the options with a open mindset and the
3. Focusing only on human development should be the knowledge you had developed while reading the UPSC
goal of economic growth content
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
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(a) 1 only a) Only requirement – this only word makes this statement
(b) 2 and 3 only extreme – reject it
(c) 2 only b) Are not always positively inter-related => this makes sense
(d) 1,2 and 3 => as it is a general statement which talks about the
possibility of both positively and negatively inter-related
=> accept it
c) Only word – extreme word – reject it
So, take a bet on b if you are going to take a chance. Here, b is
also the right answer.

55 The existence/establishment of formal financial b ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect. - The passage does not claim that
institutions that offer safe, reliable and alternative financial financial institutions do not offer any instruments at all;
instruments is fundamental in mobilizing savings. To save, rather, it highlights that access to safe, reliable, and
individuals need access to safe and reliable financial alternative financial instruments is not always available to
institutions, such as banks, and to appropriate financial everyone, especially in rural areas. This suggests limited
instruments and reasonable financial incentives. Such access, not a total absence.
access is not always available to all people in developing ❖ Statement 2 is correct - The passage directly supports this
countries like India and more so, in rural areas. Savings help statement by explaining that without access to formal
poor households manage volatility in cash flow, smoothen savings mechanisms, poor households are encouraged to
consumption, and build working capital. Poor households spend immediately, which reflects a tendency to spend
without access to a formal savings mechanism encourage earnings/savings due to the lack of appropriate financial
immediate spending temptations. options.
CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
With reference to the above passage, consider the cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
following statements: (2015)
1.Indian financial institutions do not offer any financial ❖ Statement 1 – it is against the reality. We know, we do
instruments to rural households to mobilize their savings. have some problems but then, saying that Indian
2. Poor households tend to spend their earnings/savings financial institutions do not offer any financial
due to lack of access to appropriate financial instruments.
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Which of the statements given above is/are correct? instruments – this is wrong statement in context of our
(a) 1 only knowledge. So, reject it
(b) 2 only ❖ Statement 2 – this is generally a reality – accept it.
(c) Both 1 and 2 ❖ So, If I have to take a bet, I would bet on b.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

56 Climate change is a complex policy issue with major c ❖ Statement 1 is correct:- The passage explicitly mentions
implications in terms of finance. All actions to address that the "scale and magnitude of the financial support
climate change ultimately involve costs. Funding is vital for required by developing countries" are a matter of intense
countries like India to design and implement adaptation debate in these negotiations. This directly aligns with
and mitigation plans and projects. Lack of funding is a large statement 1.
impediment to implementing adaptation plans. The scale ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect - The passage does not mention
and magnitude of the financial support required by crop losses or any specific impacts such as this in the
developing countries to enhance their domestic mitigation context of the debates under the UNFCCC. Thus, this
and adaptation actions are a matter of intense debate in statement is not supported by the information in the
the multilateral negotiations under the United Nations passage.
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)' The ❖ Statement 3 is correct: the passage discusses how global
Convention squarely puts the responsibility for provision of funding through the multilateral mechanism of the
financial support on the developed countries, taking into Convention will enhance domestic capacity in developing
account their contribution to the stock of greenhouse countries to finance mitigation and adaptation efforts.
gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. Given the magnitude of While it might not be the direct subject of intense debate
the task and the funds required, domestic finances are mentioned, it is inherently connected to the financial
likely to fall short of the current and projected needs of the support debates since the purpose of the financial support
developing countries. Global funding through the is indeed to enhance these actions.
multilateral mechanism of the Convention will enhance
their domestic capacity to finance the mitigation efforts. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Let us see the options:

According to the passage, which of the following is/are a 1) It is true. Developing countries demand money which
matter of intense debate in the multilateral negotiations developed countries does not want to contribute for their
under UNFCCC regarding the role of developing countries play earlier. So, it is a matter of reject. Accept it
in climate change? (2015) 2) While they do discuss about the money, but crop is not
1. The scale and size of required financial support. discussed vehemently. So, accepting it or rejecting it – it is
2. The crop loss due to climate change in the developing not clear – so, we have to rethink here
countries. 3) This makes sense. For mitigation and adaptation actions in
3. To enhance the mitigation and adaptation actions in the the developing countries, developed countries should
developing countries. contribute money which they do not want to do but this is
Select the correct answer using the code given below: the demand of developing countries. So, this can be
(a) 1 only included.
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only Now, for 1 and 3, we are a little sure but for 2 we are little bit
(d) 1, 2 and 3 confused, so, while making bet, you may choose either 1 and
3 or 1, 2, and 3.
This will increase the probability of the right answer, with
lesser chances of marking the wrong answer.
Further, personally, I am not sure of this food option in b, I
would prefer to reject it. This will give me the right answer.

57 (Use the same passage as above) c ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect. - The passage does not mention
per capita incomes as a reason for assigning financial
In this passage, the Convention puts the responsibility for support responsibilities to developed countries.
the provision of financial support on the developed ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect. - Similarly, the passage does not
countries because of (2015) discuss GDP levels as a rationale for why developed
1. their higher level of per capita incomes. countries should bear the financial burden.
2. their large quantum of GDP. ❖ Statement 3 is correct - This is explicitly mentioned in the
3.their large contribution to the stock of GHGs in the passage as the reason developed countries are expected to
atmosphere. provide financial support.
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Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
(b) 1 and 2 only cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 As a learned UPSC aspirant, developing countries always
blame the developed countries for their historical emissions
and their high contribution in the stock of GHG, and since they
are culprit, they should pay for it.

It is on the basis of this, we can easily choose c.

58 (Use the same passage as above) a ❖ Option (a) is correct - This option is a close representation
as it implies a discussion about the responsibilities and
Which one of the following is essentially discussed in the expectations between developed and developing
passage? (2015) countries in terms of financial support for climate change
(a) Conflict between developed and developing countries mitigation, which aligns with the passage’s focus on the
regarding support for mitigation financial aspect of the multilateral negotiations under the
(b) Occurrence of climate change due to excessive UNFCCC.
exploitation of natural resources by the developed ❖ Option (b) is incorrect - This option describes a cause of
countries climate change, but the passage does not discuss the
(c) Lack of political will on the part of all the countries to reasons why climate change is happening, only the
implement adaptation plans. responsibilities due to historical emissions.
(d) Governance problems of developing countries as a ❖ Option (c) is incorrect. - The passage does not discuss the
result of climate change political will of countries regarding the implementation of
adaptation plans, nor does it attribute the implementation
issues to a lack of political will.
❖ Option (d) is incorrect- The passage does not discuss
governance problems directly resulting from climate
change impacts on developing countries.

59 Accountability or the lack of it, in governance generally, c ❖ Statement 1 is correct: The passage discusses the
and civil services, in particular, is a major factor underlying importance of balancing internal and external
the deficiencies in governance and public administration. accountability in civil services. It mentions that the
Designing an effective framework for accountability has emphasis seems to have tilted towards greater internal
been a key element of the reform agenda. A fundamental accountability to political leaders, which has not worked
issue is whether civil services should be accountable to the out and has led to adverse consequences for governance.
political executive of the day or to society at large. In other Statement 2 is incorrect because the passage does not
words, how should internal and external accountability be mention lack of professional training as a factor leading to
reconciled? Internal accountability is sought to be adverse consequences for governance/public
achieved by internal performance monitoring, official administration. While professional training could certainly
supervision by bodies like the Central Vigilance be important for civil servants, the passage does not
Commission and Comptroller and Auditor General and address this as a factor contributing to governance
judicial review of executive decisions. Articles 311 and 312 deficiencies.
of the Indian Constitution provide job security and ❖ Statement 3 is incorrect because the passage does not
safeguards to the civil services, especially the All India discuss lack of service benefits as a factor leading to
Services. The framers of the Constitution had envisaged adverse consequences for governance/public
that provision of these safeguards would result in a civil administration. While service benefits may be relevant to
service that is not totally subservient to the political the functioning of civil services, the passage focuses more
executive, but will have the strength to function in larger on issues related to accountability and the respective roles
public interest. The need to balance internal and external of civil services and the political executive.
accountability is thus built into the Constitution. The issue ❖ Statement 4 is correct: The passage mentions that the
is where to draw the line. Over the years, the emphasis need to balance internal and external accountability is built
seems to have tilted in favour of greater internal into the Constitution, but over the years, the emphasis
accountability of the civil services to the political leaders of seems to have tilted towards greater internal
the day who in turn and expected to be externally accountability. It suggests that defining the respective roles
accountable to the society at large through the election of professional civil services and the political executive
process. This system for seeking accountability to society through effective statutory civil service boards could help
has not worked out, and has led to several adverse improve accountability.
consequences for governance.
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Some special measures can be considered for improving CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
accountability in civil services. Provisions of Articles 311 cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
and 312 should be reviewed and laws and regulations
framed to ensure external accountability of civil services. Just read the points as per question:
The proposed Civil Services Bill seeks to address some of 1) This is a confusion. On the one side heart says, they are
these requirements. The respective roles of professional able, on the other side, heart says – they are not able. So,
civil services and the political executive should be defined for time being reserve this
so that professional managerial functions and 2) It is wrong. There is world class training these days. Think
management of civil services are depoliticized. For this of LBSNAA, NACIN etc. so, reject it.
purpose, effective statutory civil service boards should be 3) It is also wrong – there is proper service benefits in India.
created at the centre and in the states. Decentralization Remember the old saying – if you are in govt. job, you are
and devolution of authority to bring government and the son-in-law of Govt (DAMAD JI) – this thing inspires
decision making closer to the people also helps to enhance many in villages to look for govt. job. So, reject it
accountability. 4) It is true. Constitution does not define the role of civil
servants vis-à-vis political executive. You have read the
According to the passage, which of the following factor/ Polity book – you must know this.
factors led to the adverse consequences for governance/
public administration? (2016) So, reject 2 and 3. You are left with 1 and 4. Although, we were
1. Inability of civil services to strike a balance between not very sure about 1 but in the given options, rejecting 2 and
internal and external accountabilities. 3, we have the best option left is 1 and 4 as we have to choose
2. Lack of sufficient professional training to the officers of 4 definitely. Hence, answer should be c.
All India Services
3. Lack of proper service benefits in civil services
4. Lack of constitutional provisions to define the respective
roles of professional civil services vis-a-vis political
executive in this context
Select the correct answer using the codes given below
(a) Only 1
(b) 2 and 3
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60 (Use the same passage as above) d The passage discusses internal accountability measures such
as better job security and safeguards (mentioned in Articles
According to the passage, which one of the following is 311 and 312 of the Indian Constitution), supervision by bodies
not a means of enhancing internal accountability of civil like the Central Vigilance Commission, and judicial review of
services? (2016) executive decisions. However, it does not mention enhanced
(a) Better job security and safeguards participation by people in the decision-making process as a
(b) Supervision by Central Vigilance Commission means of enhancing internal accountability.
(c) Judicial review of executive decisions
(d) Seeking accountability through enhanced participation CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
by people in decision-making process cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just think of the options. How can you maintain internal

accountability. It is through the internal mechanisms which
involves departments and judiciary and defined rules and
regulations. Option a, b and c gives similar sense.
Option d – involves people. It is completely difference from a,
b and c and can be mechanism of external accountability only.
So, answer should be d

61 Biomass as fuel for power, heat and transport has the d ❖ Statement 1 is correct as it accurately reflects a constraint
highest mitigation potential of all renewable sources. It mentioned in the passage. The passage discusses the
comes from agriculture and forest residues as well as from challenge of ensuring a sustainable supply of biomass for
energy crops. The biggest challenge in using biomass power generation due to logistical constraints and the
residues is a long-term reliable supply delivered to the costs of fuel collection.
power plant at reasonable costs; the key problems are ❖ Statement 2 is also correct as it aligns with a constraint
logistical constraints and the costs of fuel collection. mentioned in the passage. The passage mentions that
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Energy crops, if not managed properly, compete with food biomass production may compete with food production,
production and may have undesirable impacts on food leading to undesirable impacts on food prices.
prices. Biomass production is also sensitive to the physical ❖ Statement 3 is correct as well as it accurately reflects a
impacts of a changing climate. constraint discussed in the passage. The passage highlights
Projections of the future role of biomass are probably how some liquid biofuels may aggravate carbon emissions
overestimated, given the limits to the sustainable biomass on a life-cycle basis, thus posing a constraint on power
supply, unless breakthrough technologies substantially generation.
increase productivity. Climate-energy models project that
biomass use could increase nearly four-fold to around 150- CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
200 exajoules, almost a quarter of world primary energy in cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
2050. However, the maximum sustainable technical
potential of biomass resources (both residues and energy Just approach the answer as a general GS Question :
crops) without disruption of food and forest resources 1) Makes sense – accept it
ranges from 80-170 exajoules a year by 2050, and only part 2) Makes sense – since – if you plan such crops, where will
of this is realistically and economically feasible. In addition, you plant food crop – accept it
some climate models rely on biomass-based carbon 3) It is possibility statement – these are generally correct –
capture and storage, an unproven technology, to achieve accept it
negative emissions and to buy sometime during the first So, 1, 2 and 3 are correct. Hence, d is the answer
half of the century.
Some liquid biofuels such as corn-based ethanol, mainly
for transport, may aggravate rather than ameliorate
carbon emissions on a life-cycle basis. Second generation
biofuels, based on ligno-cellulosic feedstocks – such as
straw, bagasse, grass and wood – hold the promise of
sustainable production that is high-yielding and emit low
levels of greenhouse gases, but these are still in the R & D
stage.

What is/ are the present constraint/constraints in using

biomass as fuel for power generation? (2016)
1. Lack of sustainable supply of biomass
2. Biomass production competes with food production
3. Bio-energy may not always be low carbon on a life-cycle
basis
Select the correct answer using the codes given below
(a) 1 and 2
(b) Only 3
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3

62 (Use the same passage as above) b ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect: Using agricultural and forest
residues as feedstock for power generation. This option
Which of the following can lead to food security problem? may indirectly impact food security if it reduces the
(2016) availability of residues that could be used for other
1. Using agricultural and forest residues as feedstock for agricultural purposes however it is not inferred by the
power generation passage.
2. Using biomass for carbon capture and storage ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect: While this option may not
3. Promoting the cultivation of energy crops directly impact food security, it could indirectly affect it if
Select the correct answer using the codes given below the biomass competes with food crops for agricultural land
(a) 1 and 2 but this is not mentioned in the passage.
(b) Only 3 ❖ Statement 3 is correct: This option directly relates to
(c) 2 and 3 potential competition between energy crops and food
(d) 1, 2 and 3 crops for agricultural land, which can directly impact food
security.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just think of the options. Which would lead to food security

problem
1) Residue means left over. You have already used the
primary content. So, fight is over b/w biomass crop and
food crop. Hence it won’t lead to food security problem.
Reject it
2) It is a good thing – where is fight. So, it should not create
problem. Reject it
3) This may lead to struggle for land – what will you plant –
food crop or energy crop. Hence, include it
So, 3 only is correct which is also the answer.

63 (Use the same passage as above) c ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect: This statement is not necessarily
a characteristic of sustainable production of biofuel. While
In the context of using biomass, which of the following is/ biomass can contribute significantly to meeting energy
are the characteristic/ characteristics of the sustainable demands, whether it can fulfil all primary energy
production of biofuel? (2016) requirements by 2050 depends on various factors such as
1. Biomass as a fuel for power generation could meet all technological advancements, sustainable practices, and
the primary energy requirements of the world by 2050 global energy policies.
2. Biomass as a fuel for power generation does not ❖ Statement 2 is correct: This statement aligns with a
necessarily disrupt food and forest resources characteristic of sustainable biofuel production.
3. Biomass as a fuel for power generation could help in Sustainable production practices aim to minimize or avoid
achieving negative emissions, given certain nascent negative impacts on food production and forest resources
technologies. while utilizing biomass for energy generation.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below ❖ Statement 3 is correct: This statement is also consistent
(a) 1 and 2 with a characteristic of sustainable biofuel production.
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(b) Only 3 Certain technologies, such as carbon capture and storage

(c) 2 and 3 (CCS), can potentially enable biomass-based power
(d) 1, 2 and 3 generation to achieve negative emissions, effectively
removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an

UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
it one by one
1-Statement 1 is extreme hence can be inferred as incorrect. It
says, it will meet all energy requirement – this makes it
incorrect as it is rarely a possibility.
2 - this is a compromise statement – it does not necessarily
disrupt – a possibility statement. So, accept it.
3 – could help – possibility statement – hence correct
Hence, answer becomes option C (2 and 3 only)

64 (Use the same passage as above) a ❖ Option 1: Some climate-energy models suggest that the
use of biomass as a fuel for power generation helps in
With reference to the passage, the following assumptions mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This statement is
have been made correct based on the information provided in the passage.
1. Some climate-energy models suggest that the use of ❖ Option 2: It is not possible to use biomass as a fuel for
biomass as a fuel for power generation helps in power generation without disrupting food and forest
mitigating greenhouse gas emissions resources. This statement is incorrect as it contradicts the
2. It is not possible to use biomass as a fuel for power passage, which acknowledges the possibility of using
generation without disrupting food and forest resources biomass for power generation while also highlighting the
Which of these assumption(s) is/ are valid? (2016)
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(a) Only 1 challenges and potential disruptions to food and forest

(b) Only 2 resources.
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an

UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
it one by one
❖ Option 1 – it is a possibility statement – some models
suggest – so a possibility – hence correct. And
definitely, it can help in mitigating the greenhouse gas
emissions. Hence, 1 is correct.
❖ Option 2 – it is a extreme statement. And goes against
the common sense logic. Read the statement once.
Reject it.
Hence answer becomes option A (1 only).

65 Safe and sustainable sanitation in slums has immeasurable b ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect: The passage suggests that
benefits to women and girls in terms of their health, safety, manual scavenging still exists despite efforts to promote
privacy and dignity. However, women do not feature in safe sanitation practices. While abolition of manual
most of the schemes and policies on urban sanitation. The scavenging is important, the passage emphasizes the need
fact that even now the manual scavenging exists, only goes for a more sustained and rigorous campaign towards the
to show that not enough has been done to promote pour- right to sanitation on a large scale. Therefore, this
flush toilets and discontinue the use of dry latrines. A more statement is incorrect.
sustained and rigorous campaign needs to be launched ❖ Statement 2 is correct: The passage highlights the benefits
towards the right to sanitation on a very large scale. This of safe and sustainable sanitation for women and girls, as
should primarily focus on the abolition of manual well as the inadequacy of current schemes and policies on
scavenging. urban sanitation. It advocates for a sustained and rigorous
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With reference to the above passage, consider the campaign towards the right to sanitation, with a primary
following statements: (2016) focus on abolishing manual scavenging. Promoting greater
1. Urban sanitation problems can be fully solved by the awareness on safe sanitation practices aligns with this
abolition of manual scavenging only objective. Therefore, this statement is correct.
2. There is a need to promote greater awareness on safe
sanitation practices in urban areas CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
Which of the statement(s) given above is/ are correct? cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2 Just read the question without reading the passage. As an
(c) Both 1 and 2 UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 it one by one
1 – fully solved – c’mon – can you fully solve anything currently.
Extreme statement – I would reject it
2 – makes sense and is a solution-oriented statement. Accept
it
Hence, correct answer becomes B.
66 The nature of the legal imperatives in any given state b ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because the passage does not
corresponds to the effective demands that state suggest an antithesis or opposition between politics and
encounters and that these, in their turn, depend, in a economics. Instead, it emphasizes their interrelationship.
general way, upon the manner in which economic power is ❖ Option(b) is correct: The statement suggests that the
distributed in the society which the state controls. nature of legal imperatives in a state depends on the
effective demands encountered by that state, which, in
The statement refers to (2016) turn, are influenced by the distribution of economic power
(a) the antithesis of politics and economics in society. This indicates a close interrelationship between
(b) the interrelationship of politics and economics political decisions (legal imperatives) and economic factors
(c) the predominance of economics over politics (distribution of economic power), highlighting how politics
(d) the predominance of politics over economics and economics interact to shape the legal framework and
policies of a state.

❖ Option (c) is incorrect because while the passage

acknowledges the influence of economic power on legal
imperatives, it does not imply that economics
predominates over politics. Rather, it suggests that politics
and economics are interrelated in shaping the legal
framework of a state.
❖ Option (d) is incorrect because the passage does not
indicate the predominance of politics over economics. It
discusses the influence of economic power on legal
imperatives, suggesting that both politics and economics
play significant roles in shaping the legal framework of a
state.

67 Historically, the biggest challenge to world agriculture has b ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect because the passage does not
been to achieve a balance between demand for and supply mention this as a fundamental solution for addressing the
of food. At the level of individual countries, the demand- world food security problem. While agro-based industries
supply balance can be a critical policy issue for a closed may contribute to economic development and agricultural
economy, especially if it is a populous economy and its productivity, they are not directly mentioned as a solution
domestic agriculture is not growing sufficiently enough to to food security concerns in the passage.
ensure food supplies, on an enduring basis; it is not so ❖ Statement 2 is correct: The passage emphasizes the
much and not always, of a constraint for an open and importance of addressing price affordability issues for the
growing economy which has adequate exchange surpluses poor in the developing world, suggesting that this is a
to buy food abroad. For the world as a whole supply- fundamental aspect of achieving food security.
demand balance is always an inescapable prerequisite for ❖ Statement 3 is correct: The passage discusses how food
warding off hunger and starvation. However, global production, marketing, and prices have become global
availability of adequate supply does not necessarily mean issues, indicating the need for regulation to ensure food
that food would automatically move from countries of security.
surplus to countries of deficit if the latter lack in purchasing ❖ Statement 4 is incorrect because the passage does not
power. advocate for universal food subsidies as a fundamental
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The uneven distribution of hunger, starvation, under-or solution. Instead, it emphasizes the importance of
malnourishment, etc. at the world-level, thus owes itself to improving price affordability for the poor and regulating
the presence of empty-pocket hungry mouths, marketing conditions to address food security issues.
overwhelmingly confined to the underdeveloped CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
economies. In as much as “a two-square meal” is of cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
elemental significance to basic human existence, the issue
of worldwide supply of food has been gaining significance, Just read the question without reading the passage. As an
in recent times, both because the quantum and the UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
composition of demand has been undergoing big changes, it one by one
and because, in recent years, the capabilities of individual
countries to generate uninterrupted chain of food supplies See the options.
have come under strain. Food production, marketing and Of all the options for the solution of world food security
prices, especially price- affordability by the poor in the problem, 4 is absurd. (It is extreme statement and also
developing world, have become global issues that need common sense says – you cannot provide subsidy to one and
global thinking and global solutions. all – as it is not a long-term solution). So, reject 4.
Rejecting 4 will lead to rejection of Options c and d.
According to the above passage, which of the following Now, a and b have 2 as common. So, we have to make a better
are the fundamental solutions for the world food security choice between 1 and 3. Here, 3 is a better option since
problem? (2016) a) Improvement in marketing will lead to availability of food
1. Setting up more agro-based industries for more people with less leakage
2. Improving the price affordability by the poor b) How many agro-industries you will set up – somewhere –
3. Regulating the conditions of marketing you will have to improve the chain supply. So, while this
4. Providing food subsidy to one and all can be temporary solution, it is not a long-term solution
Select the correct answer using the codes given below
(a) 1 and 2 only So, choose 3. Hence, we reach b.
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

68 (Use the same passage as above) d The passage states, "Historically, the biggest challenge to
world agriculture has been to achieve a balance between
According to the above passage, the biggest challenge to demand for and supply of food." This indicates that ensuring a
world agriculture is (2016) balance between the demand for food and the available
(a) to find sufficient land for agriculture and to expand supply is the primary challenge faced by world agriculture.
food processing industries CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
(b) to eradicate hunger in underdeveloped countries cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(c) to achieve a balance between the production of food
and non-food items Just read the question without reading the passage. As an
(d) to achieve a balance between demand for and supply UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
of food it one by one

Just think of challenges. What is more inclusive and providing

a long-term broader solution
All the options seem a bit logical at times. So, how to make a
decision?
Choose the one which is the best solution, broader and more
inclusive. If possible, it should take a balanced approach. For
this, option d seem more appropriate. Hence, you can mark it

Why I have chosen:

❖ D over a – d is offering a better solution. if there is
balance between demand and supply, the issue will get
over. A is more of a narrow and short term solution
❖ D over b – that is the task and not the solution. Further,
this is not a challenge – rather a problem that has
plagued the world. So, reject it.
❖ D over c – just apply logic – what makes more sense –
balance b/w food and non-food is ok – but the issue
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wont be resolved unless there is balance b/w demand

and supply. So, it is a better option.

69 (Use the same passage as above) c ❖ Statement 1 is correct: The passage emphasizes that
achieving a balance between the demand for and supply of
According to the above passage, which of the following food is historically the biggest challenge to world
helps/ help in reducing hunger and starvation in the agriculture. Balancing these factors is crucial for ensuring
developing economies? (2016) that enough food is available to meet the needs of the
1. Balancing demand and supply of food population, thereby reducing hunger and starvation. This
2. Increasing imports of food aligns with the passage's focus on achieving a balance
3. Increasing purchasing power of the poor between food demand and supply.
4. Changing the food consumption patterns and practices ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect. While imports could potentially
Select the correct answer using the codes given below help address food shortages in some situations, the
(a) Only 1 passage does not specifically mention increasing imports
(b) 2, 3 and 4 as a solution to reducing hunger and starvation in
(c) 1 and 3 developing economies.
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 ❖ Statement 3 is correct: The passage discusses the
importance of improving price affordability for the poor in
the developing world. It mentions that ensuring food
affordability is a critical aspect of achieving food security,
particularly in populous economies where domestic
agriculture may not be sufficient to ensure food supplies.
By increasing the purchasing power of the poor, they can
afford an adequate diet, reducing hunger and starvation.
❖ Statement 4 is also not directly mentioned in the passage
as a measure to reduce hunger and starvation. While
changing consumption patterns could potentially
contribute to food security, the passage does not discuss

this as a Solution in the context of addressing hunger and

starvation in developing economies.

70 (Use the same passage as above) b ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect: While population growth can
certainly contribute to increased demand for food, the
The issue of worldwide supply of food has gained passage does not explicitly mention overgrowth of the
importance mainly because of population as a reason why the issue of worldwide food
1. overgrowth of the population worldwide supply has gained importance.
2. sharp decline in the area of food production ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect: The passage does not mention a
3. limitation in the capabilities for sustained supply of sharp decline in the area of food production as a reason for
food the importance of the issue of worldwide food supply.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below Instead, it discusses the strain on the capabilities of
(2016) individual countries to sustain uninterrupted food
(a) 1 and 2 supplies.
(b) Only 3 ❖ Statement 3 is correct: The passage mentions that in
(c) 2 and 3 recent years, the capabilities of individual countries to
(d) 1, 2 and 3 generate uninterrupted chains of food supplies have come
under strain. This indicates a limitation in the capabilities
for sustained supply of food, which has contributed to the
importance of the issue of worldwide food supply.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an

UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
it one by one
a) Seems a bit logical – since more population would need
more food – reserve it for time being
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b) Extreme statement – sharp decline – reject it

c) Seems logical – reserve it

So, at initial level, I want to make 1 and 3 only.

But none of the option has such option.
So, we have to make a choice between 1 only and 3 only. Since,
1 only is absent, automatically the choice becomes 3 only

71 There is no harm in cultivating habits so long as they are c ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because the passage explicitly states
not injurious. Indeed, most of us are little more than that habits simplify the mechanism of life and are essential
bundle of habits. Take away our habits and the residuum for managing daily activities. This clearly suggests that
would hardly be worth bothering about. We could not get habits make our lives easier, not more difficult.
on without them. They simplify the mechanism of life. ❖ Option (b) is incorrect because the passage does not
They enable us to do a multitude of things automatically, discuss precision as an aspect of habits. While habits may
which, if we had to give fresh and original thought to them contribute to routine and efficiency, the term "precision" is
each time, would make existence an impossible confusion. not used or implied in the context provided.
❖ Option (c) is correct because the passage directly states
The author suggests that habits (2017) that habits simplify the mechanism of life and allow us to
(a) tend to make our lives difficult. perform many actions automatically, which would
(b) add precision to our lives. otherwise make existence "an impossible confusion." This
(c) make it easier for us to live. option captures the essence of the passage's message
(d) tend to mechanize our lives. regarding the utility of habits in simplifying and facilitating
daily life.
❖ Option (d) is incorrect because, although the passage
mentions that habits allow actions to be performed
automatically, implying a mechanistic aspect, the primary
focus is not on mechanization per se but on the ease and
simplification they provide. The context here emphasizes
utility more than mechanization.
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CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just think of the given options as a general question:

a) Habits are formed/advised to make our life better – so,
they tend to make our lives easy. The given statement is
contradictory. So, reject it
b) It is a different kind of statement. Precision is making sense
but very little sense. Howsoever, for time being, reserve it
c) It is making sense and is logical. So, reserve it
d) This is true to some extent. So, reserve it for the time
being.
Now, we have rejected a and we have to choose the best
option between b, c and d.

Think of b vs c. Which one would you choose. Obviously, the

word precision is making little sense, so we will reject it in front
of c.
Now, we are left to compare c with d.
What is better, positive and more logical statement. You will
come to know that c is better. We are always asked from
childhood to make good habits. So, statements supporting the
formation of habit are appreciable. So, choose c over d and
hence if I have to bet, I would choose c.

72 No supporters of “party X”, who knew Z and supported his b ❖ Option (a) is incorrect: This option cannot be confirmed as
campaign strategy, agreed for the alliance with “party Y”; true based solely on the given information. The statement
but some of them had friends in “Party Y”. does not provide any details about the stance of "party Y"
supporters on the alliance.
With reference to the above information, which one ❖ Option (b) is correct: This option must be true. The
among the following statements must be true? (2017) statement explicitly says that some supporters of "party X"
(a) Some supporters of “party Y” did not agree for the had friends in "party Y", which implies that at least one
alliance with the “party X”. supporter of "party Y" knew some supporters of "party X"
(b) There is at least one supporter of “party Y” who knew as a friend.
some supporters of “party X” as a friend. ❖ Option (c) is incorrect: This statement is false based on the
(c) No supporters of “party X” supported Z’s campaign given information, which says that those supporters of
strategy. "party X" who knew Z and supported his campaign strategy
(d) No supporters of “party X” knew Z. did not agree to the alliance with "party Y".
❖ Option (d) is incorrect: This statement is false. The given
information directly states that the supporters of “party X”
who knew Z did not agree to the alliance with “party Y”,
indicating that there were indeed supporters of "party X"
who knew Z.

73 (Use the same passage as above) c ❖ Statement 1 is correct: This statement is correct because
the passage explicitly states that no supporters of "party
With reference to the above information, consider the X", who knew Z and supported his campaign strategy,
following statements: (2017) agreed to the alliance with "party Y". This implies that
1. Some supporters of “party X” knew Z. there were indeed some supporters of "party X" who knew
2. Some supporters of “party X”, who opposed Z’s Z.
campaign strategy, knew Z. ❖ Statement 2 is correct: This statement can be inferred as
3. No supporters of “party X” supported Z’s campaign correct based on the information given. However, the
strategy. passage states that the supporters of “party X” who knew
Which of the statements is/ are not correct? Z supported his campaign strategy and did not agree to the
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(a) 1 only alliance with "party Y". The statement about any who
(b) 2 and 3 only might have known Z but opposed his campaign strategy
(c) 3 only isn't directly addressed but it can be inferred.
(d) 1, 2, and 3 ❖ Statement 3 is incorrect: This statement is incorrect
because the passage specifically states that the supporters
of “party X” who knew Z and supported his campaign
strategy did not agree to the alliance with "party Y". This
clearly indicates that there were supporters of "party X"
who supported Z’s campaign strategy.

74 We have hard work ahead. There is no resting for any of us d Option (a) is incorrect because while it mentions a high
till we redeem our pledge in full, till we make all the people standard, it focuses specifically on living standards, progress,
of India what destiny intends them to be. We are citizens and privileges, which is a narrower interpretation than the
of a great country, on the verge of bold advance, and we broad social and national goals described in the passage.
have to live up to that high standard. All of us, to whatever ❖ Option (b) is incorrect because while it touches on
religion we may belong, are equally the children of India important concepts like equal privileges and political
with equal rights, privileges and obligations. We cannot tolerance, it does not encompass the full range of
encourage communalism or narrow-mindedness, for no challenges outlined in the passage, specifically the
nation can be great whose people are narrow in thought or avoidance of communalism and narrow-mindedness
action. alongside fulfilling destiny.
❖ Option (c) is incorrect because it introduces concepts not
The challenge the author of the above passage throws to directly addressed in the passage, such as spirit of
the public is to achieve (2017) adventure and economic parity. These elements are not
(a) a high standard of living, progress and privileges. explicitly mentioned as part of the challenge laid out to the
(b) equal privileges, fulfilment of destiny and political public.
tolerance. ❖ Option (d) is correct because it captures the essence of the
(c) spirit of adventure and economic parity. passage's call to the public. The passage emphasizes the
(d) hard work, brotherhood and national unity. need for hard work, the importance of unity and
brotherhood among all citizens regardless of religious
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backgrounds, and stresses national unity as key to fulfilling

the nation’s destiny. This option reflects the passage's call
for a collective, inclusive effort to achieve national
greatness and unity.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Read the statements given with an open mind:

a) This is never a challenge and goal of an UPSC aspirant or
a good person. Always reject materialistic goals when it
comes to UPSC. So, reject it
b) This can be an option. Reserve it for the time being
c) Spirit of economic parity – you cannot make everybody
economically equal. Equal opportunity is a different
thing. Further, spirit of adventure itself is a bit not logical.
So, reject it
d) This is a good option. Reserve it.

Now, you have to make a choice between b and d. What do

you think? Which is a better option amongst b and d.
Obviously it is d. So, choose d over b.

75 “The individual according to Rousseau, puts his person and c ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because the General Will is not
all his power in common under the supreme direction of merely the sum total of private wills. Rousseau
the General Will and in our corporate capacity we receive distinguished between the "will of all," which is just the
each member as an indivisible part of the whole.” sum of individual wills with all their private interests, and
the "General Will," which aims at the common good.
In the light of the above passage, the nature of General ❖ Option (b) is incorrect because Rousseau did not
Will is best described as (2017) necessarily equate the General Will with what is
(a) the sum total of the private wills of the individuals. articulated by elected representatives. While
(b) what is articulated by the elected representatives of the representatives may attempt to express the General Will,
individuals. Rousseau was skeptical of representation precisely
(c) the collective good as distinct from private wills of the because he thought it could diverge from the General Will
individuals. due to particular interests.
(d) the material interests of the community. ❖ Option (c) is correct because it captures the essence of
Rousseau’s idea of the General Will as the collective good,
distinct from and often opposed to the private wills of the
individuals. The General Will seeks the common interest or
the good of the community as a whole.
❖ Option (d) is incorrect because while the General Will
concerns the community's interests, it is not limited to
material interests. Rousseau's concept encompasses all
aspects of the common good, including moral and ethical
dimensions, not just material benefits.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Forget Rousseau. Just think on the given options on the basis

of common sense. Our task – to choose most inclusive,
broader, positive statement.
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General will generally means – what is the consensus of

society. Think on it on the basis of society

a) Now, consensus of society cannot be merely the sum total

of the private wills. As, individuals do have to make some
compromises too so as to avoid conflicts. So, reject it
b) This is gross over simplification. We choose
representatives but they do not reflect the true aspirations
of society. Else, everybody would have been happy. So,
reject it
c) It makes sense. Reserve it
d) No. Not at all. UPSC would never want you to be
materialistic. Simply reject it. General will would always
talk about positivity in society.
Hence, the best option to choose from is c.

76 Many farmers use synthetic pesticides to kill infesting a ❖ Statement 1 is Correct, based on the passage. It
insects. The consumption of pesticides in some of the emphasizes that botanical pesticides, as a form of
developed countries is touching 3000 grams/hectare. biopesticide, are safer for the user and the environment,
Unfortunately, there are reports that these compounds implying they are less hazardous to human health
possess inherent toxicities that endanger the health of the compared to synthetic pesticides.
farm operators, consumers and the environment. ❖ Statement 2 is Incorrect, according to the passage. It
Synthetic pesticides are generally persistent in specifically mentions that botanical pesticides break down
environment. Entering in food chain they destroy the into harmless compounds within hours or days in the
microbial diversity and cause ecological imbalance. Their presence of sunlight, indicating that they are not persistent
indiscriminate use has resulted in development of in the environment.
resistance among insects to insecticides, upsetting of ❖ Statement 3 is Incorrect, according to the specific passage.
balance in nature and resurgence of treated populations. While the passage does state that botanical pesticides help
Natural pest control using the botanical pesticides is safer maintain biological diversity of predators and reduce
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to the user and the environment because they break down environmental contamination, claiming they are essential
into harmless compounds within hours or days in the to maintain the biodiversity of any ecosystem is too broad
presence of sunlight. Plants with pesticidal properties have a statement and not explicitly supported.
been in nature for millions of years without any ill or
adverse effects on the ecosystem. They are easily CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
decomposed by many microbes common in most soils. cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
They help in the maintenance of biological diversity of
predators and the reduction of environmental Read the options.
contamination and human health hazards. Botanical Statement 2 is outright rejected. When it is bio – it means it is
pesticides formulated from plants are biodegradable and biodegradable and hence not persistent.
their use in crop protection is a practical sustainable Removing option 2 from a, b, c and d, leaves us only with
alternative. option a and c.
You now do not need to check 1. It is in both a and c. So, accept
Which of the following statements is/ are correct it. Rest, in either way, you know that biopesticides are
regarding biopesticides? (2017) preferred since they are considered as non-hazardous to
1. They are not hazardous to human health. human health. So, accept 1.
2. They are persistent in environment. Now come to 3. There are two extreme words – essential and
3. They are essential to maintain the biodiversity of any any – this makes this statement extreme. You should not
ecosystem. accept the extreme statement to be true. So, reject it.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only Hence, we are left with only 1 which is a.
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

77 Really I think that the poorest he that is in England has a b ❖ Option (a) is incorrect because the statement does not
life to live, as the greatest he, and therefore truly, I think it specifically argue for the distribution of wealth equally to
is clear that every man that is to live under a government all. Instead, it focuses on the right of every individual,
ought first by his own consent to put himself under the regardless of their wealth, to have a say in the government
government, and I do think that the poorest man in they live under.
England is not at all bound in a strict sense to that ❖ Option (b) is correct because the statement clearly
government that he has not had a voice to put himself advocates for the idea that every individual should consent
under. to the government under which they live. The key
argument made is that even "the poorest man in England"
The above statement argues for (2017) should have the opportunity to consent to the
(a) distribution of wealth equally to all. government, suggesting that governance should be based
(b) rule according to the consent of the governed. on the consent of the governed.
(c) rule of the poor. ❖ Option (c) is incorrect because the statement does not
(d) expropriation of the rich. argue for a government ruled specifically by the poor.
Rather, it emphasizes that all individuals, regardless of
their socio-economic status, should have a voice in
choosing their government.
❖ Option (d) is incorrect because the statement does not
discuss or suggest the expropriation of the rich. It focuses
on the political rights of individuals, particularly the right
to consent to governance, rather than on economic
measures against the wealthy.
CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Read the UPSC as a well read UPSC aspirant

❖ Option a – can you really distribute wealth equally?
The answer is no. So, reject it

❖ Option b – it is a logical and democratic statement.

Reserve it for the time being
❖ Option c – b is more logical than c. Moreover, rule of
the poor is a Marxist statement and is an extreme case.
Further, you know, in general, poor don’t rule, it is the
rich who rules. So, reject it
❖ Option d – it is never the target of any passage. UPSC
is all about balanced acts. So, reject it

Hence, option b is the best option to choose which is also the

right answer.

78 The States are like pearls and the Centre is the thread b The core idea of the passage is that "states will break in the
which turns them into a necklace; if the thread snaps, the absence of a center." This concept is effectively supported by
pearls are scattered. option (b), which states, "A strong center is a binding force for
national integrity." Thus, the correct answer is option (b).
Which one of the following views corroborates the above
statement? (2017) CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
(a) A strong Centre and strong States make the federation cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
strong.
(b) A strong Centre is a binding force for national integrity. Just read the question without reading the passage. As an
(c) A strong Centre is a hindrance to State autonomy. UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
(d) State autonomy is a prerequisite for a federation. it –
1-Option A seems to be incorrect as if both are strong there
can be tussle leading to tension among both.
2-Option C is not always the case hence can be inferred as
incorrect.
3-Option D is also incorrect as in India there is no complete
state autonomy hence it can be inferred as incorrect.
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Alternately, the focus of a, c and d is on federation and state

autonomy while the focus on b is on National Integrity – what
is better word. Just think.

Hence, Option B is the correct answer.

79 Though I have discarded much of past tradition and d ❖ Option A is incorrect because the author does see the
custom, and am anxious that India should rid herself of all relevance of the past, as evidenced by his expression of
shackles that bind and contain her and divide her people, pride in India's heritage and recognition of being part of an
and suppress vast numbers of them and prevent the free unbroken historical chain.
development of the body and the spirit; though I seek all ❖ Option B is incorrect because the author explicitly states
this, yet I do not wish to cut myself off from that past his pride in India's great inheritance, which directly
completely. I am proud of that great inheritance that has contradicts the implication that there is not much to be
been and is, ours and I am conscious that I too, like all of proud of.
us, am a link in that unbroken chain which goes back to the ❖ Option C is incorrect because the author demonstrates a
dawn of history in the immemorial past of India. deep interest in and respect for the history of India, noting
his pride in being part of a continuous historical legacy.
The author wants India to rid herself of certain past bonds ❖ Option D is correct because the author explicitly states
because (2018) that he wishes to discard certain traditions and customs
(a) he is not able to see the relevance of the past because they "bind and contain" India, "divide her people,"
(b) there is not much to be proud of and "suppress vast numbers of them," thereby preventing
(c) he is not interested in the history of India the free development of the body and the spirit. This
(d) they obstruct her physical and spiritual growth clearly indicates that these past bonds are viewed as
obstacles to India's physical and spiritual growth.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an

UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
it:
❖ Option a – this wont happen. Any author who is
writing a passage for UPSC is expected to consider
India’s past atleast little relevant. So, reject it in the
name of Nationality ( )
❖ Option b – this is also wrong. As as Indian, we have lot
of things to be proud of. So, reject it
❖ Option c – this is also again absurd. It is expected that
there must be atleast some interest in history of India
– it can be small though. So, reject it
❖ Option d – this makes sense. Not everything is good
about past. Few things (such as Sati system needs to
be rejected). So, we cannot stick to everything of the
past else it will hamper/obstruct the growth. So,
accept it.
Hence, if I have to take a bet, I would take a bet on d.

80 It is no longer enough for us to talk about providing for c ❖ Statement 1 is incorrect because the passage does not
universal access to education. Making available schooling place paramount importance on simply sending children to
facilities is an essential pre-requisite, but is insufficient to school. The focus is rather on ensuring that the schooling
ensure that all children attend school and participate in the experience itself is qualitative and empowering, which
learning process. The school may be there, but children involves more than just attendance.
may not attend or they may drop out after a few months. ❖ Statement 2 is incorrect because, while the passage
Through school and social mapping, we must address the acknowledges that having schooling facilities is an
entire gamut of social, economic, cultural and indeed essential prerequisite, it does not assert that the provision
linguistic and pedagogic issues, factors that prevent of physical infrastructure is of paramount importance
children from weaker sections and disadvantaged groups, under the Right to Education. The emphasis is more on the
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as also girls, from regularly attending and complementing qualitative aspects of education rather than just the
elementary education. The focus must be on the poorest physical infrastructure.
and most vulnerable since these groups are the most ❖ Statement 3 is correct because the passage explicitly
disempowered and at the greatest risk of violation or states the need for curricular reforms to develop a child-
denial of their right to education. The right to education friendly learning system. It talks about moving beyond
goes beyond free and compulsory education to include traditional teaching methods and making the learning
quality education for all. Quality is an integral part of the process more relevant, engaging, and empowering for
right to education. If the education process lacks quality, children, which is deemed paramount in ensuring quality
children are being denied their right. The Right of Children education.
to Free and Compulsory Education Act lays down that the
curriculum should provide for learning through activities, CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
exploration and discovery. This places an obligation on us cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
to change our perception of children as passive receivers
of knowledge and to move beyond the convention of using Just read the question without reading the passage. As an
textbooks as the basis of examinations. The teaching- UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
learning process must become stress-free and a massive it –
programme for curricular reform should be initiated to
provide for a child-friendly learning system, that is more ❖ Option 1 – it is making sense to me though with a doubt –
relevant and empowering. Teacher accountability systems is sending to school enough. But my heart does not want
and processes must ensure that children are learning and to reject it at this stage. Although, the word – all. I wish to
that their right to learn in a child- friendly environment is reject it too. But, let us reserve it
not violated. Testing and assessment systems must be re- ❖ Option 2 – now, the statement is of paramount
examined and redesigned to ensure that these do not force importance. Physical infrastructure is important but is it of
children to struggle between school and tuition centres, paramount importance? Or do we need reforms at the
and bypass childhood. education level. So, I would reject it
❖ Option 3 – this is definitely needed in our country. So,
reject it.
Now, as per my initial choice, I would have marked 1 and 3.
But, we do not have such an option. We have either 1 only or
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According to the passage, which of the following is/are of 3 only. So, we will have to make a choice between the two. Just
paramount importance under the Right to Education? think, which would you choose.
(2018) It is clear that reforms are more necessary/important than just
1. Sending of children to school by all parents sending children to school. So, if I have to make a choice, I
2. Provision of adequate physical infrastructure in schools would choose 3 only instead of 1 only. This is our answer too.
3. Curricular reforms for developing child- friendly learning
system
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) Only 1
(b) 1 and 2
(c) Only 3
(d) None of these

81 (Use the same passage as above) d ❖ Option A is incorrect because, while ensuring regular
attendance is important, the passage emphasizes
According to the passage, which one of the following is improving the quality of the educational process itself
critical in bringing quality in education? (2018) rather than just attendance.
(a) Ensuring regular attendance of children as well as ❖ Option B is incorrect because the passage does not
teachers in school mention pecuniary benefits as a method for bringing
(b) Giving pecuniary benefits to teachers to motivate them quality in education.
(c) Understanding the socio-cultural background of ❖ Option C is incorrect because, although understanding the
children socio-cultural background of children is important, it is not
(d) Inculcating learning through activities and discovery singled out as the critical factor for bringing quality in
education according to the passage.
❖ Option D is correct because the passage explicitly states
that the curriculum should provide for learning through
activities, exploration, and discovery, indicating that this
approach is critical for ensuring quality in education.

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Just read the question without reading the passage. As an

UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
it –
❖ Option 1 – it can be one of the answers. Attendance is
important. So, reserve it
❖ Option 2 – it cannot be. In a country like India, think of
these options like a spiritual man in education. Money
becomes secondary. So, reject it
❖ Option 3 – it can be an important factor. Reserve it for
the time being
❖ Option 4 – it Is definitely important. So, reserve it.

Now, think on options 1, 3 and 4. What do you think, in your

opinion is the most important option, holistic and broad too.
Clearly it is option d. So, mark it as correct as it is the best
option to choose from.

82 ‘Desertification’ is a term used to explain a process of d ❖ Statement 1 is correct because the passage explicitly
decline in the biological productivity of an ecosystem, mentions that a major consequence of deforestation is
leading to total loss of productivity. While this adverse alterations in hydrology related to soil and nutrient
phenomenon is often linked to the arid, semi-arid and sub- losses, which include loss of topsoil due to erosive losses.
humid ecosystems, even in the humid tropics, the impact ❖ Statement 2 is correct because the passage describes the
could be most dramatic. Impoverishment of human- drying up of underground springs and smaller rivers in the
impacted terrestrial ecosystems may exhibit itself in a Himalayan region as a result of changes in forest cover.
variety of ways: accelerated erosion as in the mountain ❖ Statement 3 is correct because the passage talks about the
regions of the country, salinisation of land as in the semi- damage to tea plantations due to changes in the river
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arid and arid ‘green revolution’ areas of the country, e.g. system caused by siltation and rising river bottoms, which
Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and site quality decline affect agricultural production.
– a common phenomenon due to general decline in tree ❖ Statement 4 is correct because the passage indicates the
cover and monotonous monoculture of rice/wheat across declining moisture retention of mountain soils and the
the Indian plains. A major consequence of deforestation is drying up of underground springs as consequences of
that it relates to adverse alterations in the hydrology and decreased forest cover, which implies a decline in
related soil and nutrient losses. The consequences of groundwater.
deforestation invariably arise out of site degradation
through erosive losses. Tropical Asia, Africa and South CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
America have the highest levels of erosion. The already cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
high rates for the tropics are increasing at an alarming rate
(e.g., through the major river systems – Ganga and Just read the question without reading the passage.
Brahmaputra, in the Indian context), due to deforestation See the question and solve it as a general GS question. So,
and ill- suited land management practices subsequent to what would be the consequence of the decline of forest cover.
forest clearing. In the mountain context, the declining Clearly, since trees are important and everything is linked, so,
moisture retention of the mountain soils drying up of the all can be the consequence of the decline of the forest cover.
underground springs and smaller rivers in the Himalayan So, take a bet on all of the above (1, 2, 3 and 4) which is the
region could be attributed to drastic changes in the forest right answer
cover. An indirect consequence is drastic alteration in the
upland-lowland interaction, mediated through water. The
current concern the tea planter of Assam has is about the
damage to tea plantation due to frequent inundation along
the flood-plains of Brahmaputra and the damage to tea
plantation and the consequent loss in tea productivity is
due to rising level of the river bottom because of siltation
and the changing course of the river system. The ultimate
consequences of site desertification are soil degradation,
alternation in available water and its quality and the
consequent decline in food, fodder and fuel-wood yields
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essential for the economic well-being of rural

communities.

According to the passage, which of the following are the

consequences of decline in forest cover? (2018)
1. Loss of topsoil
2. Loss of smaller rivers
3. Adverse effect on agricultural production
4. Declining of groundwater
Select the correct answer using the code given below
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1 and 4
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

83 A diversity of natural assets will be needed to cope with b ❖ Statement 1 is correct because the passage mentions
climate change and ensure productive agriculture, forestry forested catchments (a type of natural water source) as
and fisheries. For example, crop varieties are needed that examples of ecosystems that can buffer the impacts of
perform well under drought, heat and enhanced CO2. But climate change. This indicates that conserving such natural
the private-sector and farmer-led process of choosing water sources would assist in coping with climate change.
crops favours homogeneity adapted to past or current ❖ Statement 2 is correct because the passage explicitly
conditions, not varieties capable of producing consistently states that accelerated breeding programmes are needed
high yields in warmer, wetter or drier conditions. to conserve a wider pool of genetic resources of existing
Accelerated breeding programmes are needed to conserve crops, breeds, and their wild relatives, to ensure
a wider pool of genetic resources of existing crops, breeds, productivity in agriculture under changing climate
and their wild relatives. Relatively intact ecosystems, such conditions.
as forested catchments, mangroves, wetlands, can buffer ❖ Statement 3 is incorrect because the passage implies that
the impacts of climate change. Under a changing climate, the current crop management practices, which are private-
these ecosystems are themselves at risk and management sector and farmer-led, favor homogeneity and are adapted
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approaches will need to be more proactive and adaptive. to past or current conditions, not to the changing
Connections between natural areas such as migration conditions expected with climate change. Thus, they are
corridors, may be needed to facilitate species movements not adequately positioned to assist in coping with climate
to keep up with the change in climate. change.
❖ Statement 4 is correct because the passage mentions that
With reference to the above passage, which of the connections between natural areas such as migration
following would assist us in coping with the climate corridors may be needed to facilitate species movements
change? (2018) to keep up with climate change, suggesting that these
1. Conservation of natural water sources corridors would assist in adapting to climate change.
2. Conservation of wider gene pool
3. Existing crop management practices CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
4. Migration corridors cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1, 2 and 3 Just read the question without reading the passage. As an
(b) 1, 2 and 4 UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
(c) 3 and 4 it
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 ❖ Option a – it makes sense. Reserve it
❖ Option b – definitely wider gene pool would assist us to
cope with the climate change as per out GS knowledge
❖ Option c – we clearly know that, there is need of
improvement in existing crop management practices.
Otherwise, if we are happy with the present status, where
is the scope for improvement. Hence, reject c.
❖ Option d – this is indeed a right option to choose. It will
ensure the free movement which will help to handle the
vagaries of the climate change.

So, If I have to take a bet, I would bet on 1, 2 and 4 only.

84 "The last end of the state is not to dominate men, nor to d Option D, Liberty, best expresses the ultimate goal of the state
restrain them by fear; rather it is so to free each man from as conveyed in the passage. The passage emphasizes that the
fear that he may live and act with full security and without end of the state is to free individuals from fear so that they
injury to himself or his neighbour. The end of the state, I can live and act with full security and without harming
repeat, is not to make rational beings into brute beasts and themselves or others. It emphasizes the importance of
machines. It is to enable their bodies and their minds to enabling individuals to live by and exercise free reason,
function safely. It is to lead men to live by, and to exercise, avoiding negative emotions and unfair actions towards one
a free reason; that they may not waste their strength in another. This concept aligns closely with the notion of liberty,
hatred, anger and guile, nor act unfairly toward one which encompasses the freedom to think, act, and live
another." without undue constraints or fear, thereby fulfilling the
ultimate goal of the state as described in the passage.
Based on the above passage, which one of the following
terms expresses the ultimate goal of the state? (2023) CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
(a) Personal safety cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(b) Health of body and mind
(c) Communal harmony Just read the question without reading the passage.
(d) Liberty Which is more holistic, broader, inclusive and logical among
the given options. Even our preamble includes LIBERTY. So,
choose liberty over others.

85 At the heart of agroecology is the idea that agroecosystems a 1) Cover crops: This helps to improve soil health and recycle
should mimic the biodiversity levels and functioning of nutrients, aligning with agroecological principles.
natural ecosystems. Such agricultural mimics, like their (Compatible)
natural models, can be productive, pest-resistant, nutrient 2) Fertigation: This involves applying fertilizers through
conserving, and resilient to shocks and stresses. In irrigation. While it can be efficient, it may not align with
ecosystems there is no ‘waste’, nutrients are recycled the agroecological emphasis on recycling nutrients
indefinitely. Agroecology aims at closing nutrient loops, naturally. (Not necessarily compatible)
i.e., returning all nutrients that come out of the soil back 3) Hydroponics: This soil-less farming method does not
to the soil such as through application of farmyard manure. mimic natural ecosystems, as it relies heavily on nutrient
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It also harnesses natural processes to control pests and solutions rather than closing nutrient loops. (Not
build soil fertility i.e., through intercropping. compatible)
Agroecological practices include integrating trees with 4) Mixed farming: Integrating livestock and crops is
livestock and crops. mentioned in the passage, supporting biodiversity and
nutrient cycling. (Compatible)
Consider the following: (2021) 5) Polyculture: This practice involves growing multiple crops
1. Cover crops together, mimicking natural ecosystems and promoting
2. Fertigation biodiversity. (Compatible)
3. Hydroponics 6) Vertical farming: This is a method of growing food in
4. Mixed farming stacked layers and may not align with agroecological
5. Polyculture principles focused on mimicking natural ecosystems. (Not
6. Vertical farming compatible)
Which of the above farming practices can be compatible Hence, correct option is A
with agroecology, as implied by the passage?
(a) 1, 4 and 5 only
(b) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
(c) 1, 2, 3 and 6 only
(d) 4 and 6 only

86 The resolution of bankruptcy cases of Indian banks under d (a) Not Valid: While monitoring could help, the passage
the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code should help bring implies that mere regulation is not enough to resolve the
non-performing assets (NPA) situation under some control. underlying issues.
Despite the slow pace of resolution by the National (b) Not Valid: Keeping interest rates low may promote lending,
Company Law Tribunal, the Code can be helpful in cleaning but the passage focuses on the need for structural reforms
up bank books in future credit cycles. The recapitalization rather than just manipulating interest rates.
of public sector banks too can help increase the capital (c) Not Valid: This suggests a specific approach (mergers) but
cushion of banks and induce them to lend more and boost does not address the systemic issues of reckless lending
economic activity. But bad debt resolution and highlighted in the passage.
recapitalization are only a part of the solution as they, by
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themselves, can do very little to rein in reckless lending (d) Valid: This statement directly aligns with the passage's
that has pushed the Indian banking system to its current conclusion that without systemic reforms to address
sorry state. Unless there are systemic reforms that address unsustainable lending practices, the problems in the banking
the problem of unsustainable lending, future credit cycles system will persist.
will continue to stress the banking system.
Hence, correct option is D
Which one of the following statements best reflects the
most logical, rational and practical suggestion implied by CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
the passage given above? (2021) cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(a) Lending by the banks should be closely monitored and Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage.
regulated by the central Government. We will use reasoning and common sense along with known
(b) Interest rates should be kept low so as to induce banks general knowledge facts to reach at the solution
to lend more, promote credit growth and thereby boost
economic activity. (a) Lending by the banks should be closely monitored and
(c) Merger of many banks into a few large banks alone in regulated by the central Government: While monitoring and
the long-term solution to make them viable and prevent regulation by the central government can address certain
their bad performance. issues, it is not a comprehensive solution to the systemic
(d) Indian banking system requires structural reforms as a problem of bad loans. It is more of a reactive measure rather
long-term solution for bad loans problem. than a structural reform. Moreover, we always discuss about
autonomy of banks. Hence, it Not the best suggestion.
(b) Interest rates should be kept low so as to induce banks to
lend more, promote credit growth and thereby boost
economic activity: Lowering interest rates might temporarily
increase credit growth, but it does not address the root cause
of bad loans or the structural inefficiencies in the banking
system. Furthermore, it can encourage excessive lending,
potentially worsening the problem. So, in the context of
banking, it is not a rational or long-term solution.
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(c) Merger of many banks into a few large banks alone is the
long-term solution to make them viable and prevent their
bad performance: Mergers may improve efficiency by
consolidating resources, but mergers alone cannot resolve
deeper structural issues like poor credit assessment, lack of
accountability, or governance failures. It is also risky to rely
solely on mergers as the "long-term solution." Further,
excessive merger will lead to monopoly and goes against
diversification. Hence, in context of banking, it is again Not the
best suggestion.
(d) Indian banking system requires structural reforms as a
long-term solution for bad loans problem: Structural reforms
address the root causes of bad loans, such as improving
governance, enhancing credit assessment mechanisms,
resolving NPAs efficiently, and promoting accountability. This
is a logical, rational, and practical suggestion, as it provides a
sustainable and comprehensive approach to the problem. This
is the most appropriate and holistic solution.
Hence, the Correct Answer is Option (d) Indian banking
system requires structural reforms as a long-term solution for
bad loans problem

87 The main threat to maintaining progress in human a 1) Valid: The passage mentions that current production
development comes from the increasingly evident models rely heavily on fossil fuels, which are a finite
unsustainability of production and consumption resource. This dependence makes production
patterns. Current production models rely heavily on unsustainable because fossil fuels will eventually run out
fossil fuels. We now know that this is unsustainable and their use contributes to environmental problems like
because the resources are finite. The close link between greenhouse gas emissions.
economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions needs 2) Valid: It is stated that the resources are finite, meaning
to be served for human development to become truly they are limited in supply. As these resources become
sustainable. Some developed countries have begun to scarcer, it will be harder to sustain current production
alleviate the worst effects by expanding recycling and levels, further contributing to unsustainability.
investing in public transport and infrastructure. But 3) Not Valid: The expansion of recycling is mentioned as a
most developing countries are hampered by the high positive step taken by some developed countries to
costs and low availability of clean energy sources. alleviate unsustainable practices, not as a cause of
Developed countries need to support developing unsustainability. Hence, this is not a reason for
countries' transition to sustainable human unsustainability in production patterns.
development.
Hence, A is correct option
Unsustainability in production pattern is due to which
of the following? (2022) CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
1. Heavy dependence on fossil fuels cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
2. Limited availability of resources Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage.
3. Expansion of recycling We will use reasoning and common sense along with known
Select the correct answer using the code given below. general knowledge facts to reach at the solution
(a) 1 and 2 only To answer the question logically, let’s analyze each option
(b) 2 only based on its potential link to unsustainability in production
(c) 1 and 3 only patterns:
(d) 1, 2 and 3 ❖ Point 1 - Heavy dependence on fossil fuels: Fossil fuels are
finite and their extraction, use, and associated emissions
contribute significantly to environmental degradation and
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climate change. This directly leads to unsustainability in

production. Hence, it is Valid contributor to
unsustainability.
❖ Point 2 - Limited availability of resources: Finite natural
resources such as minerals, water, and arable land create
bottlenecks in production patterns when overexploited.
Limited resources are a central factor in unsustainable
production. Hence, it is Valid contributor to
unsustainability.
❖ Point 3 - Expansion of recycling: Recycling reduces waste,
conserves resources, and minimizes environmental harm,
which promotes sustainability. It is the opposite of
unsustainability and would not contribute to
unsustainable production patterns. Hence, it is Not a valid
contributor to unsustainability.
Hence, the Correct Answer is Option (a) 1 and 2 only.

88 (Use same passage as above) b 1) Valid: The passage states that developing countries face
difficulties due to the "high costs and low availability of
Consider the following statements: (2022) clean energy sources." If developed countries help by
Developed countries can support developing countries' providing clean energy at a lower cost, it would support
transition to sustainable human development by sustainable development in these countries.
1. making clean energy sources available at low cost 2) Valid: The passage mentions that developed countries
2. providing loans for improving their public transport invest in "public transport and infrastructure" as part of
at nominal interest rates their efforts to address unsustainability. Providing loans at
3. encouraging them to change their production and nominal interest rates for such improvements would also
consumption patterns help developing countries adopt sustainable practices.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 3) Not Valid: Although changing production and consumption
patterns is necessary for sustainability, the passage does
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(a) 1 only not explicitly mention that developed countries can help
(b) 1 and 2 only by encouraging this change. Instead, the passage focuses
(c) 2 and 3 only on financial and resource-based support.
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Hence, B is correct option

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
To logically answer the question, let's analyze each statement
based on its relevance to how developed countries can
support developing countries in their transition to sustainable
human development:
Analysis of Statements:
1. Making clean energy sources available at low cost: Clean
energy sources like solar, wind, or hydropower are crucial
for reducing reliance on fossil fuels and promoting
sustainability. If provided at low cost, it would enable
developing countries to adopt greener technologies more
easily. Hence, this is Valid and directly supports
sustainable human development.
2. Providing loans for improving their public transport at
nominal interest rates: Improved public transport reduces
greenhouse gas emissions and urban pollution while
enhancing mobility and social equity. Providing affordable
loans enables developing countries to modernize

infrastructure without significant economic strain. Hence,

this is Valid and supports sustainability.
3. Encouraging them to change their production and
consumption patterns: In general, the consumption
production of developed countries is unsustainable.
Moreover, help should not lead to intrusion. Further, this
statement does not clarify if the production and
consumption pattern of developing countries is
unsustainable. Hence, this option is not a valid answer.
Hence, the Correct Answer is Option (d) 1, 2 and 3.

89 Unless the forces and tendencies which are responsible c 1) Valid: The passage mentions soil erosion, indicating that
for destroying the country's environment are checked deforestation will lead to depletion of soil resources.
in the near future and afforestation of denuded areas is 2) Not Valid: The passage does not explicitly state that
taken up on a massive scale, the harshness of the deforestation leads to a shortage of land; it focuses more
climatic conditions and soil erosion by wind and water on the impact on agriculture and the environment.
will increase to such an extent that agriculture, which is 3) Valid: The passage highlights the drying up of streams and
the mainstay of our people, will gradually become springs, leading to a lack of water for agriculture.
impossible. The desert countries of the world and our
own desert areas in Rajasthan are a grim reminder of Hence, C is correct option
the consequences of large-scale deforestation. Pockets
of desert-like landscape are now appearing in other CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
parts of the country including the Sutlej-Ganga Plains cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
and Deccan Plateau. Where only a few decades back Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage.
there used to be lush green forests with perennial We will use reasoning and common sense along with known
streams and springs, there is only brown earth, bare of general knowledge facts to reach at the solution

vegetation, without any water in the streams and To answer this logically, let’s evaluate the implications of
springs except in the rainy season. deforestation and denudation (removal of vegetation and
topsoil) on the environment:
According to the passage given above, deforestation
and denudation will ultimately lead to which of the 1. Depletion of soil resource: Deforestation removes tree
following? (2022) cover, exposing soil to erosion by wind and water.
1. Depletion of soil resource Denudation directly leads to the loss of fertile topsoil,
2. Shortage of land for the common man reducing soil quality and its resource value. Hence, it is a
3. Lack of water for cultivation valid consequence.
Select the correct answer using the code given below. 2. Shortage of land for the common man: Deforestation and
(a) 1 and 2 only denudation themselves do not directly reduce land
(b) 2 and 3 only availability but degrade its quality. While degraded land is
(c) 1 and 3 only
less useful for agriculture or habitation, the total land area
(d) 1, 2 and 3
remains unchanged. Hence, this is less direct and not
necessarily valid.
3. Lack of water for cultivation: Trees play a critical role in
maintaining the water cycle by aiding groundwater
recharge and ensuring steady rainfall. Deforestation
disrupts these processes, leading to water scarcity and
reducing water availability for farming. Hence, this is a
valid consequence.
Hence, the Correct Answer is Option (c) 1 and 3 only.

90 The poverty line is quite unsatisfactory when it comes d (a) Not Valid: While there may be discussions about the
to grasping the extent of poverty in India. It is not only specifics of the poverty line, this option doesn’t directly
because of its extremely narrow definition of 'who is address the central issue raised in the passage, which is about
poor' and the debatable methodology used to count the the methodology itself rather than confusion.
poor, but also because of a more fundamental
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assumption underlying it. It exclusively relies on the (b) Not Valid: This statement points to the differing
notion of poverty as insufficient income or insufficient circumstances of rural and urban populations. While it’s true
purchasing power. One can better categorize it by that conditions vary, the passage focuses more on the
calling it income poverty. If poverty is ultimately about methodological flaws in defining poverty, rather than the
deprivations affecting human well-being, then income diversity of conditions.
poverty is only one aspect of it. Poverty of a life, in our (c) Not Valid: While it's accurate that global standards vary, the
view, lies not merely in the impoverished state in which passage does not primarily discuss a lack of global standards.
the person actually lives, but also in the lack of real Instead, it critiques the specific methodology used in India,
opportunity given by social constraints as well as particularly its narrow focus.
personal circumstances–to choose other types of living. (d) Valid: This option captures the essence of the passage. The
Even the relevance of low incomes, meagre author argues that the methodology is debatable because it
possessions, and other aspects of what are standardly simplifies poverty to just insufficient income or purchasing
seen as economic poverty relate ultimately to their role power, neglecting other important factors related to human
in curtailing capabilities, i.e., their role in severely well-being and the broader context of poverty.
restricting the choices people have to lead variable and
valued lives. Hence, C is the correct option

Why is the methodology adopted in India to count the CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
'poor' debatable? (2022) cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(a) There is some confusion regarding what should Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage.
constitute the 'poverty line'. We will use reasoning and common sense along with known
(b) There are wide diversities in the condition of the general knowledge facts to reach at the solution. Let us look
rural and urban poor. into each option one by one
(c) There is no uniform global standard for measuring ❖ Option (a) There is some confusion regarding what should
income poverty. constitute the 'poverty line': This is a key issue in India’s
(d) It is based on the proposition of poverty as meagre poverty measurement. The definition of the poverty line
income or buying capacity. has been debated for years, as it determines who qualifies
as "poor." Variability in methodologies and thresholds

contributes to this confusion. So, this option is Relevant

and logical.
❖ Option (b) There are wide diversities in the condition of
the rural and urban poor: While true, this is not the main
reason why the methodology is debatable. The issue lies in
the approach to measuring poverty, not just in the diverse
conditions. Hence it is Less relevant.
❖ Option (c) There is no uniform global standard for
measuring income poverty: Although a global standard is
lacking, this is not directly related to the Indian
methodology. The question focuses on the debate within
the Indian context, not global standards. Hence, it is
Irrelevant to the specific issue of India.
❖ Option (d) It is based on the proposition of poverty as
meagre income or buying capacity: This is a significant
critique of India’s poverty measurement, as it reduces
poverty to income levels or expenditure capacity without
accounting for broader dimensions like education, health,
and living standards. This oversimplification is a primary
reason for the debate. Hence, this option too is Highly
relevant and logical.
Thus, out of given options, b and c are eliminated and we have
to choose the best option amongst a and d.
We know that The primary critique of India’s poverty
estimation methodology is its narrow focus on income or
expenditure as the sole measure of poverty. This ignores
multidimensional aspects of deprivation like health,
education, and living conditions, making the methodology

debatable. While confusion over the poverty line (option a) is

also relevant, the fundamental flaw is the simplistic income-
based approach.
Hence, the Correct Answer is option (d) It is based on the
proposition of poverty as meagre income or buying capacity.

91 (Use same passage as above) a (a) Valid: This option accurately reflects the passage's
argument that income poverty focuses solely on financial
Why is income poverty only one measure of counting limitations and neglects other forms of deprivation that
the 'poor'? (2022) impact human well-being, such as social constraints and
(a) It talks of only one kind of deprivation ignoring all personal circumstances. It emphasizes that poverty is
others. multifaceted.
(b) Other deprivations in a human life have nothing to (b) Not Valid: While other deprivations exist, this statement is
do with lack of purchasing power. too absolute. Many deprivations can be influenced by
(c) Income poverty is not a permanent condition; it purchasing power, so it doesn’t fully capture the nuanced
changes from time to time. argument made in the passage.
(d) Income poverty restricts human choices only at a (c) Not Valid: This statement is true, as income levels can
point of time. fluctuate. However, it doesn’t address why income poverty is
only one measure; it instead comments on the variability of
income.
(d) Not Valid: This option suggests a temporal limitation of
income poverty. While it is relevant, it doesn’t capture the
broader idea of multiple types of deprivation that the passage
discusses.
Hence, A is the correct option

Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage.

We will use reasoning and common sense along with known
general knowledge facts to reach at the solution. Let us look
into each option one by one
❖ Option (a) It talks of only one kind of deprivation ignoring
all others: This is a valid critique of income poverty as a
measure. Human life involves multiple deprivations—such
as lack of education, healthcare, or access to basic
amenities—that are not captured by income poverty
alone. Hence, it is Highly relevant and logical.
❖ Option (b) Other deprivations in a human life have
nothing to do with lack of purchasing power: This is
incorrect. Many other deprivations, such as access to
education, healthcare, or proper nutrition, are directly or
indirectly linked to purchasing power. This statement
oversimplifies the relationship between income and other
forms of poverty. Hence it is Not logical.
❖ Option (c) Income poverty is not a permanent condition;
it changes from time to time: While income poverty can
change over time, this does not address why income
poverty is insufficient as a measure. This option focuses on
the dynamic nature of income poverty rather than its
limitations as a concept. Hence, it is Less relevant.
❖ Option (d) Income poverty restricts human choices only
at a point of time:While income poverty does limit
choices, this option does not address the broader criticism
of using income poverty as a sole measure. The question is
about why it is inadequate, not its temporal impact. Hence,
it is Partially relevant but less compelling.
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Hence, the Correct Answer is Option (a) It talks of only one

kind of deprivation ignoring all others as Income poverty
focuses solely on economic deprivation, ignoring the
multidimensional nature of poverty, such as lack of education,
healthcare, and social inclusion. This makes it an incomplete
measure of human well-being, as other forms of deprivation
significantly impact the quality of life. Among the options, (a)
provides the clearest rationale for why income poverty alone
is insufficient.

92 (Use same passage as above) a (a) Valid: This option accurately reflects the author's argument
that "poverty of a life" encompasses a broader range of
What does the author mean by 'poverty of a life'? deprivations, including social constraints and limited
(2022) opportunities, not just financial limitations. It captures the
(a) All deprivations in a human life which stem not only essence of the passage, which emphasizes that poverty is
from lack of income but lack of real opportunities about more than just income.
(b) Impoverished state of poor people in rural and urban (b) Not Valid: This statement describes the situation of
areas poverty but does not fully capture the concept of "poverty of
(c)Missed opportunities in diverse personal a life," which is about the underlying deprivations and
circumstances limitations on opportunities, rather than just the physical state
(d) Material as well as non-material deprivations in a of being poor.
human life which restrict human choices permanently. (c) Not Valid: While this option touches on missed
opportunities, it doesn't encompass the broader scope of
deprivations discussed in the passage, such as social and
economic factors that contribute to a person's overall quality
of life.
(d) Not Valid: This option suggests a permanent aspect to
deprivations, which the passage does not specifically claim.
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While it recognizes both material and non-material factors, it

does not emphasize the importance of opportunities as
strongly as option (a).

Hence, A is the correct option

❖ Option (a) All deprivations in a human life which stem not

only from lack of income but lack of real opportunities:
This is the most comprehensive interpretation of "poverty
of a life." It goes beyond income and encompasses
deprivations in education, healthcare, and access to
opportunities. It aligns with a multidimensional
understanding of poverty. Hence, it is Highly relevant and
logical.
❖ Option (b) Impoverished state of poor people in rural and
urban areas: While this describes poverty in a broad sense,
it doesn't fully capture the nuance of "poverty of a life,"
which likely emphasizes the lack of opportunities and
capabilities, not just material impoverishment. Hence, it is
Partially relevant but oversimplified.
❖ Option (c) Missed opportunities in diverse personal
circumstances: This option touches on one aspect of
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"poverty of a life" (missed opportunities) but doesn't

address the broader spectrum of material and non-
material deprivations that collectively define it. Hence, it is
Incomplete and less compelling.
❖ Option (d) Material as well as non-material deprivations
in a human life which restrict human choices
permanently: While this option is close, the term "restrict
human choices permanently" is overly rigid. Poverty of a
life might restrict choices but not necessarily in a
permanent manner. The inclusion of "permanently" makes
this less accurate. Hence, it is Partially correct but overly
deterministic.
Hence, the Correct Answer is Option (a) All deprivations in a
human life which stem not only from lack of income but lack
of real opportunities as "Poverty of a life" emphasizes a
holistic view of poverty, capturing both material and non-
material dimensions, such as lack of access to education,
healthcare, and opportunities to lead a fulfilling life. Option (a)
best encapsulates this idea by addressing not just income
deprivation but also the lack of real opportunities that restrict
an individual's potential. This makes it the most logical and
complete answer.

93 Natural selection cannot anticipate future c 1) Valid: This statement aligns with the passage, which
environments on the earth. Therefore, the set of mentions that existing organisms cannot be fully prepared
existing organisms can never be fully prepared for for future environmental catastrophes and that those who
environmental catastrophes that await life. An outcome cannot overcome adversity will go extinct.
of this is the extinction of those species which cannot
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overcome environmental adversity. This failure to 2) Not Valid: This statement overgeneralizes the passage.
survive, in modern terms, can be attributed to the While the passage discusses the extinction of species due
genomes which are unable to withstand geological to their inability to withstand certain adversities, it does
vagaries or biological mishaps infections, diseases and not claim that all existing species will become extinct.
so on). In biological evolution on the earth, extinction 3) Valid: This statement accurately reflects the passage's
of species has been a major feature. The earth may argument that species whose genomes are not equipped
presently have up to ten million species, yet more than to handle environmental or biological challenges will face
90% of species that have ever lived on the earth are now extinction.
extinct. Once again, the creationist doctrines fail to 4) Valid: This statement is also supported by the passage,
satisfactorily address why a divine creator will firstly which states that extinction has been a major feature of
bother to create millions of species and then allow them biological evolution and that over 90% of species that have
to perish. The Darwinian explanation for extinct life is ever lived are now extinct.
once again simple, elegant and at once convincing
organisms go extinct as a function of environmental or Hence, C is the correct option
biological assaults for which their inheritance deems
them ill-equipped. Therefore, the so-called Darwinian CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
theory of evolution is not a theory at all. Evolution cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
happens-this is a fact. The mechanism of evolution Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage.
(Darwin proposed natural selection) is amply supported We will use reasoning and common sense along with known
by scientific data. Indeed, to date no single zoological, general knowledge facts to reach at the solution
botanical, geological, paleontological, genetic or The question focuses on why natural selection cannot
physical evidence has refuted either of the central two anticipate future environments, which ties to the idea that
main Darwinian ideas. If religion is not taken into natural selection operates reactively, based on existing
consideration, Darwinian laws are acceptable just like environmental conditions, and does not "plan" for future
the laws proposed by Copernicus, Galileo, Newton and challenges. Let’s evaluate the statements:
Einstein-sets of natural laws that explain natural ❖ Statement 1: Species not fully prepared to face the
phenomena in the universe. environmental changes that await them will face
extinction: This is valid. Natural selection works based on

According to the passage, natural selection cannot current adaptations, so species that are not adequately
anticipate future environments on the earth as (2022) suited to future changes may indeed go extinct. Hence, this
1. species not fully prepared to face the environmental statement is Correct.
changes that await them will face extinction ❖ Statement 2: All the existing species would get extinct as
2. all the existing species would get extinct as their their genomes will not withstand biological mishaps: This
genomes will not withstand biological mishaps is an exaggeration and not valid. While extinction is a
3. inability of the genome to withstand environmental natural phenomenon, saying all species will go extinct due
changes would result in extinction to their genomes' inability to withstand biological mishaps
4. extinction of species is a common feature is too broad and unsupported. Hence, this is Incorrect.
Select the correct answer using the code given below. ❖ Statement 3: Inability of the genome to withstand
(a) 1, 2 and 3 environmental changes would result in extinction: This is
(b) 2, 3 and 4 valid. If a species' genome does not have the necessary
(c) 1, 3 and 4 variability to adapt to changes, extinction is likely. This ties
(d) 1, 2 and 4 directly to the concept of natural selection. Hence, this is
Correct.
❖ Statement 4: Extinction of species is a common feature:
This is valid. Extinction is a natural and frequent occurrence
in the history of life on Earth. Most species that have ever
existed are extinct. Hence, this is Correct.

Hence, the Correct Answer is Option (c) 1, 3 and 4 as

Statement 2 is overly broad and unrealistic, making option (c)
the most logical choice.

94 (Use same passage as above) b (a) Not Valid: While the passage critiques creationist views,
this is not the main reason it states that Darwinian theory is
The passage suggests that Darwinian theory of not just a theory.
evolution is not a theory at all because (2022) (b) Valid: This is indeed a key point made in the passage,
(a) it does not satisfy the creationist doctrine reinforcing the idea that the mechanisms of evolution (natural
(b) extinction is a function of environment and selection) explain extinction in a straightforward manner.
biological assaults (c) Not Valid: The passage mentions that no evidence has
(c) there are no evidences to refute it refuted Darwin's ideas, but this is part of the rationale rather
(d) existence of organisms is attributed to a creator than the primary reason the theory is seen as a fact.
(d) Not Valid: This statement reflects the viewpoint of
creationism, but the passage argues against it rather than
using it to validate Darwinian theory.

Hence, B is the correct option

95 The demographic dividend, which has begun in India b 1. The number of illiterate people will decrease.
and is expected to last another few decades, is a great ➢ Not Valid: While a demographic dividend can lead to
window of opportunity. The demographic dividend is increased focus on education and skill development, the
basically a swelling in the working age population, passage does not explicitly state that the number of illiterate
which conversely means that the relative ratio of very people will decrease. Therefore, this statement cannot be
young and very old will, for a while, be on the decline. confidently concluded from the passage.
From the experience of Ireland and China, we know that 2. The ratio of very old and very young will decrease for a
this can be a source of energy and an engine of while.
economic growth. The demographic dividend tends to ➢ Valid: This statement directly aligns with the passage, which
raise a nation's savings rate since in any nation, it is the mentions that the demographic dividend leads to a decline
working age population that is the main saver. And in the relative ratio of very young and very old individuals in
since the savings rate is an important driver of growth, the population. This is a key feature of the demographic
this should help elevate our growth rate. However, the dividend.
benefits of demographic dividend depend on the quality 3. Population growth rate will quickly stabilize.
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of the working age population. And this implies bringing ➢ Not Valid: The passage does not provide evidence that the
back the importance of education, acquisition of skills population growth rate will stabilize quickly as a direct result
and human capital. of the demographic dividend. It focuses more on the
implications for the working-age population and economic
Which of the following would invariably happen in a growth rather than population growth stabilization.
country, when the demographic dividend has begun to
operate? (2022) Hence, B is the correct option
1.The number of illiterate people will decrease.
2. The ratio of very old and very young will decrease CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
for a while. cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
3. Population growth rate will quickly stabilize. Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage.
Select the correct answer using the code given below. We will use reasoning, logic and common sense along with
(a) 1 and 2 only known general knowledge facts to reach at the solution
(b) 2 only We know that. the demographic dividend occurs when a
(c) 1 and 3 only country's working-age population (15–64 years) grows larger
(d) 1, 2 and 3 relative to the non-working-age population (children and
elderly). This period can potentially lead to economic growth
if there are proper policies in place.
Option Evaluation:
1. The number of illiterate people will decrease:
➢ While improving literacy is essential to harness the
demographic dividend, it is not an automatic outcome.
The reduction in illiteracy depends on investments in
education and policies supporting skill development.
➢ This may happen but cannot be guaranteed.
2. The ratio of very old and very young will decrease for a
while.
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➢ This is true. As fertility rates decline, the proportion of

children in the population decreases, and the aging
population has not yet surged. This creates a window
where the working-age group is larger relative to
dependents.
➢ This is a key feature of the demographic dividend.
3. Population growth rate will quickly stabilize.
➢ This is incorrect. While fertility rates might decline,
population stabilization takes time and depends on various
factors like health policies, urbanization, and socio-
economic conditions. It does not happen "quickly."
Hence, the Correct Answer is Option (b) 2 only as Statement
2 is the only one that invariably happens during the
demographic dividend phase and Statements 1 and 3 are
outcomes influenced by external factors (policy interventions,
education reforms, etc.) and are not guaranteed.

96 For two or three generations past, ever-increasing d (a) Man should not work hard: The passage criticizes excessive
number of individuals have been living as workers labor, but it doesn’t suggest avoiding work entirely. It
merely, not as human beings. An excessive amount of highlights the negative impact of overwork on spiritual and
labor is rule today in every circle of society, with the intellectual growth.
result that man's spiritual element cannot thrive. He (b) The great evil of our age is overstrain: Overstrain is a
finds it very difficult to spend his little leisure in serious problem, but the passage doesn't call it the "great evil." Other
activities. He does not want to think; or he cannot even factors, like shallow entertainment, also contribute to cultural
if he wants to. He seeks not Self-improvement, but decline.
entertainment which would enable him to be mentally (c) Man cannot think well: The issue isn’t that man can’t think,
idle and to forget his usual activities. Therefore, the so- but that overwork prevents serious thought and self-
called culture of our age is dependent more on cinema
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than on theatre, more on newspapers, magazines and improvement. People lack time for reflection and mental
crime stories than on serious literature. engagement.
(d) Man cannot care for his spiritual welfare: The passage
Man does not seek self-improvement because he argues that excessive labor prevents people from focusing on
(2022) spiritual growth. Instead, they turn to distractions, neglecting
(a) is not intellectually capable self-improvement and reflection.
(b) has no time to do so
(c) is distracted by materialism Hence, D is the correct option
(d) loves amusement and is mentally idle
CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage.
We will use reasoning, logic and common sense along with
known general knowledge facts to reach at the solution
❖ Option (a) Man is not intellectually capable: This is too
extreme and dismissive of human potential. While
some individuals may struggle, it is unlikely the passage
claims humanity lacks intellectual capacity entirely.
❖ Option (b) Man has no time to do so:This is plausible,
as many people are preoccupied with daily
responsibilities and routines. However, the lack of time
may only be one factor and does not address deeper
motivations or distractions.
❖ Option (c) Man is distracted by materialism: This is
relevant, as materialism often diverts attention from
introspection and self-improvement. It aligns well with
critiques of modern lifestyles that prioritize
possessions over personal growth.

❖ Option (d) Man loves amusement and is mentally

idle: This is also plausible. The pursuit of entertainment
and avoidance of effortful thinking can hinder self-
improvement. If the passage critiques mental laziness
or overindulgence in amusement, this could be the
central idea.
Now,
While materialism (option c) is a significant distraction, mental
idleness and love of amusement (option d) provide a more
comprehensive explanation of why self-improvement is
neglected.
❖ Option (b) (lack of time) may be a contributing factor,
but it is not the root cause; people often have time but
choose not to prioritize self-improvement.
❖ Option (a) (lack of intellectual capability) is dismissive
and unlikely to be the central idea.
Hence, the Correct Answer is Option (d) Man loves
amusement and is mentally idle.

97 If presents bring less thrill now that we are grown up, b (a) Not Valid: This statement is too absolute. The passage
perhaps it is because we have too much already, or suggests that adults may feel less thrill from presents, but it
perhaps it is because we have lost the fullness of the joy does not claim that they are incapable of feeling excitement or
of giving and with it the fullness of the joy of receiving. joy; rather, it points to potential reasons for diminished thrill.
Children's fears are poignant, their miseries are acute, (b) Valid: This is correct, as the passage presents multiple
but they do not look too forward nor too far backward. possibilities: having too much already or losing the joy of
Their joys are clear and complete, because they have giving and receiving. It acknowledges that various factors
not yet learnt always to add 'but' to every proposition. might contribute to this feeling.
Perhaps we are too cautious, too anxious, too sceptical. (c) Not Valid: This option is misleading because the author
Perhaps some of our cares would shrink if we thought offers potential explanations. The passage reflects on reasons
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less about them and entered with more single-minded rather than expressing uncertainty, so it doesn't accurately
enjoyment into the happiness that come our way. capture the author's perspective.
(d) Not Valid: This statement overgeneralizes the idea of joy.
With reference to the passage, which one of the
The passage discusses a specific context—feeling thrilled by
following statements is correct?
presents—and does not imply that adults have a diminished
(a) It is not possible for adults to feel thrilled by
capacity for love or joy overall.
presents.
(b) There can be more than one reason why adults feel
Hence, B is the correct option
less thrilled by presents.
(c) The author does not know why adults feel less
CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
thrilled by presents.
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
(d) Adults have less capacity to feel the joy of loving or
Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage.
being loved.
We will use reasoning, logic and common sense along with
known general knowledge facts to reach at the solution.
❖ Option (a) It is not possible for adults to feel thrilled
by presents: This is too absolute. While it might be true
that adults may not feel the same excitement as
children, it is certainly possible for adults to feel thrilled
by presents, depending on the context and their
personal preferences.
❖ Option (b) There can be more than one reason why
adults feel less thrilled by presents: This seems logical.
Adults might feel less thrilled by presents due to
various reasons such as maturity, fewer material
needs, or increased responsibilities, among others.
❖ Option (c) The author does not know why adults feel
less thrilled by presents: This is unlikely unless the
passage clearly states uncertainty. Generally, the

author might offer some explanation or reasoning,

even if incomplete.
❖ Option (d) Adults have less capacity to feel the joy of
loving or being loved: This is a generalization and not
necessarily accurate. Adults can still experience deep
emotions like love, and their ability to feel joy is not
inherently less than that of children.
Hence, the most reasonable statement is Option (b) There can
be more than one reason why adults feel less thrilled by
presents, as it acknowledges the complexity of adult emotions
and the variety of reasons for their response.

98 (Use the same passage as above) a (a) Valid: This is correct. The passage suggests that adults
often become overly cautious, anxious, and skeptical, which
The author of the passage is against may stem from focusing too much on past and future worries.
(a) worrying too much about the past and future The author implies that a more present-focused mindset could
(b) being in the habit of thinking about presents enhance joy.
(c) not being thrilled by new things (b) Not Valid: This option does not align with the passage’s
(d) giving and receiving joy only partially focus. The author does not criticize thinking about presents;
instead, the passage discusses the diminished thrill associated
with them in adulthood.
(c) Not Valid: While the passage touches on the lack of thrill in
receiving presents, it does not suggest that the author is
against the idea of being thrilled by new experiences in
general. The emphasis is on the reasons behind this lack of
thrill rather than a blanket opposition to newness.
(d) Not Valid: This option misinterprets the passage. The
author discusses the fullness of joy in giving and receiving but

does not explicitly argue against experiencing joy only

partially. Instead, the focus is on how adults might not fully
engage with joy due to their worries.

Hence, A is the correct option

CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage.
We will use reasoning, logic and common sense along with
known general knowledge facts to reach at the solution.
❖ Option (a) Worrying too much about the past and
future: This is a plausible option, as many authors or
thinkers discuss how focusing too much on the past or
future can detract from living in the present moment.
If the passage is about appreciating the present, this
would make sense.
❖ Option (b) Being in the habit of thinking about
presents: This could be true if the author is discussing
how excessive focus on material gifts leads to shallow
joy. However, this would be a very specific issue to
address unless the passage directly criticizes gift-giving.
❖ Option (c) Not being thrilled by new things: This could
be relevant if the author is exploring how people lose
excitement over time or don't embrace new
experiences. However, it's more likely that the author
would discuss being overly focused on the past or
future, not necessarily a lack of excitement for new
things.
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❖ Option (d) Giving and receiving joy only partially: This

is a likely option if the author discusses the importance
of fully embracing joy or love, suggesting that only
partial joy (e.g., material gifts or shallow expressions)
is not enough. This would align with the idea that
humans should aim for deeper connections and
emotions.
Conclusion: The most logical answer seems to be (a) worrying
too much about the past and future, as it reflects a common
philosophical stance of focusing on the present moment.
However, (d) is also a plausible choice depending on the
passage's emphasis. But, a seems to have more weightage
than d and hence, we will choose a as it is a bit broader than
d.

99 "The social order is a sacred right which is the basis of c 1) Valid: This statement aligns with the passage's assertion
all other rights. Nevertheless, this right does not come that rights must be founded on conventions. Since the
from nature, and must therefore be founded on passage emphasizes that rights do not come from nature
conventions." but from social conventions, this statement is correct.
2) Valid: The passage indicates that the social order is the
With reference to the above passage which of the basis of all rights, suggesting that rights are meaningful and
following statements is/are correct? can be exercised within the context of a social order. Thus,
1.Conventions are the sources of rights of man. this statement is also correct.
2. Rights of man can be exercised only when there is a
social order. Hence, C is the correct option
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
(b) 2 only cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

(c) Both 1 and 2 Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 We will use reasoning, logic and common sense along with
known general knowledge facts to reach at the solution.
1. Conventions are the sources of rights of man: The idea
that conventions (social norms, practices, or customs) are
the sources of human rights is a plausible philosophical
view, especially in legal or political theory. Hence, this can
be the possibly right.
2. Rights of man can be exercised only when there is a
social order: This statement is grounded in the idea that
rights cannot function properly in a state of chaos or
disorder. Social order is often seen as necessary for the
protection and exercise of rights. In the absence of a
stable society, rights may not be fully realized or
protected. This aligns with common philosophical and
legal thought.
Hence, the correct option is Option (c) Both 1 and 2

100 To encourage research is one of the functions of a c (a) Not Valid: This option suggests that the majority of
university. Contemporary universities have encouraged research results lack value for intelligent investigators. It
research, not only in those cases where research is contradicts the author’s argument that even seemingly
necessary, but on all sorts of entirely unprofitable insignificant research can provide valuable information for
subjects as well. Scientific research is probably never insightful analysis.
completely valueless. However silly and insignificant it (b) Not Valid: This implies that every single research result
may seem, however mechanical and unintelligent the holds inherent value for intelligent investigators, which
labours of the researchers, there is always a chance that overstates the author's claim. The author acknowledges that
the results may be of value to the investigator of talent, while many results can be valuable, not all are guaranteed to
who can use the facts collected for him by uninspired be so.
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but industrious researchers as the basis of some fruitful (c) Valid: This option reflects the author's view that even trivial
generalization. But where research is not original, but or unoriginal research can yield useful data for talented
consists in the mere rearrangement of existing investigators. It captures the idea that there’s potential value
materials, where its objects is not scientific but literary in all research outcomes, aligning with the author's
or historical, then there is a risk of the whole business perspective.
becoming merely futile. (d) Not Valid: This suggests a stronger assertion that every
research result inherently possesses some value for intelligent
According to the author investigators. While this is similar to the author's stance, it
(a) not many research results can be of value to an implies a certainty that the author does not explicitly claim.
intelligent investigator Hence, C is the correct option
(b) a research result is always valuable to an intelligent
investigator CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
(c) any research result can be of value to an intelligent cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
investigator
(d) a research result must always be of some value to an Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage.
intelligent investigator We will use reasoning, logic and common sense along with
known general knowledge facts to reach at the solution.
Option (a) Not many research results can be of value to an
intelligent investigator
➢ This option suggests that only a few research results are
valuable to an intelligent investigator. This would imply
that research outcomes are generally less relevant or
meaningful to skilled investigators, which is a fairly narrow
perspective. An intelligent investigator would likely find
value in various results, even if they aren't immediately
groundbreaking.
Option (b) A research result is always valuable to an
intelligent investigator

➢ This is a very strong statement implying that every research

result, regardless of its direct outcome, has inherent value
to an intelligent investigator. While this could be true in
many cases (since even inconclusive results can lead to
further inquiry), it's a bit too absolute. Not every result is
necessarily valuable to all investigators.
Option (c) Any research result can be of value to an intelligent
investigator
➢ This option suggests that any research outcome has the
potential to offer value, regardless of its immediate
usefulness. It implies that an intelligent investigator could
find some worth or insight in any result, which aligns with
the general view that failures or inconclusive findings can
still lead to learning or new questions.
Option (d) A research result must always be of some value to
an intelligent investigator
➢ This option is very similar to option (c), but uses the word
"must" which adds a sense of certainty. It suggests that it's
a given that all research outcomes, no matter the
circumstance, are valuable to an intelligent investigator.
This is a reasonable perspective, but slightly too rigid
because there might be exceptions where a result offers
very little to a skilled investigator.

Hence, the most logical and balanced statement is (c) Any

research result can be of value to an intelligent investigator.
This acknowledges that even results that seem trivial or

inconclusive could still provide valuable insights or lead to

further investigation.

101 How best can the problems of floods and droughts be d (a) Not Valid: While building storage tanks and canals can help
addressed so that the losses are minimal and the system manage water during floods, it may not be a sustainable long-
becomes resilient? In this context, one important point term solution. Such infrastructure can be expensive and may
that needs to be noted is that India gets "too much' not effectively address the seasonal variability of water
water (about 75% of annual precipitation) during 120 availability.
days (June to September) and "too little' for the (b) Not Valid: This approach could improve water use
remaining 245 days. This skewed water availability has efficiency and resilience in agriculture. However, it may not
to be managed and regulated for its consumption fully address the underlying issues of water distribution and
throughout the year. availability, particularly during extreme weather events.
(c) Not Valid: River interlinking could help redistribute water
Which one of the following best reflects the practical, and manage floods, but it is a highly complex and controversial
rational and lasting solutions? solution with significant environmental and social
(a) Constructing huge concrete storage tanks and canals implications. It may not provide a comprehensive or
across the country sustainable answer to water management.
(b) Changing the cropping patterns and farming (d) Valid: This option emphasizes the importance of creating a
practices resilient water management system. Dams can store excess
(c) Interlinking of rivers across the country water during monsoon seasons, while aquifer recharge can
(d) Buffer stocking of water through dams and help maintain groundwater levels during dry periods. This dual
recharging aquifers approach supports sustainable water use throughout the year
and minimizes losses from both floods and droughts.

Hence, D is the correct option

102 We take it for granted now that science has a social d (a) Not Valid: focuses on the commitment of scientists, but
responsibility. The idea would not have occurred to the passage emphasizes the evolution of science's role
Newton or Galileo. They thought of science as an account rather than individual commitments.
of the world as it is, and the only responsibility that they (b) Not Valid: suggests that science should promote scientific
acknowledged was to tell the truth. The idea that science awareness, which is not the main point the author is
is a social enterprise is modern, and it begins at the making about social responsibility.
industrial revolution. We are surprised that we cannot (c) Not Valid: states that the industrial revolution was driven
trace a social sense further back, because we nurse the by scientific advancements, but the passage does not
illusion that the industrial revolution ended golden age. explicitly make this connection; rather, it discusses the shift
in the perception of science.
Which one of the following statements best reflects the (b) The author highlights the evolution of the perception of
thinking of the author about the science? (2024) science, noting that early scientists like
(a) Science must value the commitment of the scientists. (a) Valid: Newton and Galileo focused primarily on truth,
(b) Science is a product of civilized society and must be while the modern view includes a sense of social
used for the promotion of scientific awareness in people. responsibility. This aligns closely with the idea that while
(c)Industrial revolution was made possible by the science should seek truth, it must also consider its impact
advancements in science. on society and social welfare.
(d) Science must pursue truth but be responsible for social Hence, D is the correct answer.
welfare.
CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
➢ Let us try to solve the question without reading the
passage. We will use reasoning and common sense along
with known general knowledge facts to reach at the
solution
Option (a): Science must value the commitment of the
scientists.
➢ While the commitment of scientists is important, this is a
narrow perspective on science. The focus is on the people
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conducting science rather than the broader role and

responsibility of science in society, which the author is
likely emphasizing.
Option (b): Science is a product of civilized society and must
be used for the promotion of scientific awareness in people.
➢ This statement is partially correct but does not fully
capture the essence of science's purpose. While scientific
awareness is important, the role of science extends beyond
merely promoting awareness—it must also contribute to
truth and societal well-being.
Option (c): Industrial revolution was made possible by the
advancements in science.
➢ This statement highlights a historical fact but does not
reflect the broader philosophical stance on the purpose
and responsibility of science that the author is likely
addressing. It is too specific and not comprehensive
enough to capture the overall thinking of the author.
Option (d): Science must pursue truth but be responsible for
social welfare.
➢ This statement balances two essential aspects of science:
its pursuit of objective truth and its ethical responsibility to
benefit society. It reflects a mature, rational, and holistic
view of the purpose and role of science, making it the best
answer.
Hence, the most logical and rational choice is Option(d)
because it integrates the pursuit of knowledge with the ethical
obligation to serve the greater good, aligning with a
comprehensive and responsible perspective on science.

103 Only with long experience and opening of his wares on c (a) Not Valid: Focuses on the contrast between what we
many a beach where his language is not spoken, will the envision and comprehend, but the passage emphasizes
merchant come to know the worth of what he carries, and real experiences rather than this distinction.
what is parochial and what is universal in his choice. Such (b) Not Valid: Relates to social groups versus national identity,
delicate goods as justice, love and honour, courtesy, and but the passage highlights understanding values rather
indeed all the things we care for, are valid everywhere but than just social classifications.
they are variously moulded and often differently handled, (c) Valid: This is the correct choice, as the passage discusses
and sometimes nearly unrecognizable if you meet them in how universally valid concepts like justice and love can be
a foreign land, and the art of learning fundamental interpreted differently in various cultures, enhancing our
common values is perhaps the greatest gain of travel to appreciation of these values through travel.
those who wish to live at ease among their fellows. (d) Not Valid: Suggests distinguishing between allies and
enemies, but the passage centers on deeper cultural
When we meet other people while we travel, we learn to understandings rather than simple social divisions.
differentiate between (2024)
(a) imagination and understanding Hence, C is the correct answer.
(b) communities and nationalities
(c) local values and universal values CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
(d) friends and foes cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)

Let us try to solve the question without reading the passage.

We will use reasoning and common sense along with known
general knowledge facts to reach at the solution
Option (a): Imagination and understanding
➢ While traveling and meeting people, the primary learning is
about real-world experiences rather than abstract concepts
like "imagination and understanding." This option does not
align with the context of interpersonal interactions while
traveling.

Option (b): Communities and nationalities

➢ While meeting people might help us recognize cultural or
national differences, this differentiation is not a profound
lesson derived from personal interactions. Instead, it's more
likely a superficial observation.
Option (c): Local values and universal values
➢ This is the most logical answer. Travel exposes us to various
cultures and perspectives, helping us appreciate what is
specific to a locality (local values) and what holds true
universally (universal values). This understanding enriches
our worldview and fosters respect for diversity.
Option (d): Friends and foes
➢ Differentiating between friends and foes is not typically a
focus of learning when meeting new people during travel.
Travel promotes understanding and building relationships
rather than fostering adversarial distinctions.
Hence, the most logical and insightful answer is (c) local values
and universal values, as traveling and meeting others help
us develop an appreciation for the diversity of values while
recognizing commonalities across humanity.

TOPIC 7: MISCELLANEOUS
Total Number of Questions Asked from 2013-24
8
My instructions related this topic Just do the questions and move forward. Miscellaneous are not
meant to be focused, rather, simply do the questions and relax

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS RELATED TO THIS TOPIC

1 "Price is not the same thing as value. Suppose that d The writer wants to say that if the prices of all things were
on a day the price of everything viz., coal, bread, doubled, (d) the value of money only would be halved. This is
postage stamps, a day's labour, the rent of houses, because if the price of everything doubles, it essentially means
etc. were to double. Prices then would certainly rise, that the purchasing power of money, or its value in terms of
but values of all things except one would not." what it can buy, has decreased by half. The intrinsic values of
The writer wants to say that if prices of all things the items themselves, in relation to each other, remain
were doubled (2014) unchanged, as everything has increased in price uniformly.
(a) the values of all things would remain constant.
(b) the values of the things sold would be doubled.
(c) the values of the things bought would be halved.
(d) the value of money only would be halved.

2 In front of us was walking a bare-headed old man in NOTE: THIS QUESTION WAS DELETED BY UPSC AS CAN BE
tattered clothes. He was driving his beasts. They were SEEN IN ITS OFFICIAL ANSWER KEY
all laden with heavy loads of clay from the hills and
looked tired. The man carried a long whip which
perhaps he himself had made. As he walked down the
road he stopped now and then to eat the wild berries
that grew on bushes along the uneven road. When he

threw away the seeds, the bold birds would fly to

peck at them. Sometimes a stray dog watched the
procession philosophically and then began to bark.
When this happened, my two little sons would stand
still holding my hands firmly. A dog can sometimes be
dangerous indeed.

The author's children held his hands firmly because

(2014)
(a)they were scared of the barking dogs.
(b)they wanted him to pluck berries.
(c) they saw the whip in the old man's hand.
(d) the road was uneven.

3 (Use the same passage as above) NOTE: THIS QUESTION WAS DELETED BY UPSC AS CAN BE
SEEN IN ITS OFFICIAL ANSWER KEY
The expression "a stray dog watched the procession
philosophically" means that (2014)
(a)the dog was restless and ferocious.
(b) the dog stood aloof, looking at the procession with
seriousness.
(c)the dog looked at the procession with big,
wondering eyes.
(d) the dog stood there with his eyes closed.

4 Cynthia was a shy girl. She believed that she was plain NOTE: THIS QUESTION WAS DELETED BY UPSC AS CAN BE
and untalented. One day her teacher ordered the SEEN IN ITS OFFICIAL ANSWER KEY
entire class to show up for audition for the school
play. Cynthia nearly died of fright when she was told
that she would have to stand on stage in front of the
entire class and deliver dialogues. The mere thought
of it made her feel sick. But a remarkable
transformation occurred during the audition. A thin,
shy girl, her knees quaking, her stomach churning in
terror, began to stun everyone with her excellent
performance. Her bored classmates suddenly
stopped their noisy chat to stare at her slender figure
on the stage. At the end of her audition, the entire
room erupted in thunderous applause.

Cynthia was afraid to stand on stage because (2014)

(a)she felt her classmates may laugh at her
(b)stomach was churning.
(c) she lacked self-confidence.
(d) she did not like school plays

5 (Use the same passage as above) NOTE: THIS QUESTION WAS DELETED BY UPSC AS CAN BE
SEEN IN ITS OFFICIAL ANSWER KEY
Cynthia's classmates were chatting because (2014)
(a) it was their turn to act next.
(b) they were bored of the performances.
(c) Cynthia did not act well.
(d) the teacher had no control over them.
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6 (Use the same passage as above) NOTE: THIS QUESTION WAS DELETED BY UPSC AS CAN BE
SEEN IN ITS OFFICIAL ANSWER KEY
Cynthia's knees were quaking because
(a) she felt nervous and shy.
(b) the teacher scolded her.
(c) she was very thin and weak
(d) she was afraid of her classmates.

7 (Use the same passage as above) NOTE: THIS QUESTION WAS DELETED BY UPSC AS CAN BE
SEEN IN ITS OFFICIAL ANSWER KEY
The transformation that occurred during the
audition refers to (2014)
(a) the nervousness of Cynthia.
(b) the eruption of the entire room in thunderous
applause.
(c) the surprise on the faces of her classmates.
(d) the stunning performance of Cynthia.

8 We often hear about conflicts among different States a Option a) is correct because it addresses the need for a
in India over river waters. Of the 20 major river consistent and equitable approach to water distribution across
systems, 14 are already water-stressed;75% of the states, considering the complexities of water being a State
population lives in water-stressed regions, a third of subject and the necessity for objective criteria to manage
whom live in water- scare areas. Climate change, the competing demands and ensure sustainable usage. (Statement
demands of rising population and the need for from passage is - Key to ensuring balance between competing
agriculture to keep pace, and increased rate of demands of various stakeholders is a basin-based approach to
urbanization and industrialization will exacerbate allocate water amongst constituent regions and States.
water stress. According to the Constitution of India, Simple logic – who can allocate water amongst regions and
water is a State subject and not that of the Union, state – it will be centre – so it will be a National Policy only.
except for regulation of inter-State rivers. Key to So, answer should be a)
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ensuring balance between competing demands of

various stakeholders is a basin-based approach to ❖ Option b) is incorrect because it involves long-term,
allocate water amongst constituent regions and complex, and resource-intensive projects that do not
States. Allocating fair share of water to them requires provide an immediate solution to the issue of fair and
assessments based on objective criteria, such as equitable water allocation.
specificities of the river basin, size of dependent ❖ Option c) is incorrect because while it addresses the
population, existing water use and demand, redistribution of water, it also requires extensive
efficiency of use, projected future use, etc. while infrastructure and does not immediately solve the need for
ensuring the environmental needs of the river and a fair allocation framework or address the underlying
aquifers. management issues.
❖ Option d) is incorrect because although reducing water
Which one of the following statements best reflects demand is important, it does not directly address the need
the most rational, practical and immediate action for a fair and equitable allocation framework and does not
required to ensure fair and equitable allocation of provide a comprehensive solution to the issue of water
water to different stakeholders? stress.
(a) A national, pragmatic, legal and policy framework
for water allocation should be made. CHEAT CODE (To be used when you have less time that you
(b) All river systems of the country should be linked cannot read passage and you are sure of failure in CSAT)
and huge aquifers created.
(c) Water channels between regions of water surplus Just read the question without reading the passage. As an
and regions of water deficit should be created. UPSC aspirant which statement makes more sense. Let us see
(d) To mitigate water crisis, water demand of sectors it –
such as agriculture and industry should be reduced.
a) This solution makes sense. Reserve it
b) The question is asking for immediate solution. Is this
solution immediate. It is resource intensive and if ever
applied will takes years to come into reality. Futher, the
solution suggested is impractical as how will you connect
all rivers. So, reject it.
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C I V I L S E R V I C E S W I T H N E E L E S H | 497

c) Solution is not immediate. Reject it.

d) It can work but to an extent. Moveover, a is a broader
solution than d. So, choose a over d.
Hence, a is the right answer.

1. Don’t watch the clock; do what it does. Keep going

2. Stay dedicated. It won't happen overnight.
3. Be stronger than your excuses
4. Don’t tell people about your dreams! Show them!!!
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