1) The following text is from Kenneth Grahame's 1908 novel The Wind As used in the text, what does

es the word “anEcipaEng” most nearly mean?

in the Willows. The Mole is returning home a@er a visit to Mr.
Badger's house.
A. Managing
B. GePng ahead of
As he hurried along, eagerly anEcipaEng the moment when he C. Revealing
would be at home again among the things he knew and liked, the D. Looking forward to
Mole saw clearly that he was an animal of Elled field and hedge-
row, linked to the ploughed furrow, the frequented pasture, the
lane of evening lingering, the culEvated garden-plot.
2) BriEsh painter Peter Edwards is known for his portraits of notable Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
figures in different fields, from poet Seamus Heaney to casEng or phrase?
director Ruth Lambert. These works are widely praised, meaning
A. guidance
that Edwards receives substanEal ________as an arEst.
B. acclaim
C. sympathy
D. tolerance
3) Furmhouse Interior, painted in the realist style by Jan Hendrik Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
Weissenbruch, depicts a peasant woman kniPng at a table while a or phrase?
cat sits underneath. The realists' emphasis on accurately portraying
A. accentuate
the experiences of average working people was largely a rejecEon
B. counteract
of the romanEc style evident in many painEngs by MarEn Dvolling.
C. recEfy
which instead ________ their subjects' beauty or heroism while
D. obscure
hiding all imperfecEon.
4) One way to evaluate the importance of a scholar's research is to Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
other scholars' references to that research. For example, a count of or phrase?
other scholars' citaEons shows that Boston University economist
Mariamne Baxter, who studies internaEonal finance, is referenced
A. constrain
frequently, indicaEng that her work has been significant in the field.
B. dispute
C. tally
D. predict
5) Gus Edwards's remarkable first play The Offering was produced in Which choice describes the underlined porEon in the text as a whole?
1977 by the groundbreaking Negro Ensemble Company (NEC). NEC
cofounder Douglas Turner Ward, who worked as an actor, director,
A. It argues against the claim made earlier in the text.
and playwright, had met actor and producer Robert Hooks while
B. It provides addiEonal informaEon about a person discussed in the
they were performing in a 1960 touring producEon of Lorraine
text.
Hansberry's play a Raisin in the sun. Together, they envisioned a
C. It compares the achievements of two people discussed later in the
theater company that would nurture and showcase the work of
text.
Black theater professionals. Since NEC's founding in 1967, its
D. It illustrates the importance of an organizaEon menEoned in the
workshops and performances have given Black playwrights,
text.
including Edwards, a forum for their compelling stories.
6) When people think of dinosaurs with feathers, they typically think Which choice best describes the funcEon of the underlined porEon in the
of winged dinosaurs, such as the bat-like Yi qi. However, many text as a whole?
dinosaurs that didn't have wings also had feathers on their bodies.
A. It gives an example of a dinosaur with the characterisEcs
for instance, research indicates that the wingless, peacock-sized
menEoned earlier in the sentence.
Caudipteryx likely had feathers.
B. It states the main argument about dinosaurs presented in the text
C. It contrasts the two dinosaurs discussed in the text.
D. It describes features of the feathers of the dinosaurs menEoned
earlier in the sentence.
7) Like all species of baleen whales, the humpback whale feeds on Eny Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
creatures known as krill by filtering water through bristle like
A. It datails a relaEonship between humpback and fin whales and krill
keraEn structures called baleen plates. In this way, baleen whales
and then discusses an unexpected consequence of a change in
can eat up to 30 percent of their total mass per day. And while no
baleen whale populaEons.
one would call the humpback whale small-it can have a mass as
B. It discusses a unique feature of the humpback whale and how the
high as 30,000 kg-it is one of the smaller baleen whales and is much
lack of that feature in the fin whale explains difference in the two
smaller than the fin whale, which Can weigh a whopping 80,000 kg
species’ behavior:
and consume as much as 24,000 kg of krill per day.
C. It describes a characterisEc shared by all baleen whales and then
illustrates a difference between the humpback whale and the fin
whale that is relevant to that characterisEc.
D. It draws a disEncEon between the sizes of the humpback whale
and the fin whale and then presents a feature that they have in
common.
8) Text 1
When the 50 -second-long film Arrival of the Train-which depicts
Based on the texts, the author of Text 2 would most likely agree with which
what its Etle says, a train pulling into a staEon-was first shown
statement about the descripEon of the first showing of Arrival of the Train
publicly in 1896, spectators, naive to the new medium of film and
in Text 1?
seeing a train appearing to come directly at them, leaped from
their seats and fled the room. This moment marks a major cultural A. It is not based on evidence and reflects film historians’ belief that
shi@: a new way of represenEng and seeing the world had arrived they are more sophisEcated than today’s audiences.
with that train, and nothing would ever be the same. B. It expresses a view about the transformaEve nature of film that film
historians tend to regard as naïve.
Text 2 C. It is more moEvated by a percepEon of the significance of the
The fact that there is no contemporary evidence that the first invenEon of film than by facts.
audience of Arrival of the Train was alarmed has not stopped the D. It reflects a misconcepEon that is widely believed because it
story from becoming canonical, even among film historians. But captures early film audiences’ sense that the new medium was
that phenomenon itself is highly revealing. Our belief that the alarming.
coming of film was transformaEve is so strong that we invented and
keep retelling a founding myth that divides cultural history into a
(naïve) “before” and (sophisEcated) “a@er”.
9) Researchers César A. Hidalgo, Elisa Castañer, and Andres Sevtsuk According to the text, what is one potenEal drawback of Hidalgo and
created a computer model to predict the mix of businesses and colleagues' method?
places of interest found in a given neighborhood. The team used
A. It is based on recent advancements from other fields that have yet
data from the Google Places API service to help idenEfy hotels,
to be applied outside of those contexts.
supermarkets, and other businesses and map their locaEons. This
B. It depends upon data that are likely to be outdated.
approach has some limits-data from Places API tend to be
C. It may lead to conclusions that are not reflecEve of all the
restricted to places that are customer facing-but the data set
ameniEes in a given neighborhood.
nonetheless provides an extremely reliable source to study
D. It is likely to contribute to inaccurate idenEficaEons of the
colocaEon paqerns of neighborhood ameniEes.
boundaries of specific neighborhoods.
10) Poems is an 1895 collecEon of poetry by Frances E.W. Harper. In Which quotaEon from Poems most effecEvely illustrates the claim?
one of Harper's poems, the speaker criEcizes acEvists who
A. “God bless our naEve land, / Her homes and children bless, / Oh
champion humanitarian causes in other countries while
may she ever stand/ For truth and righteousness.” (from “God
overlooking local concerns, saying ________
Bless Our NaEve Land”)
B. “Say not the age is hard and cold - / I think it brave and grand;/
When men of diverse sects and creeds/ Are clasping hand in
hand.” (from “The Present Age”)
C. “Men may tread down the poor and lowly, / May crush them in
anger and fate, / But surely the mills of god’s jusEce/ Will grid out
the grist of their fate.” (from “An Appeal to My Countrywomen”)
D. “When ye plead for the wrecked and fallen, /The exile from far-
distant shores, /Remember that men are sEll wasEng / Life’s
crimson around your own doors.” (from “An Appeal to My
Countrywomen”)
11) "A Pair of Silk Stockings" is an 1897 short story wriqen by Kate Which quotaEon from "A Pair of Silk Stockings" most effecEvely
Chopin. In the story, Mrs. Sommers becomes engrossed in the illustrates the claim?
decision of how she should spend a recently obtained sum of
money: A. "Liqle Mrs. Sommers one day found herself the
unexpected possessor of fi@een dollars."
B. "It seemed to her a very large amount of money, and the
way in which it stuffed and bulged her worn old porte-
monnaie [small purse] gave her a feeling of importance
such as she had not enjoyed for years."
C. "Mrs. Sonmers was one who knew the value of bargains;
who could stand for hours making her way inch by inch
toward the desired object that was selling below cost."
D. "The quesEon of investment was one that occupied her
greatly. For a day or two she walked about apparently in a
dreamy state, but really absorbed in speculaEon and
calculaEon."
 12) Which choice most effecEvely uses data from the graph to
complete the statement?

A. no volcanoes that have been acEve since 1800.

B. the same number of volcanoes that have been acEve since 1800
as Tanzania has.
C. More volcanoes that have been acEve since 1960 than Tanzania
has.
D. Fewer volcanoes that have been acEve since 1960 than Tanzania
has.

A student is collecEng data about countries with volcanoes that have

been acEve in the Eme since 1800 and in the Eme since 1960. The
student records that Nicaragua has ________
13) Over 600 languages are spoken in New York City in addiEon to Which choice most logically completes the text?
English one can find Bengali spoken in the neighborhood of
A. CorrelaEons in a country between languages and regions where
Parkchester, or Fujianese in Sunset Park. Most speakers of Chinese
they are spoken can replicate themselves in a new country to which
languages reside in the neighborhood of Flushing (part of New York
the original country’s ciEzens emigrate.
City's borough of Queens) and in Chinatown, in the borough of
B. There is a posiEve correlaEon between the physical size of a
Manhaqan. New immigrants from north China, where Mandarin is
country and the number of languages spoken in that country.
the primary first language, tend to seqle in Queens, while new
C. Languages tend to change more rapidly in areas where many
immigrants from south China. where many people speak
languages are spoken than in areas where few languages are
Cantonese or Fuzhounese as a first language, tend to seqle in
spoken.
Manhaqan. It can therefore be inferred that ________
D. Languages spoken by immigrant people can differ significantly in
vocabulary and pronunciaEon from those same languages in their
country of origin.
14) The Mammillaria cactus $M$. anniana occurs naturally only in the Which choice most logically complete the text?
state of Tamaulipas in Mexico, and the smallness of its range makes
it especially vulnerable to exEncEon. The tradiEonal single-species
approach to conservaEon emphasizes the need to focus on A. fail to consider the ways in which the survival of M. anniana may
individual species most at risk, like M. anniana, but recently, be influenced by changes in the populaEons of other species that
conservaEonists have argued that an ecosystem-based approach inhabit Tamaulipas.
that incorporates the many interacEons between the climate, B. erroneously shit the focus of conservaEon efforts away from M.
terrain, and various species of a given geographical area may lead anniana itself
to beqer outcomes for all the species in a given locaEon. If this view C. Jead to a beqer understanding of how the distribuEon of
is correct, the single-species approach to the conservaEon of M. Mammillaria species throughout Mexico has affected their
arniana could thus ________ survival.
D. allow conservaEonists to beqer consider how climaEc changes
alfecEng Tamaulipas may reduce the number of species compeling
with M. anniana.
15) The Seljuk Empire, which reigned in central Asia from around Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the convenEons of
1037 CE to 1194 CE, benefited from trade with other socieEes: its Standard English?
merchants exported coqon, silk, and fruit and ________ other
valuable commodiEes, such as gold, silver, and agate, which were
then traded locally. A. ImporEng
B. Having imported
C. To import
D. imported
16) Sofia, with a populaEon of roughly 1.3 million people, ________ Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the convenEons of
home to an impressive 15 percent of Bulgaria's total populaEon. Standard English?

A. is
B. are
C. are being
D. have been
17) Churchrock Chapter, which covers 58,000 acres, is one of the 110 Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the convenEons of
chapters of the Navajo ________ Diné bizaad (the Navajo Standard English?
language), the chapter is called Kin Litsoh Sinifi.

A. NaEon, In
B. NaEon. In
C. NaEon In
D. NaEon and in
18) For the past 20 million years, Earth's magneEc poles in the far Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the convenEons of
north and far south have remained roughly where they are today. Standard English?
This has not always been the ________ throughout geologic
history, Earth's magneEc poles have swapped places several Emes
through a process called polar wandering. A. case, though;
B. case, though
C. case, though,
D. case; though,
19) The 1970 founding of the ParEdo Nacional de La Raza Unida and Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the convenEons of
the 1946 Mendez v . Westminster court decision are important Standard English?
events in US civil rights ________ former establishing a LaEno
rights advocacy group and the laqer legally affirming the rights of
LaEno students. A. history the
B. history. The
C. history, the
D. history, and the
20) In "Things That Have Lost Their Power," one of the many lists in Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the convenEons of
Sei Shonagon's Pillow Book, the author bemoans boats run Standard English?
aground, toppled trees, and defeated wrestlers. Such ________
paint a detailed picture of tenth century Japanese courtly life.
A. lists, conveyed sharply yet simply
B. lists, conveyed sharply yet simply,
C. lists conveyed sharply, yet simply,
D. lists conveyed, sharply yet simply,
21) In 2005, notoriously shy American singer-songwriter Ray Which choice completes the most logical transiEon?
LaMontagne saw his life change with the success of his hit single
"Trouble." That year, he performed more than thirty live sets,
including at Avalon in Los Angeles, United States, and Théatre A. similarly,
Outremont in Montreal, Canada; ___ hed performed fewer than a B. on the other hand,
dozen Emes in 2004. C. addiEonally,
D. o@en,
22) Which choice most effecEvely uses informaEon from the given
sentences to introduce Regiald Fessenden and what he is known
• Thomas Edison is regarded as one of the most important
for?
inventors in US history.
• Having received liqle formal schooling, Edison relied on specialist A. Reginald ressenden, an electronic communicaEons
employees at his various laboratories and offices to complete the specialist, SIU worked at the Edison Machine Works
technical work for many of his invenEons. manufacturing company.
• Reginald Fessenden was an electronic communicaEons specialist B. Reginald Fessenden, an electronic communicaEons
who worked at the Edison Machine Works manufacturing specialist and former employee of Thomas Edison, is
company. known for pioneering radio technology that led to the
• He is best known for pioneering radio technology that led to the first transmission of speech by radio.
first transmission of speech by radio. C. Having received liqle formal educaEon, Thomas Edison
• Frank J. Sprague was a naval officer who worked at the Menlo depended on specialized employees, including Reginald
Park laboratory. Fessenden and Frank J. Sprague, for many of his
• He is best known for being the father of electric tracEon. invenEons.
D. Thomas Edison's historic success would not have been
possible without naval officer Frank J. Sprague, who is
known for being S. the father of electric tracEon.
23) While researching a topic, a student has taken the following The student wants to make a generalizaEon about the Hina Hanta archive.
notes:
Which choice most effecEvely uses relevant informaEon from the notes to
• Hina Hanta is an online archive curated by the Choctaw NaEon of accomplish this goal?
Oklahoma.
• It features images of cultural arEfacts relevant to the history of
the Choctaw people. A. Included in the Hina Hanta online archive is a cloth shawl.
• It features clothing, including a shawl (anchi in choctaw) made B. The Choctaw name for the cloth shawl is anchi.
from cloth. C. Not all arEfacts in the Hina Hanta archive are from the 1800s.
• The shawl was made in 1881. D. The clay mug (isht ishko) was made in 1915.
• Hina Hanta features household items, including a mug (isht ishko)
made from clay.
• The mug was made in 1915.
24) While researching a topic, a student has taken the following The student wants to compare the hardness of the three minerals. Which
notes: choice most effecEvely uses relevant informaEon from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
• The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a ten-point scale that
orders minerals by hardness based on their ability to scratch A. Based on their Mohs scale numbers, topaz (8) is harder than
other minerals. orthoclase (6), and orthoclase is harder than calcite (3).
• ⁠Minerals with larger numbers are harder than minerals with B. Topaz can leave visible scratches on calcite, which is why topaz
smaller numbers and can leave visible scratches on them. has a higher number than calcite on the Mohs scale of mineral
• Minerals with smaller numbers are so@er than minerals with hardness.
larger numbers and cannot leave visible scratches on them. The C. A mineral with a Mohs number of 8, like topaz, is harder than
shawl was made in 1881. one with a Mohs number of 6, like orthoclase.
• The mineral calcite has a Mohs scale number of 3. D. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness can be used to order
• The mineral orthoclase has a Mohs scale number of 6. orthoclase, calcite, and topaz by their ability to scratch other
• The mineral topaz has a Mohs scale number of 8. minerals.
25) While researching a topic, a student has taken the following The student wants to specify Fafnir's locaEon. Which choice most
notes: effecEvely uses relevant informaEon from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
• ⁠Fafnir is the nickname of a dinosaur fossil specimen from the Late
Cretaceous period.
• ⁠The Late Cretaceous period ended more than 65 million years A. Saint Paul, Minnesota, is home to the Science Museum of
ago. Minnesota, which displays a dinosaur fossil specimen from the
• Fafnir is a member of the genus Triceratops. Late Cretaceous period.
• Fafnir is on display at the Science Museum of Minnesota. B. Fafnir is the nickname of a dinosaur fossil specimen belonging to
• The Science Museum of Minnesota is in Saint Paul, Minnesotan. the genus Triceratops.
C. Fafnir is on display at the Science Museum of Minnesota in Saint
Paul, Minnesota.
26) While researching a topic, a student has taken the following The student wants to contrast two words that represent the same sound.
notes: Which choice most effecEvely uses relevant informaEon from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
• ⁠Onomatopoeias are words that imitate the sounds they
represent.
• ⁠Words that represent the same sound are o@en wriqen and A. The Tagalog word "kok-sss" and the Vietnamese word "kho" are
pronounced very differently from language to language. onomatopoeias that represent the sound of snoring.
• ⁠This variaEon is due in part to differences in how the languages B. Onomatopocias, words that imitate the sounds they represent,are
are structured. o@en wriqen and pronounced very differently from language to
• "Kok-sss" is a Tagalog onomatopoeia that represents the sound of language
snoring. C. Though they both represent the sound of snoring, the
• "Kho" is a Vietnamese onomatopoeia that represents the sound onomatopoeias "kok-sss" (Tagalog) and "khò" (Vietnamese) are
of snoring. wriqen and pronounced very differently.
D. The Tagalog word "kok-sss," which represents the sound of
snoring, is an onomatopoeia.
1) Writer Lydia Davis observed that while tradiEonal literary forms, Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
such as the novel, are recognizable as such even as they evolve, or phrase?
there are more ________ forms that might, for example, borrow
A. amorphous
elements from both ficEon and essays to make something
B. neutral
unconvenEonal. Anne Carson's collecEon Float arguably fits in this
C. dispersed
category, since it straddles the line between prose and poetry.
D. customary
2) A speaker at a recent children's book publishing conference noted Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
that, while many illustrators do excellent work, in her mind, no or phrase?
one has ever ________ Amos Ferguson's work as the illustrator
A. convened
of Under the Sunday Tree: there is no beqer example of the form,
B. augmented
according to the speaker.
C. eclipsed
D. cited
3) Some robots such as Salvius (developed in 2008) and REEM-C Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
(developed in 2013) feature humanoid characterisEcs like bipedal or phrase?
locomoEon so that people will find it easier to interact with them.
A. engender
While these features can help to ________ feelings of comfort in
B. repudiate
people, a robot that looks too human can fall into the "uncanny
C. counterbalance
valley," meaning that its appearance unintenEonally unseqles
D. constrict
those who encounter it.
4) Though most hoaxes perpetrated as jokes by mischievous users of Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia that almost anyone can freely or phrase?
edit, have. quickly been detected and removed, a few entrics that
A. spurious
knowledgeable readers should have realized were ________ .
B. compulsory
such as those for the American new wave band TransformaEx and
C. scrupulous
the 19th-century German poet Emilia Dering, persisted on the site
D. palpable
for many years before they were finally recognized as falsehoods
and deleted.
5) There are many famous examples of elecEon pollsters making Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
inaccurate predicEons in presidenEal elecEons. But neuroscienEst or phrase?
and elecEon pollster Sam Wang has said that these predicEon
A. distort
failures should not lead campaigns to ________ elecEon polling
B. neglect
enErely. Polling is about more than just predicEng the winner;
C. enact
throughout campaigns, it helps strategists idenEfy where their
D. supplement
efforts are most likely to be effecEve.
6. In 2011 Brynn M. Devine and colleagues published a study Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
concluding that ocean acidificaEon has a strong effect on the
(A) It presents the result of a study, then raises a potenEal concern
bebavior of cheilodipterus quinquelineatus, a species of fish.
However, Devine and colleagues'study relied on a mean sample related to that result.
size of only about 25 fish. In a 2022 review of various scienEsts'
conclusions about the impacts of ocean acidificaEon on fish (B) It describes a characterisEc of a fish species, then explains why that
behavior, limothy D. Clark and colleagues cauEon that relying on characterisEc is noteworthy.
such a relaEvely small sample size can increase the potenEal for (C) It states a similarity between two scienEfic studies, then notes a
biased analysis. Such analysis, in turn, can contribute to reports of difference between them.
exaggerated effects.
(D) It summarizes a problem that scienEsts are invesEgaEng, then
provides a possible soluEon to that problem.
7. Based on the texts, both authors would most likely agree with which
statement?

Text 1

(A) A collaboraEve approach is necessary to keep temperatures in the

According to a study by a conservaEon group represenEng 11 tribal Great Lakes region from increasing to the highest predicted levels.
naEons in the Great Lakes region, the lake trout (namegos in the Ojibwe
language) will have significantly worse outcomes over the next 50 years if
temperatures increase as much as some models suggest. By contrast, the (B)Agencies involved in natural-resource management in the great lakes
bald eagle (migizi in Ojibwe) should be able to withstand the highest should focus their conservaEon efforts more on the lake trout than on the
predicted warming without much harm and so likely won't require the bald eagle.
conservaEon efforts that the lake trout will.

Text 2 (C) State, federal, and tribal groups involved in natural-resource

management in the Great Lakes region should immediately begin
conservaEon programs for both the lake trout and bald eagle.
US government agencies involved in conservaEon are unfortunately not
able to address every possible threat to natural resources. They must use
the best informaEon available to decide which species are most (D) ConservaEon efforts focused on the lake trout are more likely to be
threateried and therefore most in need of conservaEon efforts. successful if they incorporate state and federal agency resources with the
knowledge of tribal groups in those efforts.
8. OpEmal foraging theory (OIT) holds that animals' foraging behaviors According to the text, the difference between Upham and Hafner's
reflect cost-benefit trade-offs that vary by species and with dynamic findings and Fernández-Duque and colleagues' findings can be aqributed
ecological circumstances. One such circumstance is lunar intensity, which to which difference between desert kangaroo rats and Azara's night
Nathan Upham and John Hafner found to be negaEvely associated with monkeys?
foraging by desert kangaroo rats but Eduardo Fernández-Duque and
colleagues found to be posiEvely associated with foraging by Azara's night
monkeys. This discrepancy is explicable in terms of OFT: the monkeys? (A) The kangaroo rats decrease their foraging acEvity as lunar intensity
greater reliance on vision means that higher lunar intensity benefits them increases, whereas the monkeys increase their foraging acEvity.
more than it benefits the kangaroo rats.

(B) The kangaroo rats are more vulnerable to predators than the monkeys
are

(C) The kangaroo rats are less reliant on vision than the monkeys are.

(D) The kangaroo rats encounter different levels of lunar intensity than
the monkeys
9. The following text is adapted from Guy de Matupassant's 1884 short Based on the text which choice best expresses the narrator
story "A RecollecEon," from the collecEon Guy de Maupassant Short characterizaEon of the seine?
Stories (translated by Albert M.C. McMaster et al. in 1903). The narrator is
(A)Though the Seine is calm during most of the journey, the arches SeVote
taking a boat down the Seine river from Paris, France, to the surrounding
ron did our created a malara of heary current.
countryside.
(B) The Seine is beauEful but not as beauEful as Paris.
I took up a posiEon in the bows [front of the boat], standing up and
looking at the quays, the trees, the houses and the bridges disappearing (C) As the journey progressed from Paris to the countryside, the vaters of
behind us. And suddenly I perceived the great viaduct of point du Jour 19 the Scine gradually cleared.
which blocked the river. It was the end of Paris, the beginning of the
country, and behind the double row of arches the Seine, suddenly (D) The waters of the Seine are more conEned and rough in Paris than
spreading out as though it had regained space and liberty, became all at they are in the countryside.
once the peaceful river which flows through the plains, alongside the
wooded hills, amid the meadows, along the edge of the forests.
10. Water flowing around an obstrucEon creates vorEces (paqerns of Which finding, if true, would most directly support the second research
swirls) of varying size; by detecEng the vorEces, fish can determine the teams hypothesis
size and posiEon of the obstrucEon. TesEng by Yuzo R. Yanagisuru, Otar
(A) A study using obstrucEons that created large vorEces in low-visibility
AkanyeE, and James C. Liao using models of three head shapes-narrow
condiEons found that some specimens of the intermediate-headed dusky
(low raEo of width to length), intermediate, and wide (high raEo of width
smooth-hound (Mustelus canis) bumped into the obstrucEons more o@en
to length) showed that for large vorEces, fish with intermediate heads
than other specimens of the same fish did.
would be beqer able than narrow-headed fish to disEnguish between
vorEces and general turbulence in the water. A second research team has (B) A study using obstrucEons that created large vorEces in low-visibility
therefore 1 II hypothesized that in low-visibility condiEons, intermediate- condiEons found that the flat needlefish (Ablennes hians), which has a
headed fish will be more likely than narrow-headed fish to detect relaEvely narrow head, bumped into more than half of the obstrucEons.
obstrucEons that create large vorEces
(C) A study using obstrucEons that created large vorEces in low-visibility
condiEons found that the narrow-headed flat needlefish (Ablennes hians)
bumped into obstrucEons more o@en than the intermediate-headed
dusky smooth-hound (Mustelus canis) did.

(D) A study using obstrucEons that created large vorEces in low-visibility

condiEons found that the intermediate-headed dusky smooth-hound
(Mustelus canis) bumped into the obstrucEonsjust as o@en as the narrow-
headed flat needlefish (Ablenneshians) did.
 Which choice most effecEvely uses data from the graph to complete the
example?

A) Sri Lanka was greater in 2013 than in 2009, whereas the number in
Sweden was the same in 2013 as in 2009.

(B) Uruguay was lower in 2013 than in 2009, whereas the number in
Sweden was the same in 2013 as in 2009.

(C) Sri Lanka was greater in 2013 than in 2009, whereas the number in
Uruguay was lower in 2013 than in 2009.

(D) Sweden was the same in 2013 as in 2009, but it had more women on
its high courts than either Sri Lanka or Uruguay did in 2013.

11.
A report from an internaEonal organizaEon that monitors the numbers of
women serving as judges or magistrates on various naEons' highest
courts, such as the Supreme Court in Sweden and the Supreme Court of
JusEce in Uruguay, indicates that among the countries that had a different
number of women on these courts in 2013 than they had in $E$ 2009, the
number increased in some countries but decreased in others. For
instance, the number of women judges and magistrates on high courts in
______
12. Psychologists Gregory Bryant, Dorsa Amir, and colleagues invesEgated Which quotaEon from a psychologist not involved in the team's study
cross-cultural percepEons of spontaneous (real) laughter and voliEonal would most directly weaken the team's conclusion?
(fake or forced) laughter. Study parEcipants from 21 socieEes, including
(A) "When an individual chooses to produce voliEonal laughter in a (1)
those in Japan and South Africa, listened to randomized recordings of 18
natural social context, the laughter o@en shares certain acousEc qualiEes,
spontaneous laughs taken from natural conversaEons between pairs of
such as pitch and fluctuaEon of intensity, with spontaneous laughter."
women and 18 voliEonal laughs produced separately by 18 different
women in response to an experimenter's instrucEon to laugh. Analysis of (B) "Although the team considered the average size of communiEes in
the parEcipants' evaluaEons of the laughs prompted the team to each society in the study, that demographic factor was found to have no
conclude that the ability to disEnguish between spontaneous and effect on listeners' idenEficaEons of laughter as spontaneous or
voliEonal laughter appears to be universal across cultures. voliEonal."

(C) "Recent studies in communicaEons have shown that certain acousEc

features of spontaneous laughter, such as pitch and intensity, are
consistent both within and across socieEes."

(D) "Judgments of spontancous laughter are o@en associated with

acousEc features such as greater intensity variability and higher pitch."
13. Like many other genera of wild bees, bumblebees have in recent Which choice most logically completes the text?
decades experienced populaEon collapse caused by, among other factors,
(A)although bumblebees have been more extensively studied than most
habitat destrucEon and climate variaEon. Bumblebees are also one of the
wild bees, researchers should not use bumblebees ever to raw co clusions
most researched bee genera, second only to honeybees. As a result,
about the deline of other wild bees, even ones with feeding paqerns and
ecologists have gained much of their insight about wild-bee declines from
levels of sociability that are similar to those of bumblebees.
bumblebees. In a 2021 paper, zoologist Guillaume Ghisbain notes that
bumblebees are among the relaEvely few wild-bee genera that display (B) because bumblebees and other bees with generalist diets are less
social behaviors and dietary generalism (ability to obtain nectar and negaEvely affected by environmental stress than bees with specialized
pollen C from a diversity of plant species), two traits that are associated diets are, they are less likely to experience major populaEon changes in
with increased resilience to some specific environmental changes, the future than bees with specialized diets are.
Ghisbain therefore contends that _____
(C) because the responses of bumblebees and other wild bees to
environmental threats are not always comparable, researchers need to
exercise cauEon when extrapolaEng informaEon about wild-bee
populaEon declines from bumblebees.

(D) although bumblebees and many other wild bees have experienced
similar populaEon declines in the past, compared
14. Arthurian legends (tales related to the character of King Arthur) derive Which choice most logically completes the text?
from many sources, such as Preiddeu Annwfin, composed around 900,
(A) Geoffrey of Monmouth's accounts of Arthurian legends in his history
and Tom a Lincoln from around 1607. One of the most significant sources,
are more similar overall in content to the accounts inServe Tom a Lincoln
Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain, was wriqen in
than they are to the accounts in Roman de Brut.
LaEn in the 1130 s; some material from it was later adapted by the
Norman poet Wace into the Roman de Brut in 1155. But while no source (B) Geoffrey of Monmouth was unaware of stories of the Round Table
before 1155 includes references to the famous Round Table at which when composing his history, though historians know that works
Arthur's knights assembled, both the Roman de Brut and Sir Thomas containing such stories were available to him.
Malory's 15 th-century compilaEon of Arthurian legends, Le Morte
d'Arthur, do. It can therefore be inferred that _____ (C) Malory did not use Preiddeu Annwfn as a source for informaEon he
presented about the Round Table.

(D) D Le Morte d'Arthur is more historically accurate than History, because

Tom a Lincoln had not been wriqen when Geoffrey of Monmouth was
wriEng his work.
15. Exclusively inhabiEng tropical countries such as Sierra Leone, wild Which choice most logically completes the text?
chimpanzees lack adaptaEons to seasonal variaEons in ultraviolet $B$
(A) averaged across seasons, vitamin D levels in zoo chimpanzees in mid-
(UVB) irradiance from sunlight; since UVB exposure enables vertebrates to
laEtude countries such as Sweden tend to be comparable to Sere those in
synthesize vitamin D, this raises quesEons about how chimpanzees in
wild chimpanzees in tropical countries such as Sierra
midlaEtude zoos are affected by the lower and more variable UVB
irradiance in those locaEons. In a study of zoo chimpanzees in Sweden (B) adaptaEons to seasonal variaEons in UVB irradiance may be emerging
and other midlaEtude countries, Sophie MoiPe and colleagues found not in zoo chimpanzees in Sweden and other mid-laEtude countries: 1:21
only that chimpanzees' vitamin D levels correlate with UVB irradiance but
also that C vitamin $D$ levels show no evidence of plateauing as UVB (C) Hide providing supplemental vitamin D to chimpanzees in zoos in
irradiance reaches its highest local levels, suggesEng that___ Sweden and other mid-laEtude countries would likely not be beneficial.

(D) zoo chimpanzees in Sweden and other mid-laEtude countries tend to

synthesize less vitamin D than they are inherently capable of synthesizing.
16. Writer Silvia Moreno-Garcia's love of short ficEon began when she Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the convenEons of
read a collecEon of Edgar Allan Poe stories as a child, and she would Standard English?
develop into a prolific short story writer herself, publishing pieces like
"The Axolotl" (2013) and "Maquech" (2008). Yet she's best known as a
novelist, in part due to her ________ Gothic (2020) earning a spot on the A. novel Mexican
New York Times Best Sellers list. B. novel (Mexican
C. novel, Mexican
D. novel: Mexican
16) Within Earth's biomes, there are four main types of desert: arid, Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the convenEons of
semiarid, coastal, and cold. The Ferlo Desert in western Africa is Standard English?
an arid ________ it is one of the largest such deserts in the
world, with a total area of about $70,000 km2
A. desert, for example,
B. desert; for example,
C. desert, for example;
D. desert, for example
17) The Southern Delta Aquariid meteor shower has a zenithal hourly Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the convenEons of
rate (ZHR) of 25, meaning that at the shower's peak, 25 meteors Standard English?
per hour could potenEally be seen by a hypotheEcal observer. A
calculaEon that assumes ideal viewing condiEons, ________
A. an actual viewer’s observed number of meteors in an hour and
the ZHR may differ considerably
B. the number of meteors an actual viewer observes in an hour may
differ considerably from the ZHR.
C. There may be a considerable difference between the number of
meteors an actual viewer observes in an hour and the ZHR.
D. The ZHR may differ considerably from the number of meteors an
actual viewer observes in an hour
18) Though he's performed on many respected albums, including Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the convenEons of
from The Street by Tom Coster, drummer Dennis Chambers may Standard English?
be best known for his Eme as house drummer for the hip-hop
label Sugar Hill Records. He did not play drums on the label's
classic song "Rapper's Delight," ___ joined the label a@er the A. However. He
song's release. B. However and he
C. However, he
D. However he
19) With one in Canada and another in AntarcEca, the observatory Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the convenEons of
sites that form the Super Dual Auroral Radar ________ or Standard English?
SuperDARN, as space physicists like Pavlo Ponomarenko call it—
number nearly five dozen, Located across the globe, the radars
track geomagneEc storms and other geospace phenomena. A. Network,
B. Network —
C. Network:
D. Network
20) The OrganisaEon for Economic Co-operaEon and Development Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the convenEons of
(OECD) tracks comparaEve price list data for its thirty-eight Standard English?
member countries. For instance, in July 2021, a hypotheEcal
basket of goods priced at 100 US dollars (USD) in the United
States would have cost 54 USD and 112 USD in fellow OECD A. naEons, Hungary
________ and Ireland, respecEvely. B. naEons: Hungary
C. naEons; Hungary
D. naEons Hungary
21) With their disEncEve cone shapes and steeply sloping sides, the Which choice completes the most logical transiEon?
volcanoes Kuchinoshima (Japan) and Tantalus (Hawaii) may look
similar from afar. Gari Mayberry and other volcanologists,
________ can tell by how each was formed that Kuchinoshima is A. For example,
a composite volcano, while Tantalus is a cinder cone volcano. B. In addiEon,
C. therefore,
D. though,
22) In a 2022 analysis, researchers invesEgated how negaEve Which choice completes the most logical transiEon?
adjecEves like "ashamed" evolve. ________ the researchers
applied a staEsEcal model to a set of words to infer the rate of
cognate replacement-the rate at which a word will be replaced A. Specifically,
over Eme with a noncognate form-in Indo-European languages. B. Therefore,
C. Thus,
D. Granted,
23) The Etle of "Of the Inequality amongst Us," an essay by French Which choice completes the most logical transiEon?
philosopher Michel de Montaigne, suggests a straigh•orward
topic. However, Montaigne's expansive, curious mind meant that
he never limited himself to one subject. ________ the essay is A. Lastly,
not just a discussion of inequality but a broad exploraEon of B. That said,
Montaigne's enEre worldview. C. Predictably,
D. AddiEonally,
24) While researching a topic, a student has taken the following The student wants to emphasize the size of Tlaxcoapan. Which choice
notes: most effecEvely uses relevant informaEon from the notes to accomplish
this goal?

• Taxcoapan is a municipality in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico.

• MunicipaliEes are governmental regions responsible for providing A. Providing street lighEng is just one example of the public services
many public services to their residents. that municipaliEes provide.
• One service they provide is street lighEng. B. The municipality of Tlaxcoapan in Hidalgo, Mexico, covers an area
• Taxcoapan covers an area of roughly 42 km2 of roughly 42 km2
• Hidalgo is divided into 84 municipaliEes. C. Tlaxcoapan is one of 84 governmental regions, known as
municipaliEes, across Hidalgo.
D. Tlaxcoapan—a governmental region in the state of Hidalgo,
Mexico-provides many public services to its residents.
25) While researching a topic, a student has taken the tollowing The student wants to provide an overview of the NWR program. Which
notes: choice most effecEvely uses relevant informaEon from the notes to
accomplish this goal?

• There are more than 500 NaEonal Wildlife Refuges (NWRs) across
the United States. A. Both the Mason Neck NWR and the Nestucca Bay NWR were
• The Mason Neck NWR is a 2,276-acre area in Virginia, on the established to protect endangered species.
AtlanEc. B. Oregon's Nestucca Bay NWR was established to protect the
• It was established to protect the endangered bald eagle. endangered AleuEan Canada goose.
• The Nestucca Bay NWR is a 457-acre area in Oregon, on the C. One of more than 500 NWRs in the US, the Mason Neck NWR
Pacific coast encompasses 2.276 acres in Virginia.
• It was established to protect the endangered AleuEan Canada D. The US's more than 500 NWRs protect endangered species from
goose. coast to coast.
26) Which choice most effecEvely uses informaEon from the given
sentences to make and support a generalizaEon about symbols on
flags?
• Vexillology is the study of flags.
• The flags of many countries include symbols like animals, plants,
or landforms. A. The flags of some countries include symbols of plants; San
• These symbols o@en represent an aspect of the region history Marino's, for example, includes a laurel branch.
culture or landscape B. San Marino's flag includes a laurel branch, a symbol that is
• The flag of San Marino includes a laurel branch. important to that country's naEonal idenEty.
• The flag of CroaEa includes leopards. C. Vexillology is the study of flags; accordingly, vexillologists are
interested in flags from around the world.
D. Many countries feature symbols on their flags, and the study
of these desigas is known as vexillology.