ID: 84ece3f6
The following text is adapted from Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1844 short story “Drowne’s Wooden Image.” Drowne, a young
man, is carving a wooden figure to decorate the front of a ship.
Day by day, the work assumed greater precision, and settled its irregular and misty outline into distincter grace and
beauty. The general design was now obvious to the common eye.
As used in the text, what does the word “assumed” most nearly mean?
A. Acquired
B. Acknowledged
C. Imitated
D. Speculated
ID: d4a8f7cb
Dance choreographer Jawole Willa Jo Zollar aims to give people the opportunity to be ______ her creative process. For
example, live performances of her dance HairStories, which debuted in 2001, featured videos of people across the United
States talking about their hair and audience members sharing pictures of their interesting hairstyles.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. nervous about
B. completed by
C. delayed by
D. involved in
ID: 97e5bf55
Text 1
In 1916, H. Dugdale Sykes disputed claims that The Two Noble Kinsmen was coauthored by William Shakespeare and
John Fletcher. Sykes felt Fletcher’s contributions to the play were obvious—Fletcher had a distinct style in his other plays,
so much so that lines with that style were considered sufficient evidence of Fletcher’s authorship. But for the lines not
deemed to be by Fletcher, Sykes felt that their depiction of women indicated that their author was not Shakespeare but
Philip Massinger.
Text 2
Scholars have accepted The Two Noble Kinsmen as coauthored by Shakespeare since the 1970s: it appears in all major
one-volume editions of Shakespeare’s complete works. Though scholars disagree about who wrote what exactly, it is
generally held that on the basis of style, Shakespeare wrote all of the first act and most of the last, while John Fletcher
authored most of the three middle acts.
Based on the texts, both Sykes in Text 1 and the scholars in Text 2 would most likely agree with which statement?
A. John Fletcher’s writing has a unique, readily identifiable style.
B. The women characters in John Fletcher’s plays are similar to the women characters in Philip Massinger’s plays.
C. The Two Noble Kinsmen belongs in one-volume compilations of Shakespeare’s complete plays.
D. Philip Massinger’s style in the first and last acts of The Two Noble Kinsmen is an homage to Shakespeare’s style.
ID: eb89dcc8
Text 1
Imagine you and your friend are trying to decide where to eat lunch. When people try to make joint decisions like this, they
often don’t reveal their true preferences. Instead, they say they would be happy with all options because they think this
response will help them appear more easygoing and likable to the other person.
Text 2
Research shows that people who don’t state their preferences when making a decision with others aren’t more likable in
the eyes of others. In fact, stating that you have no preference actually makes the decision more difficult for other people.
It can also cause them to feel less happy with their ultimate decision and with you.
Based on the texts, what response would the author of Text 2 most likely suggest for someone in the situation described
in the underlined sentence in Text 1?
A. Cancel the plan to have lunch together.
B. Ask where the friend typically likes to eat.
C. State a preference about where to eat.
D. Change the subject to talk about something else.
ID: 757077f9
During a 2014 archaeological dig in Spain, Vicente Lull and his team uncovered the skeleton of a woman from El Algar, an
Early Bronze Age society, buried with valuable objects signaling a high position of power. This finding may persuade
researchers who have argued that Bronze Age societies were ruled by men to ______ that women may have also held
leadership roles.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. waive
B. concede
C. refute
D. require
ID: c966ad55
The following text is from Srimati Svarna Kumari Devi’s 1894 novel The Fatal Garland (translated by A. Christina Albers in
1910). Shakti is walking near a riverbank that she visited frequently during her childhood.
She crossed the woods she knew so well. The trees seemed to extend their branches like welcoming arms. They
greeted her as an old friend. Soon she reached the river-side.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
A. It suggests that Shakti feels uncomfortable near the river.
B. It indicates that Shakti has lost her sense of direction in the woods.
C. It emphasizes Shakti’s sense of belonging in the landscape.
D. It conveys Shakti’s appreciation for her long-term friendships.
ID: 5e57efec
Economist Marco Castillo and colleagues showed that nuisance costs—the time and effort people must spend to make
donations—reduce charitable giving. Charities can mitigate this effect by compensating donors for nuisance costs, but
those costs, though variable, are largely ______ donation size, so charities that compensate donors will likely favor
attracting a few large donors over many small donors.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. supplemental to
B. predictive of
C. independent of
D. subsumed in
ID: f0be91b2
Drivers who strongly believe that the toll they must pay to use the Lewis and Clark Bridge, which spans the Ohio River to
connect Indiana and Kentucky, is currently too high are unlikely to be ______ a proposal to increase the toll. Advocates for a
higher toll are likely to have more success if they instead direct their arguments toward a more persuadable segment of
the population.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. receptive to
B. apprised of
C. incensed by
D. cited in
ID: 22a41819
Rejecting the premise that the literary magazine Ebony and Topaz (1927) should present a unified vision of Black
American identity, editor Charles S. Johnson fostered his contributors’ diverse perspectives by promoting their authorial
autonomy. Johnson’s self-effacement diverged from the editorial stances of W.E.B. Du Bois and Alain Locke, whose
decisions for their publications were more ______.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. proficient
B. dogmatic
C. ambiguous
D. unpretentious
ID: 359902ae
The following text is adapted from Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1837 story “Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment.” The main character, a
physician, is experimenting with rehydrating a dried flower.
At first [the rose] lay lightly on the surface of the fluid, appearing to imbibe none of its moisture. Soon, however, a
singular change began to be visible. The crushed and dried petals stirred and assumed a deepening tinge of crimson,
as if the flower were reviving from a deathlike slumber.
As used in the text, what does the phrase “a singular” most nearly mean?
A. A lonely
B. A disagreeable
C. An acceptable
D. An extraordinary
ID: 37e5c794
Despite being cheap, versatile, and easy to produce, ______ they are made from nonrenewable petroleum, and most do not
biodegrade in landfills.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. there are two problems associated with commercial plastics:
B. two problems are associated with commercial plastics:
C. commercial plastics’ two associated problems are that
D. commercial plastics have two associated problems:
ID: 4c335aea
In a recent analysis of lyrical trends in 350,000 songs, researchers cite increases in certain measures, such as the ratio of
choruses to verses, as evidence music lyrics are becoming more repetitive. For instance, from 1970 to 2020, ______
chorus-to-verse ratios trended similarly, with each genre’s data indicating that relative to the number of unique verses, the
number of repeated choruses in songs increased.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. rocks and raps
B. rock’s and rap’s
C. rocks and rap’s
D. rock and rap’s
ID: 707461d8
In 2021, Mexican biologist Martha Lydia Macías-Rubalcava led a review of the scientific literature related to endophytic
fungi (i.e., fungi that live inside a host ______ researching 120 endophytic fungi–produced compounds, she found that their
phytotoxicity can make them viable alternatives to chemical herbicides for controlling weeds.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. plant). By
B. plant), by
C. plant) and by
D. plant) by
ID: 8b017d4e
Supported by biochemical analyses of over 2,000 skeletons from the Middle Ages, ______
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. vegetables and grains were, a 2022 study found, the primary components of early medieval rulers’ diets.
B. early medieval rulers’ diets were found, in a 2022 study, to have primarily consisted of vegetables and grains.
C. the primary components of early medieval rulers’ diets were vegetables and grains, according to a 2022 study.
D. findings from a 2022 study suggested that vegetables and grains were the primary components of early medieval
rulers’ diets.
ID: 626a1642
As a behavioral economist, Katy Milkman of the University of Pennsylvania recognizes that people sometimes make
irrational economic decisions. Milkman’s research can thus address anomalies that neoclassical economic ______ assume
that people are consistently rational decision-makers—cannot explain.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. models—which
B. models, which
C. models which
D. models which—
ID: f78997cf
Recent analysis of 32532 Thereus—an outer solar system object orbiting the Sun between Jupiter and Saturn—has
determined its color to be gray, suggesting an icy composition. Such interpretations are ultimately ______ the object’s gray
coloration may be an incidental effect of radiation, solar wind, or collisions with other objects rather than evidence of its
physical makeup.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. speculative, though
B. speculative, though;
C. speculative; though
D. speculative, though,
ID: f0864217
Rabinal Achí is a precolonial Maya dance drama performed annually in Rabinal, a town in the Guatemalan highlands.
Based on events that occurred when Rabinal was a city-state ruled by a king, ______ had once been an ally of the king but
was later captured while leading an invading force against him.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. Rabinal Achí tells the story of K’iche’ Achí, a military leader who
B. K’iche’ Achí, the military leader in the story of Rabinal Achí,
C. the military leader whose story is told in Rabinal Achí, K’iche’ Achí,
D. there was a military leader, K’iche’ Achí, who in Rabinal Achí
ID: 6e193b19
Professional American football player Fred Cox invented one of the world’s most popular toys. In the 1970s, he came up
with the idea for the Nerf football, which ______ of the harder and heavier regulation football.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. were a smaller, foam version
B. are smaller, foam versions
C. were smaller, foam versions
D. is a smaller, foam version
ID: fced396a
The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), a commonly used measure of competition between companies in a particular
market, ranges from a score of zero to 10,000 points. Compared with that of a highly concentrated market—that is, a
market controlled by very few companies—______
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. a market that is less concentrated will have a much lower HHI score.
B. the HHI score of a less concentrated market will be much lower.
C. when a market is less concentrated, its HHI score will be much lower.
D. a less concentrated market will have an HHI score that is much lower.
ID: 819c443d
In January 1776, Thomas Paine published Common Sense, an appeal for freedom from the British monarchy that
famously helped ignite the desire for independence among the American colonists. After the colonies achieved their
independence, Paine moved to Paris, where the provocative ______ would contribute to another revolution—the French
Revolution.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. authors political writings
B. author’s political writings
C. author’s political writing’s
D. authors’ political writings’
ID: f10b7ce4
In the list “Adorable Things” from Sei Shōnagon’s Pillow Book, the author delights in baby sparrows, a face drawn on a
melon, and a young courtier in ceremonial garb. So shrewd an observer is Shōnagon, a lady-in-waiting to Empress Teishi,
that her book’s musings on tenth-century Japanese courtly life ______ readers a thousand years later.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. fascinate
B. has fascinated
C. fascinates
D. is fascinating
ID: 5bed774c
Philosopher Peter Kivy was a leading figure in musical ______ evidenced by his belief that instead of evoking particular
emotions, such as sadness or joy, compositions elicit a listener’s emotional response to the structure and artistry of the
music itself, Kivy’s approach to the study of music was decidedly formalist.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. aesthetics as
B. aesthetics and as
C. aesthetics, as
D. aesthetics. As
