EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
The Innovation of Solar Power Fan using Recycle Materials
A special research
Presented to the faculty of K-12
ICT TVL Track
Information Coummunication Technology Department
Emmanuel John Institute of Science and Technology Inc.
In Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements
In Senior High School
Information Coummunication Technology Strand
Submitted By:
Bahandi Ashly Mae
Borral Marklance
Cabardo John Ralph
Candela Christian
De Guzman Carla Jyne
Dela Cruz Cyrus Gabriel
Dizon Carlos Manuel
Hizon Billy Dee
Ibañes Nicole Ianne
Jimeno Heaven Jhay
Navea Nash Harold
Pelaez Pauleen
Pingkian Jayson
Villahermosa Clark Jimwell
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This chapter includes the introduction, statement of the problem, conceptual
framework, paradigm of the study, research hypothesis, scope and delimitations,
significance of the study and definition of terms used.
INTRODUCTION
Through their innovative design, they deliver cooling and ventilation, thus
ensuring that the carbon emission is greatly reduced. The rapid improvement in
technology and the increased awareness of environmental sustainability have laid the
foundation for creative and innovative solutions in the renewable energy industry.
Solar-powered fans represent one of these developments, which are powered by the
sun's energy while keeping carbon emission to a minimum.This paper explores the
advancement of eco-friendly cooling through the integration of solar powered fans.
Through the conversion of sunlight into electric power, solar panels give a clean and
renewable power source for the fan application. Adding solar panels to a fan means the
fan will not have to use the main electricity grid; instead, it relies on the harnessed solar
energy, cutting greenhouse gas emissions and reducing reliance on fossil fuel.
By converting sunlight into electricity, solar panels offer a sustainable power
source for fan operation. Incorporating solar panels into fans eliminates the need for
reliance on the primary electricity grid, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions and
lessening dependence on fossil fuels.
Moreover, the incorporation of solar fans brings enhanced eco-friendliness to
such devices. can be used in the way of reducing greenhouse gasses, and reducing the
demand for new raw materials and diverting waste from landfills. This approach not
only contributes to waste reduction but also promotes the concept of a circular
economy.
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
Utilizing the construction of solar powered fans offers economic benefits as well.
The overall cost of production can be significantly reduced by using readily available and
inexpensive materials, the production costs can be notably reduced.The affordability
makes solar-powered fans more attainable to communities with no access to
conventional electricity or financial constraints. Further, there exists the possibility for
local production and, with that, employment possibilities for the local population, thus
favoring economic growth and sustainability.
This research paper is going to do an in-depth analysis of the technical aspects of
solar-powered fan design, revealing several types of recycled materials that can be used
to make them. It will consider how efficient and effective they are when compared to
normal fans in issues of cooling, power consumption, and durability. Apart from the
possible environmental and economic benefits, the challenges and limitations are
discussed to provide a holistic understanding of the innovative solution.
Materials with supporting eco energy and to convenience of the user and to
utilize solar to evaluate suitable materials,Assess the market and consumer acceptance
of solar fan. This is why my team came up with this study Why did i do this study,
because I can help nature to reduce the energy that causes bad effects on the nature
and reduce the use of excess energy and make an invention and the title of this work.
Green Innovation: Solar Panel Fans Harnessing Sunlight for Eco-Friendly Cooling so that
people can use it, even day and night. And it there no light you can use it during the day
you can open it, in the afternoon sun, and it will help workers in the heat while they
work. The benefits that can be obtained from the solar power fan is an environmental-
friendly cooling solution as it uses renewable solar power and reduces carbon emissions.
Also, it helps to eliminate the long-term dependency on fossil fuels. The reason why my
team choose this topic? and, as a result, fail to realise the importance of solar
technology. Solar power has evidently become the trend in renewable energy.
Homeowners around the UK installed solar panels on their roof, managing accordingly
to reap all the solar energy advantages.
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
Statement of the Problem
Solar panel fan provide a optimistic explanation for sustainable cooling, yet
multiple test prevent their extensive adaption and effectiveness, this seeks to
answer the following questions:
1). What are the factors that affects the charging capacity of a solar panel fan in
terms of:
1.1 Weather
1.2 Time
2. How does the solar panel fan perform overall in terms of:
2.1 Convenience
2.2 Durability
2.3 Environmental Impact
3. How does a solar panel fan function in terms of Convenience, Durability, and
Environmental Impact?
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
The purpose of this
study is to determine
the green innovation:
solar panel fans
harnessing sunlight for
eco-friendly cooling in
terms of the To gather information
demographic profile of
for the research
the respondents in
terms of: study, the researchers
1.1 weather will simply hand out
1.2 time survey forms to the
selected respondents.
The researchers will the innovation of
This study also aims to
know the green
conduct a survey with solar power fan
a questionnaire for
innovation: solar panel
the chosen
using recycle
fans harnessing
sunlight for eco-friendly respondents to materials.
cooling in terms of: complete in order to
2.1 convenience collect the necessary,
2.2 durability and once the data
2.3 environmental have been processed
impact
statistically, the
Lastly, this study wants researchers will
to know the significant evaluate them to
difference in the green obtain a conclusion
innovation: solar panel about the study.
fans harnessing
sunlight for eco-friendly
cooling in terms of
convenience,durability,
environmental impact.
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
PARADIGM OF THE STUDY
The figure above depicts the conceptual framework of the study, which
includes the input, process, output.
The first input, which refers to the demographic profile of the students,
including weather,and time. The innovation of solar power fan using recycle
materials in terms of convenience,durability,environmental impact. The significant
different in the green innovation: solar panel fans harnessing sunlight for eco-
friendly cooling in terms of convenience,durability,environmental impact.
Next is the process to gather information for the research study, the
researcher will simply hand out survey forms to the selected respondents. The
researchers will conduct a survey with a questionnaire for the chosen
respondents to complete in order to collect the necessary data, and once the
data have been processed statistically, the researchers will evaluate them to
obtain a conclusion about the study.
Last is the output, which is the innovation of solar power fan using recycle
materials.
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
There is no significant difference in The innovation of solar power fan using
recycle materials in terms of convenience,durability,environmental impact when
the demographic profile of the students are considered.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
This study focuses on the innovation of solar power fan using recycle
materials..There will be fifty (50) respondents chosen at random, including
students from University of the East, Lungsod Ng Caloocan, System Technology
Institute, and South Caloocan, 105 Samson Road, Caloocan City, as well as
Monumento, Caloocan City, who are between the ages of 16 - 20 years old. and
could require a minimum of one week to finish and gather the data required for
the study, which is the researchers' information source.
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Students: The study will be able to determine the specific factors that
contribute to convenience and create successful solar panel fan to among
citizen.
Other Solar Panel Fan Users: They will be aware and they will also know
what can be done with solar panel fan in hot weather. They will know the
difference between portable fan and solar panel fan. They will learn how to use
solar panel to create electricity.
Researcher: In this study, the researcher aims to educate other citizen
using of solar panel before using plug in order to not overcharging the power
bank.
Future Researcher: They are considered to be one of the beneficiaries and
will benefit from this study because future researchers can use this study as a
basis or background for their own study, future researchers can also use this
study to use solar power energy from the sun.
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Brownout- loss of electrical supply
Carbon Emission- released into the atmosphere, often through human activity
such as the burning of fossil fuels such as coal or gas
Eco Energy- natural and clean energy solutions for a green environment
protecting ecology
Energy Efficiency- the use of less energy to perform the same task or produce
the same result
Electron-a negatively charged subatomic particle that can be either bound to an
atom or free
Electricity- flow of electrical or power
Efficiency- the ability to achieve an end goal with little to no waste ,effort,or
energy
Fan- powered by machine used to create air
Innovation- the introduction of something new
Milliampere Hours- unit of measurement used to describe the amount of battery
capacity
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
Photovoltaic Cells- nonmechanical device that converts sunlight directly into
electricity
Power Bank- used to recharge electronics devices
Power Supply- device that converts one voltage to another more convenient
voltage while delivering power
Renewable Energy-energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at
a higher rate than they are consumed
Solar Panel- device that converts sunlight into electricity
Solar Power- energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical
energy
Environmental impacts- are changes in the natural or built environment, resulting
directly from an activity, that can have adverse effects on the air, land, water,
fish, and wildlife or the inhabitants of the ecosystem.
Voltage- a quantitive expression of the potential difference in charge between
two point in an electrical field
Voltage Regulator- a circuit that creates and maintains a fixed output voltage
Watts- the unit of electrical power equal to one ampere under the pressure of
one volt
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter contains a review of related literature and studies that helped the
researchers in developing a better understanding of the green innovation: solar
panel fans harnessing sunlight for eco-friendly cooling. This review of related
literature and studies contains certain details from the internet as well as
research done by researchers to support the research's important and titled
outcomes.
Local Literature
According to Alguinado, Ramon A. Jr. (2010), This study aimed to design,
develop, and construct a locally-made Solar PV System Training Module
(SPVSTM) for educational use specifically on subjects related to alternative and
renewable energy. This training module is an aid to enhance the skills of the
students and practitioners regarding alternative and renewable energy. It also
provides the basic component needed for the solar PV system assembled in a
panel or module for easy installation and experimentations. The PV system
comprised of four building blocks: the PV module; the current and the voltage
regulated power supply; the charge controller, and the load.
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
According to Tenefrancia, Jayvee P. (2019), This study was conducted at
the present location of the Project in Brgy. Hamungaya, Jaro, Iloilo from May to
August 2018 evaluating the actual field performance of the Solar-Powered
Irrigation Project The basic components of the Solar-Powered Irrigation Project
are: submersible solar pump, solar power modules, control unit or level
controller, pipes, mounting structure, steel gates and reservoir. It has the major
functions of pumping irrigation water, improving access to water and having no
greenhouse gas emissions.
According to Dador Jomar A. ,(2013) This study aimed to rehabilitate, test,
and evaluate the solar PV system of Filamer Christian University (FCU), Roxas
City, Capiz. The rehabilitation of the PV system is expected to provide numerous
benefits to the university such as additional source of electric power, promotion
of renewable energy to local society of Capiz, and it will also serve as a training
module for the laboratory experiments of the Electronics Engineering
department.The solar PV system of FCU comprised of five building blocks: the
PV modules; the batteries; the charge controller, inverter and the load.
Specifically, the 14 80 Watt peak PV modules, 30 A 12/24 V charge controller,
1500 W pure sine-wave inverter and the 4 120 Ah batteries are used.
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
According to Alguinado, Ramon A. Jr. (2009) The study aimed to design,
develop, and construct a Charge Controller (CC) and Solar Home System (SHS)
with locally made and available component. The system design consists of six
components: the Photovoltaic (PV) module, Charge Controller, battery, night
switch, multipurpose battery charger, and the DC load. The data gathered to test
the performance of the system were the open circuit voltage of the PV module (V
open), short circuit current of the PV (Ishort) Module, LVD, LVR, HVD, and HVR,
the power dissipated by the LED lights, the Luminance of LED lights, and the
charging current of the multipurpose battery charger.
Foreign Literature
According to Bansal, Ankur Kumar (2019) Suggested that in the present
era, While seeing the increasing demand for energy and depletion of resources
from which we obtained energy, solar energy suggest as the best alternative
energy resource. The light from the sun is not only a non-vanishing resource of
energy but also it is an Eco- Friendly resource of energy(free from the
environment pollution and noise). It can easily compensate for the energy
requirements fulfilled by the other resources, which are depleting and
environment challenges, such as Fossil Fuel and petroleum deposits
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
According to Mahdavi Roholla, (2014) With regard to the ever-increasing need
for energy in current societies to satisfy various requirements, scientists and
researchers from different countries, such as Iran, have a basic approach in their
agenda to achieve renewable energies، The scientists believe that with regard to
the limited fossil fuels and their environmental pollutions, renewable and clean
energies can be the first alternative to generate energy، Our country, Iran, has
numerous capabilities in the field of generating new and renewable energies.
According to Ude, Chukwudi, (2023) Explained that a solar powered
standing dc fan is a small, portable type of fan that is used in various rooms of
home or office. It is more convenient compared to other types, like kitchen
exhaust, window, and pedestal fans because of its portability. It serves a number
of functions for home owners and office workers such as conservation of energy,
removal of heat and unwanted fumes from indoor areas, cooling a room and
generation of Mechanical noise that helps to distract a person's attention from
undesirable background noise so one could focus on his task.
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
According to Laporta Jimena, (2023) Although active ventilation via fans is
an effective and widely adopted heat abatement method for use with adult dairy
cattle, it has yet to be investigated in outdoor hutch-housed dairy calves despite
most US calves being raised in such systems. We investigated a solar-powered
fan system for outdoor calf hutches and its effect on hutch microclimate
LOCAL STUDIES
Acoording to Awi, E. N., Tubog, R., Rosca, A., Olazo, C., Balines, J.,
Bueno, R. A., Ilar, A., Javier, C., Magat, A., Narcida, C., & Delfin, J. R. (2022).
The study aims to develop and design a generator that utilizes alternative energy
sources, such as mechanical, chemical, and solar energy, to supply electricity for
charging smartphones, radios, and flashlights during emergencies. The
Philippines is vulnerable to natural disasters due to its location within the Pacific
Ring of Fire.
According to Teope, P. A., Mazaredo, J. N. M., and Boado, A. D. (2008)
The design of a universal charger utilized solar energy, a renewable resource, to
recharge an electronic device's battery. Through the use of a solar panel, the
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
device captures the endless solar energy, transforms it into a direct current, and
stores it in a battery storage unit.
According to Catabian, K. O., Del Valle, E. L., Galopo, A. A., & Plata, R. N.
A. (2019) One of the most dependable renewable energy sources is solar
power. Temperature and solar radiation intensity both affect how much power
solar panels produce. The solar panel needs to be adjusted so that its position is
always in line with the position of the sun since they will produce their greatest
amount of electricity when the intensity of solar radiation they receive is likewise
at its highest.
FOREIGN STUDIES
According to Lewis, N. S. (2016) Entitled "Research opportunities to
advance solar energy utilization". The energy in sunlight can be converted into
electricity, heat, or fuel.Opportunities also exist to improve the capabilities of
concentrated solar power systems that convert sunlight into heat. Improved
thermal storage fluids would provide longer-term storage to compensate for
cloudy days in areas of high direct insolation.Learning by doing and R&D will
both be needed to produce an innovation ecosystem that can sustain the
historical rate of cost reductions in PVs and concentrated solar thermal
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
technology. The findings of Zietara (2018) States that a solar panel is a device
tends to transform radiant heatcoming from the sun into electricity. With the
challenges in the scarcity of energy,different movements initiated by different
countries around the globe are on the run. However, new challenges arise
questioning the effectiveness of the solar panel in generating electricity.
According to Shea, E. C. (2005) Meters will show the current and voltage
levels, and a small fan may be turned on to test how well the solar power system
can handle the increased electrical demand. The user will be able to physically
and visually experience solar power through this carousel thanks to its metered
displays and speed variations.
According to Babak Sarlati, (2015) States that the purpose of this research
is to smooth solar power utilizing electrical consumers because to the growing
concern about the intermittency and lack of inertia of solar power and its potential
effects on power systems. In order to maintain a steady current draw from the
system (consumer + PV output) without rapid intermittency, the project aims to
absorb as much of the fluctuation in PV output as feasible from electrical
consumers in buildings, such as cooling fans.
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
The research methodology is covered in this section, which contains the
research design, research location, respondents of the study, sample and
sampling technique, instrumentation, data gathering procedure, and statistical
treatment of data
Research Design
The purpose of this study is to determine the innovation of solar power fan
using recycle materials. In this study, descriptive research and survey research
approach will be used. Descriptive research aims to describe and summarize the
collected data based on specific characteristics, behaviors, or phenomenon. It
provides data that represents the problem or topic without manipulating the
variables within the study. Survey research is defined as "the collection of
information from a sample of individuals through their responses to questions"
(Check & Schutt, 2012, p. 160).
Survey research approach may use a variety of data collection methods
with survey questionnaires and interviews in terms of the innovation of solar
power fan using recycle materials.
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
Research Locale
Image 1. South Caloocan
Caloocan was formerly known as Aromahan or Libis Espina by the Spanish
colonists since it was located in a "libis" (lowland) when it was simply a small
barrio; its current name Caloocan means "innermost area." It was detached from
Tondo and established an autonomous municipality in 1815. Its ancient territory
included the Marikina, San Mateo, and Montalban foothills in the east, the
Tinajeros, Tanza, and Tala rivers in the north, and San Francisco del Monte,
Sampalok, and Sta. Cruz and Tondo are located in the south. The researchers
choose to focus on senior high school students in South Caloocan with the
chosen respondents. South Caloocan of had been choose for the researchers to
gather the needed information to gain the necessary data.
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
Respondents of the Study
To find out the innovation of solar power fan using recycle materials. the
researchers gathered the information from the respondents, who must be in the
age range of 16 to 21 years old from South Caloocan, and who will have a
sentiment about solar powered fan using recycled materials. The number of
respondents that will give their perceptions on the solar powered fan is set at fifty
(50).
Research Instrument
In gathering information and data the researchers will use survey
questionnaires as an instrument in this study. The researchers objective in using
the research instrument is to find out the innovation of solar power fan using
recycle materials. This research will used for fifty (50) respondents who want to
know the innovation of solar powered fan using recycled materials.
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
RATING SCALE – To measure the respondents accurate answers using survey
questionnaires.
INTERPRETATION
5 Strongly Agree
4 Agree
3 Neutral
2 Disagree
1 Strongly Disagree
LIKERT SCALE – To describe the respondent’s perception on the role of social
media in spreading misinformation
INTERPRETATION
4.51 - 5.50 Strongly Agree
3.51 – 4.50 Agree
2.51 – 3.50 Neutral
1.51 – 2.50 Disagree
0.51 – 1.50 Strongly Disagree
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
Sample and Sampling Technique
The researchers will conduct a survey to 50 senior high school students
around South Caloocan. The respondents of this study will be given a survey
questionnaire. The researchers will use simple random sampling technique, the
researchers will use this technique to ensures that every student in South
Caloocan has an equal chance of being selected and helps in minimizing bias,
also this technique makes the study relatively easy to interpret the data that will
be collected in this manner.
Data Gathering Procedure
The data's information that are needed were collected through using the
assessment evaluation test as well as survey and interview questionnaires. The
assessment and questionnaires were based on the research topic. The
assessment and questionnaires were comprised of questions regarding on what
are The Innovation of Solar Power Fan using Recycle Materials.
The researchers sought to employ quantitative research to collect the data for
this study. The researchers create a questionnaire and a letter of approval from
the research adviser and the director of the school before conducting a survey. A
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
survey questionnaire will be the tool employed in this study. The questionnaire
will be created by the researcher, who will then multiply that number of copies to
accommodate all responders. The copies of the questionnaire will be personally
distributed by the researcher. To assist the respondents in filling out the forms,
the researchers will explain the information in the questionnaire. The survey will
be retrieved the day after the respondents complete it. The researchers will
examine the data after they have collected it. The data will be tallied and then
interpreted once the researcher has the necessary information. Finally, in order
to understand the data, the researchers will move on with a statistical technique.
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
Statistical Method of Data
The researchers collected and analyzed the result of the study percentage,
weighted mean and chi-square where the statistical tool used to analyze and
interpret the data.
Percentage- It was used to measure the number of causes divided by the total
number of cases and the quotient was multiplied by 100 as shown in this
following formula:
Where: Data should be expected to agree with a specific hypothesis.
P- Percentage
F- Frequency
N- Total number of Respondents
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
Weighted Mean - The weighted arithmetic average is similar to a proper
arithmetic average, except that instead of each of the data points contributing to
the final average, some data points would contribute more than others.
wx
w x=Σ
w
Where:
w x - Given value for weighted mean
w- Represents each of the item value
X - Represents the weight of each item value
Σ– Summation
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
DEGREE OF FREEDOM- the statistical formula to determine agree of freedom
is quite simple. It states that the degree of freedom is equal to the number of
values in a data set minus.
DF=(r-1)(c-1)
Where:
DF = Degree of freedom
r = Number of row
C = Number of column
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
EXPECTED FREQUENCY- is a measure of now often an event is expected to
occur based on probability and the number of trials.
E=rc/n
Where:
E = The expected frequency
n = The sum of all expected frequencies
r = Numbers of rows
c = number of columns
EMMANUEL JOHN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
237 M.H Del Pilar St. LA. Bldg.11th Avenue, Grace Park Caloocan City
Chi-square- a statistical method assessing the goodness of fit between
observed values and those expected theoretically.
2
2 (O− E)
x =Σ
E
Where:
– Chi-square
O - The frequencies observed
E - The frequencies expected
∝ = 0.05
Σ = Summation
DF = (r-1) (c-1)
