IS 2189 : 2008

(Reaffirmed 2018)
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Indian Standard
SELECTION, INSTALLATION AND

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MAINTENANCE OF AUTOMATIC FIRE·
DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM-

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CODE OF PRACTICE
( Fourth Revision)

ICS 13.220.10

© BIS 2008

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

April 2008 Price Group 9

Fire Fighting Sectional Committee, CED 22

FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (Fourth Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft
finalized by the Fire Fighting Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division
Council.
The purpose of a fire detection and alarm system is to detect fire at the earliest practicable moment and to give an
alarm so that appropriate action can be taken (for example, evacuation of occupants, summoning the fire
fighting organization, triggering of extinguishing processes, etc). An alarm system may be activated by automatic
detection devices or by manual operation of manual call points.

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This standard covering the requirements of heat sensitive fire 'detectors was first published in 1962 and revised in
1976, 1988 and 1999. The present revision includes modifications with regard to terminology, inclusion of
probe type high temperature bi-metal heat detector, optical smoke detector, spark/ember detector, UV flame
detector, lR flame detector etc, and figures for arrangement for smoke detectors and addressable fire detection

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and alarm systems.
The general principles given below are for guidance to design and construction of fire detection and alarm
systems. A fire detection and alarm system should:
a) detect quickly enough to fulfil its intended functions;
b) reliably transmit the detection signal;
c) translate this signal into a clear alarm indication that will attract the attention of the user in an immediate
and unmistakable way and indicate the location of fire and initiate operation of ancillary service, such as
fire extinguishing system, etc;
d) remain insensitive to phenomena other than those where its function is to detect; and
e) signal immediately and clearly and supervise fault that might jeopardize the correct performance of the
system.
A fire detection and alarm system should be reliable and not liable to disturbance by any other systems whether
associated with it or not, should not be rendered inoperative partially or totally by the fire or the phenomenon
which it is designed to detect before the fire or phenomenon has been detected and should be able to fulfil its
functions without errors or omissions.
Compliance of components with this standard does not necessarily ensure the compatibility of components with
each other. Compatibility should be considered when designing a system. Satisfactory operation of an installed
system should be tested after the completion of the installation.
Any fault affecting a part of fire detection and alarm system should not result in cascades of other faults in the
system as a whole or should not create indirect hazards inside/outside the system.
Multiplexed fire detection system can be u~ed provided the basic operation concepts given in this standard are
fulfilled.

For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value,
observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS 2 : 1960 'Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)'. The number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
 IS 2189 : 2008

Indian Standard
SELECTION, INSTALLATION AND
MAINTENANCE OF AUTOMATIC FIRE
DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM -
CODE OF PRACTICE
( Fourth Revision)
] SCOPE 3 TERMINOLOGY

SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU UNDER THE LICENSE FROM BIS FOR LNTECC, MAHSR C4, SURAT
].1 This standard covers the planning, design, 3.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following
selection, installation and maintenance of fire detection definitions and definitions given in IS 8757 shall
and alarm systems. It is applicable to simple systems apply.
with a few manual call points as well as to complex

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installations comprising addressable control and 3.1 Acknowledge - To confirm that a message or
indicating panel, non-addressable detectors, manual signal has been received, such as by the pressing of a
call points, control and indication panels. It covers button or the selection of a software command.
systems capable of providing signals to initiate, in the 3.2 Activation Device (Trigger Device) - Device
event of a fire, the operation of ancillary services, such capable of being operated automatically or manually
as fire extinguishing systems and other necessary to initiate an alarm that is, detector, a manual (fire
precautions but it does not cover the ancillary services. alarm) call point or a pressure switch.
It covers fire detection and alarm system installed in
buildings of different types including those installed 3.3 Addres,s able Device - A fi,re alarm system
in industries. component with discrete identification that can have
its status individually identified or that is used to
1.2 This standard covers minimum level of protection. individually control other functions.
Nothing in this standard prevents to install systems
designed for higher degree of protection, for special 3.4 Addressable System - System in which signals
risks, etc. from detectors, manual call points, or any other devices
are individually identified at the control and indicating
2 REFERENCES equipment.
The standards listed below contain provisions which, 3.5 Air Sampling-Type Detector - A detector that
through reference in this text, constitute provisions of consists of a piping or tubing distribution network that
this standard. At the time of publication, the editions runs from the detector to the area(s) to be protected.
indicated ",ere valid. All standards are subject to An aspiration fan in the detector housing draws air
re vision and parties to agreements based on this from the protected area back to the detector through
standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility air sampling ports, piping, or tubing. At the detector,
of applying the most recent editions of the standards the air is analyzed for fire products.
indicated below:
[S No. Title 3.6 Alarm Zone - Geographical sub-division of the
protected premises, in which the fire alarm warning
2175: 1988 Specification for heat sensitive tire can be given separately, and independently, of a fire
detectors for use in automatic fire alarm warning in any other alarm zone.
alarm system (second revision)
3.7 Alert Tone - An attention getting signal to alert
8757: 1999 Glbssary of terms associated with occupants of the pending transmission of a voice
fire safety (first revision) message.
11360: 1985 Specification for smoke detectors for 3.8 Analog Initiating Device (Sensor) - An initiating
use in automatic electrical fire alarm device that transmits a signal indicating varying
system degrees of conditions as contrasted with a conventional
initiating device which can only indicate an on-off
12456: 1988 Code of practice for fire protection condition.
of electronic data process ing
installations 3.9 Annunciator - A unit containing one or more
IS 2189: 2008

indicator lamps, alphanumeric displays, graphical transmission of calls for assistance to emergency
displays or other equivalent means in which each services.
indication provides status information about a circuit,
3.22 Control Unit - A system component that
condition or location.
monitors inputs and controls outputs through various
3.10 Approved - Acceptable to the authority having types of circuits.
jurisdiction.
3.23 Detection Zone - Sub-division of the protected
3.11 Audibility - Property of a sound which allows premises such that the occurrence of fire within it will
it to be heard among other sounds in the, background. be indicated by a fire alarm system separately from an
indication of fire in any other sub-division.
3.12 Authority having Jurisdiction - The
organization, office, or individual responsible for 3.24 Detector - A device suitable for connection to a
approving equipment, materials, an installation or a circuit that has a sensor that responds to a physical
procedure. stimulus such as heat or smoke or flame.

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3.13 Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm 3.25 Display - The visual representation of output
System - Fire alarm system comprising components data, other than printed copy.
and sub-system required for automatically detecting a
fire, initiating an automatic alarm for fire and initiating 3.26 Electrical Conductivity Heat Detector - A
line-type or spot-type sensing element in which

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other action as required.
resistance varies as a function of temperature.
3.14 Automatic Fire Signal- Alarm of fire originated
by an automatic device, given audibly and/or visibly. 3.27 Ember - A particle of solid material that emits
radiant energy due to either its temperature or the
NOTE - The system may also include manual fire alarm call process of combustion on its surface.
points.
3.28 Emergency Voice/Alarm Communications -
3.15 Ceiling - The upper surface of a space, regardless Dedicated manual or automatic facilities for originating
of height. Areas with a suspended ceiling have two and distributing voice instructions, as well as alert and
ceilings, one visible from the floor and one above the evacuation signals pertaining to a fire emergency, to
suspended ceiling. the occupants of a building.
3.16 Ceiling Height - The height from the continuous 3.29 Evacuation - The withdrawal of occupants from
floor of a room to the continuous ceiling of a room or a building.
space.
3.30 Evacuation Signal- Distinctive signal intended
3.17 Circuit - Assembly of fire alarm components to be recognized by the occupants as requiring
supplied from the same control equipment and evacuation of the building.
protected against overcurrent by the same protective
device(s) or current limitation arrangements. 3.31 Exit Plan - A plan for the emergency evacuation
of the premises.
3.18 Circulation Area - Area (including a stairway)
used mainly as a means of access between a room and 3.32 False Alarm - Alarm of fire that is, false,
an exit from the building or compartment. because the fire reported does not and did not exist.
This false alarm may arise by malicious, mistaken or
3.19 Combination/Multifunction Detector - A accidental intent.
device that either responds to more than one of the fire
phenomena or employs more than one operating 3.33 Fault Signal - A distinctive audible and visual
principle to sense one of these phenomena. Typical signal indicating occurrence of a fault within the
examples are a combination of a heat detector with a system (for example, break in electric circuit, short
smoke detector or a combination of rate-of-rise and circuit or fault in power supply).
fixed-temperature heat detector.
3.34 Fire Alarm Control and Indicating
3.20 Commissioning - Process by which it is Equipment - Equipment through which fire
determined that the installed system meets the detectors may be supplied with power and which:
defined requirements. a) is used to accept a detection signal and actuate
3.21 Control Centre - Permanently staffed room a fire alarm signal;
within or near the premises at risk for the receipt of b) is able to pass on the fire detection signal,
emergency calls and equipped with means for through the fire alarm routing equipment, to
indicating the situation in each of the protected the fire fighting organization or to automatic
prem ises, and the communications needed for extinguishers;

2
 IS 2189 : 2008

c) is used to monitor automatically the correct processed and used to convey an alarm condition when
functioning of the system; and it meets preset criteria.
d) is used to indicate or display the location of fire/ NOTE - It is suggested that the use of such detectors be
alarm activation device. discouraged/avoided, as they have a radioactive source. Multi-
function detectors may be used instead.
3.35 Fire Alarm Signal - A signal initiated by a
3.46 Line Detector - Detector which responds to the
fire alarm-initiating device, such as a manual fire alarm phenomenon sensed in the vicinity of a continuous
box, automatic fire detector, water flow switch, or line.
other device in which activation is indicative of the
presence of a fire or fire signature. 3.47 Maintenance - Repair service, including
periodic inspections and tests, required to keep the fire
3.36 Fire Alarm System - A combination of alarm system and its component parts in an operative
components for giving an audible and visible andlor condition at all times, and the replacement of the system
other perceptible alarm of fire. The system may also or its components when they become undependable or

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initiate other ancillary action. inoperable for any reason.
3.37 Fire Rating - The classification indicating in 3.48 Manual Call Point - A manually operated
time (hours) the ability ofa structure or component to device used to initiate an alann signal. It can be man~l
withstand a standardized fire test. This classification alarm system or part of automatic alarm system. .

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does not necessarily reflect performance of rated
components in an actual fire. 3.49 Mimic Panel - A panel in which the floor/area
plans of the premises are projected to reduced scale to
3.38 Fire Safety Functions - Building and fire enable easy identification of the sector/zone.
control functions that are intended to increase the level
of life safety for occupants or to control the spread of 3.50 Multi-Sensor Fire Detector - Fire detector that
the harmful effects of fire. monitors more than one physical andlor chemical
phenomenon associated with fire. Typical examples are
3.39 Fixed Temperature Detector - A device that a combination of a heat and smoke detector or
responds when its operating element becomes heated combination of heat and gas detectors.
to a predetermined level.
3.51 Photoelectric Light Obscuration Smoke
3.40 Flame - A body or stream of gaseous material Detection - The principle of using a light source
involved in the combustion process and emitting and a photosensitive sensor onto which the
radiant energy at specific wavelength bands determined principal portion of the source emissions is focused.
by the combustion chemistry of the fuel. In most cases, When smoke particles enter the light path, some of
some portion of the emitted radiant energy is visible the light is scattered and some is absorbed, thereby
to the human eye. reducing the light reaching the receiving sensor.
The light reduction signal is processed and used to
3.41 Flame Detector - A radiant energy-sensing convey an alarm condition when it meets preset
fire detector that detects the radiant energy emitted by criteria.
the flame.
3.52 Photoelectric Light-Scattering Smoke
3.42 Flame Detector Sensitivity - The distance Detection - The principle of using a light source and
along the optical axis of the detector at which the a photosensitive sensor arranged so that the rays from
detector can detect a fire of specified size and fuel the light source do not normally fall onto the
within a given time frame. photosensitive sensor. When smoke particles enter the
light path, some of the light is scattered by reflection
3.43 Floor - Area contained on each storey of the and refraction onto the sensor. The light signal is
building. processed and used to convey an alarm condition when
it meets preset criteria.
3.44 Heat Detector - A fire detector that detects
either abnormally high temperature or rate of 3.53 Point Detector - Detector which responds to
temperature rise, or both. the phenomenon sensed in the vicinity of a fixed
point.
3.45 Ionization Smoke Detection - The principle of
using a small amount of radioactive material to 3.54 Power Supply - A source of electrical operating
ionize the air between two differentially charged power, including the circuits and terminals connecting
electrodes to sense the presence of smoke particles. it to the dependent system components.
Smoke particles entering the ionization volume
3.55 Projected Beam-Type Detector - A type of
decrease the conductance of the air by reducing
photoelectric light obscuration smoke detector
ion mobility. The reduced conductance signal is
wherein the beam spans the protected area.
3
IS 2189: 2008

3.56 Protected Premises - The physical location connected to the fire alarm system when the normal
protected by a fire alarm system. power supply fails.
3.57 Radio Alarm System (RAS) - A system in 3.71 Trouble Signal- A signal initiated by the fire
which signals are transmitted from a radio alarm alarm system or device indicative of a fault in a
transmitter (RAT) located at the protected premises monitored circuit or component.
through a radio channel to two or more radio alarm
repeater station receivers (RARSR) and that are 3.72 Zone - Area or space that has a group of
annunciated by a radio alarm supervising station automatic and/or non-automatic fire detection devices
receiver (RASSR) located at the central station. for which there is a separate common display in the
control and indicating equipment.
3.58 Rate-or-Rise Detector - A device that responds
when the temperature rises at a rate exceeding a 4 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
predetermined value. 4.1 Automatic fire detection and alarm system consists

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3.59 Search Distance - Distance which has to be of fire detectors and manual call points connected by
travelled by a searcher within a zone in order to appropriate cables to sectorlzonal panels which in tum
determine visually the position of fire. are connected to control and indicating equipment
(C and I). The equipment and cables of automatic fire
3.60 Sector - A sub-division of the protected detection and alarm system should be independent of

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premises larger than a zone. A larger floor may be any other system or cables, and should not be shared
demarcated into sectors, that is, addressed part of the with any other system.
fl oor. A sector will normally contain many zones. NOTE - Where analog addressable fire alarm system is
used, which consists of addressable devices and suitable control
3.6J Shapes of Ceilings - The shapes of ceilings can panel, zoning and number of detectors shall be as per 4.2.4.
be classified as sloping or smooth.
4.1.1 If the requirement of detectors in any area is less
3.62 Short Circuit Isolators - Devices which may than 20, division into zones/sectors may not be
be connected into a transmission path of a fire detection necessary. Similarly, sectorization may not be
and fire alarm system, to limit the consequences of necessary if the number of zones is not very large and
low parallel resistance faults between the lines of this in case of bigger premises, the premises may be divided
transmission path. into wings and each wing may have sectors/zones.
3.63 Sloping Ceiling - A ceiling that has a slope. 4.1.2 Size of the conventional panels is normally
3.64 Smoke Detector - A device that detects visible referred by number of zones. Each zone can be
or invi sible particles of combustion. connected with the conventional detectors not
exceeding 20.
3.65 Smooth Ceiling - A ceiling surface
uninterrupted by continuous projections, such as solid 4.2 Detection Zones
joists, beams, or ducts, extending more than 100 mm 4.2.1 General
below the ceiling surface.
a) In most of the buildings an alann of fire may
3.66 Spacing - A horizontally measured dimension initiate a number of different activities, for
related to the allowable coverage of fire detectors. example, provision ofassistance, commencement
of fire fighting operations and emergency
3.67 Spark - A moving ember.
evacuation procedures, summoning of fire
3.68 Spark/Ember Detector - A radiant energy- brigade, etc. It is essential that these activities
sensing fire detector that is designed to detect sparks are well co-ordinated. In the pre-planning of
or embers, or both. These devices are normally emergency procedures for a building it is
intended to operate in dark environments and in the therefore important, for ease of communication
infra-red part of the spectrum. and synchronization of effort, to fix a convenient
number of easily identifiable sectorslzones,
3.69 Spark/Ember Detector Sensitivity - The which the building can be divided.
number of watts (or the fraction of a watt) of
b) In order to direct those responding to a fire alarm
radiant power from a point source radiator, applied as
signal to the area of fire, all buildings with the
a unit step signal at the wavelength of maximum
exception of smaller ones need to be divided
detector sensitivity, necessary to produce an alarm
into detection zones. The zones need to be small
signal from the detector within the specified response
enough for a fire to be located quickly. Even if
time.
the system is addressable, zoning indications
J.70 Standby Supply - Power supply, commonly from needs to be provided as this often provides a
a re chargeable battery, which is automatically quicker indication of the location of a fire than

4
 IS 2189: 2008

typical addressable text displays . Zone emergency procedure to be adopted throughout

indicators also provide a simple 'at a glance' each zone.
overview of the extent of fire or smoke spread. r) If the requirement of detectors or call points is
Also this would enable fire fighters who are not less than 20 in any area, division of the area
familiar with the building to proceed to the into zones is not necessary. Similarly,
location of fire. sectorization is not necessary if the number of
zones is not very large.
4.2.2 Requirements for detection zones that contain
non-addressable automatic detection system are given s) For larger systems covering more than one
below: building it may be necessary to create sectors in
addition to zones in order to restrict the number
a) The floor area ofa single zone shall not exceed
of zones from which alarms originate
2000 m 2 •
simultaneously or in succession.
b) If the total area of a building is less than
t) It is not always possible to provide definite

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300 m2, a zone can cover more than one floor.
guidelines regarding the requirements for the
c) If the total area of a building is more than division of sectors, etc, as stated above due to
300 m\ each z;one shall be restricted to a single the fact that the configurations are not same for
floor. all risks. The division into zones andlor sectors

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d) Voids, if any, above or below the floor area of a shall be decided based on careful consideration
room can be included in the same zone as of the on the type of risk and accessibility of zones
room provided that the voids and the room in respect of main circulation routes and the
constitute a single compartment. main control and indicating equipment.
e) The search distance, that is, the distance that u) In general, the signals used in different zones
has to be traveJled by anyone responding to a in the same premises shall be the same unless
fire alarm signal after entry to the zone in order the background noise in one or more zones is
for the location of the fire to be determined such as to require different sounders.
visually, shall not exceed 30 m. v) The zoning arrangement for systems in multiple
f) Automatic fire detectors within any enclosed occupations shall take into account the fact
stairwell, lift well or other enclosed shaft-like that all the premises may not be occupied at the
structures shall be considered as a separate zone. same time. No zone shall include areas in more
g) [fmanual call points are located on the landings than one occupancy.
of an enclosed staircase, such points at each level w) Remote indicator lamps outside doors of
shall be incorporated within the zone that serves rooms, cabins, etc, within a zone may be useful,
the adjacent accommodation on that level. if doors are likely to be locked. Making an area
h) The detectors and manual call points within easier to search, the use of remote indicator
sectors/zones shall be wired to the control and lamps reduce the need for a large number of
indicating equipment. smaller zones.
j) The entire electrical installation pertaining to x) Where a special risk is present within a large
the entire fire alarm system as described above protected area, for example, a spray painting
shall be independent of other systems. both in engineering workshop and it is
considered important to obtain rapid
k) When a signal of fire is given it is necessary
identification of fire in that risk, such special
that there shall be no confusion about the zone
risk shall be deemed as a separate zone.
from which it is received.
y) Where a zone extends beyond a single
m) To facilitate response by persons providing
compartment, the zone boundaries shall be the
assistance, the zone shall be small enough for a
boundaries of the fire compartments.
fire located quickly.
NOTES
n) It is advisable to provide adequate fire separation
1 It is pennissible to have two complete fire compartments in
between the zones. one zone, or two complete zones in one fire compartment.
p) In larger premises, the fire alarm system shall 2 It is not pennissible to have a zone, which extends into parts
be so designed and arranged that it is fully of two compartments, or a compartment, which extends into
compatible with the emergency procedures and parts of two zones.
provides at some central or convenient point, z) If the arrangement of an area is complex and
or points, an indication of the zone from which time is likely to be wasted in search for the fire,
an alarm has originated. notwithstanding any limits shown above, the
q) In the case of two stage alarms, clear and area shall be further sub-divided into zones that
unambiguous signals shall indicate the are easier to search.

5
IS 2189: 2008

4.2.3 Size and Number oj Zones (Protected with sounders should be such that the alarm is heard at all
Manual Call Points) sites which can be occupied within the protected area.
a) In systems containing only manual call points, A minimum sound level of either 65 dB (A) or 5 dB
location of a fire is usually known to the person (A) above any other noise likely to persist for a period
operating the call point. As it is often difficult longer than 30 s, whichever is greater should be
to get information in time to the safety personnel, produced by the sounders at any point which can be
the restriction on the size and number of zones occupied in a bUilding. Sounders should be suitably
shall also apply to the systems protected with distributed throughout the building in regard to
manual call points only. attenuation of sound caused by walls, floors ceilings
b) To prevent misleading indication ofthe position and partitions. If the fire routine for the premises
ofthe fire, it is advisable that manual call points requires the audible alarm to arouse sleeping persons,
be indicated in the control equipment separately the minimum sound level should be 75 dB (A) at the
from the detectors in zones, which are protected, bed head with all doors shut. A large number of quieter

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by both detectors and manual call points. It is sounders rather than a few very loud sounders may be
strongly recommended that the circuits for the preferable to prevent noise levels in some areas from
detectors and the call points shall be different becoming too loud. In siting sounders in corridors to
in case of conventional detection systems. serve the surrounding rooms, account should be taken
of the attenuation of the sounder frequency by any

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4.2.4 Size of the Analog, Addressable Panel is dividing element. Most single doors will give
normally referred by number of signalling Line Circuit attenuation greater than 20 dB. Thus it is unlikely
(Loop). Loop shall be of Class A wiring. Class A that sounder noise levels in a room will be satisfactory
wiring will be return loop. Tapping may be used from if more than one dividing wall or door separates it from
the loop as Class B wiring.
the nearest sounder. At least one sounder for each fire
NOTE - Refer Fig. I for wiring details. compartment will be necessary. Sound levels exceeding
4.2.4.1 Length of the loop shall not exceed more than 120 dB (A) in areas which are occupied may produce
3 000 m where size of wire shall not be less than hearing damage.
1.5 mm 2 or manufacturer recommended length and size 4.4 Besides, the control centre, which may be located
may be considered anywhere on the ground floor or even the basement,
4.2.4.2 Number of addressable detectors and devices wherever necessary repeater or annunciated panel
per loop shall be as per manufacturer's should be provided near the main entrance so that the
recommendation. It is recommended that number of maintenance staff notices the fault condition or
detectors per loop may not be exceeding 90 percent of isolation, if any, for rectification.
the full capacity. The number of detector and devices 4.5 A control centre should be provided preferably on
per loop varies from 128 per loop, 99 Smoke Detectors, the ground floor where mimic panels, control and
99 Devices and 159 Detectors and 159 Devices. Based indicating equipment and other equipment associated
on the manufacturer design some devices need external with it should be installed.
power supply and some devices supported by loop
power. 5 AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTORS

4.2.4.3 Each loop should not be divided into more 5.1 The types of detectors covered in the standard are
than 8 fire zones. Minimum two isolators are required given in 5.1.1 and 5.1.2.
per zone. It is recommended that a pair offault isolator
5.1.1 Heat Detectors
modules be employed for every 20-30 detectors/manual
call points. See IS 2175.
4.2.4.4 In partially addressable system zone 5.1.1.1 Fixed temperature
addressable module are used in the loop to connect
non-addressable fire detection ' devices. Wherever The fixed temperature heat detectors are designed to
non-addressable detectors are connected provisions operate when the temperature of the detector exceeds
of 4.1.1 to 4.2.3 are to be followed. a predetermined value.

4.3 The sounders for fire alarm should be electronic 5.1.1.2 Rate-oj-rise temperature-cum-fixed
hooters/horns/electric bell having a frequency range temperature detector
of 500 to I 000 Hz. The sound of the fire alarm should The detectors are designed to operate within a given
be continuous although the frequency and amplitude time:
may vary. If a two tone alarm is used, at least one of
the major frequencies should be within the frequency a) when the rate of temperature rise at the detector
range of 500 to I 000 Hz. The distribution of fire alarm exceeds a predetermined value regardless of the
actual temperature; and

6
 IS 2189: 2008

CONVENTIONAL (NON - ADDRESSABLE)

DETECTION SYSTEM - CLASS B WIRING

DETECTOR BASE DETECTOR BASE END OF LINE

_ - - - - . . RESISTOR
CONTROL
UNIT
INITIATING
DEVICE
CIRCUIT
0-1-----'

1A Correct Wiring Method - Two-Wire Detectors

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CONVENTIONAL (NON - ADDRESSABLE)
DETECTION SYSTEM - CLASS B WIRING

CIRCUIT WIRING CIRCUIT WIRING BENT

LOOPED UNDER BACK ON ITSELF AND
___ Ol___O_N_E..,T,..E_R_M_IN_A_L_ _ _S_E_CU_R_E_D.....,IN,_O_N_E_N_O_TC_H_ _.., END OF LINE
r RESISTOR
CONTROL
UNIT
INITIATING
DEVICE
CIRCUIT

1B Incorrect Wiring Method - Two-Wire Detectors

RELAY I CONTROL
MODULE
24VDC

ADDRESSABLE
PULL STATION

* LOOP POWERED HOOTER I SOUNDER

OR
*SEPARATE POWERED HOOTER

1C Addressable Fire Detection and Alarm System - Class A Wiring

7
IS 2189: 2008

END OF LINE
RESISTOR

ZONE ADDRESSABLE RELAY I CONTROL

MODULE MODULE
HOOTER

SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU UNDER THE LICENSE FROM BIS FOR LNTECC, MAHSR C4, SURAT
ADDRESSABLE

ON 19/11/2022 17:30:47 (165.225.120.113) VALID UPTO 18/11/2023 00:00:00

PULL STATION

* LOOP POWERED HOOTER I SOUNDER

OR
* SEPARATE POVVERED HOOTER

1D Addressable Fire Detection and Alarm System - Class A Wiring with Class B Tapping
FIG. 1 WIRING DETAILS FOR FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM

b) when temperature at the detector exceeds a These cables are used for detecting fire and overheating
predetermined value. in certain specific occupancies such as:
5.1. 1.3 Probe type high temperature bi-metal heat a) cables tunnels, trays and vaults;
detector b) material conveyors;

Bi-metal heat detectors are resettable and highly c) bulk storage multi-racked areas;
suitable to use above 80°C where electronic d) rim seals of floating roof tanks storing hazardous
components cannot be used. The following are type of chemicals; and
application for which probe type high temperature heat e) a few other special occupancies.
detectors are suitable.
5.1.1.5 Heat detectors application
Generator enclosure, turbine enclosure, oven and
furnace area, kitchen wood and other places as per the These are suitable for use in situation where sufficient
requirement where automatic fire extinguishing/ heat is likely to be generated and damage caused by
suppression systems are used. heat generated by the fire constitutes main hazard. This
is to be minimized through early detection. In many
5.1.1.4 Linear heat sensing cables buildings, especially non-air-conditioned buildings,
Linear heat sensing cables can be broadly divided into these conditions prevail where heat detectors can be
two categories. Digital or analogue, depending upon advantageously used. Heat detectors are however, not
the principle by which the sensing cable registers a suitable for protection of places where larger losses
change in temperature. can be caused by small fires and where safety of life is
involved.
Digital sensor consists of two core cable in which the
conductors are separated by a heat sensitive insulator. 5.1.2 Smoke Detectors
When a specified temperature is reached, the cable See IS 11360.
insulation breaks down and an alarm is indicated. In
the case of analogue sensor, cores are separated by a 5.1.2.1 Ionization smoke detectors
negative temperature co-efficient polymer whose
Detectors employing ionization chamber(s) as sensing
resistance will reduce in proportion to the temperature
means for detecting aerosols given-off by fires.
increase.

8
 IS 2189 : 2008

5.1.2.2 Optical (photoelectric) smoke detectors 5.1.5 UV Flame Detector

A detector whose operation is based on light UV Flame detector makes use of ultraviolet sensitive
attenuation by smoke and/or light scattering by smoke photocathode for detecting flame. It has a narrow
particles. spectral sensitivity of 185 to 260 J.l.m which is
insensitive to visible light.
5.1.3 Air Sampling Type Detector
5.1.5.1 IR Flame detector
Laser type smoke detectors are used in this type of
detection system. A detector that consists of a piping Single or multiple wavelength infra-red flame detector
or tubing distribution network that runs from the sense wavelength in the infra-red spectrum. Almost
detector to the areas to be protected. An aspiration fan all the materials that participate in the flaming
in the detector housing draws air from the protected combustion emit ultraviolet radiation to some degree
during flaming combustion, whereas only carbon-

SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU UNDER THE LICENSE FROM BIS FOR LNTECC, MAHSR C4, SURAT
area back to the detector through air sampling ports,
piping or tubing. At the detector, the air is analyzed containing fuels emit significant radiation at the 4.35
for fire products. Typical application of the systems is micron (carbon dioxide) band used by many detector
where a trace of smoke needs to be detected, where types to detect a flame.
high airflow can make traditional smoke detector The following are types of application for which flame

ON 19/11/2022 17:30:47 (165.225.120.113) VALID UPTO 18/11/2023 00:00:00

inadequate.
detectors are suitable:
5.1.3.1 Smoke detectors application a) High-ceiling, open-spaced buildings, such as
warehouses and aircraft hangers;
Ionization smoke detectors respond quickly to
smoke containing small particles normally produced b) Outdoor or semi-outdoor areas where winds or
in clean burning fires, but may respond slowly to draughts can prevent smoke from reaching a
optically dense smoke which may be produced by heat or smoke detector;
smouldering materials. Certain materials like PVC, c) Areas where rapidly developing flaming fires
when overheated, produced mainly large particles to can occur, such as aircraft hangers,
which ionization detectors are less sensitive. Optical petrochemical production areas, storage and
smoke detectors respond quickly to smoke, that is transfer areas, natural gas installations, paint
optically dense. Both types of detectors have a shops, or solvent areas;
sufficiently wide range of responses to be of general
use. While selecting the detector, 5.2 to be taken into d) Areas needing high fire risk machinery or
account. installations, often coupled with an automatic
gas extinguishing system; and
5.1.4 Spark/Ember Detector
e) Environments those are unsuitable for other
A spark/ember-sensing detector usually uses a solid types of detectors.
state photodiode or phototransistor to sense the Some extraneous sources of radiant emissions that have
radiant energy emitted by embers. Typically been identified as interfering with the stability of flame
between 0.5 1.1. and 2.0 1.1. in normally dark environ- detectors include the following:
ments. These detectors can be made extremely sensitive
(microwatts), and their response times can be made a) Sunlight;
very short (microseconds). Spark/ember detectors are b) Lightning;
installed primarily to detect sparks and embers that
could, if allowed to continue to bum, precipitate a much c) X-rays;
larger fire or explosion. Spark/ember detectors are d) Gamma rays;
typically mounted on some form of duct or conveyor,
monitoring the fuel as it passes by. Usually, it is e) Cosmic rays;
necessary to enclose the portion of the conveyor where t) Ultraviolet radiation from arc welding;
the detectors are located, as these devices generally
require a dark environment. Extraneous sources of g) Electromagnetic interference (EMI, RFI);
radiant emissions that have been identified as h) Hot objects; and
interfering with the stability of spark/ember detectors
include the following: j) Artificial lightning.

a) Ambient light; 5.2 Choice of Fire Detector

b) Electromagnetic interference (EMI, RFI); Fire detectors are designed to detect one or more of
and three characteristics of a fire that is smoke, heat or
radiation (flame). No one type of detector is the most
c) Electrostatic discharge in the fuel stream. suitable for all applications and final choice is

9
IS 2189: 2008

dependent on the individual circumstances. It is 5.2.1 Life Safety Installation

often useful to employ a combination of different
Whenever optical density of smoke exceeds 0.1 dB/m
types of detectors. Most fire detectors are affected
(10 m visibility), temperature rise~ be~ond 66°C and
not only by the level of the detected phe~om~na but
concentration of carbon monOXide 10 atmosphere
also by the behaviour of the phenomena with time. ~n
exceeds 0.04 percent, and human survival is
some cases it is the rate of change of phenomena; 10
endangered. An alarm should be initiated before these
others it is the effect, for example, delays in smoke
limits are reached so that the occupants are able to
entry or thermal lags.
escape to safety. Time overriding priority is to be gi~en
Every fire alarm system is a compromise. It is possible for detection of smoke because of the followmg
to increase the sensitivity of detectors but that would factors:
probably increase the frequency of false alarms. a) Main threat to life in a fire emergency emanates
It is possible to reduce the losses by reducing the from smoke and toxic fumes;
spacing between the detectors or using several.types of b) Smoke and lethal gases travel rapidly to areas

SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU UNDER THE LICENSE FROM BIS FOR LNTECC, MAHSR C4, SURAT
detectors in the same area but these would IOcrease away from fire due to strong convection currents
the cost of the system. threaten the life of the occupants even at far away
places; and
It is possible to increase the frequency of testing but
this might lead to increased disturbances on the c) Detectable quantity ofsmoke from a hostile fire

ON 19/11/2022 17:30:47 (165.225.120.113) VALID UPTO 18/11/2023 00:00:00

premises. precede detectable heat level and the
development of lethal atmosphere.
Since each type of detector has its own advantages and
disadvantages, and no one type of detector is most In a life safety installation, it is, therefore, essential
suitable for all applications, the choice ofa detector to to:
be used for a particular application is always a I) pay primary attention to early detection of smoke
compromise. Final choice will depend primarily on: and to protect escape routes including those
(a) the speed of response required; (b) the need to areas from which the routes might be hazarded
minimize false alarms; and (c) the nature of the fire by smoke detectors;
hazard. However, other factors such as cost, suitability
for the environment and maintenance requirements 2) ensure operation of detectors on escape route
shall also need to be considered. before optical density exceeds 0.05 dB/m that
is, visibility falls below 20 m; and
In any automatic detection system a detector has to
3) take into account any scheme of pressurization/
discriminate between a fire and the normal
smoke control while providing detectors
environment existing within the building. The system
there.
chosen shall have detectors that are suited to the
conditions and that provide the earliest reliable 5.2.1.1 Heat detectors are not suitable for detecting
warning. fire in slow burning/air-conditioned premises where
Each type of detector responds at a different rate to temperatures required to operate them may only be
ditTerent kinds of fire. With a slowly smoldering fire reached after the smoke density in the escape route/
such as the initial stages of a fire involving cardboard, circulation areas has reached to the critical level.
a smoke detector would probably operate first. A fire 5.2.1.2 Heat detectors are suitable in compartments
that evolves heat rapidly and with very little smoke where heat producing equipment (for example, kitchen
could operate a heat detector before a smoke detector and pantry, etc) are used in closets or other
could operate first. unsupervised spaces compact areas with low value
In general, smoke detectors would give appreciably contents.
faster responses than heat detectors but may be liable 5.2.2 Property Safety Installation
to give false alarms.
People are not always present, mobile or alert in all
A combination of various detectors is necessary. The
parts of premises, housing property even during normal
likely fire behaviour of the contents of each part of the
occupancy hours. Premises may remain unattended
buildings, the processes taking place or planned and or unsupervised for long and short periods. When fire
the design of the building shall be considered. The starts in such areas it gets time to grow to a stage where
susceptibility of the contents to heat, smoke and water it cannot be easily extinguished. Installation of fire
damage shall also be considered. detectors enables early detection and easy extinction
NOTE - Choice of detectors based on all the above by reducing delay between ignition and start of fire
considerations for any particular application has been shown in fighting measures. As rapid and extensive loss of
Annex A. However, this shall be purely considered as a guideline
for selection. property is caused by flaming combustion, detectors

10
 IS 2189: 2008

should be efficient in detecting flaming fire to keep adequate concentra~ion. In a building, the
losses to a minimum. It is important to minimize hottest gas and the greatest concentration of
incidence of false alarms particularly when detectors smoke will generally form at the highest parts
are hooked up to actuate means of automatic extinction. of the enclosed areas, and it is here, therefore,
Automatic extinction should generally be initiated only that heat and smoke detectors need to be
on confirmation of two detecting signals to avoid sited.
possibility of false actuation. b) There are other constraining factors in siting
the detectors like the height of the ceiling
5.2.2.1 Computer/EDP centre/other electronic
(more the height means more cooling of hot
equipment which have a very high value should be
gases, thus diluting the performance of the
protected by smoke detectors.
detectors), effects of stratification (where
5.2.2.2 Archives, high value libraries, and museums smoke does not rise to the ceiling at all), type

SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU UNDER THE LICENSE FROM BIS FOR LNTECC, MAHSR C4, SURAT
with high value combustibles should be protected by of roof (with beams extending deep below,
combination of heat, flame, smoke detectors. The heat etc), air movement (within the protected area
detectors should be used on the racks and cupboards below the detectors), supply air inlets (in the
and smoke detectors in open space on the ceiling. vicinity of detectors), HVAC systems (with
Flame detectors may be used where height of the ceiling high air change rates), obstructions (in the path

ON 19/11/2022 17:30:47 (165.225.120.113) VALID UPTO 18/11/2023 00:00:00

is more than 9 m. of rise of hot gases and smoke like ducts,
machinery parts, false ceilings, light
5.2.2.3 Flammable liquid in small quantities stored in fixtures, etc). Spacing and siting of detectors
confined spaces where ambient temperature is high or shall address all these issues for optimum
where chances of rapid heat build-up exist (such as protection.
garages, repair shops, store areas, battery rooms, etc)
heat or flame detectors should be provided. 6.3.2 Siting and spacing of detectors (common to all
types of smoke and heat detectors):
6 SITING OF FIRE DETECTORS
a) Under flat ceilings, the horizontal distance
6.1 At the time of installation and prior to between any point in a protected area and the
commissioning, every fire detector should be allotted detector nearest to that point shall not
an identification number, preceded by alphabetic exceed (I) 7.5 m in case of smoke detector, and
initials showing the type of detectors, for example, (2) 5.3 m in case ofheat detector.
Z 1/SDI/20 meaning Smoke Detector, Ionization,
b) In case of a sloping roof or pitched ceiling
Zone 1, 20th Detector. Z2/SDOT/3 meaning Smoke
Detector Optical, Zone 2, 3rd Detector. HFT/4 (Fixed (where the distance between the top of apex and
Temperature Heat Detector, 4th Detector) HFR Rate bottom of the roof exceeds 600 mm), spacing of
of Rise Heat Detector, etc. A record of this should be detectors at or in the vicinity of apex may be
maintained in the control centre. spaced between 7.5 m and 8.5 m for smoke
detectors.
6.2 Heat detectors should be so installed that the c) Detectors shall not be mounted within 500 mm
sensing element is not less than 25 mm and not more of any walls, partitions or obstructions to flow
than 150 mm below the ceiling/roof level. For smoke of smoke or hot gases, such as structural beams
detectors, the sensing element should not be less than and ductwork, where the obstructions are greater
25 mm and not more than 600 mm below the ceiling/ than 250 mm in depth.
roof level except as necessary by site test. Where
possibility of stratification exists, the level of d) Where structural beams or ductwork for light
stratification should be determined by measuring the fittings or any other ceiling attachments, not
vertical gradient of smoke density and additional greater than 250 mm depth, create obstacles to
detector provided below the stratifying level if the flow of smoke, detectors shall not be
considered necessary by the site test. mounted closer to the obstruction than twice the
depth of the obstruction.
6.3 Siting and Spacjng Requirements of Detectors
e) Where partitions or storage racks that reach
Covering General Cases
within 300 mm of the ceiling, they shall be
6.3.1 General construed as walls that extend to the ceiling for
the purpose of siting the detectors. -
a) Heat and smoke detectors depend on convection
to transport hot gases and smoke from the fire t) Similarly, ceiling obstructions, such as structural
to the detectors. Spacing and siting of detectors beams, deeper than 10 percent of the overall
need to be based on the need to restrict the time ceiling height shall be construed as walls for
taken for this movement and to ensure that the the purpose of siting the detectors, that is, each
products of combustion reach the detectors in bay formed by such beams shall be treated as

11
IS 2189: 2008

separate enclosure for provision/spacing of the detectors may be greater than the determined
detectors. spacing provided the maximum spacing from
g) Detectors shall not be mounted within I m of the detector to the farthest point of a side wall
any air inlet (supply air inlets of HVAC system) or comer within its zone of protection is not
or a forced ventilation system. greater than 0.7 times the determined spacing.
h) Detector siting shall be such that a clear Table 1 gives spacing parameter(s) at different
space of 500 mm is maintained below each ceiling heights for open areas under smooth and
detector. flat ceiling with no-forced ventilation/air-flows.
j) Where detectors are constrained to be fixed to NOTE - Refer Fig. 2 for the arrangement details of the
the wall, they shall be sited in such a way that detectors.
the top of the detection element is between 6.3.3 Compensation to the Spacing of Detectors
150 mm and 300 mm below the ceiling and
the bottom of the detection element is above a) Height consideration

SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU UNDER THE LICENSE FROM BIS FOR LNTECC, MAHSR C4, SURAT
the level of door opening. Additional detector Spacing of 7.5 m for smoke detectors is
shall be placed on the ceiling at a position valid up to a height of 7 m only and that of
1.5 m from any opening which might act like a 5.3 m for heat detectors is valid only up to a
flue . height of 5 m. Beyond these heights, spacing
between the detectors shall be adjusted as

ON 19/11/2022 17:30:47 (165.225.120.113) VALID UPTO 18/11/2023 00:00:00

k) A detector shall be placed on the protected side
of the premises on the ceiling 1.5 m from any follows:
door, window or any opening in the wall I) Smoke detectors for heights between 7 m
partitions separating the protected premises from and 10 m - 5 m spacing
the other premises.
Beyond 10m height - Only beam
m) All stairwells, lift shafts, other utility shafts, etc, detectors or aspirating type detection
shall have a detector at the top. Lift machine systems
rooms shall be provided with a detector.
2) Heat detectors for heights between 5 m and
n) All unenclosed staircase shall have one detector 7 m - 3.5 m spacing
at each main landing within the staircase.
Beyond 7 m height - Not allowed to install
p) The detector shall also be provided in cable heat detectors
tunnels, ducts, false floors, AC and AHU room,
long AC return ducts and distribution boards. b) High air movement consideration
q) No detector shall be subjected to any interior I) Spacing between detectors shall be
decoration treatment, that is, painting, alteration suitably reduced in areas where high air
of exterior cover, etc, to conform with the movement or where high air changes
environment. prevail. Modified values of spacing are
r) Every enclosure (that is, room or cabin) shall given in the Table 2.
have a detector at ceiling level and also under 2) Detectors shall not be located in the vicinity
false ceiling, if provided. of supply air diffusers. Minimum distance
s) Where there is more than one such enclosure between the detector and the air inlets/
per floor, a response indicator shall be installed diffusers shall be at least 1.5 m.
at the entrance to such enclosures to indicate 3) Detectors shall be so mounted as to favour
where the detector has actuated. This the air flow towards return air openings.
arrangement shall also be followed in case of 4) The above provisions shall not disturb the
all concealed detectors in false floors, plenums, normal population (count) of detectors,
shafts, tunnels, etc. which is provided assuming that air-
t) Voids as in false ceiling/flooring more than 800 handling systems are off.
mm shall be protected with detectors with 5) After designing the detector spacing,
spacing like in normal installation. However, it shall be cross-checked to ensure that
voids as in false ceiling/flooring less than 800 there is at least one smoke detector for
mm height need not necessarily have every 100 m2 or one heat detector for
independent coverage unless the void is such every 50 m2 of the compartment area.
that the spread of fire products between the
rooms or compartments take place through it. 6.3.4 Additional Requirements for Optical Beam
Bathroom, lavatories, WC, etc, however, need Detectors
not be protected. a) Optical beam-type detectors shall be sited in
u) For irregular shaped areas, the spacing between such a way that no point in the protected space

12
 IS 2189 : 2008

Table 1 Spacing(s) at Different Ceiling Heights

(Clause 6.3.2)

Type of Detector Spacing for Ceiling Height(s), m Remarks

r -----------------~-----------------........
Up to 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

(I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

Smoke detectors 9 No No No 7.5 6.5 6.0 5.0 The spacing in corridors

confonning to chance chance chance should not be greater
IS 11360 (both than 3S/2 .
ioniz.ation and

SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU UNDER THE LICENSE FROM BIS FOR LNTECC, MAHSR C4, SURAT
optical type)
Grade I
(time instant 7 No chance 6 5 5 4 3 Nil
205)

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Heat Grade 2 Spacing from the
detectors (time instant 6 5.5 5 4 3.5 3 Nil Nil boundary wall should
confonning 40 s) be keptSI2
to IS 2175 Grade 3
(time instant 5 4.5 4 3 3.5 Nil Nil Nil
60 s)

NOTES
I The spacings have been adopted from charts of Fire Detection Institute of America, adopting the parameters mentioned in 6.3
(nearest/rounded offvalues).
2 It is presumed that 'No chance' means 'No change'.

Table 2 Modified Spacing for High Air Movement Areas

[Clause 6.3.3(b)(l)]

Air Changes/h Inside Block Multiplying Factor for Modified

r ------------~
Spacing
..... ----------- "'"
(Area Coverage)

(I) (2) (3)

Less than 7.5 1.00 (1.00)

8.5 0.95 (0.9\)

10.0 0.91 (0.83)

12.0 0.83 (0.70)

15.0 0.74 (055)

20.0 0.64 (0.40)

30.0 0.50 (025)

60.0 038 (0.15)

13
IS 2189 : 2008

•ANY'MiERE IN
THIS AREA

I
I
I
I
I
I
I I I I I I
1/2 S S S 112 S 112 S I S I SiS I SiS I 3 ft (O.9m)
~--+-----~------~~--
(max.)

SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU UNDER THE LICENSE FROM BIS FOR LNTECC, MAHSR C4, SURAT
S = SPACE BETVVEEN DETECTORS =
S SPACE BETVVEEN DETECTORS
• = SMOKE DETECTOR OR HEAT DETECTOR • • SMOKE DETECTOR OR HEAT DETECTOR

2A Smoke or Heat Detector Spacing Layout, 29 Smoke or Heat Detector Spacing Layout,
Sloped Ceiling (Peaked Type) Sloped Ceiling (Shed Type)

ON 19/11/2022 17:30:47 (165.225.120.113) VALID UPTO 18/11/2023 00:00:00

RAISED FLOOR STEEL ANGLE OR
PANEL CHANNEL SUPPORT

SMOKE
DETECTOR

2C Above False Ceiling/Selow False Floor Mounting Arrangement of

Smoke Detector - Permitted

RAISED FLOOR
PANEL

SMOKE
'-,.-""'I'"!!/ DETECTOR j-C:!::!:::Iuc:.=-t

20 Above False Ceiling/Selow False Floor Mounting Arrangement of

Smoke Detector - Not Permitted

FIG. 2 MODIFIED V ALVES OF SPACING BETWEEN FIRE DETECTORS

14
 IS 2189 : 2008

is farther than 7.5 m from the nearest point of type smoke detector. Accordingly, all
optical beam. requirements specified under items (a) to (j)
above are applicable.
b) In case of a sloping roof or pitched ceiling
(where the distance between the top of apex However, as the detector actually draws
and bottom of the roof exceeds 600 mm), samples of air through sampling points (holes
distance stated in (a) above may be increased to in pipe work), it shall be possible to mount the
8.5 m. sampling points flush with a ceiling,
provided otherwise the system's effectiveness
c) Where optical beam type smoke detectors are is confirmed by the manufacturer.
llsed at more than 600 nun from ceiling level
in order to provide supplementary detection of b) If the system is intended to co-exist with
rising smoke within a high space (like Atrium other types of detection system for specific
etc), the width of the area protected on each application within the protected area,

SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU UNDER THE LICENSE FROM BIS FOR LNTECC, MAHSR C4, SURAT
side of optical beam shall be regarded as installation shall comply with the
12.5 percent of the height of the above beam manufacturer's specifications.
from ground level. c) Maximum air sample transport time from
d) Where there is a probability of people walking the farthest sampling point shall not exceed

ON 19/11/2022 17:30:47 (165.225.120.113) VALID UPTO 18/11/2023 00:00:00

through the beam or where the beam is likely to 120 s.
be obstructed by forklifts, etc, detectors shall be d) Air sampling detectors shall give a trouble
mounted at a suitable height. signal if the airflow within the enclosure is
e) Transmitters, receivers and/or reflectors shall outside the manufacturer's specified range.
be mounted on a solid construction which shall 6.3.6 Siting of Flame Detectors
withstand vibrations, temperatures or any
imposed load. 6.3.6.1 General
f) The path length of the optical beam shall be a) The location and spacing of the detectors shall
withir the limits specified by the manufacturers. be based on sound engineering evaluations
g) Beam detection area shall not exceed the taking into account the following:
detection zone in which it is installed. I) Size of the fire requiring detection,
h) The effects of stratification shall be fully 2) Fuel involved,
evaluated when locating the detectors.
3) Sensitivity of detectors,
j) If mirrors are used with the projected beams
4) Distance between the fire and detector,
(reflective beam detectors), they shall be
installed as per manufacturer's recommenda- 5) Radiant energy absorption of the
tions. atmosphere,
k) Projected beam detectors and their mirrors 6) Presence of other sources of emission,
(reflective beam detectors) shall be mounted on
7) Purpose of detection system, and
stable surfaces to prevent false or erratic
operation due to vibrations and movements in 8) Response time required.
the vicinity. b) Certain flame detectors respond to the
m) The beam shall be designed so that small instantaneous level of radiation received while
angular movements of the light source or others depend upon the level received over a
receiver do not prevent operation due to smoke period.
and do not cause nuisance alarms. c) In either case the response will depend on
n) The light path of projected beam detectors the distance between the flame detector and
(reflective beam detectors) shall be kept clear the fire, since the radiation level received is
of opaque obst~cles at all times. inversely proportional to the square of this
distance. Increased distance from the fire will,
6.3.5 Additional Requirements for Aspirating Type therefore, lead to an increase in the size of the
Detection Systems fire at detection.
a) When an aspirating type smoke detection d) A clear line of sight to the area being protected
system is intended to provide general area is of great importance but at the same time
protection, each aspirating sampling point care shall be exercised to avoid a direct line of
shall be regarded as a point type smoke sight to likely sources of non-fire radiation to
detector, provided that a single sampling prevent false alarms.
point has equivalent sensitivity to a point

15
IS 2189: 2008

6.3.6.2 Spacing guideline 6.3.8 Siting of Manual Call Points

a) Sufficient number of detectors shall be used Manual call points shall be so located that, to give an
and they shall be positioned such that no point alarm, no person in the premises has to travel distance
requiring detection in the hazard area is of more than 30 m to reach them. When manual call
obstructed or outside the field of view of at least points are also installed external to the building, the
one detector; travel distance shall be 45 m.
b) In applications where, the fire to be detected
could occur in an area not on the optical axis of Where necessary, the travel distance may require to be
the detector, the distance shall be reduced or reduced to less than 30 m, for example, where there is
alternatively more detectors added to difficulty in free access within the risk or in potentially
compensate for the angular displacement of the dangerous risks.
fire; Call points shall be fixed at a height of 1.4 m above
c) The spacing of the detectors shall vary from fuel the surrounding floor level, at easily accessible, well-

SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU UNDER THE LICENSE FROM BIS FOR LNTECC, MAHSR C4, SURAT
to fuel. It is, therefore, necessary to fix the illuminated and conspicuous positions, which are free
distances as per the recommendations of the of obstructions.
manufacturers;
Where the call points are not visible from the front as
d) The location of the detectors shall also be such in the case of a long corridor, they shall be surface

ON 19/11/2022 17:30:47 (165.225.120.113) VALID UPTO 18/11/2023 00:00:00

that structural members or any other opaque mounted or semi-recessed in order to present a side
objects or materials do not impede their line of profile area of not less than 750 mm 2 •
sight; and
Manual call points shall be housed in dust pr< )f and
e) When installed outdoors, detectors shall be
shielded to prevent diminishing sensitivity due moisture proof enclosure properly sealed with rubber
lining.
to rain, snow, ice, etc, and allow a clear vision
of the hazard area. Manual call point shall be located preferably near entry
6.3.7 Siting of Spark/Ember Detectors to staircases at various levels.
a) The location and spacing of the detectors shall The glass surface shall be minimum 30 cm 2 in area
be based on sound engineering evaluations and glass thickness shall not exceed 2 mm. Once the
taking into account the following: glass is broken the alarm shall sound on the floor as
I) Size of the spark or ember that is to be well as on the Control and Indicating equipments and
detected, light shall glow to indicate its operation. The alarm
shall be maintained by the control and indicating
2) Fuel involved, equipment even if someone presses the button
3) Sensitivity of detectors, subsequently.
4) Distance between the fire and the detector, 6.3.9 ComputeriEDP/Other Electronic Equipment
5) Radiant energy absorption of the Installed in Air-Conditioned Areas
atmosphere,
Fire alarm system and detection network shall, in
6) Presence of other sources of emission, addition to the requirements of this standard, comply
7) Purpose of detection system, and with various provisions listed under 8 of IS 12456.
8) Response time required. Where the requirements differ, those specified in
IS 12456 shall prevail.
b) The system design shall specifY the size of spark
or ember of the given fuel that the system is to 6.3.10 Detectors (Smoke) in Ventilation Ducts
detect.
a) Smoke detectors or probes shall be installed
c) Spark detectors shall be positioned so that all in straight stretches of ductwork, at a
the points within the cross-section of the distance from the nearest bend, corner or
conveyance duct, conveyor or chute, where the junction of at least three times the width of the
detectors are located, are within the field of view duct; and
of at least one detector.
b) The suitability of the smoke detector for duct
d) In any case the response will depend on the type application shall be evaluated within the
distance between the detector and the fire, since parameters defined by the manufacturers.
the radiation level received is inversely
proportional to the square of this distance. The sampling inlet probe and the holes in the probe
Increased distance from the fire will, therefore, shall be arranged, according to the manufacturers
lead to an increase in the size of the fire at specifications, to cover as much of the duct as possible.
detection. This provision normally calls for the probe to cover

16
 IS 2189 : 2008

the wider dimension of the duct and the length of sensitivity test instrument, or
the probe shall be at least two-thirds of that c) approved control equipment arranged for the
dimension. purpose, or
7 INSPECTION, TESTING AND d) other approved calibrated sensitivity test
MAINTENANCE method.
7.1 General 7.2.7.1 Detectors found to have sensitivity outside the
approved range should be replaced.
Even a well designed and properly installed
NOTE - Detector sensitivity cannot be tested or measured
automatic fire alarm system will not be able to render using any spray/smoke producing device that administers an
reliable and trouble-free service unless high standard unmeasured concentration of aerosol/smoke into the detector.
of maintenance and supervision are ensured during
the entire service period of the system. Regular 7.3 ServicinglPeriodical Maintenance

SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU UNDER THE LICENSE FROM BIS FOR LNTECC, MAHSR C4, SURAT
inspections and scheduled preventive maintenance are
7.3.1 To ensure that regular and reliable servicing/
critical and should include all the components of the
maintenance of the systems and its components is
system.
carried out; any of the following methods should be
7.2 Initial Installation Inspection Tests adopted:

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7.2.1 After installation, a visual inspection of all the a) Through an agreement/contract with the
detectors should be made to make sure that they competent contractor who should attend to the
are properly sited. Each detector should be maintenance/repair, when necessary, promptly,
inspected to ensure that it is properly mounted and and
connected. b) Where no such service contract can be entered
into for any reason, at least one qualified
7.2.2 Restorable heat detectors and restorable
employee of the user with suitable experience
elements of combination detectors should be tested
of electrical equipment should undergo special
by a heat source, such as a hair dryer, or a shielded
training to deal with all aspects of basic servicing
heat lamp until it responds, making sure that the
and maintenance, including routine sensitivity
sensing element is not damaged. After each heat
tests/checks of the detectors, as and when
test, the detector should be reset. Precautions should
required.
be taken to avoid damage of the non-restorable
fixed temperature element of a combination rate of rise/ 7.3.2 For institutional occupancies, such as hospitals,
fixed temperature detector. hotels, old people's homes, etc, the provision should
include a requirement that an engineer should be on
7.2.3 N on-resettable fixed temperature heat
call at all times and that request over the telephone for
detectors which are not to be heat-tested should be
emergency service should be executed promptly,
tested mechanically or electrically for fire alarm
within 24 h. Serving arrangement should be made
function.
immediately on completion of the installation whether
7.2.4 Heat detectors with replaceable fusible alloy the premises are occupied or not. If the premises are
element should be tested first by removing the element not occupied, special precautions should be taken, if
to see whether contact operate properly and then re- necessary, to protect the system against damage by
inserting them in proper position. dampness or other causes.

7.2.5 In periodic testing, heat detectors should be 7.4 Maintenance Schedule

visually examined for damage or other conditions (such
7.4.1 It is the responsibility of the user of the equipment
as heavy coats of paints, etc) likely to interface with
to ensure that proper instructions are obtained from
the correct operation.
the manufacturer/supplier or installer regarding the
7.2.6 Each smoke detector should be tested to routine attention and test procedures.
initiate an alarm at its installed location with
7.4.2 The routine to be adopted in individual
smoke or other approved aerosol which demonstrates
premises may vary with the use of the premises;
that the smoke can enter the chamber and initiate
equipment installed in corrosive or dirty
an alarm.
environmental conditions will need to be checked
7.2.7 In order to ensure that each smoke detector is more thoroughly and at more frequent intervals
within its sensitivity range, it should be tested using than that in clear and dry situations. Care should be
either: taken that all equipments are properly reinstated
after testing. The occupants of the premises should be
a) a calibrated test method, or
notified of any test of the system that may result in the
b) a manufacturer's/supplier's approved calibrated sounders being operated.

17
IS 2189 : 2008

7.4.3 Daily Attention by User examined and tested to ensure that they are in
good serviceable condition.
A check should be made every day to ascertain
c) Where applicable, secondary batteries should be
that: examined to ensure that the specific gravity of
a) the panel indicates normal operation; if not, that electrolyte in each cell is correct. Necessary
any fault indicated is recorded in the log book remedial action should be taken and an
and is receiving urgent attention; and appropriate entry made in the log book. Care
b) any fault warning recorded the previous day has should be taken to ensure that hydrometers,
received attention. vessels, etc, used in the servicing of alkaline
secondary cells are not contaminated by acid
7.4.4 Weekly Attention by the User and vice versa. Contamination of electrolyte
The following tests should be made every week to can ruin a cell.
ensure that the system is capable of operating under d) Primary batteries, including reserves, should be
alarm conditions: tested to verify that they are satisfactory for a

SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU UNDER THE LICENSE FROM BIS FOR LNTECC, MAHSR C4, SURAT
a) Once a week, at least one trigger device or further period.
end of line switch on one zone circuit should e) The alarm function of control and indicating
be operated to test the ability of the control equipment should be checked by the operation
and indicating equipment to receive a signal of a trigger device in each zone as described.

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and to sound the alarm and operate other The operation of alarm sounders and any link
warning devices. If there is more than one to a remote manned centre should be tested. An
zone on a system having unmonitored wiring, ancillary function of the control panel should
each unmonitored zone should be tested also be tested where practicable. All fault
each week, but without sounding the alarm indicators and their circuits should be checked
more than once. For systems having monitored preferably by simulation offault conditions. The
wiring and up to 13 zones, each zone should be Control and Indicating equipment should be
tested in tum but if there are more than 13 zones, visually inspected for signs of moisture ingress
more than one zone may need to be tested in and other deterioration.
any week so that the interval between tests on t) A visual inspection should be made that
one zone does not exceed 13 weeks. It is structural or occupancy changes have not
preferable that each time a particular zone is affected the requirements for the sting of trigger
tested ; a different trigger device is used. An devices (manual call points, smoke detectors
entry should be made in the log book quoting and heat detectors). The visual inspection
the particular trigger device that has been should also confirm that a clear space of at least
used to initiate the test. If the operation of the 750 mm radius is preserved in all directions
alarm sounders and/or the transmission of below every detector, that the detectors are
the alarm signal has been prevented by preferably sited and that all manual call points
disconnection, then a further test should be remain unobstructed and conspicuous.
carried out to prove the final reinstatement to
the sounders, and if permissible, the alarm Any defect should be recorded in the log book and
transmission circuits. reported to the responsible person, and action should
b) A visual examination of the battery and be taken to correct it.
connection should be made to ensure that they 7.4.6 Annual Inspection Tests
are in good condition. Action should be taken
to remedy any defect, including low electrolyte The following checks and test sequence should be
level. carried out:

Any defect noticed should be recorded in the log book a) The instruction and test routines detailed in
and reported to the responsible person, and action 7.4.5(a) to (t).
should be taken to correct it. b) Operation of at least 20 percent of the detectors
in an installation should be checked each year
7.4.5 Quarterly Inspection and Test by the User and the selection should be done in such a way
The following check-list and test sequence should be that all the detectors in an installation shall have
carried out: been checked once in every 5 years - replacement
by a new one.
a) Entries in the log book since the previous
inspection should be checked and any necessary c) Each detector should be checked for correct
action taken. operation using specified test equipment and
method, except non-resettable detectors. The
b) Batteries and their connections should be checks to be carried out are specified in 7.2.2 to

18
 IS 2189 : 2008

7.2.5 in respect of heat detectors and, 7.2.6 a period of 3 months. For each detector, the cleaning,
and 7.2.7 in respect of smoke detectors. checking, operating and sensitivity adjustment should
d) Visual inspection should be made to conftrm be attempted only after consulting manufacturer's
that all cable ftttings and equipment are secure, instructions. These instructions should detail methods
undamaged and adequately protected. such as creating vacuum to remove loose dust and
insects, and cleaning heavy greasy deposits, following
e) At least once in every three years at the annual partial disassembly or the cleaning or the washing of
inspection, the electrical installation should be detectors to remove contamination, the sensitivity test
tested. Any defect should be recorded in log requirements in accordance with the relevant clauses
book and suitable remedial action should be should be performed.
taken.
f) On completion of the annual inspection, the 7.7 Tests Following an Alarm or Fire
entry should be made in register in respect of
All detectors suspected of exposure to a ftre condition

SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU UNDER THE LICENSE FROM BIS FOR LNTECC, MAHSR C4, SURAT
defects found. After the defects are rectifted,
should be tested in accordance with the provisions
the entries should then again be made.
contained in this Code pertaining to annual inspection
7.S General Points About Detectors tests. In addition, a visual check of the battery charger
should be carried out to ensure perfect serviceability.
It is essential (particularly for installations involving However, a check should be made to the extent of

ON 19/11/2022 17:30:47 (165.225.120.113) VALID UPTO 18/11/2023 00:00:00

life hazard) to ensure specifted range of sensitivity of damage, if any, to the cables and other components
the detectors being installed and that the correct degree and also the operation of the systems as a whole.
of sensitivity is maintained. Users should satisfy
themselves on this point. Sensitivity range should be 7.8 System Disconnection During Testing
checked on equipment as already specifted. It is
essential to apply frequent sensitivity checks and Care should be taken to minimize the disruption of the
routine tests as prescribed in the Code so that the normal use of the building by alarm sounding during
correct sensitivity levels/degree is maintained during detector testing. If detectors are removed for testing or
the entire service span of the installation (see 7.2.7). servicing, replacement detectors should be provided.

7.6 Cleaning and Maintenance 7.9 Spares

Detectors require periodic cleaning to remove dust or It may not be necessary to keep spares in premises other
dirt that has accumulated. The frequency of cleaning than covers for manual call point and fuses and other
depends upon the type of detector and local ambient essential spares which should be worked out based on
conditions. In any case, the interval should not exceed installation.

19
IS 2189 : 2008

ANNEXA
(Clause 5.2)
MERITS AND RELATIVE DEMERITS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF DETECTORS

Type of Detector Suitability and Merits Unsuitability and Demerits

(1) (2) (3)

Smoke detectors Slow burning fires, smoldering fires, Not sensitive for clean burning fires
(general) for most of the areas where principal which does not produce smoke
fire hazard is not from the presence of particles; areas in which the principal

SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU UNDER THE LICENSE FROM BIS FOR LNTECC, MAHSR C4, SURAT
flammable liquids. Fires involving fire hazard is the presence oftlammable
wood, paper, textile, etc, in earlier liquids or gases that produce little
stages smoke during a fire
Ionization smoke General purpose smoke detector - Less sensitive to the larger particles

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detector better for smoke containing small found· in optically dense smoke of
particles, such as rapidly burning fast similar mass, such as can result from
flaming fires smoldering fires including those
involving polyurethane foam, or
overheated PVC. Areas subject to
smoke, steam, dust or dirt during
normal use. Usage of these detectors
are on way to phase out due to radiation
problems
Optical smoke General purpose smoke detector - Areas subject to smoke, steam, dust or
detector better for smoldering fires dirt during normal use
Light scattering Sensitive to light coloured smoke Less sensitive to very dark smoke
type (smoke which absorbs light rather than
detector) scattering it
Light obscuration Sensitive to very dark smoke which Areas subject to smoke, steam, dust or
type (smoke) absorbs light rather than scattering it dirt during normal use
detector
i Photo-thermal General purpose detector - good for Areas subject to smoke, steam, dust or
multi-criteria smoldering and fast flaming fires, dirt during normal use, less sensitive
detector optically dense smoke to small particles found in clean
burning fires that produce little visible
smoke
Optical beam Large and high rooms, open plan Areas subject to smoke, steam, dust or
smoke detector spaces with relatively high ceilings dirt during normal use. Less sensitive
(for example warehouses), fires not to colour of smoke. Cannot detect clean
involving production of smoke (with colourless smoke
built in thermal turbulence detection).
Suited for applications where
anticipated fire would produce black
smoke. Sensitive to cumulative
obscuration presented by a smoke field

Aspirating (air- They are suitable for use where usage Air-sampling detectors are not
sampling) type of other types of smoke detectors suitable if the air movement due to
smoke detector present difficulties, such as aesthetics, HVAC requirements is outside the
height and temperature of the range specified by the manufacturers

20
 IS 2189 : 2008

Type of Detector Suitability and Merits Unsuitability and Demerits

(I) (2) (3)

enclosure. Sampling points can be

located almost anywhere unlike
detectors which cannot be installed on
walls, storage racks, machinery space,
floor voids, etc. Each sampling point
is a detector itself. Suitable for cold
storage. Higher sensitivity levels, ease
of installation and most suitable for
protection of high value and critical

SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU UNDER THE LICENSE FROM BIS FOR LNTECC, MAHSR C4, SURAT
equipment
Heat detectors Clean burning fires, such as those Unlikely to respond to smoldering and
(general) involving certain flammable liquids. slow burning fires, unsuitable for high
Areas subject to smoke, steam, dust or value areas where a small fITe can cause

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dirt during normal use, fires that major damage. Areas in which
evolve heat and flame rapidly, suitable presence of smoke can pose a potential
for rooms where heat producing threat to the occupants
equipment like kitchen, pantry, boilers,
DG sets, etc, are installed/used

Rate-of-rise heat Areas subject to smoke, steam, dust or Areas subject to rapid changes of
detector dirt during normal use temperature or temperatures over 43°C
Fixed temperature Areas subject to smoke, steam, dust or
heat detector dirt and rapid changes of temperature
during normal use
Multi-sensor fire Combines the characters of two
detector types of detectors, each of which
responds to different physical and/or
chemical characteristics of fire. The
purpose of combining sensors in this
way is to enhance the performance of
the system in detection of fire or its
resistance to at least certain categories
of false alarms or both. There is
significant potential for reduction of
many types of false alarm. It is also
possible to disable an individual sensor
depending on the circumstances
at the place of installation
FI ame detectors High ceiling, open spaced buildings Not sensitive to smoldering/slow
(general) like warehouses/aircraft hangers, burning fires and hence cannot be
outdoor/semi-outdoor areas, areas called general purpose detectors. Not
where rapidly developing flames occur suitable for the type of fires where.
like petrochemical/refinery/gas flaming can occur only after substantial
installations/paint shops, etc release of smoke

Infra red flame Same as above, these detectors Affected by temperature range in the
detector penetrate through smoke well. High vicinity, subject to false alarms caused
speed, moderate sensitivity. Suitable by blackbody radiation like heaters,
for indoor/outdoor applications incandescent lamps, halogen lamps,
flickering sunlight, etc and hence usage

21
IS 2189: 2008

Type of Detector Suitability and Merits Unsuitability and Demerits

(I) (2) (3)

in such areas to be avoided. Sensitive

to IR radiation from sources like any
hot surface, ovens, furnaces, lamps, etc.
also and due care shall be taken while
installation
Ultraviolet flame Highest speed, highest sensitivity. Not sensitive for high ceiling, etc, as
detector Suitable for indoor applications the radiation from fire is attenuated by
smoke. Random UV radiation from
sources, such as lightning, arc welding,
etc, can cause false alarms and hence

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usage in such areas to be avoided.
Blinded by thick smoke and oil vapours
on optics
IR/IR flame High speed, moderate sensitivity, low Somewhat affected by temperature

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detector false alarm rate, most suitable for range in the vicinity, suffer from
chemical and hydrocarbon flames in atmospheric attenuations, espe'cially on
particular as signal received is long range detection applications
processed at two sensors. Suitable for
indoor/outdoor applications
UV/IR detector Highest speed, highest sensitivity and Blinded by thick smoke and oil vapours
low false alarm rate on optics. Suitable for indoor/outdoor
applications
I RII RII R (I R3) Highest speed, highest sensitivity, No significant disadvantages. Suitable
detector lowest false alarm rate. Most suitable for indoor/outdoor applications
for chemical and hydrocarbon flames
in particular as signal received is
processed at three sensors

Spark detector Spark detectors are suitable for Extraneous sources of radiant
detection of sparks some types of duct emissions that have been identified as
or conveyor, monitoring the fuel, etc, interfering with the stability of spark
as it passes by. Usually, it is necessary detectors include: (a) ambient light (b)
to enclose the portion of the conveyor electromagnetic interference (EMl,
where the detectors are located, as these RFI), and (c) electrostatic discharge
devices generally requ ire a dark in the fuel stream
environment
Ember detector Same as above except that ember Detector window clarity shall always
detectors can also detect fires in lit be ensured
environment like coal conveyors, etc
Linear heat sensing Cables tunnels, trays and vaults, Not suitable at all applications other
cables material conveyors, bulk storage than what is specified
multi-racked areas, rim seals of
floating roof tanks storing hazardous
chemicals, and a few other special
occupancies

22
Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and
attending to connected matters in the country.

Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form
without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing
the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations. Enquiries relating to
copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.

Review of Indian Standards

Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are

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needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of
'BIS Catalogue' and 'Standards: Monthly Additions'.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc: No. CED 22 (7466).

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Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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