13 Present Perfect (1) 1 We form the Present Perfect using the present tense of have + a past participle: 2 Regular past participles end in -ed or -d: (For more regular past participles see Appendix 2, page 243.) ‘Many past participles are irregular: (For irregular past participles see Appendix 3, page 244.) 3. We use the Present Perfect: > to talk about recent actions: > to talk about our lives: 000 ve sailed across the Atlantic. Tve seen gorillas in Africa. Thaven't danced the Flamenco, 4 When we ask people about their lives, we often use ever (= at any time): Have you ever beert to Australia? When people talk about their lives, they sometimes use never (= not at any time): T’ve never learnt French. Note that ever and never come before the past participle. A. Use short forms (i've seen, she’s gone) of the Present Perfect to make positive or negative sentences. > (Hellose/his passport) (She/not/see/her sister) (Weffinish/our work) (They/buy/a new house) (They/notiphoneithe doctor) (They/go/to the cinema) (You/eat/four bananas!) (You/not/take/any photographs) aORONay PAGE 28 + TENSES: PAST Hele lost. he, pasepartNow use the Present Perfect to make questions. > (youlsee/John?) Have.you.egen done? T (youlbelto Canada?) 8 (they/cook/our breakfast?) 9 (laneimakefany mistakes?) (0. (welvisivall the museums?) 1 _B James is talking about his life. Put the correct past participles in the gaps. Ive (>) geet . (See) a lot of beautiful places in my life, and I've (1)... (do) a lot of interesting things. I've 2) sa... (travel) in North and South America, for example. I've (3).. .. (visit) all the big American cities. Tye (4)... (Ative) across Mexico. | haven't 6 . (be) to Argentina, but I've (6)...... (work) in Peru and Bolivia. I've (7)................ (Swim) in the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Mediterranean Sea. I've (8) (eat) in the best restaurants in Paris, and 'Ve (8)... (sing) Italian songs in Rome. | haven't (10)... (make) much money in my life, but I've (11). (meet) a lot of interesting people and I've (12) (take) a lot of wonderful photographs! Read the questions. if they refer to a recent event, put a tick (V). If they refer to someone's life rewrite the sentence using ever. Have you had coffee? tt csscnssesanvasetscemvian Have you eaten elephant meat? Have.you.ever eaten elephant Have you bought a newspaper? Have you flown in a military aeroplane? Have you washed your hands? Have you spoken to a prince or princess? Have you had anything to drink? meat? asuNavy D Now write true answers to these questions, using either this morning or never. onenayvy TENSES: PAST + PAGE 2914 Present Perfect (2) 1. We use the Present Perfect to talk about something that happened in the past, but we do not say exactly when it happened: ve seen this film before. (= before now) Ve often use the Present Perfect in this way for things that happened in the past, and that have a result now: Pve seen this film before. I don’t want to see it again now. She's left the company. She doesn’t work there now. We often use the Present Perfect with ever (= at any time) and never (= at no time): Have you ever met a famous person? He has never worked in a factory. x We can use the Present Perfect with for and since, to talk about situations or actions in a period of time from the past until now. We use for with a period of time (e.g. three months), and since with a point in time (e.g. Tuesday): pace Oe aos ee | for six months We've lived here for six months. past Monday Tuesday Wednesday (now) since Tuesday Thaven't seen Tom since Tuesday. 3 Gone and been Look at the difference between these two sentences: He's been to Paris. (= He is now at home again.) He's gone to Paris. (= He is in Paris now.) He’s been means ‘he has finished his tri He’s gone means ‘he has begun his trip’ A. Look at the pictures that show what Jenny has done in her life. Complete the sentences about her, using the Present Perfect form of the verbs in brackets ( ). (visit wROnay PAGE 30 + TENSES: PAST ... (work) as a secretary and as a schoolteacher. . (live) in Paris since 1991. Canada and the USA. .... (be) married for four years. (write) four books. (climb) Mont Blane twice,B Complete the sentences using the Present Perfect form of the verbs in brackets ( ). > Don't take my plate away. | haventy.finiehed, 1A: What's that book about? . (nol/finish) my meal. B: | don't know. | sas. (notiread) it, 7 (lose) my pen. Can | borrow yours, please? 3 My father .. - . (buy) an expensive new car BRA siscssi (book) a room here for tonight. B: Yes madam, what's your name, please? Ee Alesoescinsssscnsnvtr (make) some sandwiches. Would you like one? 6 I'm not sure what the problem with the car is. It ... (nothappen) before. TA: . .. (youlreply) to that letter from the bank? B: No | haven't, but I'll do it soon, C Write this conversation using the Present Perfect and the words in brackets ( ). Rob: (youleveriwantito work in another country?) > Have.you ever wanted to, work ip another countiy?..... Brian: (Yes, in fact !vork/abroad.) 1u, nseeenetes (workin Ireland and in Brazil.) (What about you?/you/ever/havela job abroad?) 3x Rob: (No, /never/wantito leave my home town.) (Wlive/here for twenty years, and I/never/thinklof working abroad.) 5 6 D Make sentences with the Present Perfect and for or since. v (Wnotiplay/tennis/last summer) | haven't played tennis since last, summer, (Vknow/her/more than ten years.) (Unot/eat/anything/lunchtime.) (youlive/in this town/a long time?) (lilibe/a good friendiwe were at school together.) (you/see/Jack/the party last week?) TENSES: PAST + PAGE 311 5 Present Perfect (3) 1 We use just with the Present Perfect to talk about things that happened a short time before now: "As eos Could 1 speak to Jane, please? ~ I'm afraid she has just left. (© She left a short time ago.) Is that a good book? ~ I don't know. I've just started it. (= I started ita short time before now.) 2 Look at this example with already: Do you want something to eat? ~ No thanks, Pve already eaten. (= Late before now.) We use already with the Present Perfect to emphasize that something happened before now, or before it was expected to happen. We use already like this ae dy + PAST PARTICIPLE. “I've already heard that story. Here is another example: Is Sarah going to phone you later? Robert: No. She’s (= She has) already phoned me. (= Sarah phoned before Nicola expected her to phone.) 3 We use yet with a negative verb to say that something has not happened, but we think that it will happen: The post hasn’t arrived yet. (= The post has not arrived, but it probably will arrive.) T haven't finished this work yet. (© Ihaven’t finished this work, but I will finish it.) ‘They haven't replied to my letter yet ‘We use yet in questions to ask whether something that we expect to happen has happened: Have you paid the bill yet? (= Perhaps you have not paid the bill, but you are going to pay it soon.) Has it stopped raining yet? (= Perhaps it has not stopped raining, but it will stop raining soon.) Have you found a job yet? Notice that we usually put yet at the end of a negative statement or question: They haven't replied to my letter yet. Have you found a job yet? | Practice A Complete the dialogues, using just and the words in brackets ( ). Use the Present Perfect. > A: What's happening in this programme? don't know. id you have @ good time? A B: A B: Sorry. ..., 3. A: How's Lucy? B: She's very happy. A B: (Oh yes? What did he say? PAGE 32 + TENSES: PAST (lustart). ... (licome) back from my holiday. Could | have a copy of Sports World, please? (Wsell) the last copy. (Sheffinish) her exams. . (Uhave) a letter from Mike.5 A: Have you heard from Alison and Frank recently? VES secsesicssysu (they/move) to another town. 6 A: Have you still got the same car? B: No, ..... (Wfouy) a new one. 7 A: Would you like something to eat? B: No, thanks. .. . (Wihave) breakfast. Make sentences using the Present Perfect with already or yet. > (\notireaditoday's newspaper) yet. havens read rodav’a newenaner vets {you/decide/which one to buy) yet? (Vexplainithis to you three times) already. (Their baby son/start/talking) already. (you/phone/Jane) yet? (The game/notfinish) yet. 6 (Vhaverlunch) already. (Helspend/all his money) already. Complete the conversation using just, already or yet and the words in brackets (). Put the verbs into the Present Perfect. Julia: Are you having a good time here? ‘Anna: Yes, | haven't been here long, and (») interesting places. (Ihisit) a lot of Julia: Anna’ . (youNsitithe Art Gallery/?) (Uinot/do/that), but I'm going to do it. Julia: What about the theatre? @).. : (you/see/a play/?) ‘Anna: No, but (4) (U/book/a ticket) for one, It's called The Friends. [rang the theatre five minutes ago. Would you like to come with me? Julia: Thanks, but (5)... (Vsee/that play). | saw it last month. ‘Anna: (6). . (W/read) in the newspaper that The Adventurers are going to give @ concert next week. Do you like them? Julia: Yes, | do. (7) {they/make) a really good, new record. It came out a couple of days ago ‘Anna: | really want to get a ticket. Julia: (8)... . (they/not/sell/all the tickets). But be quick! They're a very popular group. ‘TENSES: PAST + PAGE 334 6 Past Simple or Present Perfect Compare the Past Simple and the Present Perfect: 1 We use the Past Simple to talk about something that happened at a particular time in the past: I met John at four o'clock. When did Jane go to India? ~ In June. Martin bought a new car last week. 2 We use the Past Simple for situations or actions during a period of time that ENDED in the past: I worked there for two years. I left last year. past Gon) I worked there for two years. We lived in that house for a long time; then we moved to this one. Our company opened two new shops last summer. 3. Notice how we often move from the Present Perfect to the Past Simple: Peter: Have you ever played this game before? Maria: Yes, I played it once when I was in England. Peter: Did you win? Maria: No, I lost. We use the Present Perfect to talk about the past, but not about when things happened: Pve met John’s girlfriend. She's nice. Have you ever been to India? ~ Yes, Ihave. Thave never bought a new cat. ‘We use the Present Perfect for situations or actions during a period of time from the past to now: He has worked here for two years. (He still works here.) We've lived in this flat since we got married. (We still live init.) We opened two shops last summer. Since then (= since that time), we have opened two more. Mee A. Complete the conversation by choosing the correct form in brackets ( ). Sarah: (>) Ha rer been. States? Jim: Yes, (1) Sarah: (2) Jim: Yes, (3) Sarah: — What (4). . Jim: ®. Francisco. (6) , Sarah: No, but (7). . (Have you ever been/Did you ever go) to the United ... (I've been/l went) to California last year. (Have you liked/Did you like) it? (I've enjoyed/l enjoyed) the trip a lot . (have you done/did you do) there? (('ve visited/ visited) Hollywood, Disneyland and San (Have you been/Did you go) to California, Sarah? (I've booked/! booked) a holiday there. I've got my ticket and I'm going next week! PAGE 34 * TENSES: PASTB Complete the dialogues using the Present Perfect (I have seen) or Past Simple (/ saw). A: I (m)eae. coeur (880) Jack last night B: Oh really. | (1)... (not/see) him for months. How is he? ‘A: We (2). ._ (go) to the theatre last Saturday. (youlenjoy) the play? (be) very good. ANG)... country? B: Yes, they are very popular. They (6)... for years. . (heverfhear) of this group before. Are they famous in your (be) famous in my country A: What (7),.......cssesceseeesessseeseees (yousdo) last weekend? B:1(8).. . (Stay) at home. | (9)... (need) a rest. BE(10). co secsesseesssessteenseeees (youlever!win) a competition? B: Yes, | (11)... . (win) a photographic competition in 2001. A: So, John is your best friend. (12) at university? B: Yes. We (13)... . (youlmeet) him when you were ._ (be) friends for more than ten years. © Complete this paragraph about the London Underground by putting in the Present Perfect or Past Simple forms of the verbs in brackets ( ). THE LONDON UNDERGROUND London (») hee had .... (have) an underground train system since the nineteenth century. The London Underground (1) (start) in 1863, when Victorian engineers and workers (2)... . (build) the Metropolitan railway. This railway line (3). ~ (go) from Paddington Station to Farringdon Street Station, ‘and steam ‘engines (4)scossersesessessesesssss (Pull) the coaches. Eleven more lines (Ce uss. (Open) since then. The world’s first underground electric railway (6). . (open) in 1890. This line (7) {go} rom the City of London to Stockwell in South London. The most modern line is the Jubilee line, which (8)... (open) in 1979. Since the London Underground (9) (begin), many other cities, such as New York and Moscow, (10)... . (build) their own systems. TENSES: PAST + PAGE 354 7 Present Perfect Continuous 1 We form the Present Perfect Continuous like this: (For details about -ing forms see Appendix 2, ‘on page 243.) ‘2 We use the Present Perfect Continuous for an action or situation that began in the past and continues until now: You're late! I've been waiting for you. ‘We often use for and since with the Present Perfect Continuous. We use for with a period of time, and since with a point in time: Pre been waiting for you for two hours. T've been waiting for you since six o'clock. 3. Here are some more examples: PAST Now Julia has been tatking on the phone for an hour. (= She started talking on the phone an hour ago and she i still talking.) You've been sitting there since one o'clock. (= You started sitting there at one o'clock and you are still sitting there.) 4 We use the Present Perfect Continuous for actions that are done many times in a period of time from the past until now: She's been having driving lessons for a couple of months. (= She started a couple of months ago; she is still having lessons.) Pve been playing tennis since I was a small child. 5 We can use How long ...2 with the Present Perfect Continuous: How long have you been living here? I have been living here for three years, Meee A. Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets ( ) into the Present Perfect Continuous. > She hae been leahing, 1 The roads are very wet; 2 a enouase PAGE 36 + TENSES: PAST .. (Sheflearn) Spanish for six months. .. (itrain) for hours. (we/play) this game for hours. Let's stop now! (Wendy/tearn) French at school for three years. (V/read) this book for months, but | haven't finished it yet. (welwatch) this programme for hours. (the neighbours/make) a lot of noise again today? (V/save) my money for a holiday. . (youllisten) to me carefully?B Put for or since into the gaps. > I've been working in this office since......... last summer. 1. Have you been doing this course .. along time? 2 I've been driving this car ................ more than ten years. 3. She has been planning the party .. .. the beginning of the month. 4 George has been telling the same stories .. several years. 5 We've been waiting for a reply ‘we wrote to them last week 6 What have you been doing . .. the last time that | saw you? 7 You've been writing that letter ................ more than two hours. 8 He's been feeling ill. a few days. Write sentences to describe what each member of the Wyatt family has been doing to prepare for Christmas. Use words from the box and the Present Perfect Continuous to describe the pictures. wrap ‘make decorate shop write put up a cake cards decorations presents the tree for food >, 1 Mary and Stephen 2 Martha 3 Delia 4 Tom 5 Joanna .. Write a sentence for each of the following situations, using the Present Perfect Continuous and for or since. > She started her course a month ago and she is still doing it. ker in, K 1 It started raining at three o'clock and it is still raining. 2 He started playing chess when he was ten and he still plays it. 3 | started work at eight o'clock and I'm still working. 4 Helen started looking for another job two months ago and she’s still looking. 5 We arrived here two hours ago and we're still waiting, TENSES: PAST + PAGE 371 8 Present Perfect Simple or Continuous Compare the Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous: 1 We use the Present Perfect Simple (have painted) to talk about a past activity that is now completed: We've painted the rooms, (= The rooms are now painted.) Anna’s mended her bike. (= She can ride itnow.) ‘We use the Present Perfect Continuous (have been painting) to emphasize the activity itself, which may or may not be completed: We've been painting the flat. That's why it smells. We still have three rooms to paint. Annas hands are dirty because she’s been ‘mending her bike. 2 We use the Present Perfect Simple to ask and answer How many? and How much?: A: How many rooms have you painted? B: We've painted three of them. We usually use the Present Perfect Continuous to ask How long?, and with since and for: I have been travelling for six months. A: How long have you been waiting? Have you been queuing for a long time? B: Yes, Pve been waiting since two o'clock. For more details about How long?, How many? and How much? see Unit 32. 3. Note that we usually use the Present Perfect Simple (not the Continuous): > to talk about short actions with have, stop, break, etc Tony has had an accident on his bike, > with verbs of thinking (e.g, know, decide, forget, notice): Tin sorry. P've forgotten your name. > to talk about the last time that something happened: T haven't eaten meat for two years. (= I last ate meat two years ago.) Note that we can use the Present Perfect ‘Simple or the Continuous with work, teach, and live, with no difference in meaning: Thave taught here for two years. ‘on have been teaching here for two years. X= A Write out the sentences in brackets (). Use the Present Perfect Simple (eg. | have done). > He's late again. (How many times/he/arrive/late this month?) How. many Limes, has he arived, lal thia month, 1 What a good week! (We/sell/much more than we expected.) 2. (How much moneylyoulspendithis week?) 3. (How many people/Jane/invitelto her party?) Now use the Present Perfect Continuous (/ have been doing). 4 It's still raining. (Itirain/for hours.) 5 That n 6 Are you still here? (How longiyou/sitfhere?) PAGE 38 + TENSES: PAST is awful. (They/driliholes in the wall all morning.)B Five friends have just finished some jobs. Look at the table. acrviry Now | Neil sweep the floors he is sweating Rachel _cut the grass she is tired Paul do the washing-up _he has soft hands Carol peel the onions she has red eyes Tim defrost the fridge he has cold hands Complete the dialogues from this information. Use the Present Perfect Simple or the Present Perfect Continuous. > Neil, why are you sweating? > Is the lawn finished? ~ Yes, Rachel hae cut the grass. 1 Paul, why are your hands so soft? ~ Because | . 2 Are the onions ready for the pan? ~ Yes, Carol .... 3. Rachel, you look tired. ~ Yes, | 4 Tim, your hands are very cold. ~ Yes, | sess 5 Are the floors clean? ~ Yes, Neil them. 6 Why are your eyes red, Carol? ~ Because | 7 Are the plates clean? ~ Yes, Paul 8 Is the fridge all right now? ~ Yes, Tim ....... C Pat the verbs in brackets ( ) into the gaps in the right form. Use the Present Perfect Simple or the Present Perfect Continuous. > Ellen: Where are you and your family going to live? lan: Well, we've been Zalkina......... (talk) about that for weeks, but we haven't see (decide) anything yet. 1 Tina: Excuse me. Have you . (stand) in this queue for a long time? Larry: Yes, I've soe (queue) for almost an hour. 2 Sara: Why are you crying? Joe: Because my brother has (break) both his legs. 3 Susan: Excuse me. Has someone Wally: | don’t know. I've (have) an accident. He's . (leave) this bag here? ss (sit) here all afternoon, but | haven't (notice) it until now. TENSES: PAST + PAGE 39