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History

The document outlines key historical developments in India, starting from the Harappan Civilization and progressing through various political, social, and cultural changes, including the influence of Ashoka's Dhamma and the establishment of the Vijayanagara Empire. It also covers colonial impacts, the nationalist movement led by figures like Mahatma Gandhi, and the framing of the Indian Constitution. Key themes include governance, social hierarchy, and the evolution of laws and policies over time.

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17 views3 pages

History

The document outlines key historical developments in India, starting from the Harappan Civilization and progressing through various political, social, and cultural changes, including the influence of Ashoka's Dhamma and the establishment of the Vijayanagara Empire. It also covers colonial impacts, the nationalist movement led by figures like Mahatma Gandhi, and the framing of the Indian Constitution. Key themes include governance, social hierarchy, and the evolution of laws and policies over time.

Uploaded by

Nishtha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HISTORY

1. Harappan Civilization
● Urban Planning: Standardized city layouts, drainage systems, and weights
indicate a regulated civic structure.

2. Kings, Farmers, and Towns


● Ashoka's Dhamma (3rd century BCE): A moral code promoting non-violence
and tolerance.

● Arthashastra by Kautilya: Treatise on statecraft and economic policy.

3. Kinship, Caste, and Class


● Manusmriti (c. 200 BCE – 200 CE): Codification of social laws, emphasizing
varna hierarchy and gender roles.

4. Thinkers, Beliefs, and Buildings


● Buddhist Monastic Code (Vinaya Pitaka): Rules for monastic life.

● Jain Ethical Code: Five vows including Ahimsa and Satya.

● Ashokan Edicts: Inscriptions promoting dharma and welfare policies.

5. Through the Eyes of Travellers


● Ibn Battuta: Noted the judicial practices and administrative systems.

● Al-Biruni: Documented the caste system and religious practices.

6. Bhakti–Sufi Traditions
● Emphasis on personal devotion and rejection of caste orthodoxy.
7. Vijayanagara Empire
● Nayankara System: Land grants in exchange for military service.

● Temple Administration: Temples as centers of economic and political


activity.

8. Peasants, Zamindars, and the State


● Ain-i-Akbari by Abul Fazl: Detailed Mughal administrative document.

● Zabt System: Standardized land revenue assessment.

● Mansabdari System: Military-cum-administrative ranking system.

9. Kings and Chronicles


● Sulh-i-Kul: Policy of universal tolerance under Akbar.

● Farmans: Royal edicts issued by Mughal emperors.

10. Colonialism and the Countryside


● Permanent Settlement (1793) by Lord Cornwallis: Fixed revenue with
zamindars.

● Ryotwari System by Thomas Munro: Direct tax collection from peasants.

● Mahalwari System (1822) by Holt Mackenzie: Revenue collected from


village communities.

● Deccan Agriculturists Relief Act (1879): Protection for peasants against


moneylenders.

11. Rebels and the Raj


● Doctrine of Lapse by Lord Dalhousie: Annexation of states without male
heirs.

● Queen’s Proclamation (1858): Transfer of power from East India Company to


the British Crown.

12. Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement


● Rowlatt Act (1919): Allowed arrest without trial.

● Government of India Act (1935): Introduced provincial autonomy.

● Indian Independence Act (1947): Partition and transfer of power.Proper Noun

13. Framing the Constitution


● Constitution of India:

○ Adopted: 26 November 1949

○ Enforced: 26 January 1950

○ Features: Federalism, Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State


Policy, Universal Adult Franchise.

● Article 370: Temporary provision for Jammu & Kashmir.

● Reservation Policy: For SCs/STs/OBCs after extensive debates.

● Language Policy: Hindi as official language, English retained temporarily.

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