Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
Schools Division of Pasig
City
SANTOLAN HIGH

ASSESSING THE EFFICIENCY OF AN ARDUINO-

BASED WASTE SORTING SYSTEM TOWARDS

SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT

PRACTICES

A Research Paper

Presented to the Faculty of

Santolan High School, Senior High School

Department San Isidro St., Marisol Subd., Santolan,

Pasig City

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements in

Applied Subject, Practical Research 1

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)

By:

Dacoycoy, Carl Angelo., Mendoza, Chris Jeanian., Albuera, Jeanny Rose.,

Cardenas, Riyuki., Rocha, Queenie Sopia., Coletraba, Cristoph., Fabella,

John Vincent., Magtanao, Jesus., Mendeguarin, Lance., Mateo, Rodelyn.,

Carreon, Nathan Josh.

September 2024
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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM & ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the background of the study, the statement of

the problem, the significance of the study, the scope and delimitation of

the study.

Background of the Study

Solid waste management (SWM) done right is essential for both

human health and environmental preservation. Waste that is not

adequately handled has the potential to contaminate soil, water, and air,

which will lower living standards. Inadequate waste management can cause

disturbance to human beings.

The growing issue of waste management will be felt in almost every

society across the globe in the coming years, mainly due to the growing

population and globalization, as well as consumerism. As time passes, the

rate of improper waste disposal only increases. Consequently, over the past

few decades, waste creation has risen significantly across the globe, with

less than 20% of waste being recycled annually and one-third of all food

produced going to waste. (Sovacool et al., 2021)

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And so, environmental pollution occurs. Although environmental

pollution is not a recent occurrence, it continues to be the biggest issue

facing humanity and the primary cause of diseases and mortality in the

environment. As a result, many individuals reside in areas where the

average level of pollution in the air is higher than what the World Health

Organization recommends (Ai & Tan, 2021). In the Philippines, 27.78% is

the amount of recyclables contribution to the total amount of waste

generated by the whole country. Its primary components are plastics

(10.55%), paper and cardboard (8.70%), metals (4.22%), etc. (Enp.Tinio,

2022)

The good thing is that through the introduction of technology,

specifically automation, the concerns that have been raised can be

ameliorated. Considering the incorporation of microcontrollers and sensors

into the systems for waste identification and sorting, Arduino systems have

been recognized as a viable solution. Founded on 2005, Arduino originated

at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as a user-friendly tool for rapid

prototyping, specifically designed for students with no prior experience in

electronics and programming. Upon gaining a wider audience, the Arduino

platform took a revolutionary turn in 2010 with the release of the Arduino

Uno. It is based on the ATmega328P microcontroller.

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This new version of the board has made drastic changes, such as the

addition of 14 digital input/output pins and 6 analog input pins. Because of

this reason, it can be used even in the simplest projects to the more

advanced ones. Also, the improved USB programming's manageable access

lessened the hurdle faced by the users, and this made the Uno board

attractive to use by teachers and laymen in electronic projects.

The production of an Arduino Uno segregation system involves

several phases that converts an idea into a functional prototype aimed at

improving waste management. First, it begins with developing a concept

where the objectives are defined, including the identification of waste types

to be sorted, such as plastics, metals, and organic waste (Kumar et al.,

2020). Next is the most important part, which is component selection. This

includes various sensors for waste detection and motors for sorting (Zhang

et al., 2021). Once the components are chosen, a visual representation is

created to make an outline of how they will connect to the Arduino, making

a clear design. The prototype is assembled using a breadboard for easy

adjustments and testing, followed by programming the Arduino to manage

sensor input and control (Sharma et al., 2020). Testing it is essential in

ensuring its accuracy and efficiency. After successful testing, the system is

integrated into a compact, user-friendly unit. The engagement in the

community is very vital, with the educational materials created to inform

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the users about proper waste disposal practices and gather feedback to

identify areas for improvement. Finally, this structured approach not only

enhances operational efficiency, but also fosters community involvement in

sustainability efforts.

The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of

an Arduino Uno segregation system in enhancing waste management

practices within the community. Its focus is to assess sorting efficiency by

measuring the accuracy and speed of the automated waste segregator

compared to the traditional method of sorting. This will involve analyzing

the system's ability to accurately identify and separate recyclable materials

from general waste. This research project also seeks to draw a schematic

design of an Arduino Uno-based segregation of waste in a social system and

evaluate its impact on the community, more so, on waste management. This

objective will be accomplished by evaluating the effectiveness of the sorting,

which is in contrast to the traditional methods of separating waste and the

speed and accuracy of automated segregation, and determining what

advantages there are of this investment through technology in waste

management. It will also help people act more responsibly for the

environment rather than just practicing waste management because it will

help make cleaning practices easier and better (Siason et al., 2024).
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Statement of the Problem

The overall objective of this innovative study is to examine the

effectiveness of utilizing an Arduino Uno microcontroller as waste

segregator. With the increase of waste due to improper waste management,

a solution like an automatic waste segregating system can be useful in

conducting a solution for this problem.

Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions:

1. How accurately can the Arduino Uno-Based Waste Sorting System detect:

1.1 Plastic

1.2 Wood

1.3 Paper

2. How effective is the Arduino Uno-Based waste sorting system in terms of:

2.1 Speed
2.2 Capacity

3. How does the use of an Arduino Uno waste segregator impact the
overall waste management governance?
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Significance of the Study

This research is conducted in order to create a way to improve the

waste management system in our community by the means of Arduino

board. The solution provided here shall be a cost-effective solution as it

utilizes inexpensive and readily available materials, eco-friendly as it

promotes proper waste disposal and also, it is scalable, allowing for easy

expansion or a wider range of effects in different communities to reduce

their waste volume. The result of this study is to give empirical data and

actual product as bases for suggestions on minimizing improper waste

management so it can be beneficial to the following organizations:

Local Communities. The study will enable residents to lead healthier,

more sustainable lives due to reduced waste in their community, helping

to prevent diseases associated with improper waste disposal.

Schools/Educational Institutions. This study will help schools properly

segregate waste, turning it into reusable materials, especially in

institutions that lack proper segregation systems.

Local Government Officials. This study will aid the government in

reducing the burden of waste segregation, potentially serving as a useful

tool for eliminating improper disposal practices and improving the recycling

rate in the country.

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Future Researchers. This study may serve as a valuable source of

information for other researchers, allowing them to expand and refine this

work or address any gaps.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This research covers on making an automatic waste segregation

machine using Arduino Uno that can be useful for separating different types

of waste such as plastic, wood, and paper. This study’s aim is to help

students around Santolan High School to segregate their trash in its

respective trash bin to lessen its harm in our environment and identify the

efficiency of the automatic waste segregator that is being run by Arduino

Uno microcontroller. Researchers will focus on the different kinds of sensors

such as IR sensor and metal sensor and how they will operate and how they

will be effective on the machine that the researches are going to do, what the

machine functions, and how components move or interact with each other.

The duration of this research covers academic year 2024-2025.

Using an Arduino Uno have several limitations in the study. First,

Arduino Uno having limited processing power will be insufficient for

complex appliances. In addition, having a limited ram and flash memory

can restrict the ability of the program to handle large data and complex

algorithms. The processor speed of the Arduino boards is slower than the
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other platforms. This can be a limitation to the researchers for

applications that require fast processing or real time performance in the

machine they are making. Lastly, the power efficiency of the Arduino Uno

may not be enough as newer models designed for low power applications

which can limit their suitability in the machine. With the given time and

limited budget for the research, the prototype of the machine we may

produce can be limited in terms of production size, machine speed, and the

types of waste that it can handle.

Definition of Terms

Accuracy. The degree of precision or correctness in measurement, calculation,

or performance, minimizing errors or deviations.

Arduino Uno. Act as the brain of the automatic waste system, making it

possible to implement an efficient and accurate sorting solution. It

enables the system to respond intelligently to incoming waste, ensuring

proper classification and directing it to the appropriate bins.

Automatic Segregation. It aims to replace manual sorting, which is often

time-consuming, and prone to human error. This frees up human

resources for other tasks and improves the overall efficiency of waste

management process. It also explores the potential of Arduino Uno for

creating effective and sustainable waste management solutions.

Capacitive Sensor. It detects the presence of wet or dry waste based on

their dielectric constants.

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Efficiency of an Arduino. Arduino based waste sorting systems offer an

effective and efficient solution for promoting sustainable waste management

practices. This system automate the sorting process of waste, improve

recycling rates, and reduce the environmental impact of waste disposal.

Inductive Sensor. It operates the presence of metallic waste that consist

of a coil that generates a magnetic field. When a metallic object (like cans)

enters the sensor's field, it disrupts the magnetic field, inducing a current

in the coil.

IR (Infrared) Sensor. It detects the presence of waste material and

triggering the waste segregation process. IR sensors work by emitting

infrared light and detecting the reflected light. When waste material enters

the range of the IR sensor, the reflected light signal changes, indicating the

presence of an object and the signal from the IR sensor acts as a trigger for

Arduino board to initiate the waste segregation process.

Plastic. A synthetic or semi-synthetic organic polymer used in various products,

known for its durability and versatility.

SG90 Servo Motor. It drives the conveyor belt, transporting waste along

a designated path. This allows for continuous processing and segregation of

waste

Sustainable waste management. Means not throwing garbage

everywhere and sorting it according to its type. Keep your trash at home

and only dispose of it when it's allowed outside to avoid disturbing

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people or the streets and separate your waste into different categories

organic, recyclable, and non-recyclable to facilitate proper processing.

Maintaining waste properly greatly benefits the environment and the

country. It makes the environment more beautiful because it prevents

trash from being scattered everywhere. This helps us reduce disasters

like climate change. Keeping garbage in the right containers has positive

effects because it prevents bad disasters and helps the whole world.

Step Down Converter. It reduces a higher DC voltage to a lower DC

voltage while maintaining a relatively constant output voltage. It ensures

the proper functioning of the entire system.

Ultrasonic Sensor. It measures the fill level of waste bins, triggering

alerts when bins are nearing full capacity.

Weight Sensor. It provides accurate measurements of weight that enables

an efficient sorting, and monitoring of the entire process. This also, monitor

the weight of incoming waste materials on conveyor belts or in collection

bins.

Wood. A natural, organic material obtained from trees, valued for its strength,

texture, and aesthetic appeal. Paper. A thin, flexible sheet made from processed

plant fibers, used for writing, printing, and packaging. Speed. The rate at which

something moves or is accomplished, measured in terms of time and

efficiency.
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 Republic of the Philippines
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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE & STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of related literature, review of

related studies, conceptual model of the study, the research hypothesis,

and the definition of terms used in the study.

Arduino Board
Arduino is an open-source programmable board, a powerful and

easy-to-use single-board computer that has gained considerable

traction in both the hobbyist and professional markets. Arduino boards

are physical programmable board that are used for flexible

programming, customizable signal types and easy adaptation to the

existing installations can offer many benefits to world. (Kaswan, Singh,

& Sagar, 2020).

Microcontrollers are compact integrated circuits that include a

microprocessor, peripherals, and I/O (input/output) capabilities within a

single package, making them essential components in embedded

computing systems (Keim, 2019). These microcontrollers are central to

numerous agricultural applications, such as automated greenhouse

systems (Liu, 2022) and field robots (Jude et al., 2022), due to their

extensive use in monitoring and control systems (Darr et al., 2007). One

of
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the most effective tools for teaching microcontroller principles is the

Arduino UNO, a programmable, open-source microcontroller platform (Al-

Abad, 2017). The Arduino UNO is widely recognized as a complete

hardware and software solution, providing an ideal environment to instruct

both beginners and advanced students in the fundamentals of

microcontroller-based systems (Herger & Bodarky, 2015).

Arduino, being an open-source electronics platform, has become

the go-to option for individuals working on interactive hardware and

software projects. An Arduino board, such as the UNO, can be connected

to a breadboard with plugins like inputs, sensors, lights, and displays, all

of which can be controlled by code written in the Arduino IDE.

(Kondaveeti, Kumaravelu, Vanambathina, Mathe, & Vappangi, 2021)

Mainly, the significance of the Arduino board (1) is that it is

accessible and versatile; through it, users (of all skill levels) can effectively,

with ease, design, prototype, and implement interactive electronic

projects. It is thus an essential tool in the realm of embedded systems

and interactive electronics. Nevertheless, it is a very hands-on, practical

approach to learning and applying microcontroller technology. As one

leaves the limits of a single interest in a particular platform, its open-

source nature expands its importance, but it also permits a wide range

of creative applications in both educational and professional fields. Many

still find it easy to get started owing to its friendly interface.

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creative applications in both educational and professional fields. Many still

find it easy to get started owing to its friendly interface. Therefore,

Arduino is so popular among beginners and experienced users alike.

Wood, Plastic and Paper Wastes

Automated Waste Segregator System is implemented because of

the continuous growth in urbanization and industrialization, there is a

rapid increase in the quantity of waste being produced every day. The

proposed segregator system segregates the waste into three types, viz.,

metallic, wet and dry, and in addition, separating dry waste further into

paper and plastic. Here, Arduino Uno board is used as the main

controller and various sensors are used to detect each type of waste,

which is segregated and thrown into the respective bins. Using this

automatic waste segregator system, the separated wastes can be sent

directly for recycling. (Dhiraj Sunehra; K. Pravalika; A. Sruthi; G.

Rajasri,2021).

Their studies suggest that Automatic Waste Segregator and

Monitoring System is an automated dustbin which can be used by all

level of society. This paper proposes an Automatic Waste Segregator and

Monitoring System which is designed to sort the wet waste, paper,

plastic and aluminum material into each bin respectively. The main

objective of this project is to automatically segregate the waste based on

its material and monitor daily waste disposal rates this

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project is built by using Microcontroller based platform Arduino Mega

2560 board which is interfaced with ESPS266 12E LoLin NodeMCU V3

module, Inductive proximity sensor, Laser module, Light Dependent

Resistor (LDR), Liquid sensor module and Ultrasonic sensor. (Nurisha

Hania Kamarudin et.l,2019).

This system effectively classifies waste into metallic, wet, and dry

categories, with the capability to further segregate dry waste into paper

and plastic. By employing various sensors, the system enhances the

accuracy of waste detection and segregation, ensuring that materials

can be efficiently routed for recycling. The increasing rate of

urbanization and industrialization has led to a significant rise in waste

generation, posing a major challenge for effective waste management.

To address this issue, the development of automated waste segregation

systems has gained momentum. These systems utilize advanced

technologies, such as proximity sensors and microcontrollers like

Arduino, to identify and separate various types of waste, including

biodegradable, non- biodegradable, and recyclable materials. Smart

Waste Segregator: This system utilizes sensors to automatically classify

waste into different categories, addressing the growing issue of waste

generation and the need for effective recycling (rajapandian, 2023

smart).
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Ultimately, recent studies underscore the potential of such

technologies in transforming traditional waste management methods into

more efficient and eco-friendly solutions (Muthuraja, 2022) The

implementation of a smart and solar-powered solid waste segregation

system using Arduino microcontroller interfaced with sensors, actuators.

and Particle Photon cloud for wireless monitoring. The materials

segregated are metal and non-metal that includes plastic, paper, and

glass. Metal detection is done using inductive proximity sensor. Plastic is

detected using infrared sensor based on shape and size. Laser and light

dependent resistor (LDR) pair is used to detect paper. And lastly, glass

bottles are detected using capacitive sensor. The prototype has an

average percentage accuracy of 90.67% for sorting 30 assorted waste

samples. (Analene Montesines, 2019)

Production Materials

Arduino Uno R3 has become the best choice for beginners or

professionals in making robots, machines, or any hardware or software

projects. Not only is it affordable, this beginner friendly microcontroller

allows us to integrate with various components such as input, light,

sensor, and display. This way, it can aid researchers in innovating and

prototyping their product (Kondaveeti et al., 2021). Proximity sensors

play a crucial role in building this prototype because it can sense the

presence of an object without direct contact (Zhang, 2008).

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Various proximity sensors exist, such as the inductive proximity sensor,

which is used to identify metallic objects (Kanujia et al., 2024), and the

capacitive proximity sensor, which can detect non-metallic objects such

as paper and plastic with high sensitivity and low energy consumption

(Sakthivelpathi et al., 2024). With the use of these sensors, it will

enhance the prototype that the researchers will develop in terms of

accuracy, efficiency, and responsiveness.

While with the use of a weight sensor, it can serve multiple purposes in the

prototype. It can either be used to measure the weight of the trash for

accuracy or it can also be used for calculating the weight like a trash bin to

determine how full it is (Chaudhari et al., 2019). Additionally, the

ultrasonic and infrared sensor. according to RoboSavvy (2004) Ultrasonic

sensors determine your distance from an item by using sound waves

(echolocation). Conversely, infrared sensors employ infrared light to detect

the presence of an object. This additional function is crucial for enhancing

waste management practices and establishing a timely collection.

Another key component is the motor utilized in a servo system is

called a servo motor. A control system that follows instructions is

known as a servo system. The system's real state and the instructions'

matching state can be compared, and the comparison's outcome can be

used for additional control. Direct current and alternating current motors

are examples of servo

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motor. The servo motor's job is to translate the controller's control signal

into the motor output shaft's rotating angular displacement or angular

velocity (Mobile Robotics, 2015)

Finally, is the buck converter. Because the output voltage is stepped

down from the input voltage while the output current is stepped up,

the buck converter is sometimes referred to as a step-down converter.

This kind of converter's primary use is controlling its output voltage in

response to changes in load (Gil-González, Walter. Espinosa-Perez,

Gerardo. 2021).

Review of Related Studies

Arduino Board

Arduino has evolved the electronics and programming, making it

obligatory for learning, developing, and creativity within many fields. It’s

simple and ergonomic interface caters for novice users while still providing

advanced features for seasoned developers. This review further explores

several investigations which discuss the theoretical and practical aspects of

the use of Arduino in different areas including robotics, IoT, and

interactive art. Through these studies, we can see the role of Arduino in

encouraging innovation and ingenuity and enhancing the quality of

experience in both academic and industrial settings. The primary

objective is using this knowledge to understand its role and influence on

the future of technology and education (Kondaveeti & Mathe 2021).

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the educational effect of the

applications of Arduino boards in the STEM – Science, Technology,

Engineering and Mathematics curricula. This study shows that the

incorporation of Arduino projects into the lessons captured the interest

of the students and enhanced their comprehension of programming and

electronics. The experience was more useful in the learning and retention

of concepts than the conventional approach due to practical

involvement. (Ugur et al. 2022). Additionally, the goal of this project is to

provide appropriate lesson plans and Arduino-based experiments that will

make it easier to execute STEM teachings that follow scientific inquiry

(ND Dat 2024).

Another study says the role of Arduino in environmental monitoring

systems was analyzed. In this case, the researchers constructed a

prototype with an Arduino to collect data on air quality levels. It was

concluded that environmental variable collection in the case of Arduino

based systems can be achieved efficiently leading to creation of

awareness and addressing of environmental issues (Nguyen et al. 2022).

Additionally, a study about the functioning principle and applications of

the Arduino microcontroller is introduced. The usage of the Arduino

microcontroller as a research and study tool will also be covered in this

paper. A quick tool for creating sensor-based small projects is the

Arduino microcontroller.
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The Arduino microcontroller is simple to program and learn. The

Arduino microcontroller can be programmed using the Arduino IDE. An

instrument for creating programs for Arduino boards is the Arduino

IDE. The Arduino IDE is a free and open-source program that may be

installed on a computer. The Arduino IDE offers many ready-to-use

libraries. Arduino developers will save a ton of time by using these

libraries. An overview of the several kinds of Arduino boards, their

operation, software implementation, etc. (Ismailov 2021).

Furthermore, an existing study about the course of studying the

application of Arduino in IoT (Internet of Things), the focus of the research

was on the incorporation of Arduino boards to make smart home

appliances. The work considered the possibility of utilizing Arduino for

monitoring data in real-time and controlling processes, thus proving its

applicability in numerous projects revolving around the Internet of Things.

The authors pointed out that Arduino plays a key role in connecting theory

and practice (Djehaiche, Aizel & Benziouche 2021).

Wood, Plastic and Paper Wastes (International, National, Local,

School-Based)

The increase of waste has been having concerning issues in the

environmental sustainability regarding of waste management practices.

(Abubakaret al., 2022).

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The increase of waste has been having concerning issues in the

environmental sustainability regarding of waste management practices.

(Abubakar et al., 2022). Although there are much more abundant

establishments and buildings that contribute in producing different

kinds of waste in the environment, it is an undeniable fact that schools

are significant contributors of waste, primarily in the form of paper,

plastic, and wood.

Plastic waste is one of the world’s most urgent threats in human

health and environmental concerns, being the world's third highest

source of waste production. (Chen et al., 2021). As well as paper and

wood, where an increase of paper production will increase the threat on

the forests, which are already in critical states, (Çiçekler & Tutus, 2023).

and wood where the UK produces 4.5 million of wood waste every year,

considering their population is only 1% of the entire world but their wood

waste production is three times per the capita consumption. (Green,

n.d.).

Plastic Waste

Over the past 70 years, global plastic production has surged,

reaching a record high of 359 million tonnes in 2020. China is the

largest producer, accounting for 17.5%.

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Microplastics constitute 75% of marine waste, with both land-

based and ocean-based sources contributing to overall pollution issues

(Priya et al., 2023).

A study examining the characteristics of plastic waste revealed that

28% of it was impurities, with 75% being low-quality applications. The

overall recycling potential was 52% for hard plastics, 59% for plastic films,

and 79% for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste. High-quality plastic waste had

12-35% higher recyclability than low-quality applications. The study

highlights the need for detailed characteristics of plastic waste to identify

challenges and improve recycling facilities' design and recovery efficiency.

(Faraca & Astrup, 2019)

Paper Waste

A study indicates that paper products constitute 45% of landfill garbage,

paper products are the biggest source of municipal solid waste (MSW). It

highlights the need for sustainable waste management techniques and

provides information on the effects of paper waste on the environment.

(Rehmani et al., 2020). Additionally, a study shows that paper makes up

more than 70% of office trash, highlighting the need for improved waste

reduction (Hasanin et al., 2020). Furthermore, the majority of worldwide

paper production is based on forest tree pulps, which have a significant

negative environmental impact.

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Lastly, a study conducted in Mojokerto City evaluated the

feasibility of recycling paper waste from photocopying enterprises. The

study showed that processed paper waste might be turned into

products that are profitable and help save the environment at the same

time. (Nurmalasari & Mardikaningsih, 2021).

Wood Waste

Wood waste has the potential to be used in making a variety of

goods, including engineered wood products, energy generation (heat and

electricity), mulching, and animal bedding. (Pandey, 2022). A study of

utilizing wood waste states that for every 1000 board feet of lumber

produced, 1 ton of sawdust, shavings, slabs, and edgings is gathered in

sawmills; approximately 75% of this useless material is wood content,

and 25% is bark, can be converted into energy and non-energy

applications. This supports the idea that wood waste can significantly be

reduced, considering the large production of this without continuously

harming the world's forests by increasing its effectiveness of primarily

consumption and maintaining proper segregation of different kinds of

wood sources. (Pandey, 2022). Furthermore, the study highlights the

potential significance of wood waste management strategies. The

dependency on deforestation for paper production contributes significantly

to environmental degradation. (Abdelraof et al. 2019a)

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Arduino Board as Waste Segragator

The article titled "Arduino-based Automated Domestic Waste

Segregator" employs Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled systems such as

inductive and capacitive proximity sensors, liquid crystal display (LCD),

infrared sensors, and servo motors to create an automated trash

segregator that is powered by internet connectivity, cloud services and

infrastructure, advanced hardware and software, and cybersecurity

measures. On the good side, IoT allows us to benefit from remote

monitoring and control, advanced data analysis, scalability and

integration with other systems, and increased sustainability and

efficiency. Returning to the topic, in this study, an automatic garbage

segregator is utilized as a segregating medium for three categories of

waste: wet, dry, and metal waste, which are limited to the home level.

In contrast, the study titled "Development of Automatic Waste

Segregation using Monitoring System" also employed an automated

waste segregator as a separation medium, but without IoT integration,

implying a more localized, unconnected system. Researchers from the

Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Shah Alam Faculty of Electrical

Engineering created an autonomous garbage segregation and

monitoring system for wet waste, paper, plastic, and aluminium

materials. The smart trash can has automated lid opening and overflow

prevention, ensuring clean and efficient garbage disposal. (Kamarudin

et al. 2019)
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Furthermore, like the first article mentioned, the paper titled

"Automated Waste Segregation Bin with IoT-based Mobile Monitoring

Application" divides garbage into three categories: moist, dry, and

metal. The automated garbage can is equipped with an Arduino Mega

microcontroller board, as well as proximity, capacitive, and inductive

sensors. The system will leverage the Internet of Things (IoT) to provide

information to its users through a mobile application. If the bin is

operational, the application indicates so. It also shows the bin's current

capacity, indicating whether or not it is full. The prototype's total system

accuracy and accurate reading were 90%, and it performed as expected.

(Balbin et al., 2021).

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Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Arduino Uno  Coding and  Arduino-Based
R3 connecting the waste sorting
 Breadboard sensors and motors system
 Inductive
proximity
sensor  Construction of the
 Weight sensor external parts for the
 Capacitive housing of the
sensor machine
 SG90 servo
motor micro
servo
 Buck
converter
 Ultra sonic
Sensor
 Infrared
sensor

Figure 1.1 Conceptual framework for developing Arduino-Based waste

sorting system.

Figure 1.1 illustrate the conceptual framework that is needed to be

followed in the creation of Arduino-Based sorting system. To create this

sorting machine, collect first the needed materials such as Arduino Uno R3,

breadboard, inductive sensor, weight sensor, capacitive sensor, servo

motor, ultrasonic sensor, infrared sensor, and the buck converter. With all

of these materials, you can put them together to develop an efficient and

well-built machine. The different proximity sensors are used for enhancing

the accuracy segregating waste, while the servo motors and weight sensor

for the other function of the machine. By correctly connecting all sensors

and motors it can provide a well functioned machine that is

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able to perform its task. After that, with the use of different materials such

as plywood, pvc pipe, and especially the trash bins researchers can build

and construct the case for the machine to completely develop an Arduino-

Based waste sorting system.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Arduino-Based  Place the plastic,  The Arduino-
waste sorting wood, and paper Based waste
system. waste in the sorting system
Arduino-Based waste will automatically
sorting system. segregate it into
 Plastic, wood,
their proper trash
and Paper
bins.
waste

Figure 1.2 Conceptual framework of automatically segregating plastic, wood, and paper

wastes with the use of Arduino-Based waste sorting system.

Figure 1.2 presents the conceptual framework of automatically segregating plastic,

wood, and paper wastes into their proper bins. It begins by collecting plastics, woods, and

papers that have no use anymore and then putting it into the Arduino-Based waste sorting

system. After placing the plastics, woods, and papers in the Arduino-Based waste sorting

system the different sensors will be triggered and will detect what types of waste they are

which will lead to its proper bin location. By this method, when the wastes are properly

segregated it will contribute in reducing the releasing of harmful gas into the atmosphere due

to mix and improper waste disposal.

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Definition of Terms

Angular displacement. The angle through which an object has

rotated about a specific axis in a given time period.

Angular velocity. The rate of change of angular displacement with

respect to time.

Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment). A

writing/compiling/uploading program for Arduino boards, which makes

programming much easier.

Arduino UNO. One kind of Arduino in particular, which is very newbie-accessible

and has a lot of support for hardware and software.

Automated greenhouse systems. Systems that use microcontrollers to control

environmental conditions in greenhouses, automating processes like irrigation and

temperature regulation.

Breadboard. A reusable platform for connecting electronic components

temporarily, ideal for prototyping and testing circuits.

Compact integrated circuits. Microcontrollers" which are basically small

electronic circuits with everything a microcontroller needs to operate all on one

chip.

Deforestation. The large-scale removal of trees from forested areas.

Degradation. The process by which materials break down or

deteriorate over time, often due to environmental factors.

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Displays. And output devices like LED screens or LCD panels that display

information from the Arduino.

Embedded computing systems. Computers built into other things or machines

for the sole purpose of doing a certain task.

Embedded systems. Subsystems of computers that do specific tasks inside

of larger machines that are usually controlled by a microcontroller

Existing installations. Meaning existing hardware configurations that can be

hacked or extended using Arduino-type devices to perform better.

Feasibility. The state or degree of being easily or conveniently done.

Field robots. Autonomous robots used in outdoor environments, such as in

agriculture, for tasks like planting, harvesting, or monitoring crops.

Flexible programming. The flexibility of coding and setting up systems to do all

sorts of things, which makes it so versatile and applicable to many different things.

Forest tree pulps. Soft, fibrous material made from the wood of trees,

used to produce paper and other products.

Hard Plastic. A rigid and durable type of plastic that maintains its

shape under pressure.

Hardware and software solution. An amalgamation of hardware parts and

software tools that allow users to construct and manipulate electronic endeavors.

High-Quality Plastic. Plastic that is durable, resistant to wear, and

retains its properties over time.

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Inputs. Devices or signals that provide data to a microcontroller, such as buttons

or sensors that detect changes in the environment.

Interactive electronics. Any kind of electronic equipment or machinery

that reacts to user commands or environmental stimuli immediately.

Interactive electronic projects. User interface or environmental feedback

type projects, like automated lighting or remote control car.

I/O (Input/Output) capabilities. The microcontroller's capacity to transmit and

accept signals or data, thus enabling it to communicate with other devices.

Low quality Plastic. A type of plastic that is less durable and more

prone to breaking, degrading, or leaching harmful chemicals, often

used in single- use items like disposable cutlery, bags, and cheap

packaging.

Marine Waste. Trash and debris, including plastics, chemicals, and other

pollutants, that end up in oceans and seas, harming marine life and

ecosystems.

Microcontroller. An integrated circuit designed to control a

specific operation in a system. It composed of processor, memory,

input/outputs.

Microcontroller platform. Kinda like Arduino, which is not only a board,

but also an IDE for programming microcontrollers.

Microplastic. A small plastic pieces less than five millimeters long.

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Microprocessor. The "brain" of a microcontroller that processes instructions and

carries out programmed tasks.

Monitoring and control systems. Control systems used to monitor and

regulate different processes or machinery, usually in an industrial or

agricultural environment.

Peripherals. Other peripheral devices, like sensors or actuators, which are

linked to the microcontroller to provide more capability.

Plastic Films. Thin, flexible sheets of plastic used for packaging,

wrapping, or covering products.

Plastic Waste. Discarded plastic materials, such as bottles, bags, and

packaging.

Plugins. Attachments or modules that add functionality to a system, like

sensors or operator for an Arduino.

Profitable. Capable of generating a financial gain or profit.

Programmable board. A physical circuit board that can be programmed with

instructions to control electronic devices or perform tasks autonomously.

Prototype. A prototype version of a project that will enable the designers to test

and make changes to the system before it becomes final or a first, typical or

preliminary model of something, especially a machine, from which other forms

are developed or copied.

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Prototype. A sample or model of a product to test a concept to know

if there's a room for improvement or fixing in the design.

Proximity sensors. Sensors that can detect nearby materials without a

direct contact and convert information of the presence of an object to

electric signal.

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). A strong, versatile plastic commonly used

in pipes, cables, flooring, and packaging.

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Waste. Discarded materials made from PVC,

a durable plastic used in pipes, cables, flooring, and packaging.

Sensors. Devices that measure physical properties (like temperature,

light, or sound) and convert them into signals for the microcontroller to

process.

Signal types. Meaning digital or analog or whatever electronic signals they use to

control different functions of connected components.

Single-board computer. A computer built on a single circuit board, integrating

the CPU, memory, and other essential components, allowing it to operate

independently.

Sound waves. A wave that travels through a medium like air and

water at a speed of sound.

 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
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Schools Division of Pasig
City
SANTOLAN HIGH
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
National Capital Region
Schools Division of Pasig
City
SANTOLAN HIGH