Answer 1 - (i) Loan should be given at cheap rates and at less documentation.

(ii) Industries should be located where a large number of people may be employed.
(iii) Educational facilities should be improved, and new schools should be set up. The
education system should be made employment- oriented.
Answer 2 - The factors that led to a feeling of alienation among the Tamils in Sri Lanka
were as follows:
(i) The majoritarian measures of the Sinhala Government such as making the Sinhala
as the official language and favoring Sinhala applicants for university positions and
government jobs gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan
Tamils.
(ii) They felt that the Constitution and government policies denied them equal political
rights and discriminated against them in getting jobs and other opportunities.
(iii) They felt that the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders were not
sensitive to their language and culture.
Answer 3- The following things make India a federal country-
1. three levels of governments; there are three tiers of government, that is union
government, state government and local government.
2. division of powers; the constitution divides power between union and state government
by three lists - union list, state list and concurrent list.
3. amendments of the constitution; the parliament has to pass amendment in both the
houses with at least two third majority
Answer 4- The Civil Disobedience Movement and the Non-Cooperation Movements
were both very significant parts of India’s struggle for freedom. They were crucial
for ensuring that India was granted independence on the 15th of August 1947. Both
these movements were launched under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.

But both these movements were very different from each other.

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT

i) It was launched on the 12th of March i) This movement was launched on 5th of
1930. It began with the Salt Satyagraha. September 1920.

ii) Through this movement, Mahatma

ii) It was an attempt to paralyze the
Gandhi aimed to bring the working of the
governance and administration by breaking
British Government to a standstill by not
certain rules and regulations.
cooperating with the administration.
iii) This movement saw a large-scale iii) The movement saw limited participation
participation from the citizens as compared from people and hence it was confined to
to the Non-Cooperation Movement. certain places of the country.

Answer 5- Resource planning is important because it helps in the identification of

the resources in different parts of the country. It also helps in conserving many
nonrenewable resources and helps in the reduction of resource wastage. Resource
planning also helps in better management of the resources present in the country.
Measures adopted for better resource management are as follows-
1.Identify the resources which are in short supply and fulfill their needs.
2.Identify the allocation and distribution of resources in a planned manner.
3.Evolve a planned structure with an appropriate implementation of plans.

Answer 6- Power sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between

social groups. Power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political
order as social conflict often leads to violence and political instability.
Imposing the will of the majority community over others may look like an
attractive option in the short run, but in the long run it undermines the unity
of the nation. The tyranny of the majority is not only oppressive for the
minority, but it also brings ruin to the majority.
Answer 7-

Coming together federation Holding together federation

In this type of federation, a broad force

In this type of federation, separate
or country agrees to split its powers
sovereign states connect to become a
between the constituent states and the
greater government.
central government.

Individual States combine their There is no pooling of authority and

sovereign rights and assets to form a retention of nationality in such a
stronger nation. federation.

In this federation, the individual states In this federation, the central

have sole authority. The ultimate result government has more authority than
is a more stable nation. the states.
Answer 8- Without sacrificing the quality of the environment for future generations,
sustainable development can be described as an approach to the economic
development of a nation. The Sustainable Development Goals are
• To encourage the kind of growth that minimizes environmental issues.
 • Without sacrificing the quality of the atmosphere for future generations, to
address the needs of the current generation.
For growth, the problem of sustainability is relevant because It demands that resource
reserves, including exhaustible natural and environmental resources, be maintained.
Recent studies suggest that because of overuse, groundwater in India is exhausted. Its
groundwater supplies are overused by 1/3 of the population.
Answer 9- Private sector
Ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private
individuals or companies.
Their main motive is to earn a profit.
The decision regarding production and dis-tribution are taken by managers
or owners of the company.
Due to the motive of earning a profit, it does not invest funds to con-struct
infrastructures for public utility/facil-ity.
Examples: Tata Iron and Steel Company Ltd. (TISCO), Reliance Industries
Ltd., etc.
Public sector
The government owns most of the assets and provides all services.
Their main motive is public welfare rather than to earn a profit.
The decision regarding production and distri-bution are taken by the
government.
Due to the motives of public welfare, it invests funds to construct
infrastruc-tures for public utility/facilities, like the construction of roads,
bridges, etc.
Examples: railways, post office, police sta-tion, etc.
Answer 10- Primary Sector
1. As the method of farming changed and the agricultural sector began to
prosper, production increased. 2. Many people could not take up other
activities. 3. It is the stage of the goods produced were natural products
and most people employed in this sector.
Secondary Sector
1. Because new methods of manufacturing were introduced, factories
came up ang started expanding. 2. Farmers began to work in factories.
3.This sector slowly became the most important sector in total production
and employment. Hence a shift took place. It means the importance of
sectors had changed.
Tertiary Sector
1. In the past 100 years there has been another shift from secondary to tertiary sector in
the developed countries. 2. The service has become the most important. in terms of
total production. 3. Most of the working people are also employed in the service sector.
These are observed in the developed countries

Answer 11- Major steps towards decentralization and strengthening of the

third tier taken in 1992 were:
1. Now it is constitutionally mandated to hold regular elections to local
government bodies.
2. Seats are reserved in elected bodies for SCs, STs and OBCs.
3. At least l/3rd of all positions are reserved for women.
4. The State Election Commission was created to conduct Panchayat and
Municipal elections.
5. The state governments are required to share some powers and revenue
with local government bodies.
Answer 12- The Panchayats have been conceived as development
agencies. They aim at rural development by involving the rural community.
Panchayati Raj strengthens the foundation of Indian democracy. It provides
representation to the weaker sections of the society, namely, Scheduled
Tribes, Scheduled Castes, Other Backward Classes and women. The
Gram Panchayat maintains water sources, village wells, tanks and pumps,
street lighting and drainage system.
Answer 13- Primitive subsistence farming is still practiced in a few pockets
of India. Primitive subsistence farming is known by different names in
different parts of India.
• Primitive subsistence farming uses community or family labor.
• Primitive subsistence farming makes use of primitive tools like
digging sticks, Dao, and hoe.
• Primitive subsistence farming is practiced on small patches of land.
• Primitive subsistence farming depends upon different environmental
conditions, natural fertility of the soil, and the monsoon.
• Primitive subsistence farming is slash and burn agriculture .
Answer 14- The problems associated with the construction of large dams are:
1. Excessive sedimentation and salinity in the reservoir.
2. Waterlogging: This needs to be done so that the reservoir can be built.
3. Soil erosion: A large area might need to be underwater for the reservoir.
4. Large scale deforestation: Forrest areas where water was not present would
need to be underwater which leads to deforestation.
5. Potential flooding situation in case of an earthquake.
Answer 15- The Treaty of Vienna in 1815 included the following provisions:
(i)the bourbon dynasty was returned to power.
(ii) Under Napoleon, France lost the territories it had acquired.
(iii) To prevent further French expansion, a series of nations were established along
France's borders.
(iv) In the north, Belgium was established, and in the south, Genoa was added to
Piedmont.