COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DELTAMETHRIN INSECTICIDE AND

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS AGAINST MAJOR

PESTS ON EGGPLANT (Solanum melongena L.)

RICHESSE BELLE MARCELINO BARCOS

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY

OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY, COLEGGE OF
AGRICULTURE, CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR
THE DEGREE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

Crop Protection Entomology

SEPTEMBER 2024
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
TITLE PAGE
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
Objectives of the Study 2
Time and Place of the Study 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L. 4
Deltamethrin Insecticide 4
Biological Control Strategies 5
Major Insect Pests 7
CHAPTER II: METHODOLOGY
Materials 10
Methods 10
Soil Sampling and Analysis 11
Land Preparation 11
Seedling Preparation 11
Fertilizer Application 12
Transplanting and Replanting 12
Crop Care Maintenance 12
Sampling Procedure 12
Preservation of Voucher Specimen 13
Harvesting 13
Data to be Gathered 14
Statistical Analysis 15
LITERATURE CITED 16
APPENDICES
A. Lay-outing 21
 1

INTRODUCTION

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), is an important crop which is

grown through tropical and subtropical areas because of its great nutritional
and economic values. The crop has huge economic importance especially
nutrition wise as it is believed to contain vitamins, minerals and antioxidants
(Ghosh, 2022). Nonetheless, Nayak et al. (2021) reported that eggplant
production is threatened by numerous insect pests such as the eggplant fruit
and shoot borer (Leucinodes orbonalis),aphids (Myzus persicae), Whiteflies
(Bemisia tabaci), and Thrips (Frankliniella spp.) which can negatively impact
yield and quality. Hence, pest control or management practices becomes an
indispensable part of the eggplant production systems.

The use of some ardent pesticides most especially insecticides like

deltamethrin has been a practice for many years in the fight against pest as
it has shown great performance and speed. Deltamethrin is a synthetic
pyrethroid which kills insect pest through dermal contact and digestion, and it
also acts as a neurotoxin in insects (Kumar, 2016). According to Singh et
al.(2020), about 60% of loss in the cultivated area of eggplant can be
attributed to pest attacks. It has been reported by Kumar et al.(2019) that the
application of deltamethrin brings down pest populations by an average of
85% in 48 hours.
Biological control refers to the use of natural predators, parasites, or
pathogens to manage pests and diseases that affect the eggplant crop.
Biological control agents like the Trichogramma spp., Beauveria bassiana,
predatory mites, and ladybird beetles are some of the examples that are used to
control eggplant's major pests. Most insect pests have natural enemies, which
can be other arthropods, or entomopathogens such as fungi, bacteria, viruses,
or nematodes. Under natural conditions these natural enemies keep the pest
populations under reasonable control (Mkenda et al., 2017).
The primary purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of
 2

deltamethrin insecticide with biological control agents in managing major

pests on eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). This comparative analysis aims
to evaluate the effectiveness, environmental impact, and economic viability of
chemical versus biological pest control methods. The findings of this research
will provide insights into sustainable agricultural practices and guide to the
Eggplant Farmers, Agricultural Researchers, Agricultural Extension Workers
and Consumers

Objectives of the Study

The primary objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the

effectiveness of deltamethrin insecticide and various biological control agents
in managing major pests of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.).

The study will be conducted with the following objectives:

1. To evaluate the efficacy of deltamethrin insecticide in controlling major

pests of eggplant.

2. To assess the effectiveness of biological control agents.

3. To compare the economic and environmental implications of using

deltamethrin and biological control agents.
4. To analyze the impact of the two pest management strategies on
eggplant yield and pest infestation levels.

Time and Place of the Study

This study will be conducted throughout the 2024-2025 academic year,

covering both the first and second semesters. The research will take place at
the Agricultural Experimental Center (AEC) at Central Mindanao University,
Bukidnon, Philippines.
 3

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a nutritious, anti oxidant-rich

crop that supports health, livelihoods, and food security. A culinary staple
globally, it thrives in diverse climates, promotes sustainable farming, and
contributes to agricultural economies. According to Desiree et al. (2016)
Eggplant, also referred to as brinjal and aubergine, is a highly significant,
affordable, and popular vegetable crop extensively grown and consumed
across Asia. In the Philippines, eggplant cultivation represents over 30% of
the total vegetable production volume, making it one of the country's most
important crops. The production of eggplant offers a vital source of income,
especially for small-scale, resource-poor farmers. Eggplant is an ancient
crop in Eastern countries. Domestication of eggplant took place in the area
between northeastern India and southwestern China and very early
agricultural, botanical, and medicinal documents described its morphology,
uses and properties (Weese & Bohs, 2010).

Eggplant is a valuable perennial plant primarily cultivated for its

abundant fruit production, quick maturation, and large fruit size. It is mostly
grown in mixed cropping systems and is especially common in compound or
backyard farms (Onekutu et al., 2014). Eggplants are a versatile crop,
thriving in various soils and climates, and offering year-round growth and
steady market demand. However, they face challenges from insects,
diseases, and abiotic stresses (Alam & Sallimullah, 2021). Pests cause
damage by feeding on leaves, stems, and fruits, leading to defoliation,
stunted growth, and reduced market value. (Prodhan et al.,2018) reported
that yield losses in Bangladesh reach up to 86%, with farmers predominantly
using frequent insecticide applications to mitigate damage.

As the demand for eggplants rises among Polish consumers, field

 4

production is anticipated to become increasingly important due to the fruit's

profitability (Caruso et al.,2017). Eggplant (Solanum melongena) is a
significant crop globally, contributing to the livelihoods of many small-scale
farmers (Wade, 2022). In the Philippines, eggplant production accounts for
nearly one-third of the total volume of the top vegetables, providing a major
source of employment and income for small farmers (Dionglay, 20202). The
global production of eggplant is around 50 million tons annually, with a net
value of more than US$10 billion a year, making it the fifth most
economically important solanaceous crop after potato, tomato, pepper, and
tobacco (Wade, 2022).

Deltamethrin Insecticide

Deltamethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide widely used to

control a variety of pests in agriculture, public health, and households.
According to (Hasubur et al., 2014) Pyrethroids are synthetic organic
compounds synthesized from chrysanthemum flowers that are used
extensively as household and commercial insecticides. The keto-alocoholic
esters of chrysanthemic and pyrethroic acid being lipophilic are responsible
for its insecticidal properties (Rajwinder et al., 2024). Deltamethrin is an
alpha-cyano pyrethroid insecticide used extensively in pest control. Although
initially thought to be least toxic, a number of recent reports showed its
toxicity in mammalian and non-mammalian laboratory and wildlife animal
species (Hasibur et al., 2014).

Deltamethrin, a type II synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, was first

marketed in 1977-1976. It was introduced to replace other insecticides and is
widely used in veterinary medicine, aquaculture, and agriculture (Song et al.,
2015). Deltamethrin, a moderately hazardous insecticide, is widely applied
to control various insect pests, safeguarding crops and animal health. As a
neurotoxin, it acts upon direct contact or ingestion by insects. In plants, its
application induces oxidative stress quantitatively (Siddiqui et al., 2022).
 5

Biological Control strategies

Trichogramma spp.

It refers to a genus of tiny parasitic wasps widely used as biological

control agents in agriculture. These wasps are natural enemies of many pest
insects, and their primary role is parasitizing the eggs of pests, preventing
them from developing into harmful larvae (Polaszek & Vilhemsen, 2023).
Trichogramma species are among the most commonly used natural enemies
in biological control programs worldwide. Their success in controlling
economically important lepidopterous pests on agricultural crops in China
has led to intensive studies on their biology and ecology to identify traits that
contribute to effective biological control (Zang et al., 2021). Their success in
controlling economically important lepidopterous pests on agricultural crops
has led to intensive studies on their biology and ecology to identify traits that
contribute to effective biological control (Prodhan et al., 2018).
Effective distribution of Trichogramma necessitates supportive
extension services and advanced technology. Field strategies vary based on
the desired approach (inundative or inoculative), and factors like timing,
frequency, release rates, weather conditions, crop type, host availability,
predation, pesticide use, and dispersal must all be considered (Komal et al.,
2022). According to (Jun-Jie el al., 2018), During a 3-year augmentative field
release from 2014 to 2016, diapaused Trichogramma dendrolimi effectively
parasitized the eggs of the Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis). These
findings suggest that diapaused T. dendrolimi can be an efficient alternative
for mass rearing and long-term cold storage.

Beauveria bassiana

It is a species of entomopathogenic fungus, meaning it is a fungus

that targets and infects insects, making it an important biological control
 6

agent in integrated pest management (IPM) programs. It is widely used to

control a range of insect pests in both agricultural and forestry settings
(Anjney et al., 2020). Among invertebrate fungal pathogens, Beauveria
bassiana has assumed a key role in management of numerous arthropod
agricultural, veterinary and forestry pests. Beauveria is typically deployed in
one or more inundative applications of large numbers of aerial conidia in dry
or liquid formulations, in a chemical paradigm Mascarin and Jaronski (2016).
Research on the insect pathogenic filamentous fungus, Beauveria
bassiana has witnessed significant growth in recent years from mainly
physiological studies related to its insect biological control potential, to
addressing fundamental questions regarding the underlying molecular
mechanisms of fungal development and virulence Urquiza and Keyhani
(2016).

Predatory Mites (Phytoseiulus persimilis)

Predatory mites play the leading role in commercial augmentative

biological control. They are mainly used in protected vegetable and
ornamental cultivation systems to control phytophagous mites, thrips and
whiteflies (Knapp et al., 2018). A successful biocontrol program hinges on
accurately identifying the pest and selecting effective predators based on
their life table parameters, foraging behavior, and trophic interactions. The
commercial use of mite predators is common due to the necessity for mass
production and large-scale releases to manage phytophagous mites
Fathipour and Maleknia (2016).
Predatory soil mites remain underrepresented in biological control, yet
they offer several advantages over predators on above-ground plant parts.
They are typically easy and cost-effective to mass rear, as many are
generalist predators, allowing them to target various pests and survive pest
scarcity by consuming alternative prey or food sources. Additionally, many
soil mites can withstand unfavorable conditions, facilitating their
establishment in diverse crops (Berretta et al., 2022).
 7

Ladybird Beetle (Coccinellidae)

Ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) are effective biocontrol agents for

managing pest populations in various crops, including eggplants. Their
predation on aphids, thrips, whiteflies, and other pests makes them valuable
for integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. Studies have shown that
ladybird beetles can significantly reduce pest populations, leading to
improved crop yields and reduced reliance on chemical pesticides (Sohail et
al., 2023). Among the different predator’s lady bird beetles play an important
role in the natural suppression of destructive insect. According to Ghosh
(2022) Coccinella sp., is an important lady bird beetle in the Gangetic plains
under the foothill of the Himalayan range so called terai region of West
Bengal, India was found very active, feeding on different insect pests of
eggplant/brinjal and other vegetable crops throughout the year.
Ladybird foraging behaviour includes location of the habitat of its
prey, location of prey and prey-selection. Chemical cues are important in
locating the habitats of their prey Pervez and Yadav (2018).

Major Insect Pest of Eggplant

Eggplant (Solanum melongena) is a widely cultivated vegetable crop

prone to infestation by several major insect pests, including the fruit and
shoot borer, aphids, whiteflies, and thrips. These pests vary in morphological
features and the types of damage they cause to the plant.

Eggplant Fruit and Shoot borer (Leucinodes orbonalis)

The fruit and shoot borer is one of the most destructive pests of
eggplant. Adults are small moths with pale white forewings featuring pinkish
spots, while the hindwings are transparent with dark borders. Larvae are
creamy white or pink with a brown head and measure up to 20 mm long
(Navasero & Calilung “n.d.”). The larvae bore into the shoots and fruits,
 8

causing wilting and internal damage, which significantly reduces

marketability and yield. Infested fruits show entry holes and become
unsuitable for consumption or sale.

Aphids (Myzus persicae)

Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that vary in color from green to
black, depending on the species and environmental conditions. They
possess long, slender antennae and a pair of cornicles (tube-like structures)
on their abdomen. Aphids reproduce rapidly, often forming large colonies on
the underside of leaves (Blackman & Eastop, 2000). They suck sap from the
plant, causing leaf curling, yellowing, and stunted growth. Additionally,
aphids are vectors for viral diseases, exacerbating their impact on eggplant
crops.

Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci)

Whiteflies are tiny, moth-like insects with yellowish bodies and two
pairs of white wings coated in powdery wax. They are typically found on the
undersides of leaves, where they feed and lay eggs in clusters (Byrne &
Bellows, 1991). These pests feed on phloem sap, causing chlorosis, reduced
photosynthesis, and overall weakening of the plant. Whiteflies also excrete
honeydew, which promotes sooty mold growth, further hindering the plant’s
growth. Furthermore, they transmit plant viruses such as tomato yellow leaf
curl virus.

Thrips (Frankliniella spp.)

Thrips are slender, elongated insects, usually yellow or brown, with

fringed wings. Adults are about 1 mm long and are highly mobile, often found
in flowers or on the undersides of leaves (Mound, 2005). Thrips damage
eggplants by puncturing cells to feed on sap, causing silvery streaks and
deformation of leaves. This damage reduces the plant's photosynthetic
 9

capacity and overall vigor. Severe infestations can result in defoliation and
flower drop, leading to lower yields.
 10

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

The materials used for the study included eggplant seeds, shovel,
rake, bolo, measuring tape, and gardening gloves for land preparation.
Planting and maintenance required materials such as rope, support stakes
or trellises, mulching materials, nets, and watering cans. For pest control,
Deltamethrin insecticide, sprayer, yellow sticky traps, Measuring cups, insect
nets, jars or plastic containers, plastic cups with screen covers, light sources,
and thin white fabric were used for insect collection. Harvesting involved the
use of pruning shears and plastic or eco bags. Data recording was done
using a record book, notebook, and ballpen, while documentation was
carried out with a cellphone camera.

Methods

Experimental Design and Treatment

This study will employ a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five
(5) treatments, each treatment will be replicated four (4) to ensure statistical
validity. These are the treatments:

T1 - (Chemical Pesticide - Deltamethrin)

T2 - (Biological Control - Trichogramma spp.)
T3 - (Biological Control - Beauveria bassiana)
T4 - (Biological Control – Predatory Mites)
T5 - (Biological Control – Ladybird Beetle)
 11

Soil Sampling Analysis

Ten (10) soil samples will be collected randomly from the

experimental area using a zigzag sampling pattern before plowing. The
collected samples will be air-dried, crushed, and pulverized. A composite
sample weighing one (1) kilogram will then be sieved and sent to the Soil
and Plant Analysis Laboratory (SPAL) at the Department of Soil Science,
Central Mindanao University. The sample will be and the recommended
fertilizer application will be determined based on the results.

Land Preparation

The land preparation this study involves selecting a site, clearing it’s
weeds and debris, and tilling the soil to a depth of 15-20 cm to ensure proper
aeration and root growth. The 348.5 𝑚2 area is divided into 20 experimental
plots following a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 5
treatments and 4 replications. Each plot is equal size. Distance per plot will
be 2.5m by 1m with four (4) rows each plot and five (5) hills per row. Each
plot will have 2.5m apart distance. These preparations will established a
possible environment for Eggplant.

Seedling Preparation

Seeds will first be soaked in water for 24 hours to promote

germination, then sown in seed trays filled with a well-draining, fertile
seedling mix. The trays will be kept in a shaded, humid area to protect the
seedlings from direct sunlight. After germination, seedlings will be watered
regularly to ensure they remain healthy and free from pest infestations. Once
the seedlings reach a height of about 15-20 cm and develop 3-4 true leaves,
they will be hardened off by gradually exposing them to outdoor conditions
for several days.
 12

Fertilizer Application

Fertilizer application requires careful planning and precise timing to

ensure optimal growth for Eggplant. Nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus,
and potassium will be applied based on soil test analysis results. Once
determined, the fertilizer will be placed 2-3 inches away from the base of the
plants to prevent root damage, followed by thorough watering to aid nutrient
absorption.

Transplanting and Replanting

Once the eggplant seedlings reach 15-20 cm in height and have at

least 3-4 true leaves, they will be transplanted into the experimental plots.
During transplanting, each seedling will be carefully removed from the seed
tray, ensuring minimal disturbance to the roots, and planted in pre-dug holes
at the same depth as they were in the trays. If any seedlings fail to establish,
they will be replaced with new, healthy seedlings to maintain consistency
across the experiment.

Crop Care Maintenance

After transplanting, the eggplants will be regularly watered to keep the

soil moist but not waterlogged. Weeding will be carried out manually every
two weeks to reduce competition for nutrients. A layer of mulch will be
applied around the base of the plants to conserve moisture and control
weeds. Plant will be monitored regularly for signs of pest infestation, and
pest control treatments (Deltamethrin or Biological agents) will be applied as
per the Experimental design.

Sampling Procedure

Pest populations will be monitored weekly by inspecting both the

 13

upper and lower sides of leaves, stems, and fruits. Major insect pests such
as aphids, whiteflies, F/S borers, thrips and other pests will be identified and
counted. A yellow sticky trap will be used to capture adult whiteflies, while
aphid populations will be counted directly on plant leaves. Fruit and shoot
borer damage will be assessed by checking for visible tunnels and feeding
marks on the fruits and stems. The number of pests will be recorded per
plant, and pest control efficacy will be calculated based on the reduction in
pest population.

Preservation of Voucher Specimen

Insect specimens (aphids, whiteflies, and fruit borers) collected during

sampling will be preserved for later identification and analysis. Pests will be
collected using a fine brush and stored in small vials containing 70% ethanol
to prevent decomposition. Specimens will be labeled with the date, treatment,
and plot number for proper documentation. These preserved specimens will
later be identified under a microscope for further analysis.

Harvesting

Eggplants will be harvested when they reach their mature size and
characteristic color, typically around 60-75 days after transplanting, depending
on the variety. Fruits will be harvested carefully to avoid damaging the plants,
and only mature, undamaged fruits will be selected. The number of fruits per
plant and the total fruit yield (in kilograms per plot) will be recorded at each
harvest. Harvesting will be done at regular intervals until all fruits have
reached maturity or until pest damage is no longer economically viable.
 14

Data to be Gathered

1. Occurrence of Major Insect Pest

The number of major insect pest will be recorded per treatment.

This will be monitored at seedling, vegetative and maturity stage of
eggplants.

2. Population Count of Shoot and Fruit Borer

The presence of shoot and fruit borer will be counted through

visual sampling, and handpicking sampling technique. It will be
conducted from the vegetative until the reproductive stage of
eggplants, and will be recorded per plot.

3. Population Count of Aphids

The presence of aphids will be counted through visual

sampling, and handpicking as the sampling technique. It will be
conducted from the vegetative until the reproductive stage of
eggplants, and will be recorded plot.

4. Population Count of Whitefly

The presence of leaf roller will be counted through visual

sampling, handpicking, netting, and light traps as the sampling
technique. It will be conducted from the vegetative until the
reproductive stage of eggplants, and will be recorded per plot.

5. Population Count of Thrips

The presence of Thrips will be counted through visual

 15

sampling, handpicking, netting, and light traps as the sampling

technique. It will be conducted from the vegetative until the
reproductive stage of eggplants, and will be recorded per plot.

6. Percent Damage caused by Eggplant major Insect Pests

The damages caused by Eggplant major Insect Pests will be gathered

through visual inspection, and will be evaluated through the use of scale
and using the percent damage formula.

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡

% Damage= 𝑥100
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒

Statistical Analysis

The data will be analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
RandomizedComplete Block Design (RCBD). Treatments will be compared
using the Honestly Significant Difference (HSD).
 16

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APPENDIX

Lay-outing

A strategic layout is designed to ensure optimal growth and yield by

incorporating appropriate spacing requirement.

1m
T1R1 m T2R1 2.5m T3R1 T4R1
mm

1m
m 2.5m
mm
T3R1 T4R1 T5R1
T2R1

T4R1 T5R1 T1R1

T3R1 20.5m
mm

T4R1 T5R1 T1R1 T2R1

T4R1 T1R1 T2R1 T3R1

17m

Figure 2. Field Layout of the Study. “Comparative Study of Deltamethrin

Insecticide and Biological Control Agents Against Major Pests on
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)
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