Journal of Water Process Engineering 53 (2023) 103579

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Water Process Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jwpe

Current perspectives, recent advancements, and efficiencies of various

dye-containing wastewater treatment technologies
Mohammad Danish Khan b, *, Ankit Singh a, Mohammad Zain Khan c, Shamas Tabraiz d,
Javed Sheikh a, **
a
Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
b
Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
c
Industrial Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
d
School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury CT1 1QU, United Kingdom

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The usage of dyes is increasing due to their high demand in expanding industrial sector. As a result, large vol­
Dye wastewater umes of dye wastewater are being generated, particularly in the textile industry. Colored effluent discharged by
Environmental health and safety industrial processes into surface water bodies negatively affects aquatic, human, and animal life, which is a major
Physicochemical and chemical decolorization
global concern. To reduce the detrimental effects of dye wastewater on the environment, it should be treated
Bioremediation
Removal efficiency
before its disposal. This article extensively reviews the existing and advancements in physical, physicochemical,
chemical, and biological treatment technologies and their efficacies in dye removal (%). Also, the article sum­
marized the benefits and challenges associated with the existing methods to use them at an industrial scale. The
physical, physicochemical, and chemical methods have less hydraulic retention time (HRT), from minutes to a
few hours, and higher removal efficiencies (85–100 %). However, certain drawbacks hinder their widespread
use, such as limited regenerative capacities of adsorbents, filtration associated with high fouling rates of the
membrane, higher costs of ion exchange, sludge production in coagulation-flocculation, high treatment cost and
high dissolved oxygen requirement in sonocatalysis and in chemical technologies: secondary pollutants pro­
duction, sludge production, high cost, and ecological inefficiency. Biological-based treatment with bacteria,
fungus, yeast, and algae has a bit higher HRT (a few hours to days) with removal efficiencies ranging between 85
and 100 % with the advantage of low cost, low energy requirement, less sludge, and being environmentally
friendly. Developing an environmentally friendly and low-cost method is currently the need of the hour. Re­
searchers have increasingly focused on bioremediation as an essential method for removing dangerous dye
contaminants from natural water bodies. State of the art of bioremediation techniques has also been discussed
from an economic and technological standpoint.

1. Introduction tea waste (Camellia sinensis), Hina (Lawsonia inermis L), safflower (Car­
thamus tinctorius), saffron (Crocus sativus), sappan wood (Caesalpinia
Dye molecules contain chromophores which give them color, and the sappan), logwood (Haematoxylon compechianum), pomegranate rind
auxochromes are responsible for enhancing the dye's color. The wave­ (Punica granatum) [2], or animal sources such as Lac Insect (Kerriidae),
length of light absorbed by the chromophores and auxochromes de­ cochineal (Dactylopiuscoccus), sea snails, Kermes, shellfish [3] at the
termines the varied colors that the dyes produce [1]. The two types of beginning of civilizations.
dyes available are natural and synthetic. Colors were derived from With the advancement of a modern and information-based society,
natural sources either from plants such as madder (Rubia tinctorum), the synthetic chemicals behind the color were identified. Researchers
beetroot red (Betanin), indigo (Indigofera tinctoria), turmeric (Curcuma can now identify the functional groups in molecules that absorb light in
longa), Jack fruits (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam), Onion (Allium cepa), the range from 400 to 800 nm (visible region), resulting in the

* Correspondence to: M.D. Khan, Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom.
** Corresponding author.
E-mail address: jnsheikh@textile.iitd.ac.in (J. Sheikh).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.103579
Received 12 December 2022; Received in revised form 5 February 2023; Accepted 10 February 2023
Available online 15 March 2023
2214-7144/© 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
M.D. Khan et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering 53 (2023) 103579

appearance of the color. Direct, acidic, basic, dispersion, reactive, azo, clothes, towels, bedsheets, and uniforms, some of them are just re-dyed.
and anthraquinone dyes are among the different types of synthetic dyes Adding a new pigment to old items is equivalent to purchasing new ones
based on their structure. These structural differences in dyes may also be without the added cost. Since the industrial revolution, a large number
categorized into (i) anionic, (ii) cationic, and (iii) non-ionic dyes [4]. of distinct types of produced dyes with a wide range of properties have
Particularly in textile industry, there are various classes of dyes, and been synthesized and made available in large quantities for the textile
they are selected for textile coloration based on the chemistry of the dye, industry [17]. Synthetic dyes are used to varying degrees in many in­
the fibre to be dyed, and dye-fibre interactions. Direct dyes can be dustries, extending from textiles to paper and leather. The food, phar­
directly applied to fabrics without the need for any textile auxiliary and maceutical, and petroleum sectors are among the other industries that
form a hydrogen bond with the textiles. The reason these dyes have use synthetic dyes [18].
gained popularity as compared with natural dyes is that mordants and Humans have negatively interacted with the natural environment by
other binders have become obsolete with the advent of cotton dyeing. By depositing toxic contaminants in aquatic ecosystems and terrestrial
using direct dyes, fabrics such as cotton, rayon, linen, silk, wool, and habitats, and the color industry is one of the significant contributors to
nylon can be dyed. Reactive dyes, which contain a reactive group in the water quality deterioration, which will continue to pollute nature
their structure, form covalent bonds with the fibre to lastingly dye the indefinitely. Dyes released into aquatic habitats pose an adverse effect
fibre [5,6]. Reactive dyes are most commonly used for dyeing cotton and on aquatic flora. The sunlight absorption and reflection into the water is
other cellulosic fabrics [7]. These dyes are soluble in water and anionic the more evident natural problem with dye. Dyes shield light out of the
in nature. Reactive dyes have moderate rubbing fastness and good aquatic environment's photic zone. As a result, substantial environ­
washing and lightfastness properties. The dyes are found in different mental concerns have emerged, including alterations in the nature of
forms, such as powders, pastes, and liquids. Alkaline conditions and aquatic habitats and reduced photosynthesis in comparison to aquatic
electrolytes are required during the dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes vegetation [19]. Excessive amounts of dyes in water diminish oxygen
[8]. An acidic-to-neutral bath is required for the application of acid dyes. levels and inhibit aquatic fauna's biological activity [20]. Furthermore,
Powder, paste, and liquid forms are available; acidic conditions and 60–70 % of dyes are toxic, recalcitrant, carcinogenic, and resistant to
electrolytes are required for dyeing; to put acid dyes to use, they must be degradation using traditional treatment strategies [21–23].
diluted with an acidic bath. Most commonly, these dyes are carboxylic In addition, the presence of dyes and textile pigments in wastewater
or sulfuric acid salts and are used to dye protein fibres. Acid dyes are results in being extremely colorful, fluctuating pH, and has a high
anionic having SO3H and COOH groups, highly soluble in water [9], and amount of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon, bio­
have an affinity for polyamide and protein fibres. These dyes primarily logical oxygen demand, and suspended particles [24]. These suspended
create ionic bonds, but they also contribute to Van der Waals and H- materials block the movement of water down the gills of the fish,
bonds. The dye's active component to be responsible for the interaction inhibiting the exchange of gases and consequently reducing the growth
with the fibre is the anion. Acid dyes have low wash fastness; however, rate of fish or mortality [25]. Fish feed consumption lowers due to long-
they have satisfactory lightfastness. An acidic medium is needed for term exposure to dye effluents, resulting in a lower fat, protein, and
their application. Basic dyes are cationic and have cationic groups such carbohydrate contents [26]. Furthermore, fishes are also prone to
as –NR+ 3 and –NR2 , and due to their cationic nature, these are particu­
+
several diseases due to the harmful effects of hypoxia on their physio­
larly well suited to dyeing anionic fibres such as acrylic fibres and less logical responses, particularly the immune system [27]. Thus, polluted
preferred for dyeing wool or nylon [10]. Generally, acrylic fibre has an fishes have a substantial negative effect on human health. Enormous
anionic charge due to the presence of –SO3- or –COO− groups [11], quantities of dyes are discharged into oceans, rivers, seas, and lakes,
providing a better affinity for the cationic-charged basic dye. In the case which impact badly on algal growth [28]. Dye effluents disrupt the
of wool and nylon, charges are pH dependent, and they show maximum chemical balance of the soil and affect soil microflora. Germination and
anionic nature at a very high pH (a highly alkaline medium). Wool and chlorophyll content in plants are also harmed by these organic con­
nylon have amphoteric charges at neutral pH. At alkaline pH, wool starts taminants [29]. Dyes have been related to diseases in humans and ani­
generating more anionic charges [12]; however, such conditions dam­ mals, such as dermatitis and central nervous system disorders [30].
age the wool and nylon fibres and cause them to lose their strength. Textile dyes, especially if exposed to dust, can cause skin and eye irri­
Therefore, cationic dye is preferred for acrylic over wool and nylon. On tation as well as asthma when swallowed or inhaled [31]. The wide­
the other hand, basic dyes are renowned for their low lightfastness and spread use of dyes in various industries has resulted in the potential
low adherence to fibre substrates [13]. Azo dyes account for more than cause of lung, breast, colorectal, and bladder cancers in humans [32].
two-thirds (70 %) of all synthetic dyes [14]. Due to their industrially Removing dye molecules from water sources has become a severe
attractive qualities, such as ease of synthesis, low cost, excellent fastness environmental problem and a challenge in recent years. Nowadays,
to washing and light, and availability in a wide range of colors, azo dyes techniques for recovering and recycling dye wastewater have received
are preferred over other dyes [13]. much attention as freshwater is getting scarce. Developing a sustainable
In developing countries, the textile processing industries are well- solution to remove dyes from dye effluents would be extremely benefi­
known. In any textile industry, 100,000–350,000 L of water are uti­ cial to the environment. Different physical, physicochemical, chemical
lized per ton of textile products manufactured [15]. This water is pri­ and biological dye removal technologies have been evaluated in many
marily used for pre-treatment, dye fixation, and the removal of research studies, all of which claim effective dye treatment. An ideal dye
unreacted dye from textiles. Textile industries, as a result of their high- removal process should be capable of treating high concentrations of
water usage and recalcitrant pollutants, constitute an undesirable dyes from water in a short period (hydraulic retention time (HRT))
environmental challenge. Today, around a hundred thousand distinct without producing secondary pollutants (hazardous by-products).
dyes and pigments are available, with 7 × 105 tonnes of dyestuff pro­ This study reviewed the conventional physical, physicochemical,
duced annually worldwide [14]. Several sectors have embraced the use chemical, and biological based technologies used for dye removal and
of dyes to reduce overhead costs and expand existing company mate­ recent advances in them. The aim of this article was to review the
rials, in addition to giving color to everyday products. Dyes offer color to treatment methods used for various dye removal especially for dye
various materials, such as textiles, paper, and leather, with appreciable effluent from textile industry and compare their removal efficiency, and
color fastness even upon repetitive washing or exposure to heat and/or outline the operational parameters that influence the treatment pro­
light [16]. Dyes are unquestionably revolutionary, as they provide color cesses, and recent advances in dye-containing wastewater treatment. We
and a new viewpoint to the vast majority of items used in the home and have also discussed and elaborated on the mechanisms of dye removal,
at work. In addition to textile manufacturing, dyes are utilized in a range advantages and disadvantages of different physical, physicochemical,
of industries, such as hotels, where instead of changing items such as and chemical methods, compared the removal efficiencies, hydraulic

2
M.D. Khan et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering 53 (2023) 103579

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 1. Different physical, and physicochemical treatment methods for dye wastewater (a) adsorption-based [133], (b) membrane-based, (c) ion exchange-based, (d)
coagulation-flocculation, and (e) sonocatalytic [129].

3
M.D. Khan et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering 53 (2023) 103579

(d)

(e)

Fig. 1. (continued).

retention times (decide the size of the reactor), and concentration of dye its low initial investment and operational costs, high effectiveness,
or type of microorganism used to remove various dyes. Although operational simplicity, recovery, and recycling of adsorbent materials
numerous dye removal methods have been studied, biological methods, [40–43]. The adsorption treatment process of dye molecules results from
in particular, have benefits over physical, physicochemical, and chem­ a variety of forces, including Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds,
ical procedures. electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic interactions [44]. Adsorp­
tion of dye molecules (sorbate) on the surface of sorbent occurs via
2. Physical, and physicochemical methods for treatment of dye- various steps, including molecular interactions, dye diffusion through
containing wastewater boundary layers, intraparticle diffusion into sorbent interiors, either by
monolayer or multilayer, and dye adsorption on the surface of the sor­
Various physical, and physicochemical methods treatment methods bent. Furthermore, dye diffusion from the surface into the interior of the
has been employed to treat the dye wastewater with higher removal sorbent occurs either by monolayers or multilayers [45]. The initial
efficiencies using adsorption, membrane filtration, ion exchange, concentration of dye, pH, temperature, as well as adsorbent material are
coagulation-flocculation, and sonocatalytic processes (Fig. 1). Physical, the parameters that influence adsorption efficiency [46]. Among all, the
and physicochemical techniques provide some advantages, including most critical parameter influencing the adsorption process is the initial
suitability for a wide range of dyes, simple design, readily available, dye concentration, which influences dye removal efficiency indirectly
simple to operate, less chemical requirements, and having no inhibitory by lowering or increasing the binding sites' availability on the surface of
impact when toxic, harmful compounds are present. However, toxic by- the adsorbent. The effectiveness of dye removal usually declines as the
products, sludge generation, high capital and operational cost, continual initial dye concentration increases because of the saturation of adsorp­
maintenance, and limited applicability make these technologies unfa­ tion sites on the adsorbent surface [47].
vorable [33,34]. The temperature also impacts the treatment process as it disturbs the
removal procedure by changing the reaction nature from exothermic to
2.1. Adsorption process endothermic or inversely. Depending on the type of pollutant and the
adsorbent material, the temperature can have a variable effect on
Adsorption is a cutting-edge physicochemical technology to remove sorption efficiency, as it can increase or decrease the adsorbent removal
heavy metals, aromatic chemicals, antibiotics, and dyes from waste­ efficiency [48]. Furthermore, pH affects the chemistry of pollutants in
water [22,35–39]. When compared to conventional processes, adsorp­ solution, adsorption mechanisms, adsorbent properties and activity,
tion has caught the eye among wastewater treatment techniques due to competition with coexisting ions, and charge on the surface of the

4
M.D. Khan et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering 53 (2023) 103579

adsorbent [49]. Depending on the pH of the solution, the adsorbent and 2.2. Membrane separation process
dye structure can also be affected. Anionic dyes bind more effectively to
the adsorbent surface in an acidic solution; however, cationic dyes bind Membrane separation is an advanced physical wastewater treatment
more efficiently in a basic solution, as demonstrated by practical ap­ technology that involves passing wastewater over a porous membrane
plications [50]. The quantitative ratio of adsorbent to dye is a significant (Fig. 1b). Membrane separation is typically used to remove dyes through
factor in determining the process of adsorption. The dosage of the Donnan exclusion, size exclusion, and adsorption mechanisms. A simple
adsorbent plays an essential role in defining its capacity to adsorb a method to increase dye rejection of porous membranes is to optimize the
particular initial concentration of dye. Increasing adsorbent dosage at a pore size or surface charge of the membrane. Adding filler materials to
constant pollutant concentration provides more active surface area and negatively charge membrane surfaces has been shown to increase dye
active adsorption sites [51]. The schematic representation of an rejection (for negatively charged dyes) due to electrostatic repulsion
adsorption technique for dye-containing wastewater treatment is shown [77,78]. The size exclusion effect can also be exploited to reject dyes
in Fig. 1a. when the size of the hydrated dye ions exceeds the membrane's pore
The classification and sorting of adsorbents have become increas­ size. Dye rejection is typically achieved by combining charge and size
ingly important as the number of adsorbents used has grown. There are exclusion effects. As dye molecules agglomerate in aqueous solutions,
five different types of novel adsorbents [52]: (1) natural, agricultural, the size exclusion effect becomes more pronounced. The Donnan
and industrial materials such as sawdust, wood, fuller's earth, bauxite, exclusion effect will, however, predominate over the size effect for dye
bark, cotton fibre, tea/coffee residues, fruit, and vegetable peels and molecules with low molecular weights. The intrinsic charge of the dyes
their composites, rice husk, metal hydroxide sludge, red mud, and fly; in a hydrated state must therefore be used to modify the surface charge
(2) natural materials: activated carbons [53], alumina, and silica gel that of the porous membranes [77].
have been modified to improve their structure and properties; (3) The driving forces that distinguish separation processes can be
manufactured materials include aluminosilicates materials (zeolites) identified as pressure difference (microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nano­
and polymeric resins; (4) bio-sorbents such as chitosan, cyclodextrin, filtration, reverse osmosis), osmosis pressure (forward osmosis), and
filamentous fungi, and bacterial biomass; and (5) mixed adsorbents such potential difference (electrodialysis) [79]. Microfiltration membranes
as nanomaterials, nanocomposites, and metal-organic frameworks. have large pore sizes and often retain particles larger than 100 nm, while
A number of review articles cover various adsorbents' applications, Ultrafiltration membranes typically retain colloids, macromolecules,
classification, effectiveness, and qualities. New adsorbents with and proteins in the range of 5–100 nm [80]. Nanofiltration and ultra­
improved features, such as low cost and ease of accessibility, must be filtration are cutting-edge and sustainable technologies [81]. Dyes that
investigated and developed for adsorption methods to have high are insoluble in water, such as disperse dye and indigo dye, can be
removal efficiency even at trace levels. To replace the widely used recycled and separated using ultrafiltration, while reactive dyes can be
activated carbon, researchers have recently focused on developing cost- hydrolyzed from dye wastewater using nanofiltration and reverse
effective, eco-friendly, and novel adsorbents as alternatives [54]. The osmosis methods. Ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes can be
properties of every adsorbent vary depending on its pore structure, employed in a continuous process to clear and concentrate dyes from
porosity, specific surface area, surface chemistry (functional groups), wastewater. Several materials have been demonstrated to provide good
and structural specifications. To treat dye-contaminated water, a wide color removal, including nanofiltration (sulfonated polyethyleneimine/
variety of natural adsorbents have been investigated, for example, chi­ polyethyleneimine/polyetherimide/polysulfone) [82–86], ultrafiltra­
tosan [55], clays [41], cyclodextrin [56], eggshell [57], fruit peel [58], tion (Fe-TiO2 nanotubes/polyethersulfone) membranes [87], and
wool [59], cellulose [60,61], shrimp [62], rice bran [63], seeds [43], ceramic membranes produced from alumina and clay [88]. The
argan nutshell, and almond shell [64–67]. El Khomri et al. [68] reported concentrated residue remaining after separation, on the other hand,
the Congo Red (CR) desorption from two dye-loaded argan nutshell causes disposal issues.
(ArS) and almond shell (AmS) at optimum conditions (CR-adsorbent Furthermore, the membranes have a limited lifespan before clogging
dose = 16 g/L, contact time = 50 min, pH = 4, temperature = 23 ± or fouling occurs, and the cost of replacing them on a regular basis
1 ◦ C), 98.15 % and 98.43 % CR adsorption, respectively, for CR-argan makes the process uneconomical. Membrane filters for separation are
nutshell and CR-almond shell was achieved. determined by a number of parameters, including the nature of the dye
The use of metal oxide, nanocomposites, polymers nanocomposites, and dyeing method, as well as the chemical composition of the con­
or conducting polymers as adsorbents have recently attracted consid­ taminants [89]. Reverse osmosis is a method of removing chemical
erable interest among researchers for the removal of dyes from dye- components from dye effluent as well as decolorizing various dyes.
containing wastewater [69–75]. In a work, A. M. Barbakir et al. [72] Decolorization and chemical complex removal from dye-containing
reported the rapid removal (98 % removal efficiency) of CR dye from effluent can be accomplished in a single phase of the reverse osmosis
contaminated water using a poly(3-aminobenzoic acid/graphene oxide process [90]. Marszałek and Żyłła [91] investigated an innovative two-
(GO)/cobalt ferrite) nanocomposite low-cost adsorbent. Ali et al. [71] stage membrane filtration process combining nanofiltration and reverse
achieved a Methyl Orange (MO) dye adsorption efficiency of 97 % using osmosis to purify model textile wastewater. In two-stage filtration, the
a new type of nanocomposite material PANI/NiO/MnO2. In a study, poly dye from the wastewater of the model textile was completely removed
(p-aminophenol) (PpAP), with starch and GO as an adsorbent, was [91]. Microfiltration is a type of pre-treatment process for nanofiltration
synthesized for the successful treatment of Methylene Blue (MB) with a and reverse osmosis processes. Microfiltration using a 0.1–1 μm porous
removal efficiency of 96.7 % [74]. El Messaoudi et al. [76] used hy­ membrane can be used to extract dye molecules from the dye waste [20];
drothermally engineered Eriobotrya japonica leaves/MgO nano­ however, microfiltration is commonly not employed for wastewater
composites for 99.51 % removal of tartrazine (TZ) with an adsorption treatment due to the large size of pores [92].
capacity of 643.5 mg/g. Table 1 illustrates the adsorption method for Wastewater treatment plants using membrane technologies are
dye degradation and dye removal efficiency (%). subject to flux decline and membrane fouling. In order to address these
Despite numerous studies demonstrating adequate removal of pol­ problems, the modules and components need to be cleaned frequently or
lutants, particularly dyes, some challenges remain for adsorption replaced on a regular basis. Additionally, the generated concentrate or
application on an industrial scale, such as determining the operating waste materials must be processed for further oxidation [93]. Different
lifetime and the ability to regenerate adsorbent materials, which justifies physical, chemical, and biological methods have been suggested to
further research. reduce the fouling problem [94]. However, more research is needed to
reduce fouling to make membrane technology more sustainable. Table 1
shows the findings of numerous studies on the membrane treatment

5
M.D. Khan et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering 53 (2023) 103579

Table 1
Results of various studies on physical, and physicochemical methods for dye degradation.
Adsorbent/material composition Process Dye Optimized conditions Maximum Removal References
adsorption efficiency (%
capacity (mg/g) decolorization)

Rice bran Adsorption Reactive Blue 4 Dose: 65.36 mg, temperature: 178.57–185.19 98.2 [63]
60 ◦ C, pH: 6.1, contact time: 6 h,
dye concentration: 500 mg/L
Moringa seeds waste Adsorption CR Dose: 500 mg, temperature: 40 ◦ C, 196.8 88.7 [43]
pH: 7, contact time: 45 min, dye
concentration: 100 mg/L
Ceramic Adsorption Cationic Red X- Dose: 30 mg, temperature: 25 ◦ C, 1.044 100 [40]
5GN pH:12, contact time: 1 min, dye
concentration:100 mg/L
CoFe2O4/fulvic acid Adsorption Remazole-Red Dose: 50 mg, temperature: 25 ◦ C, 48.2 99.5 [134]
pH: 3, contact time: 10 min, dye
concentration: 50 mg/L
Sepiolite clay Adsorption Direct Red DR- Dose: 0.25 g/L, temperature: 32.5 92.3 [41]
23 25 ◦ C, pH: 4, contact time: 180
min, dye concentration: 10 mg/L
Sheep wool Adsorption Alizarin Red S Dose: 8 g/L, temperature: 25 ◦ C, 16 93.2 [59]
pH: 2, contact time: 90 min, dye
concentration: 100 mg/L
Chitosan/silver nitrate/cellulosic Adsorption Reactive Dose: 8 g/L, pH: 3, contact time: 125 97.9 [58]
banana peel Orange 5 90 min, dye concentration: 50
mg/L
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Adsorption MB Dose: 3 mg/L, temperature: 25 ◦ C, 3.39–10.63 86 [55]
bromide impregnated chitosan pH: 11, contact time: 25 min, dye
concentration: 10 mg/L
Zn metal-organic frameworks Adsorption Malachite Dose: 20 mg, temperature: 25 ◦ C, 953.14 99 [42]
Green (MG) pH:8, contact time: 120 min, dye
concentration: 20 mg/L
Ceramic nano-clay Microfiltration Crystal Violet Pressure applied: 1 bar, pH: 6, – 95.5 [135]
HRT: 45 min, dye concentration:
54 mg/L
Polyethersulfone/ Microfiltration Blue Corazol Membrane surface area: 12.56 – 96 [136]
polyethersulfone/GO cm2, pressure applied: 3 bar, HRT:
6 h, dye concentration: 10 mg/L
Fe-TiO2 nanotubes/ Ultrafiltration Rhodamine B Membrane surface area: 10 cm2, 185.18 97 [87]
polyethersulfone (RB) pressure applied: 2 bar,
temperature: 30 ◦ C, pH: 2,
HRT:120 min, dye concentration:
20 mg/L
Poly(diallyldimethylammonium) Ultrafiltration MO Membrane surface area: 41.8 cm2, – 90 [137]
chloride pressure applied: 2 bar,
temperature: 25 ◦ C, pH: 6, dye
concentration: 80 mg/L
Polyetherimide Nanofiltration Reactive Black Pressure applied: 2.7 bar, – 92 [82]
5 temperature: RT, dye
concentration: 150 mg/L, flux:
0.01 L m− 2 h− 1
Hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile Nanofiltration Methyl Blue Membrane surface area: 28.7 cm2, – 97.3 [138]
ultrafiltration/polyethylenimine pressure applied: 2 bar,
temperature: 25 ◦ C, pH: 7, HRT:
30 min, dye concentration: 100
mg/L
Sulfonated polyethyleneimine/ Nanofiltration CR Membrane surface area: 13.5 cm2, – 99.3 [86]
polyethyleneimine pressure applied: 2 bar,
temperature: 25 ◦ C, pH: 6, HRT:
30 min, dye concentration: 50
mg/L
bisAPAF and 1,3,5-trimesyol Nanofiltration Direct Red 23 Membrane surface area: 7.1 cm2, – 99.8 [139]
chloride pressure applied: 2 bar,
temperature: 25 ◦ C, pH: 2, HRT:
120 min, dye concentration: 50
mg/L
Polysulfone/m- Nanofiltration Reactive Red Pressure applied: 8.2 bar, – 88 [85]
phenylenediamine/trimesoyl 120 temperature: RT, dye
chloride concentration: 100 mg/L
Clay-GO Forward osmosis RB Membrane surface area: 4.9 cm2, – 99.9 [140]
temperature: 25 ◦ C: HRT: 24 h,
dye concentration: 200 mg/L
Composite polyamide Reverse osmosis Acid Blue Membrane surface area: 7.9 m2, – 98 [141]
pressure applied: 10 bar, pH: 7,
HRT: 90 min, dye concentration:
100 mg/L
Anion exchange BII 17.16 85.8 [142]
(continued on next page)

6
M.D. Khan et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering 53 (2023) 103579

Table 1 (continued )
Adsorbent/material composition Process Dye Optimized conditions Maximum Removal References
adsorption efficiency (%
capacity (mg/g) decolorization)

Polyvinyl alcohol/quaternized Eriochrome Resin dose: 0.1 g, temperature:

poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4- Black-T 25 ◦ C, HRT: 48 h, dye
phenylene oxide) concentration: 50 mg/L
Dimethylethanolamine Anion exchange MO Resin dose: 0.05 g, temperature: 18.65–19.61 99 [97]
25 ◦ C, HRT: 1440 min, dye
concentration: 50 mg/L
Zero-valent iron Cation exchange Reactive Red Resin dose: 0.2 g, temperature: 30,000 97 [96]
198 25 ◦ C, HRT: 24 h, dye
concentration: 3 g/L
(HPMA-co-EGDMA-co-GMA)- Cation exchange Disperse Violet Resin dose: 1 g, temperature: 179.6 91.2 [95]
SO3H 28 45 ◦ C, pH: 6, HRT: 60 min, dye
concentration: 500 mg/L
Polyaluminum chloride–poly(3- Coagulation–flocculation Disperse DTY = 20 mg/L, PACl–PAMIPCl – 96 [143]
acrylamido-isopropanol Terasil Yellow = 1–3 mg/mL, time = 45 min, pH
chloride) W-4G (DTY) = 5.86
Moringa oleifera-TiO2-modified Coagulation–flocculation RB5 RB5 = 10 mg/L, followed by – 100 [144]
membranes ultrafiltration, MOL = 600 mg/L,
time = 52 min
Potato starch-TiO2 Coagulation–flocculation Solophenyl pH = 6.6, SB = 20 mg/L, followed – 100 [145]
Blue (SB) by microfiltration, potato starch
= 600 mg/L, time = 52 min
Fe3O4 Sonocatalytic Reactive T = 25 ◦ C, pH = 5, ultrasonic – 99.2 [123]
Orange 107 power = 300 W/L, RO107 = 100
(RO107) mg/L, Fe3O4 = 0.8 g, time = 25
min, T = 25 ◦ C, pH = 3
Pr-CdWO4 Sonocatalytic Remazol Black Ultrasonic bath = 60 kHz, RBB = – 93.9 [120]
B (RBB) 100 mg/L, Pr-CdWO4 = 0.35 g,
time = 100 min
CaMoO4 Sonocatalytic Acid Orange 7 T = 40 ◦ C, pH = 5, ultrasonic – 97 [119]
(AO7) power = 200 W, AO7 = 5 mg/L,
CaMoO4 = 1 g/L, time = 120 min,
T = RT, pH = 9

method. coagulation-flocculation process is an attractive physicochemical treat­

ment process. The coagulants are introduced under strong mixing con­
ditions in this wastewater treatment process. Following that, the charge
2.3. Ion exchange process
of the finely dispersed particles is diminished or neutralized as a result of
the presence of coagulants. The flocculants are then smoothly mixed to
The ion exchange physicochemical treatment process has acquired
collect the fine particles and produce larger ones. Sedimentation
noticeable consideration over the last few years owing to its high effi­
removes the large particles in the end, as depicted in (Fig. 1d). Inorganic
cacy, inexpensive, and attractive qualities, which make it interesting for
salts (e.g., aluminum and ferric sulfates and chlorides) and organic
applications such as dye effluent treatment [95–97]. The mechanism of
polymers are commonly employed for the primary treatment of many
dye removal relies on formation of ionic pairs between the positive
types of wastewater, such as dyes, in the coagulation-flocculation pro­
functional groups of resin and negative charge of dye and π-π type in­
cesses [103]. The removal of dye from dye-containing wastewater using
teractions between the aromatic ring present in the dye structure and the
poly aluminum chloride and ferric chloride sludge has been proven,
resin matrix [98]. To separate solutes with differing surface charges,
suggesting that this could be a cost-effective coagulation-flocculation
cation or anion exchangers can be employed as ion exchange resins. The
system [104]. However, it produces a considerable volume of dye-
ion exchange method adsorbs dyes using synthetic or natural ion ex­
containing sludge, which is challenging to handle and dispose. Much
change resins. Fig. 1c shows a schematic diagram of the ion exchange
effort is being put into addressing these issues.
process. Pakalapati et al. [99] developed a protein nanofibre membrane
Several natural materials, such as Moringa oleifera, Tamarindus ind­
that removed azo dyes with 97 % efficiency by utilizing a weak cation
ica, Azadirachta indica, and Musa genus, have been described as
exchange nanofibre membrane and chicken egg white polymer. Huong
extremely efficient coagulants for the degradation of dyes molecules
et al. [100] used a covalent coupling reaction between the acidic
from industrial effluents [105]. In a study, several chemical coagulants,
membrane and aminomethane sulfonic acid to produce a strong acidic
including aluminum sulfate solution (Al2(SO4)3.18H2O) and the extract
nanofibre membrane (P-SO3H) that efficiently degraded Toluidine Blue
of Moringa oleifera Lam (MOL) seeds in NaCl, have been studied in this
dye. Natural materials like chitosan and rice husk ash have also been
removal process [106]. Bio-coagulants have been discovered to be less
demonstrated to be effective [101,102].
expensive and easier to use than other coagulants [107]. In a study, a
Even though some researchers have shown to remove dye from
magnetic bio-coagulant prepared by combining iron oxide (Fe3O4)
effluent, ion exchange treatment for dye-containing effluents is not
nanoparticles with MOL extract was tested in different doses for the
extensively used, owing to the estimation that ion exchangers cannot
removal of Reactive Black 5-laden wastewater [108]. Furthermore,
handle a broad spectrum of dyes. Another significant drawback is the
several researchers have also tried employing polymeric flocculants,
associated cost. Various results of the ion exchange treatment method
both synthetic and natural, such as polyacrylamide and chitosan, due to
are presented in Table 1, along with decolorization efficiency.
their high efficiency with minimal dosage, natural inertness to pH
changes, and easy handling [109]. Liang et al. [110] reported the use of
2.4. Coagulation–flocculation process polymer polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride as flocculant for the
treatment of a mixture of acid dyes, reactive dyes, and basic dye and
Due to its high efficiency, convenience, and low cost, the

7
M.D. Khan et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering 53 (2023) 103579

achieved 90 % dye removal at the optimal flocculant dosage of 200 mg/ ultrasonic/magnetite nanoparticles/H2O2 system to degrade real dye-
L at pH > 3 by a combined process of coagulation/flocculation and containing wastewater and found that the primary intermediates were
nanofiltration. Moreover, because of their tailorability, synthetic poly­ discovered to be aliphatic acid, aldehydes, and fatty acids. They re­
meric flocculants are exceedingly effective; however, they can leave ported that these by-products are produced during oxidation processes,
toxic chemical residues, while natural flocculants have the problem of whereas the heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds in wastewater
moderate efficiency and short shelf life. Therefore, natural and grafted were significantly reduced, indicating that this process results in high
flocculants based on chitosan, cellulose, tannin, and lignin have recently degradation of dye-containing wastewater and dye molecules.
been synthesized and thoroughly explored to combine the top features of Using ultrasound techniques, various metal oxide nanoparticles such
natural as well as synthetic polymers [111]. Some of the flocculants that as TiO2, CdWO4, and ZnO can successfully remove dye molecules from
have been effectively employed include kraft lignin–poly(acrylamide)– contaminated water [120,124,125]. The most studied sonocatalyst is
poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride [112] and TiO2, and it has been discovered that its crystalline structure and
carboxymethyl chitosan grafted polyacrylamide [113]. morphology impact its sonocatalytic activity [124]. According to several
Compared to typical chemical flocculants, bio-flocculants are safe, studies, TiO2 has a higher sonocatalytic activity than Al2O3 (a non-semi-
relatively shear-stable, readily available from repeatable agricultural conducting material), implying that photonic and thermal excitation has
resources, and create less secondary contamination. Moreover, micro­ a significant role in overall sonocatalytic activity [126]. However, TiO2
organisms can effectively decompose the sludge because the bio­ particles have a lower affinity for anionic azo dyes, and to maximize the
polymers are biodegradable in nature [111]. Table 1 illustrates the synergistic efficiency of the sonophotocatalytic process by utilizing all of
coagulation-flocculation method for dye degradation along with dye the radicals and electron-hole pairs generated during the process, the
removal efficiency. Electrocoagulation, which employs electrochemical rapid production of additional radicals can be supported by doping a
treatment, has been discovered to be a viable alternative to chemical new metal ion into TiO2 [127].
coagulation. A coagulant is formed when the anode is electrolytically ZnO has also received a lot of attention in numerous research works
oxidized. Electrocoagulation has several advantages, including low cost, about organic pollutants degradation due to reasons that it is inexpen­
minimum sludge, excellent efficiency, as well as no secondary pollution sive, has noble photocatalytic activity, and is non-toxic [128]. Many
creation throughout the process. Low sludge output, low total dissolved other semiconductors, including ZnS, CdSe, SnO2\CdSe/Bi2O3, and
solids, simple floc separation, and use of externally added coagulants to CaMoO4, have also been utilized as catalysts to reduce dye content and
prevent secondary contamination are all characteristics of this proced­ other harmful compounds from wastewater [119,129–131]. The main
ure. It employs an anode of iron or aluminum, which releases Fe(II) or Al advantages of the sonocatalysis process are its short time requirement
(III) into the solution by anodic dissolution, and the resulting hydroxides (less HRT), no need for extra chemicals, and efficiency in removing
react with contaminants in the water. In a research work, folded iron poisonous or non-biodegradable compounds, whereas the main draw­
plates were employed as electrodes to treat MO dye-containing waste­ backs are its high treatment cost and high dissolved oxygen requirement
water, and >90 % of the color was removed in 30 min [114]. Lach et al. [132]. Various results of the ultrasonic-assisted degradation of dye-
[115] reported efficient treatment (96.5 %) of Reactive Red 231 (50 mg/ containing wastewater, along with removal percentage, are shown in
L) in 20 min using aluminum electrodes. Electrocoagulation process Table 1.
efficiency in removing color from dye effluents has been highlighted in
numerous research studies, and it is dependent on operational param­ 3. Chemical methods for treatment of dye-containing
eters such as concentration and pH of dye solution, current density, wastewater
electrode materials, and design of reactors [114,115].
While the coagulation-flocculation process has long been used to Chemical treatment technologies are usually applied to eliminate
treat dye-containing wastewater, one of the major disadvantages of hazardous contaminations, such as dyes and harmful metals from in­
applying it to textile wastewater treatment is a large amount of gener­ dustrial effluents. Dye-containing wastewater can be treated using
ated sludge, which is difficult to dispose of. As a result, it is extremely chemical approaches such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs)
important to determine the appropriate coagulant dose in order to (Fenton, photocatalytic, sonocatalytic, and ozonation), coagulation-
reduce sedimentation sludge [116]. flocculation, and hypochlorite (Fig. 2). Physical, physicochemical, and
biological treatment methods are usually less expensive than these
2.5. Sonocatalytic process methods. Furthermore, high electrical energy requirements, vast vol­
umes of chemicals utilization, generation of unstable hazardous by-
Sonocatalysis is a simple chemical process for removing various products and carcinogenic aromatic amines, pH dependency, high
types of contaminants from wastewater [117] (Fig. 1e). Transient cav­ cost, and sludge production are the main limitations for chemical
itations are produced by compression and rarefaction of the bulk water methods for removal of dye-laden wastewater from industries for com­
once aqueous solutions are exposed to the ultrasound. When cavities mercial use [146].
collapse, they result in locally high pressure and temperature peaks, and
water can be cleaved into •OH and hydrogen atoms. The sonocatalytic 3.1. Advanced oxidation processes
breakdown of various contaminants, such as dyes, is caused by the
combined action of high temperature, pressure, and radicals [118]. The AOP has been identified as one of the effective methods for
In recent years, the ultrasonic-supported treatment method has been reducing organic pollutants in dye industry effluent and increasing the
developed into one of the attractive and potential dye-containing availability of organic contaminants-free water for humans. Because of
wastewater degradation technologies [119–121]. Catalysts can help its eco-friendliness, efficient degradation, inexpensive, increased water
the process run more efficiently. A sole ultrasonic irradiation or sole reusability, and lower pollutant load, AOP is an excellent technology for
aluminum powder was employed to decolorize the azo dye Acid Orange degrading dyes from wastewater [147]. AOP promotes the oxidation of
7, and results revealed that the degradation efficiencies were <5 % organic compounds such as dyes in wastewater by using free hydroxyl
during 30 min; both together improved the removal efficiency to 96.5 %. radical (•OH) in an aqueous solution, which is created using a variety of
The formation of •OH in the ultrasound-zero-valent aluminum process methods, including chemical, photochemical, and electrochemical re­
was substantially higher than in the sole ultrasonic or zero-valent actions [148]. •OH is a strong oxidizing agent that can mineralize a wide
aluminum/air system, and due to this reason, the degradation of Acid range of pollution in water [149].
Orange 7 by zero-valent aluminum/air system was improved under ul­
trasound irradiation [122]. Jaafarzadeh et al. [123] employed an

8
M.D. Khan et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering 53 (2023) 103579

˙
Organic compound + OH→degradation products (2)
The pH of the reaction system is trouble in the Fenton oxidation
process, where the pH of real industrial dye-containing wastewater
usually is 7 to 8. The reaction is hindered by the formation of complex
iron species and the formation of oxonium ions [H3O2]+ at a very low pH
(<2.0). On the other side, the production of ferric-hydroxo complexes
slows down the synthesis of •OH at a pH higher than 4. Therefore, to
generate the highest amount of •OH to oxidize organic molecules, the
value of the initial pH must be from 2 to 4 [153], which means that
before Fenton oxidation, the pH of the wastewater must be adjusted, that
will significantly raise the cost of wastewater treatment. The formation
of Fenton sludge is another downside of this method [150]. As a result,
present research on the Fenton process focuses on the introduction of
light, electricity, and the development of new green and efficient cata­
lysts to widen the spectrum of applications of this process.
The photo-Fenton process refers to the Fenton process that occurs
when light is present (Fig. 2a). This process has been reported to be an
excellent wastewater treatment method. During this process, the
following reactions take place including Eq. (1):
˙
Fe2+ + H2 O2 →Fe(OH)2 + + OH (3)

˙
Fe(OH)2 + + hν→Fe2+ + OH (4)
The Fenton reaction is represented by Eq. (1). Fe2+ interacts with
H2O2 to form Fe3+ and •OH. The reaction (Eq. (3)) also yields Fe
(H2O)5(OH)+ 2 , denoted as Fe(OH)2 . Fe(OH)2 is the most recent signifi­
+ +

cant source of •OH. Fe2+ and •OH are regenerated when Fe(OH)+ 2 reacts
with light (Eq. (4)). As a result, when compared to the Fenton process,
the photo-Fenton method involves a lower concentration of Fe2+. When
Fe2+ is regenerated in the presence of light, it combines with the H2O2 in
the solution, forming a cyclic process.
The treatment of dye effluents in the presence of artificial ultraviolet
(UV) and visible light has been investigated in recent years [154,155].
Alternatively, sunlight is a low-cost option that can accelerate the Fen­
ton process [156,157]. Under solar light irradiation, Ramalho et al.
[157] synthesized Ti/Fe2O3 magnetic catalysts and investigated the
heterogeneous photo-Fenton-like process for degradation of Reactive
Black 5 dye and achieved a degradation efficiency of 100 %. Manenti
et al. [156] achieved full decolorization using Fe(III)–organic ligand
complexes during the solar photo-Fenton process.
The electro-Fenton and photoelectro-Fenton methods (Fig. 2b),
which primarily involve the formation of free •OH, are the most prom­
ising approaches for treating dyes containing wastewater. Fe ions, which
are commonly supplied to the system as FeSO4, speed up the generation
of •OH radicals in the electro-Fenton process [158,159]. The catalytic
reaction (Eq. (3)) is propagated from the regeneration of Fe2+, which is
accomplished mainly by reducing Fe3+ ions with H2O2. Elbatea et al.
[160] used an electro-Fenton technique in oxygen-sparged fixed bed
graphite electrodes containing cell to remove Reactive Red 195 from
dyeing effluent and obtained 100 % color removal. In another study, the
use of graphite electrodes in the electro-Fenton treatment method for
enhanced industrial dye wastewater treatment was studied in a
continuous system, and 89 % color removal was achieved [161].
Compared to the electro-Fenton process, the photoelectro-Fenton
Fig. 2. Schematic diagrams of different types of chemical-assisted treatment
methods for dye wastewater (a) photo-Fenton [199], (b) photoelectro-Fenton, method, based on the electro-Fenton reaction and characterized by
(c) photocatalytic [119], and (d) ozonation. utilizing a light source, accelerates the degradation rate. The efficiency
of the process is increased with direct irradiation due to the reason that
3.1.1. Fenton process there is further Fe2+ regeneration, and the photoreduction of Fe(OH)+ 2

Fenton's system is the most commonly used AOP, which involves the produces homogeneous •OH (Eqs. (1), (3), and (4)). Using an artificial
interaction of H2O2 and Fe2+ in an acidic solution to generate free •OH, UVA lamp during the electrolysis duration limits the photoelectro-
which can be used to degrade dyes effectively (Eqs. (1), (2)) [150–152]. Fenton process due to the high electrical energy requirements. In a
study, Espinoza et al. [162] developed solar photoelectro-Fenton, a
˙
Fe2+ + H2 O2 →Fe3+ + OH− + OH (1) significantly more cost-effective electrochemical AOP. This approach
employs UV light directly from the sun, making it a clean, sustainable,

9
M.D. Khan et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering 53 (2023) 103579

and cost-free alternative. The use of a catalyst has produced outstanding 3.1.2. Photocatalytic process
results in terms of the rate of degradation of dye-containing wastewater Photocatalysis is a potential dye wastewater treatment technology
in addition to light and energy. Many types of dye -laden wastewater can that depends on the photocatalyst's ability to produce reactive oxygen
be successfully removed using a combination of photoelectro-Fenton species [167]. Over the past few decades, it has been regarded as a
oxidation and novel catalysts. Pinheiro et al. [163] reported an in­ promising and developing technique. In the photocatalysis process, UV
crease in dye removal efficiency of about 40 % when both catalyst or low-energy visible photons are combined with semiconductor mate­
(Fe3O4) nanoparticles and solar light were used as compared to the rial. The semiconductor that acts as a photocatalyst generates an
presence of only catalyst. electron-hole pair following electron excitation to generate •OH, which
Many studies have claimed significant progress in the development reacts non-selectively with organic contaminants in wastewater,
of novel catalysts, with a focus on using simple methods to produce resulting in low molecular weight molecules as the end products [168].
efficient and stable catalysts [149,164]. Transition metal compounds Fig. 2c depicts the photocatalytic degradation mechanism of dye using
and metal-organic frameworks have gained a lot of interest in recent the •OH. The pH and initial concentration of dyes, particle size and
years due to their exceptional performance in Fenton processes [165]. Ai concentration of photocatalyst, irradiation source and time, light in­
et al. [166] used a mild solvothermal technique to make an iron tere­ tensity, reaction temperature, presence of electron acceptors, nature of
phthalate metal-organic framework, i.e., MIL-53 (Fe). They discovered cations, and synthesis methods of photocatalyst are the factors that
that when exposed to visible light for 50 min, it could degrade 10 mg/L affect photocatalytic degradation of dyes and different photocatalytic
of RB dye. Several operational parameters, for example, solution pH, actions of synthesized materials [169].
H2O2 dose, and initial concentration of dye, were found to significantly Many oxides have a bandgap that is appropriate for photocatalytic
impact catalytic activity. Various results of the Fenton-based treatment processes. In this process, various oxide photocatalysts such as TiO2
method are presented in Table 2 as the removal percentage. [170], ZnO [171], CuO [172], V2O5 [173], Fe2O3 [174], WO3 [175],
The Fenton oxidation process is one of the most effective and suitable In2O3 [176], TiO2-SiO2-Fe3O4 [177], non-oxide ZnS [178], CdS [179], g-
methods for the treatment of dye-containing pollutants. The process, C3N4 [180] have been used. These catalysts are highly efficient in
however, suffers from some obvious drawbacks: a narrow range of pH, decolorizing and mineralizing organic contaminants such as dyes. Rea­
high costs and risks associated with handling, transporting, and storing sons of its non-toxic nature, stability to chemicals, and biocompatibility,
the reagents (H2O2 and catalysts), and secondary pollution from iron TiO2 is becoming a more popular option in photocatalytic dye degra­
sludge [150]. dation [170,181]. Because TiO2 photocatalysts absorb meager visible
light, their efficiency is disrupted in natural sunlight. By doping TiO2

Table 2
Results of various studies on chemical methods for dye degradation.
Process Dye Experimental conditions Maximum Efficiency (% References
adsorption capacity decolorization)
(mg/g)

Fenton Reactive Orange H2O2 = 3 mM, pyrite = 3 g/L, pH = 2, RO29 = 10 mg/L, time = 120 – 94.4 [200]
29 (RO29) min
Fenton Eriochrome Black H2O2 = 50 mM, pH = 4–6.7, EBT = 10 mg/L, NiCo2O4-FePc = 0.5 g/L, – 99 [201]
T (EBT) time = 60 min
Photo-Fenton (visible CR H2O2 = 0.1 M, pH = 6, CR = 20 mg/L, ZnFe2O4-Cr/Mn = 0.8 g/L, – 94.6 [155]
light) time = 180 min
Photo-Fenton (LED RB H2O2 = 0.12 mM, Fe2+ = 0.01 mM, pH = 3, RB = 0.04 mM, – 98 [202]
lamp) NiCu@MWCNT = 0.2 g/L, time = 50 min
Photo-Fenton (solar Reactive Black 5 H2O2 = 12 mM, pH = 2.5, RB5 = 10 mg/L, Ti/Fe2O3 = 0.4 g/L, time 14 100 [157]
light) (RB5) = 120 min
Electro-Fenton Acid Blue 25 I = 500 mA, pH = 3, AB25 = 200 mg/L, Fe-ZSM-5 = 100 mg/L, time – 90 [203]
(AB25) = 90 min
Electro-Fenton Reactive Red 195 I = 5 mA/cm2, pH = 3, RR195 = 50 mg/L, fixed bed graphite – 100 [160]
(RR195) electrode, superficial oxygen velocity = 0.012 cm/s, time = 60 min
Electro-Fenton TZ I = 8.33 mA/cm2, pH = 3, TZ = 50 mg/L, CoFe2O4/carbon felt – 97 [204]
electrode, Na2SO4 = 50 mM, time = 40 min
Photoelectro-Fenton RB5 E = − 1.1 V vs Ag/AgCl, pH = 3, H2O2 = 11.5 mM, RB5 = 158 mg/L, – 93 [205]
(UV lamp) MnO2 nanoflowers gas diffusion electrode, K2SO4 = 0.1 M, Fe2+ = 0.5
mM, time = 240 min
Photoelectro-Fenton Acid Blue 29 I = 50 mA/cm2, pH = 3, AB29 = 233.5 mg/L, Ti/Ru0⋅3Ti0⋅7O2 – 99 [206]
(solar light) (AB29) electrode, Na2SO4 = 50 mM, Fe2+ = 0.5 mM, time = 100 min
Photoelectro-Fenton Acid Red 1 (AR1) I = 15 mA/cm2, pH = 3, AR1 = 98.3 mg/L, Ti|Ir–Sn–Sb oxide plate – 100 [207]
(solar light) electrode, Na2SO4 = 25 mM, Fe2+ = 0.4 mM, time = 120 min
Photocatalytic (UV MB T = 25 ◦ C, pH = 6, MB = 10 mg/L, 4 W UV lamp, PVDF-ZnS = 0.5 g, 0.8 95 [208]
irradiation) time = 180 min
Photocatalytic (UV MO MO = 20 mg/L, 500 W mercury lamp, Ag/TiO2/biochar = 0.01 g, – 97.4 [181]
irradiation) time = 60 min
Photocatalytic MB pH = 7, 500 W Xenon lamp, MB = 30 mg/L, g-C3N4-ZnO/Cu2O = – 91.4 [179]
(visible-light) 0.05 g, time = 100 min
Ozonation Reactive Orange Ozone dose = 5 mg/L, RO4 = 100 mg/L, Cu/SBA-15 = 2 g/L, time = – 100 [188]
4 (RO4) 21 min, T = 20 ◦ C, pH = 9
Ozonation MO Ozone dose = 109 mg/h, MO = 500 mg/L, Ni-LDH = 1 g/L, time = 60 – 100 [209]
min, T = 25 ◦ C, pH = 9.25
Ozonation Acid Red 73 Ozone dose = 50 mg/L, AR73 = 500 mg/L, O3/RSR-BCR, time = 4 – 97 [187]
(AR73) min, pH = 3
Hypochlorite Allura Red (AR) T = RT, AR = 200 mg/L, Ca(OCl)2 = 1000 mg/L, time = 15 min, T = – 90 [197]
50 ◦ C, pH = 5
Hypochlorite Acid Orange 12 AO12 = 100 mg/L, NaOCl = 150 mg/L, time = 90 min – 97.3 [198]
(AO12)

10
M.D. Khan et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering 53 (2023) 103579

with metals, the light-absorbing characteristics of TiO2 can be improved. can interact efficiently with organic contaminants [193,194]. In the past
Proper doping can enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 in visible few years, there has been a surge in attention to the hypochlorite method
and as well as in UV light [182]. for wastewater treatment, with typical contaminants such as dyes in
Amoli-Diva et al. [183] developed Au-Ag fabricated TiO2-modified wastewater being shown to be effectively eliminated [193–195]. The
Fe3O4 catalyst to remove rhodamine-6G and obtained a high decolor­ efficacy of hypochlorite-assisted treatment was linked to key operational
ization efficiency (>80 %). Gnanasekaran et al. [184] prepared Mn, Co, parameters such as temperature, pH, types, and dosage of hypochlorite
and Zr doped TiO2 photocatalysts for degrading two types of dyes: MB chemicals [195]. The ClO− generated from HClO dissolution has a
(cationic), and MO (anionic) under both UV and visible light, and considerable oxidizing capacity and is the primary contributor to the
investigated that among the doped TiO2, Mn doping promotes more hypochlorite-based treatment process [196]. This process targets amino
degrading efficiency for both MB and MO. Shan et al. [181] observed a groups of dyes, initiating and accelerating azo bond breaking. Many
maximum decolorization efficiency of 97.5 % by utilizing an Ag/TiO2/ researchers have shown that dye wastewater can be chlorinated in situ
biochar composite. Maroudas et al. [185] used a synergetic decolor­ using active chlorine or by adding hypochlorite [197,198]. The viability
ization treatment method using photocatalysis with TiO2, photo-Fenton, of using a Fe(II)/chlorine combination for treating synthetic dyes from
and ultrasound irradiation to study the degradation of three azo dyes wastewater was examined by Meghlaoui and co-workers. They reported
(Dermacid Red, Dermacid Black RVE, and Dermacid Brown). The that the inclusion of chlorine in a 25 μM Fe(II) solution (pH 5) increased
decolorization was caused by the destruction of azo bonds, resulting in dye removal by >60 % in just 30 s [194]. Results of a few recent studies
aromatic amines production. They also claimed that, due to their various on hypochlorite-based degradation of dye-containing wastewater are
structures, each dye degraded at different rates using different combi­ shown in Table 2.
nations of the aforementioned processes, and these dyes were not The practicability and potentiality of using hypochlorite chemicals
entirely mineralized after treatment. Various studies and findings on for wastewater treatment have been underrated because chlorine is
photocatalytic degradation of dye-containing wastewater are depicted being used less frequently for color removal because of its detrimental
in Table 2. effects on rivers and the emission of carcinogenic aromatic amines, and a
The photocatalytic treatment method has many advantages; how­ significant disadvantage of chloride-based treatment processes is the
ever, some of its weaknesses limit its industrial applications, including production of toxic organic chloro derivatives [196].
its low use of visible light, rapid charge recombination, and low ability
to migrate electrons and holes generated by the photocatalytic process 4. Biological methods for treatment of dye-containing
[186]. wastewater

3.1.3. Ozonation process As mentioned in the previous sections, dye effluents have been
Ozone can be used to degrade dye molecules present in wastewater remedied using a variety of methods. However, these processes are
[187,188]. Based on the pH value of the solution, the kind of treatment, expensive, unfriendly to the environment, and often rely on waste
such as direct reaction (molecular ozone) or indirect reaction (•OH), or concentration. Conversely, bioremediation is a cost-effective and envi­
both can be carried out simultaneously during the reaction process ronmentally friendly approach to minimizing sludge formation. Biore­
[158]. The ozonation process removes dye and COD effectively, and mediation can result in complete dye treatment, uses low or no
degradation is mainly dependent on the ozone dosage [189]. Ozone chemicals, and is energy efficient [210]. However, dye effluents are poor
decolorizes dye by targeting the color-associated double bonds. It also in nutrients; consequently, nutritional supplements (such as carbon and
cleaves unsaturated bonds in aromatic molecules in dyes, resulting in a nitrogen sources) and/or prior acclimatization are often necessary for
reduction in the color of the molecules. Ozone reacts with organic and this treatment method to improve performance [211].
inorganic compounds in wastewater when transported into water. By The bio-transformation of hazardous wastes into simpler and
splitting radicals such as •OH and superoxide, ozone decomposes to nontoxic biodegraded compounds is the fundamental process in this
oxygen [107]. technique. This technique benefits greatly from the flexibility of
Faghihinezhad et al. [190] examined magnetic oxidized g-C3N4 numerous microorganisms in degrading various compounds. The two
modified with Al2O3 nanoparticles as a novel catalyst for catalytic most common processes in the bioremediation of dye decolorization
ozonation of real dye effluent. Shokouhi et al. [191] performed activated treatment of dye-containing wastewater are adsorption and degrada­
carbon catalyzed ozonation in an aqueous saline solution to decolorize tion. These processes occur in either aerobic or anaerobic environments.
Reactive Blue 194 dye, and >90 % decolorization and effective COD The biological methods are affected by variables, for example, the type
removal was accomplished. Ozone has a high oxidation potential, of biological species and their concentration, temperature, pH, and
making it more effective at degrading organic molecules. The ozonation initial dye concentration [212]. Microorganisms such as bacteria, fila­
process has several advantages: efficient degradation, no additional mentous fungi, algae, yeast, and their enzymes have attracted increasing
sludge or waste generation; whereas, the drawbacks include: only being attention due to their remarkable performance, cost-efficiency, and
applicable in a gaseous state, pH sensitivity, and limited half-life of availability in vast quantities for degrading a broad range of dyes and
ozone, i.e., 20 min. The presence of salts and the temperature have also converting dye molecules into simple non-toxic compounds (Fig. 3a).
an impact on the stability of this process. Furthermore, continuous
ozonation is required due to its short half-life of ozone, which raises the 4.1. Treatment of dye wastewater using bacteria
cost. The schematic diagram of the ozonation process is presented in
Fig. 2d, and the results of a few recent research regarding the ozonation Bacteria are a common and diverse group of microorganisms that
treatment process are presented in Table 2. make up a considerable portion of biological biomass. The dye decol­
orization by bacteria may result from adsorption or biodegradation.
3.2. Hypochlorite-based process During adsorption, cell mats become deeply colored, while those that
retain their original color undergo biodegradation. Adsorption of dyes
Hypochlorite chemicals such as HClO, NaClO, and Ca(ClO)2 are by bacteria occurs when dyes adhere to bacterial surfaces by covalent,
popular strong oxidizing agents with widespread use owing to their low electrostatic, or molecular forces [213]. During dye degradation, dyes
cost and ease of access [192]. Hypochlorite chemicals can produce a are usually adsorbed on the surface of the bacteria before further
variety of active species such as ClO•, Cl•, and Cl2• − with strong degradation can take place. Therefore, adsorption is one of the most
oxidizing properties. These are commonly utilized as bleaching and/or crucial steps. In bacterial adsorption of dyes, peptidoglycan has been
disinfection agents in a variety of industrial and other fields, and they reported to play an important role. Moreover, bacterial adsorption does

11
M.D. Khan et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering 53 (2023) 103579

(a) microbes to decompose it further into aromatic amines. These aromatic

amines are decomposed by complementing organisms in the presence of
microbial consortia, which improves the process's effectiveness and ef­
ficiency [225]. Furthermore, isolating a single bacterial strain from the
samples of dye-laden wastewater is time-consuming as well as complex,
necessitating long-term adaption techniques for successful dye decol­
orization and degradation.
Several bacterial strains can decolorize colors in anaerobic, aerobic,
and combined anaerobic-aerobic environments [226,227]. In the pres­
ence of azoreductase and other factors, some aerobic bacteria can
degrade azo dyes and form intermediate compounds such as aromatic
amines, which can then be degraded further by microbes to achieve
complete mineralization [14,215]. Under anaerobic conditions, decol­
(b) orization and degradation of azo dyes is a relatively simple and
nonspecific reduction process involving the azo reduction mechanism
that relies on redox intermediates [228,229]. In anaerobic bacteria, non-
specific azoreductase catalyzes azo dye reduction by direct enzymatic
catalysis. The breakdown of azo dyes in an anaerobic environment could
be mediated by a reduction reaction involving cofactors and redox
mediators [230]. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
(NADPH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH) are the most common
redox intermediates nowadays, and they can accept electrons from an
azoreductase and then transfer the electrons to the azo dye to break it.
After that, the azo bonds (-N=N-) are broken, causing the azo dye to
decolorize and aromatic amines to form [231].
As shown in Fig. 3b, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have recently gained
widespread interest as a new technique for effectively treating dye-laden
wastewater under anaerobic conditions while generating biogenic
Fig. 3. Schematic diagrams of (a) treatment process of dye wastewater using electricity from carbon-based electron donors [14,232,233]. The MFC
different microorganisms, and (b) integrated MFC (anaerobic)-the aerobic combines the benefits of both conventional electrochemical and bio­
treatment process. logical methods, allowing the decolorization process to be accelerated.
Some azo dyes with simple structures can be entirely biodegraded;
not rely heavily on chemical reactions in which the surface functional however, the aromatic amines formed under an anaerobic environment
groups play an important role [213]. In pure and mixed cultures, bac­ are generally unable to be further biodegraded, resulting in the accu­
teria have shown significant potential in the mineralization of dyes mulation of toxic contaminants with higher COD values. These aromatic
[210,214]. Using pure bacterial cultures, a significant amount of study amines can be further biodegraded under an aerobic environment;
on the subject of dye removal has recently been conducted, which therefore, the combination of anaerobic and aerobic techniques for
include Pseudomonas sp. [215,216], Bacillus sp. [217,218], Sphingomo­ treating azo dye wastewater is a suitable way to completely degrade the
nas sp. [219], Escherichia sp. [220], Rhodococcus sp. [221], Proteus sp. azo dye [14,232,234].
[222]. Under various conditions, Pseudomonas sp. has demonstrated In our recent studies, the metabolic pathway of degradation of AB29,
very encouraging results for the degradation of dye. In the 1970s, studies Reactive Orange 16, Acid Navy Blue azo dyes using mixed culture in
of Bacillus cereus, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Bacillus subtilis species integrated MFC, and the aerobic process was analyzed using azor­
capable of degrading azo dyes sparked attention to identifying pure eductive enzymatic studies, and various analytical techniques such as
bacterial cultures which were able to degrade dyes [223]. Pseudomonas gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, UV–vis spectroscopy, and 16S
aeruginosa completely decolorized an azo dye Reactive Yellow 145 rRNA were used. The findings showed that the dye could be completely
under sequential static and shaking conditions and results demonstrated treated in a sequential combined procedure, resulting in a considerable
that they can degrade other dyes as well [216]. The use of a pure culture reduction in the color and COD of dye-laden wastewater
system ensures repeatable results, making it easier to interpret experi­ [14,23,232,235]. Table 3 depicts the various studies of bacterial
mental findings. Using biochemistry and molecular biology technolo­ degradation of dye-laden wastewater.
gies, it is also becoming easier to establish the detailed mechanisms of
bioremediation, and this information could be beneficial in regulating 4.2. Treatment of dye wastewater using filamentous fungi
this system to generate modified strains with higher bacterial activity.
In recent years, the kinetics of decolorization of azo dye by a specific Most research on dye treatment has concentrated on bacteria and
bacterial culture was examined quantitatively in detail; however, mixed filamentous fungi, with bacteria being the most commonly employed
cultures are specifically effective in this field since some microbial bacterium for azo dye decolorization because of their high activity,
consortia can perform collectively to achieve biodegradation tasks widespread distribution, and flexibility. On the other hand, filamentous
[210,222]. Although bacterial decolorization is effective, single bacte­ fungi can catalyze the degradation of complex chemical compounds
rial strains can rarely treat azo dyes completely, and the intermediate using intracellular and extracellular enzymes such as laccase, manga­
metabolites are frequently carcinogenic aromatic amines that must be nese peroxidase, versatile peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and lignin
treated further [224]. Treatment systems with mixed microbial cultures peroxidase [236]. The dye degradation process using fungi can be
yield a higher degree of biodegradation and mineralization as a result of characterized into biosorption and biodegradation. Adsorption of dyes
the synergistic metabolic activities of the microbial community and onto the microbial cell surface is the primary mechanism of decolor­
have considerable advantages over pure cultures in the degradation of ization. In living fungal cells, dye wastewater is treated using metabolic
dyes. Single strains in mixed microbial culture may break the dye activities, while dead biomass relies on physical and chemical removal
molecule at different places or use metabolites produced by co-existing mechanisms. The dead fungal biomass contains chitin, a natural poly­
saccharide, and chitosan, a derivative of chitin which has a unique

12
M.D. Khan et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering 53 (2023) 103579

Table 3
Results of various studies on biological methods for dye degradation.
Species Dye Experimental conditions Decolorization References
(%)

Bacteria (Sphingomonas sp.) Ponceau BS (PBS) T = 37 ◦ C, pH = 9, PBS = 40 mg/L, time = 24 h 85 [219]

Bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) Disperse Blue 64 (DB64) T = 30 ◦ C, pH = 7, DB64 = 100 mg/L, 0.1 % glucose, 95.8 [215]
time = 48 h
Bacteria (Bacillus cereus) RB5 T = 25 ◦ C, pH = 9, RB5 = 99.1 mg/L, protease extract = 97 [217]
10 mL, time = 120 h
Bacterial (Escherichia coli) MG T = 25 ◦ C, pH = 7, MG = 25 mg/L, ABTS = 0.3 mM, time 90 [220]
=5h
Bacteria (Proteus mirabilis) Vat Green XBN (VG) T = 37 ◦ C, pH = 10.04, VG = 100 mg/L, time = 20 h 94.9 [222]
Bacteria (Stenotrophomonas sp.) AB29 T = 30 ◦ C, pH = 7.2, AB29 = 100 mg/L, time = 125 h 94 [14]
Bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Brevibacillus borstelensis and Reactive Red 170 (RR170) T = 35 ◦ C, pH = 7, RR170 = 40 mg/L, time = 48 h >80 [280]
Bacillus firmus)
Fungi (Dichotomomyces cejpii MRCH 1-2 and Phoma CR T = 30 ◦ C, CR = 50 mg/L, time = 4 days 97.4 [281]
tropica MRCH 1-3)
Fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus) Remazol Brilliant Blue R T = 25 ◦ C, pH = 5, RBBR = 100 mg/L, time = 24 h 85 [244]
(RBBR)
Fungi (Aspergillus niger) Thiazole Yellow G (TYG) T = 35 C, pH = 6, TYG = 10 mg/L, time = 5 days
◦
98 [243]
Fungi (Peroneutypa scoparia) Acid Red 97 (AR97) T = 40 ◦ C, pH = 6, AR97 = 100 mg/L, time = 6 h 93 [242]
Fungi (Myrothecium verrucaria) Anthraquinone violet R T = 30 ◦ C, pH = 7, AVR = 50 mg/L, time = 48 h 95.7 [241]
(AVR)
Fungi (Trametes versicolor) Remazol Red (RR) T = 30 ◦ C, pH = 5, RR = 100 mg/L, time = 24 h 86.9 [240]
Algae (Desmodesmus sp.) MB and MG T = 25 ◦ C, pH = 6.8, MB, MG = 20 mg/L, time = 6 days 98.6 [260]
Algae (Dermatocarpon vellereceum) Navy Blue HE22 (NBHE22) T = 40 ◦ C, pH = 8, NBHE22 = 50 mg/L, time = 28 h 95 [259]
Algae (Sargassum oligocystum) Methyl Violet (MV) T = 25 ◦ C, pH = 7, MV = 20 mg/L, ACSO/Fe3O4 = 1.5 g/ 98 [258]
L, time = 50 min
Algae (Chlorella vulgaris) Direct Blue 71 (DB71) T = 40 ◦ C, pH = 8, DB71 = 100 mg/L, time = 12 days 90 [257]
Algae (Oscillatoria sp.) MG T = 25 ◦ C, MG = 5 mg/L, time = 5 days 93 [266]
Algae (Sargassum muticum) MB T = 37 ◦ C, MB = 0.01 mM, sunlight ZnO, time = 60 min 96 [256]
Yeast (Scheffersomyces spartinae) Acid Scarlet 3R (AS3R) T = 30 ◦ C, pH = 5–6, AS3R = 80 mg/L, time = 16 h 90 [273]
Yeast (Trichosporon akiyoshidainum) RB5 T = 25 ◦ C, pH = 7, RB5 = 200 mg/L, time = 24 h 100 [272]
Yeast (Candida tropicalis) ARB T = 30 ◦ C, pH = 7, ARB = 70 mg/L, time = 12 h 97.5 [271]
Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) MO T = 35 ◦ C, pH = 6.5, MO = 50 mg/L, time = 140 min 96.5 [270]
Yeast (Meyerozyma caribbica) AO7 T = 28 ◦ C, pH = 4.5–7, AO7 = 50 mg/L, time = 6 h 98.8 [269]

molecular structure with a high affinity for many classes of dyes [237]. in the fungus. Many other fungal species have been confirmed to
The molecular breakdown of dyes caused by biodegradation by fungal decolorize azo dyes through adsorption and/or degradation, including
strains results in hazardous dye detoxification from wastewater [238]. Pichia sp. [249], Penicillium sp. [250], Thamnidium elegans [251],
Filamentous fungi, with their high surface area and ease of solid-liquid Oudemansiella canarii [252], Phanerochaete chrysosporium [253], and
separation, provide an efficient solution in this perspective [239]. Ganoderma lucidum [254].
Breakdown of chemical bonds in dye molecules occurs when endo­ Although fungal oxidases have been shown to work on a variety of
some enzymes in the hyphae of fungus begin the dye consumption azo dyes in a non-specific manner, the disadvantage of fungal cultures is
process by adsorbing the dye to the surface [240–244]. One of the most the long time it takes for them to produce large quantities of active
commonly used filamentous fungi for dye removal from wastewater is enzymes and the instability of their production. Results of various
white-rot fungi because of their nonspecific lignin-modifying enzymes studies on the breakdown of dye-containing wastewater by filamentous
[245]. The degradation of toxic dyes by fungal species, particularly fungi are shown in Table 3.
white-rot fungi such as Pleurotus ostreatus [244,246], Trametes versicolor
[240,247], and Aspergillus niger [243,248] or their enzymes-laccases or
peroxidases [240,243,244,246–248] has been the subject of extensive 4.3. Treatment of dye wastewater using algae
research.
Zhao et al. [244] investigated the mechanism by which Pleurotus Algae have recently received more interest in the field of wastewater
ostreatus HAUCC 162 laccase enzymes decolorized various synthetic decolorization due to their abundance and availability in fresh as well as
dyes such as MO, Remazol Brilliant Blue R, MG, and Bromophenol Blue, saline water. Algae do not need to be preserved because their growth is
and accomplished >70 % color removal in <24 h. Different inhibitors, based solely on sunlight and CO2, producing no secondary pollutants
metal ions, and organic solvents were also tested on recombinant lac­ (by-products) and extracting nutrients from wastewater. Compared to
cases to determine whether they increased or decreased their activity. traditional treatment procedures, algal-based treatment procedures are
Legerská et al. [247] discovered that fungal laccase from Trametes ver­ usually easy to operate under standard atmospheric conditions, can be
sicolor decolorized and detoxified azo dyes such as Orange 2, and Acid applied to various photobioreactor configurations, and are sustainable
Orange 6. In laccase catalyzed reaction, Orange 2 with decolorization of [255]. Researchers have discovered that algae treat a wide range of
72.8 % degraded faster than Acid Orange 6 with 45.3 % due to the dyes, with the amount of treatment related to both the dye's molecular
preference in the structure of Orange 2 for hydroxyl groups at o-posi­ structure and the type of algae utilized [256–260]. Furthermore,
tions to azo bonds compared to the two hydroxyl groups at o- and p- because it is unaffected by hazardous azo dye discharge and can be
positions to azo bonds in Acid Orange 6. Bankole et al. [243] studied the cultivated in industrial discharge, it can be used as a viable dye biore­
demethylation and desulfonation of Thiazole Yellow G, a textile industry mediation technology.
dye, by Aspergillus niger LAG and revealed that Aspergillus niger LAG Biosorption is one of the fundamentally distinct mechanisms in
decolorized this dye in 5 days. At optimal conditions, maximal decol­ which algae remove dye color. Biosorption depends on the composition
orization of 98 % was reported according to scale-up experiments. and structure of the algal cell wall, which is composed of poly­
Laccase (71 %) and lignin peroxidase (48 %) inductions were also seen saccharides such as cellulose, xylan, algin, and mannan [261]. In addi­
tion to the formation of complexes with amino, phosphate, carboxyl, and

13
M.D. Khan et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering 53 (2023) 103579

hydroxyl functional groups present on the surface of algae, the process adsorbents, the cost and energy cost of the regeneration process [283].
of exchanging ions between dye and cation molecules, and Van der Regeneration is essential to recovering the adsorption power of spent
Waals' interaction forces that brought alkyl chains into contact with dye adsorbents. For the stimulation of the utilized adsorbents, several
molecules are other biologically based adsorption mechanisms regeneration techniques have been applied, including chemical [284],
contributing to enhanced dye uptake [262]. Algal-assisted biological filtration [285], thermal [286], photocatalytic [287], supercritical fluid
adsorption also includes biological coagulation. As a result of metabol­ [288], biological [289], etc. One effective method for reducing organic
ically assisted processes, dye molecules bio-coagulate on the surface of contaminants is chemical regeneration through oxidation, such as
extracellular biopolymers generated by algae [263]. The biomass sur­ advanced oxidation [290]. However, for most chemical regeneration
face of algal biomass is affected by variables such as biomass type, techniques, the toxicity of potential by-products is a problem [284].
adsorbent dose/concentration of algae, contact time, temperature, and High pressure is necessary for supercritical regeneration extraction,
initial concentration and structure of dye [264]. which impacts the final cost. Biological regeneration could possibly
Some algal species such as Chlorella sp. [257,265], Oscillatoria sp. stimulate used adsorbents, but the low regeneration rate has limited its
[266], Sargassum sp. [256], Spirulina platensis [267], Desmodesmus sp. adoption to dye treatment. Additionally, because some adsorbents need
[260] were able to effectively treat hazardous dyes. Fazal et al. [265] particular reagents (such as cationic surfactants that modify the ex­
used Chlorella vulgaris to bioremediate approximately 99 % and 98 % of change ability) that have been found to be hazardous to bacteria, they
MB dye from diluted and undiluted dye-containing wastewater, are not suitable for biological regeneration [291]. Some methods have
respectively. Vijayaraghavan et al. [268] investigated the removal of been found to be effective with specific adsorbents. No single technique
Acid Black 1 utilizing the Sargassum sp., brown algae using coagulation can independently maintain or improve the adsorption efficiency of all
process. The highest dye-color removal of 96.8 % was reported at the adsorbents. Therefore, for the stimulation of utilized adsorbents, a
optimum conditions (40 mg/L of alginate dose, 6 g/L of calcium dose, combination of one or more options might be appropriate.
pH 4.2, and settling time of 30 min). Table 3 shows some results of
studies on algae-based dye treatment. 6. Conclusions and future perspectives

4.4. Treatment of dye wastewater using yeast Dye effluents are one of the leading causes of water pollution, posing
substantial risks to flora, and fauna and problems to human health. As a
Due to their fast growth rates and ability to withstand adverse result, treating dye-containing wastewater is necessary before safe
environmental conditions, such as low pH levels, yeast can be utilized as disposal. The dye effluents have been treated using different physical,
an alternative to bacteria in removing dyes from contaminated water physicochemical, chemical, and biological dye removal techniques to
streams from the color industries [269–274]. Yeast strains can extract evaluate their suitability. Most of the reported physical, physicochem­
dyes from wastewater at high concentrations by converting the dye to ical, chemical and biological technologies can remove >90 % of dye
simpler compounds [275]. The primary methods for dye degradation from wastewater, with a few systems achieving >80 % removal efficacy.
using yeast strain are bioremediation and reductive azo bond cleavage. Physical, physicochemical, and chemical methods would require smaller
Yeasts usually remove the dyes through the biosorption process. The reactors to treat dye wastewater effectively; however, they produce
dyes adhere to cell peripheries and eventually enter the cell based on secondary pollutants and sludge production and have significant oper­
interactions made by the functional groups present on the cell surface ational expenses. Further studies are needed to explore combining two
through electrostatic interactions, ion exchange, or ion chelation [276]. or more of these processes to degrade the secondary pollutants and
Various yeast species have previously been proven to be effective dye complete the mineralization of dyes. The biological microbial approach,
adsorbents that can absorb a high concentration of dye molecules from which uses bacteria, filamentous fungi, algae, and yeast, outperforms
wastewater. Candida sp. [271], Saccharomyces sp. [270], Trichosporon physical, physicochemical, and chemical methods but requires higher
akiyoshidainum [272], Meyerozyma caribbica [269], and Pichia pastoris HRT. It is more cost-effective, environmentally beneficial, and globally
[277] are some of the well-known yeast species having dye-removing accepted to treat dye-containing effluent microbially. However, more
abilities. In a study, Reactive Orange 16 was biodegraded and detoxi­ research is desired until an advanced, short operating time, cost-
fied into smaller molecular weight compounds using Candida sake 41E. efficient, and zero-waste discharge process can be developed. A het­
An initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L resulted in a maximum erotrophic combination of microorganisms can help to increase the
decolorization efficiency of 94 % in 48 h [278]. To decolorize Evans degradation rates of dyes using a synergetic effect and should be
Blue, Remazol Brilliant Blue, and Amido Black 10B dyes, yeast cell walls investigated in the future. This could help to reduce the reactor size.
with surface-exposed laccase from Streptomyces cyaneus were immobi­ Further research on optimizing different scenarios of integration of
lized in dopamine-alginate beads, and 100 % decolorization efficiency biological–chemical or biological-physicochemical technologies can
was achieved [279]. Table 3 depicts the results of various studies on bring potential benefits in the future in terms of treatment efficiency,
yeast-based degradation of dye-containing wastewater along with operational cost, and environmental impact.
removal efficiency.
Declaration of competing interest
5. Regeneration and recovery of spent adsorbents
None.
The removal of contaminants from wastewater streams can be
accomplished easily with adsorbents that have high aquatic stability. In Data availability
addition to reducing waste production and keeping process costs low,
the desorption process is crucial after the adsorption process [282]. The authors are unable or have chosen not to specify which data has
Adsorbents with good reuse and recovery capabilities can minimize the been used.
associated fabrication cost for commercial and industrial applications.
Although spent adsorbents can be regenerated several times, regener­ Acknowledgment
ated adsorbents have a reduced adsorption capacity. In order to improve
desorption efficiency, it is important to choose the right regeneration The authors are grateful to the Department of Textile and Fibre En­
technique. It is important for the feasibility of industrial-scale applica­ gineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Department of Chemical
tions to take into account factors such as the adsorbent type, the Engineering, Loughborough University, for providing the required re­
contamination, the stability of the adsorbent, the toxicity of spent sources for conducting the literature review described in this study.

14
M.D. Khan et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering 53 (2023) 103579

References behavior, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 207 (2021) 111523, https://doi.org/10.1016/

j.ecoenv.2020.111523.
[27] B. Lellis, C.Z. Fávaro-Polonio, J.A. Pamphile, J.C. Polonio, Effects of textile dyes
[1] F. Mcyotto, Q. Wei, D.K. Macharia, M. Huang, C. Shen, C.W.K. Chow, Effect of
on health and the environment and bioremediation potential of living organisms,
Dye Structure on Color Removal Efficiency by Coagulation, Chem. Eng. J. 405
Biotechnol. Res. Innov. 3 (2019) 275–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
(2021), 126674, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126674.
biori.2019.09.001.
[2] V.K. Gupta, Fundamentals of natural dyes and its application on textile
[28] M.K. Pandian, R. Vaidhyanathan, C. Rajaravi, K. Kavitha, Impact of industrial
substrates, Chem. Technol. Nat. Synth. Dye. Pigment. (2019) 38–69.
dyes on algal growth, J. Glob. Resour. 08 (2022) 21–32, https://doi.org/
[3] A.A. Alaskar, A.G. Hassabo, Recent use of natural animal dyes in various field,
10.46587/JGR.2022.v08i01.003.
J. Text. Color. Polym. Sci. 18 (2021) 191–210, https://doi.org/10.21608/
[29] P. Mahawar, A. Akhtar, Impact of dye effluent on seed germination, seedling
jtcps.2021.79791.1067.
growth and chlorophyll content of soybean ( Glycine max L.), Int. J. Sci. Res.
[4] S.S. Affat, Classifications, advantages, disadvantages, toxicity effects of natural
Publ. 8 (2019) 6–10.
and synthetic dyes: a review, Univ. Thi-Qar J. Sci. 8 (2021) 130–135.
[30] L. Ayed, N. Ladhari, R. El, K. Chaieb, Decolorization and phytotoxicity reduction
[5] Y.L.A. Tang, C.H. Lee, C.Y. Chan, Y. Wang, C.-W. Kan, Alkyl polyglucoside (APG)
of reactive blue 40 dye in real textile wastewater by active consortium:
nonionic surfactant-based reverse micellar dyeing of cotton fabric – a study of
anaerobic/aerobic algal-bacterial-probiotic bioreactor, J. Microbiol. Methods 181
reactive dyes with different functional groups, J. Nat. Fibers. 20 (2022) 1–22,
(2021), 106129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106129.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2022.2136324.
[31] R. Rajumon, J.C. Anand, A.M. Ealias, D.S. Desai, G. George, M.P. Saravanakumar,
[6] A. Singh, J. Sheikh, Synthesis and application of a novel cold brand reactive dye
Adsorption of textile dyes with ultrasonic assistance using green reduced
to impart colouration, mosquito repellency, and UV protection to nylon, Arab. J.
graphene oxide : an in-depth investigation on sonochemical factors, J. Environ.
Chem. 15 (2022), 104339, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104339.
Chem. Eng. 7 (2019), 103479, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103479.
[7] M.J. Patel, R.C. Tandel, Dyeing and printing study of synthesized reactive dyes
[32] Z. Singh, P. Chadha, Textile industry and occupational cancer, J. Occup Med.
using phenyl urea bifunctional reactive dyes on cotton fabric, Mater. Today Proc.
Toxicol. 11 (2016) 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-016-0128-3.
51 (2021) 770–778, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.231.
[33] G.A. Ismail, H. Sakai, Review on effect of different type of dyes on advanced
[8] T.S. Aysha, N.S. Ahmed, M.S. El-Sedik, Y.A. Youssef, R.M. El-Shishtawy, Eco-
oxidation processes (AOPs) for textile color removal, Chemosphere 291 (2022),
friendly salt/alkali-free exhaustion dyeing of cotton fabric with reactive dyes, Sci.
132906, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132906.
Rep. 12 (2022) 22339, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26875-8.
[34] J. Uddin, R.E. Ampiaw, W. Lee, Chemosphere adsorptive removal of dyes from
[9] S. Benkhaya, S.M. Rabet, A. El Harfi, A review on classifications, recent synthesis
wastewater using a metal-organic framework: a review, Chemosphere 284
and applications of textile dyes, Inorg. Chem. Commun. 115 (2020), 107891,
(2021), 131314, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131314.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2020.107891.
[35] M. Fayazi, D. Afzali, M.A. Taher, A. Mostafavi, V.K. Gupta, Removal of safranin
[10] M.M. Hassan, C.M. Carr, Biomass-derived porous carbonaceous materials and
dye from aqueous solution using magnetic mesoporous clay: optimization study,
their composites as adsorbents for cationic and anionic dyes: a review,
J. Mol. Liq. 212 (2015) 675–685, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2015.09.045.
Chemosphere 265 (2021), 129087, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
[36] M. Fayazi, M. Ghanei-Motlagh, M.A. Taher, The adsorption of basic dye (Alizarin
chemosphere.2020.129087.
red S) from aqueous solution onto activated carbon/γ-Fe2O3 nano-composite:
[11] M.U. Khan, B. Mahltig, Modification of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers to improve
kinetic and equilibrium studies, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 40 (2015) 35–43,
affinity to anionic components, Polym. Res. Commun. Curr. Adv. Contrib. Appl.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2015.06.044.
Educ. Asp. Formatex Res. Cent. (2022) 1–9.
[37] A. El Mouden, A. El Guerraf, N. El Messaoudi, R. Haounati, A. Ait El Fakir,
[12] A. Haji, M. Rahimi, RSM optimization of wool dyeing with berberis thunbergii DC
A. Lacherai, Date stone functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane as a
leaves as a new source of natural dye, J. Nat. Fibers. 19 (2022) 2785–2798,
potential biosorbent for heavy metal ions removal from aqueous solution, Chem.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2020.1821293.
Afr. 5 (2022) 745–759, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-022-00350-3.
[13] S. Benkhaya, S. M’rabet, A. El Harfi, Classifications, properties, recent synthesis
[38] Z. Ciğeroğlu, E.S. Kazan-Kaya, N. El Messaoudi, Y. Fernine, J.H.P. Américo-
and applications of azo dyes, Heliyon 6 (2020), e03271, https://doi.org/
Pinheiro, A. Jada, Remediation of tetracycline from aqueous solution through
10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03271.
adsorption on g-C3N4-ZnO-BaTiO3 nanocomposite: optimization, modeling, and
[14] M.D. Khan, D. Li, S. Tabraiz, B. Shamurad, K. Scott, M.Z. Khan, E.H. Yu,
theoretical calculation, J. Mol. Liq. 369 (2023) 120866, https://doi.org/10.1016/
Integrated air cathode microbial fuel cell-aerobic bioreactor set-up for enhanced
j.molliq.2022.120866.
bioelectrodegradation of azo dye Acid Blue 29, Sci. Total Environ. 756 (2021)
[39] N. El Messaoudi, A. El Mouden, Y. Fernine, M. El Khomri, A. Bouich, N. Faska,
0–10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143752.
Z. Ciğeroğlu, J.H.P. Américo-Pinheiro, A. Jada, A. Lacherai, Green synthesis of
[15] C.R. Holkar, H. Arora, D. Halder, D.V. Pinjari, Biodegradation of reactive blue 19
Ag2O nanoparticles using Punica granatum leaf extract for sulfamethoxazole
with simultaneous electricity generation by the newly isolated electrogenic
antibiotic adsorption: characterization, experimental study, modeling, and DFT
klebsiella sp. C NCIM 5546 bacterium in a microbial fuel cell, Int. Biodeterior.
calculation, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. (2022) 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1007/
Biodegrad. 133 (2018) 194–201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.07.011.
s11356-022-21554-7.
[16] M. Yusuf, M. Shabbir, F. Mohammad, Natural colorants: historical, processing and
[40] L. Zhou, H. Zhou, Y. Hu, S. Yan, J. Yang, Adsorption removal of cationic dyes
sustainable prospects, Nat. Products Bioprospect. 7 (2017) 123–145, https://doi.
from aqueous solutions using ceramic adsorbents prepared from industrial waste
org/10.1007/s13659-017-0119-9.
coal gangue, J. Environ. Manag. 234 (2019) 245–252, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
[17] J. Che, X. Yang, A recent (2009–2021) perspective on sustainable color and textile
jenvman.2019.01.009.
coloration using natural plant resources, Heliyon 8 (2022), e10979, https://doi.
[41] F. Largo, R. Haounati, S. Akhouairi, H. Ouachtak, R. El Haouti, A. El Guerdaoui,
org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10979.
N. Hafid, D.M.F. Santos, F. Akbal, A. Kuleyin, A. Jada, A.A. Addi, Adsorptive
[18] H.B. Slama, A. Chenari Bouket, Z. Pourhassan, F.N. Alenezi, A. Silini, H. Cherif-
removal of both cationic and anionic dyes by using sepiolite clay mineral as
Silini, T. Oszako, L. Luptakova, P. Golińska, L. Belbahri, Diversity of synthetic
adsorbent: experimental and molecular dynamic simulation studies, J. Mol. Liq.
dyes from textile industries, discharge impacts and treatment methods, Appl. Sci.
318 (2020) 114247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114247.
11 (2021) 6255, https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146255.
[42] I.M. El-sewify, A. Radwan, A. Shahat, M.F. El-shahat, M. Mostafa, H. Khalil,
[19] J. Sharma, S. Sharma, V. Soni, Classification and Impact of Synthetic Textile Dyes
Microporous and mesoporous materials superior adsorption and removal of
on Aquatic Flora: A Review, Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci. 45 (2021), 101802, https://doi.
aquaculture and bio-staining dye from industrial wastewater using microporous
org/10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101802.
nanocubic zn-MOFs, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 329 (2022), 111506,
[20] R.D. Saini, Textile organic dyes: polluting effects and elimination methods from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2021.111506.
textile waste, Water 9 (2017) 121–136.
[43] N.K. Soliman, A.F. Moustafa, A.A. Aboud, K.S.A. Halim, Effective utilization of
[21] M.Z. Khan, S. Singh, S. Sultana, T.R. Sreekrishnan, S.Z. Ahammad, Studies on the
moringa seeds waste as a new green environmental adsorbent for removal of
biodegradation of two different azo dyes in bioelectrochemical systems, New J.
industrial toxic dyes, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 8 (2019) 1798–1808, https://doi.
Chem. 39 (2015) 5597–5604, https://doi.org/10.1039/c5nj00541h.
org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2018.12.010.
[22] S. Velusamy, A. Roy, S. Sundaram, T. Kumar, A review on heavy metal ions and
[44] A. Ketema, A. Worku, Review on intermolecular forces between dyes used for
containing dyes removal through graphene oxide-based adsorption strategies for
polyester dyeing and polyester fiber, J. Chem. 2020 (2020) 1–7, https://doi.org/
textile wastewater treatment, Chem. Rec. 21 (7) (2021) 1570–1610, https://doi.
10.1155/2020/6628404.
org/10.1002/tcr.202000153.
[45] M. Shahadat, S.F. Azha, S. Ismail, Z.A. Shaikh, S.A. Wazed, Treatment of
[23] S. Sultana, M.D. Khan, S. Sabir, K.M. Gani, M. Oves, M.Z. Khan, Anaerobic –
Industrial Dyes Using Chitosan-supported Nanocomposite Adsorbents, Elsevier
aerobic process along with energy, New J. Chem. 39 (2015) 9461–9470, https://
Ltd., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102491-1.00016-2.
doi.org/10.1039/C5NJ01610J.
[46] A. Soltani, M. Faramarzi, S.A. Mousavi Parsa, A review on adsorbent parameters
[24] N. Khan, A.H. Anwer, M.D. Khan, A. Azam, A. Ibhadon, M.Z. Khan, Magnesium
for removal of dye products from industrial wastewater, Water Qual.Res. J. 56
ferrite spinels as anode modifier for the treatment of Congo red and energy
(2021) 181–193, https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2021.023.
recovery in a single chambered microbial fuel cell, J. Hazard. Mater. 410 (2021),
[47] A.A. Adeyemo, I.O. Adeoye, O.S. Bello, Adsorption of dyes using different types of
124561, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124561.
clay: a review, Appl. Water Sci. 7 (2017) 543–568, https://doi.org/10.1007/
[25] N. Athira, D.S. Jaya, The use of fish biomarkers for assessing textile effluent
s13201-015-0322-y.
contamination of aquatic ecosystems: a review, Nat. Environ. Pollut. Technol. 17
[48] A.M. Abbas, H.A. Firas, J.S. Walaa, A.S.F. Rusul, Adsorption of dyes by activated
(2018) 25–34.
carbon surfaces were prepared from plant residues: review, J. Mater. Environ. Sci.
[26] B. Carney Almroth, J. Cartine, C. Jönander, M. Karlsson, J. Langlois,
11 (2007) 2007–2015.
M. Lindström, J. Lundin, N. Melander, A. Pesqueda, I. Rahmqvist, J. Renaux,
[49] S. De Gisi, G. Lofrano, M. Grassi, M. Notarnicola, Characteristics and adsorption
J. Roos, F. Spilsbury, J. Svalin, H. Vestlund, L. Zhao, N. Asker, G. Ašmonaitė,
capacities of low-cost sorbents for wastewater treatment: a review, Sustain.Mater.
L. Birgersson, T. Boloori, F. Book, T. Lammel, J. Sturve, Assessing the effects of
Technol. 9 (2016) 10–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2016.06.002.
textile leachates in fish using multiple testing methods: from gene expression to

15
M.D. Khan et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering 53 (2023) 103579

[50] N.U.M. Nizam, M.M. Hanafiah, E. Mahmoudi, A.A. Halim, A.W. Mohammad, The [71] L.I.A. Ali, H.K. Ismail, H.F. Alesary, H.Y. Aboul-Enein, A nanocomposite based on
removal of anionic and cationic dyes from an aqueous solution using biomass- polyaniline, nickel and manganese oxides for dye removal from aqueous
based activated carbon, Sci. Rep. 11 (2021) 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1038/ solutions, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18 (2021) 2031–2050, https://doi.org/
s41598-021-88084-z. 10.1007/s13762-020-02961-0.
[51] C.M. Ma, G.B. Hong, Y.K. Wang, Performance evaluation and optimization of dyes [72] B.A.M. Babakir, L.I. Abd Ali, H.K. Ismail, Rapid removal of anionic organic dye
removal using rice bran-based magnetic composite adsorbent, Materials 13 from contaminated water using a poly(3-aminobenzoic acid/graphene oxide/
(2020) 1–18, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13122764. cobalt ferrite) nanocomposite low-cost adsorbent via adsorption techniques,
[52] G. Crini, E. Lichtfouse, L.D. Wilson, N. Morin-Crini, Conventional and non- Arab. J. Chem. 15 (2022), 104318, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
conventional adsorbents for wastewater treatment, Environ. Chem. Lett. 17 arabjc.2022.104318.
(2019) 195–213, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0786-8. [73] J. Stejskal, Recent Advances in the Removal of Organic Dyes from Aqueous Media
[53] N. El Messaoudi, A. El Mouden, M. El Khomri, A. Bouich, Y. Fernine, Z. Ciğeroğlu, with Conducting Polymers, Polyaniline and Polypyrrole, and Their Composites,
J.H.P. Américo-Pinheiro, N. Labjar, A. Jada, M. Sillanpää, A. Lacherai, Polymers 14 (2022) 4243, https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14194243.
Experimental study and theoretical statistical modeling of acid blue 25 [74] H.K. Ismail, L.I.A. Ali, H.F. Alesary, B.K. Nile, S. Barton, Synthesis of a poly(p-
remediation using activated carbon from Citrus sinensis leaf, Fluid Phase Equilib. aminophenol)/starch/graphene oxide ternary nanocomposite for removal of
563 (2022) 113585, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2022.113585. methylene blue dye from aqueous solution, J. Polym. Res. 29 (2022) 159, https://
[54] W. Xiao, X. Jiang, X. Liu, W. Zhou, Z.N. Garba, I. Lawan, L. Wang, Z. Yuan, doi.org/10.1007/s10965-022-03013-6.
Adsorption of organic dyes from wastewater by metal-doped porous carbon [75] N. El Messaoudi, M. El Khomri, A. El Mouden, A. Bouich, A. Jada, A. Lacherai, H.
materials, J. Clean. Prod. 284 (2021), 124773, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. M.N. Iqbal, S.I. Mulla, V. Kumar, J.H.P. Américo-Pinheiro, Regeneration and
jclepro.2020.124773. reusability of non-conventional low-cost adsorbents to remove dyes from
[55] H. Karimi-Maleh, S. Ranjbari, B. Tanhaei, A. Ayati, Y. Orooji, M. Alizadeh, wastewaters in multiple consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles: a review,
F. Karimi, S. Salmanpour, J. Rouhi, M. Sillanpää, F. Sen, Novel 1-butyl-3-meth­ Biomass Convers. Biorefinery (2022) 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-
ylimidazolium bromide impregnated chitosan hydrogel beads nanostructure as an 03604-9.
efficient nanobio-adsorbent for cationic dye removal: kinetic study, Environ. Res. [76] N. El Messaoudi, M. El Khomri, Y. Fernine, A. Bouich, A. Lacherai, A. Jada,
195 (2021) 110809, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110809. F. Sher, E.C. Lima, Hydrothermally engineered Eriobotrya japonica leaves/MgO
[56] N.S. Sulaiman, M.A.A. Zaini, A. Arsad, Evaluation of dyes removal by beta- nanocomposites with potential applications in wastewater treatment, Groundw.
cyclodextrin adsorbent, Mater. Today Proc. 39 (2019) 907–910, https://doi.org/ Sustain. Dev. 16 (2022), 100728, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2022.100728.
10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.696. [77] Y.J. Lim, S.M. Lee, R. Wang, J. Lee, Emerging materials to prepare mixed matrix
[57] M.N. Zafar, M. Amjad, M. Tabassum, I. Ahmad, M. Zubair, SrFe2O4 Nanoferrites membranes for pollutant removal in water, Membranes 11 (2021) 1–25, https://
and SrFe2O4/Ground Eggshell Nanocomposites: Fast and Efficient Adsorbents for doi.org/10.3390/membranes11070508.
Dyes Removal, Elsevier Ltd, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. [78] R.J. Kadhim, F.H. Al-Ani, M. Al-Shaeli, Q.F. Alsalhy, A. Figoli, Removal of dyes
jclepro.2018.07.204. using graphene oxide (Go) mixed matrix membranes, Membranes 10 (2020)
[58] F. Abdelghaffar, Biosorption of anionic dye using nanocomposite derived from 1–24, https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes10120366.
chitosan and silver nanoparticles synthesized via cellulosic banana peel bio- [79] N.L. Le, S.P. Nunes, NU biological and environmental science and engineering
waste, Environ. Technol. Innov. 24 (2021), 101852, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. division, Sustain. Mater. Technol. 7 (2016) 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
eti.2021.101852. susmat.2016.02.001.
[59] M.I. Khamis, T.H. Ibrahim, F.H. Jumean, Z.A. Sara, B.A. Atallah, Cyclic sequential [80] M.A. Al Mamun, S. Bhattacharjee, D. Pernitsky, M. Sadrzadeh, Colloidal fouling
removal of alizarin red S dye and Cr(VI) ions using wool as a low-cost adsorbent, of nanofiltration membranes : development of a standard operating procedure,
Processes 8 (2020) 556, https://doi.org/10.3390/PR8050556. Membranes 7 (2017) 4, https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes7010004.
[60] X. Chen, Z. Huang, S.Y. Luo, M.H. Zong, W.Y. Lou, Multi-functional magnetic [81] I. Ahmed, K.S. Balkhair, M.H. Albeiruttye, A.A.J. Shaiban, Importance and
hydrogels based on Millettia speciosa champ residue cellulose and chitosan: significance of UF/MF membrane systems in desalination water treatment,
highly efficient and reusable adsorbent for Congo red and Cu2+ removal, Chem. Desalination (2017) 187–224, https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.68694.
Eng. J. 423 (2021), 130198, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.130198. [82] G. Febrianto, D. Karisma, D. Mangindaan, Polyetherimide nanofiltration
[61] A. Kausar, S.T. Zohra, S. Ijaz, M. Iqbal, J. Iqbal, I. Bibi, S. Nouren, N. El membranes modified by interfacial polymerization for treatment of textile dyes
Messaoudi, A. Nazir, Cellulose-based materials and their adsorptive removal wastewater, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 622 (2019) 1–8, https://doi.org/
efficiency for dyes: a review, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 224 (2022) 1337–1355, 10.1088/1757-899X/622/1/012019.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.220. [83] F.M. Gunawan, D. Mangindaan, K. Khoiruddin, I.G. Wenten, Nanofiltration
[62] C. He, H. Lin, L. Dai, R. Qiu, Y. Tang, Y. Wang, P.G. Duan, Y.S. Ok, Waste shrimp membrane cross-linked by m-phenylenediamine for dye removal from textile
shell-derived hydrochar as an emergent material for methyl orange removal in wastewater, Polym. Adv. Technol. 30 (2019) 360–367, https://doi.org/10.1002/
aqueous solutions, Environ. Int. 134 (2020), 105340, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. pat.4473.
envint.2019.105340. [84] D. Karisma, G. Febrianto, D. Mangindaan, Polyetherimide thin film composite
[63] G. Hong, Y. Wang, Applied surface science synthesis of low-cost adsorbent from (PEI-TFC) membranes for nanofiltration treatment of dyes wastewater, IOP Conf.
rice bran for the removal of reactive dye based on the response surface Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 195 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/195/1/
methodology, Appl. Surf. Sci. 423 (2017) 800–809, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. 012057.
apsusc.2017.06.264. [85] A. Sutedja, C.A. Josephine, D. Mangindaan, Polysulfone thin film composite
[64] M. El Khomri, N. El Messaoudi, A. Dbik, S. Bentahar, A. Lacherai, N. Faska, nanofiltration membranes for removal of textile dyes wastewater, IOP Conf. Ser.
A. Jada, Regeneration of argan nutshell and almond shell using HNO3 for their Earth Environ. Sci. 109 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/109/1/
reusability to remove cationic dye from aqueous solution, Chem. Eng. Commun. 012042.
209 (2022) 1304–1315, https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2021.1963960. [86] Y. Li, S. Xiong, X. Tang, H. Wu, C. Han, M. Yi, Y. Wang, Loose nanofiltration
[65] M. El Khomri, N. El Messaoudi, A. Dbik, S. Bentahar, A. Lacherai, Z.G. Chegini, membrane with highly-branched SPEI/PEI assembly for dye/salt textile
A. Bouich, Removal of Congo red from aqueous solution in single and binary wastewater treatment, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 9 (2021), 106371, https://doi.org/
mixture systems using argan nutshell wood, Pigment Resin Technol. 51 (2022) 10.1016/j.jece.2021.106371.
477–488, https://doi.org/10.1108/PRT-04-2021-0045. [87] Y. Lukka Thuyavan, G. Arthanareeswaran, A.F. Ismail, P.S. Goh, M.V. Shankar,
[66] R. Melhaoui, Y. Miyah, S. Kodad, N. Houmy, M. Addi, M. Abid, A. Mihamou, N. Lakshmana Reddy, Treatment of synthetic textile dye effluent using hybrid
H. Serghini-Caid, S. Lairini, N. Tijani, C. Hano, A. Elamrani, On the suitability of adsorptive ultrafiltration mixed matrix membranes, Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 159
almond shells for the manufacture of a natural low-cost bioadsorbent to remove (2020) 92–104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2020.04.005.
brilliant green: kinetics and equilibrium isotherms study, Sci. World J. 2021 [88] G.C. Sahoo, R. Halder, I. Jedidi, A. Oun, H. Nasri, P. Roychoudhurry,
(2021) 6659902, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6659902. S. Majumdar, S. Bandyopadhyay, Preparation and characterization of
[67] M. El Khomri, N. El Messaoudi, A. Dbik, S. Bentahar, Y. Fernine, A. Bouich, microfiltration apatite membrane over low cost clay-alumina support for
A. Lacherai, A. Jada, Modification of low-cost adsorbent prepared from decolorization of dye solution, Desalin. Water Treat. 57 (2016) 27700–27709,
agricultural solid waste for the adsorption and desorption of cationic dye, https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2016.1186565.
Emergent Mater. (2022) 1679–1688, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-022- [89] D.A. Yaseen, M. Scholz, Textile dye wastewater characteristics and constituents of
00390-y. synthetic effluents: a critical review, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16 (2019)
[68] M. El Khomri, N. El Messaoudi, A. Dbik, S. Bentahar, Y. Fernine, A. Lacherai, 1193–1226, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-2130-z.
A. Jada, Optimization based on response surface methodology of anionic dye [90] X. Wang, J. Xia, S. Ding, S. Zhang, M. Li, Z. Shang, J. Lu, J. Ding, Removing
desorption from two agricultural solid wastes, Chem. Afr. 5 (2022) 1083–1095, organic matters from reverse osmosis concentrate using advanced oxidation-
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-022-00395-4. biological activated carbon process combined with Fe3+/humus-reducing
[69] N. El Messaoudi, M. El Khomri, Z.G. Chegini, A. Bouich, A. Dbik, S. Bentahar, bacteria, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 203 (2020), 110945, https://doi.org/10.1016/
N. Labjar, M. Iqbal, A. Jada, A. Lacherai, Dye removal from aqueous solution j.ecoenv.2020.110945.
using nanocomposite synthesized from oxalic acid-modified agricultural solid [91] J. Marszałek, R. Żyłła, Recovery of water from textile dyeing using membrane
waste and ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles, nanotechnol, Environ. Eng. 7 (2022) 797–811, filtration processes, Processes 9 (2021), https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9101833.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41204-021-00173-6. [92] C. Wang, Y. Wang, H. Qin, H. Lin, K. Chhuon, Application of microfiltration
[70] N. El Messaoudi, M. El Khomri, Z.G. Chegini, A. Dbik, S. Bentahar, M. Iqbal, membrane technology in water treatment, IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 571
A. Jada, A. Lacherai, Desorption of crystal violet from alkali-treated agricultural (2020), https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/571/1/012158.
material waste: an experimental study, kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic [93] V. Selvaraj, T. Swarna Karthika, C. Mansiya, M. Alagar, An over review on
modeling, Pigment Resin Technol. 51 (2022) 309–319, https://doi.org/10.1108/ recently developed techniques, mechanisms and intermediate involved in the
PRT-02-2021-0019.

16
M.D. Khan et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering 53 (2023) 103579

advanced azo dye degradation for industrial applications, J. Mol. Struct. 1224 numerical perspectives, Int. J. Sustain. Eng. 14 (2021) 983–995, https://doi.org/
(2021), 129195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129195. 10.1080/19397038.2020.1842547.
[94] S. Tabraiz, B. Shamurad, E. Petropoulos, M. Quintela-Baluja, A. Charlton, [117] B. Savun-Hekimoğlu, A review on sonochemistry and its environmental
J. Dolfing, P.J. Sallis, Mitigation of membrane biofouling in membrane bioreactor applications, Acoustics. 2 (2020) 766–775, https://doi.org/10.3390/
treating sewage by novel quorum quenching strain of acinetobacter originating acoustics2040042.
from a full-scale membrane bioreactor, Bioresour. Technol. 334 (2021), 125242, [118] B. Miljevic, F. Hedayat, S. Stevanovic, K.E. Fairfull-Smith, S.E. Bottle, Z.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125242. D. Ristovski, To sonicate or not to sonicate PM filters: reactive oxygen species
[95] G. Bayramoglu, G. Kunduzcu, M.Y. Arica, Preparation and characterization of generation upon ultrasonic irradiation, Aerosol Sci. Technol. 48 (2014)
strong cation exchange terpolymer resin as effective adsorbent for removal of 1276–1284, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2014.981330.
disperse dyes, Polym. Eng. Sci. 60 (2020) 192–201, https://doi.org/10.1002/ [119] L.L. He, Y. Zhu, Q. Qi, X.Y. Li, J.Y. Bai, Z. Xiang, X. Wang, Synthesis of CaMoO4
pen.25272. microspheres with enhanced sonocatalytic performance for the removal of acid
[96] N. Ahuja, A.K. Chopra, A.A. Ansari, Textile Dye Removal Using nZVI Particles Orange 7 in the aqueous environment, Sep. Purif. Technol. 276 (2021) 119370,
Supported on Cation Exchange Resin, Int. J. ChemTech Res. 10 (2017) 858–866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119370.
[97] M.I. Khan, A. Shanableh, J. Fernandez, M.H. Lashari, S. Shahida, S. Manzoor, [120] S. Ahmadi, A. Rahdar, C.A. Igwegbe, S. Mortazavi-Derazkola, A.M. Banach,
S. Zafar, A. Rehman, N. Elboughdiri, Synthesis of DMEA-grafted anion exchange S. Rahdar, A.K. Singh, S. Rodriguez-Couto, G.Z. Kyzas, Praseodymium-doped
membrane for adsorptive discharge of methyl orange from wastewaters, cadmium tungstate (CdWO4) nanoparticles for dye degradation with
Membranes 11 (2021) 166, https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11030166. sonocatalytic process, Polyhedron 190 (2020), 114792, https://doi.org/10.1016/
[98] E. Polska-Adach, M. Wawrzkiewicz, Z. Hubicki, Removal of acid, direct and j.poly.2020.114792.
reactive dyes on the polyacrylic anion exchanger, Physicochem. Probl. Miner. [121] A.L. Camargo-Perea, A. Rubio-Clemente, G.A. Peñuela, Use of ultrasound as an
Process. 55 (2019) 1496–1508, https://doi.org/10.5277/ppmp19075. advanced oxidation process for the degradation of emerging pollutants in water,
[99] H. Pakalapati, P. Loke, J. Chang, B. Liu, Y. Chang, International journal of Water. 12 (2020) 1–23, https://doi.org/10.3390/W12041068.
biological macromolecules removal of dye waste by weak cation-exchange nano [122] A. Wang, W. Guo, F. Hao, X. Yue, Y. Leng, Degradation of acid orange 7 in
fiber membrane immobilized with waste egg white proteins, Int. J. Biol. aqueous solution by zero-valent aluminum under ultrasonic irradiation, Ultrason.
Macromol. 165 (2020) 2494–2507, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Sonochem. 21 (2014) 572–575, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.10.015.
ijbiomac.2020.10.099. [123] N. Jaafarzadeh, A. Takdastan, S. Jorfi, F. Ghanbari, M. Ahmadi, G. Barzegar, The
[100] D.T.M. Huong, B.L. Liu, W.S. Chai, P.L. Show, S.L. Tsai, Y.K. Chang, Highly performance study on ultrasonic/Fe3O4/H2O2 for degradation of azo dye and
efficient dye removal and lysozyme purification using strong and weak cation- real textile wastewater treatment, J. Mol. Liq. 256 (2018) 462–470, https://doi.
exchange nanofiber membranes, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 165 (2020) 1410–1421, org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.02.047.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.034. [124] P. Qiu, B. Park, J. Choi, B. Thokchom, A.B. Pandit, J. Khim, A review on
[101] H.D. da Rocha, E.S. Reis, G.P. Ratkovski, R.J. da Silva, F.D.S. Gorza, G.C. Pedro, heterogeneous sonocatalyst for treatment of organic pollutants in aqueous phase
C.P. de Melo, Use of PMMA/(rice husk ash)/polypyrrole membranes for the based on catalytic mechanism, Ultrason. Sonochem. 45 (2018) 29–49, https://
removal of dyes and heavy metal ions, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 110 (2020) doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.03.003.
8–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2020.03.003. [125] A. Khataee, S. Saadi, B. Vahid, Kinetic modeling of sonocatalytic degradation of
[102] Q. Zia, M. Tabassum, M. Umar, H. Nawaz, H. Gong, J. Li, Cross-linked chitosan reactive Orange 29 in the presence of lanthanide-doped ZnO nanoparticles,
coated biodegradable porous electrospun membranes for the removal of synthetic Ultrason. Sonochem. 34 (2017) 98–106, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
dyes, React. Funct. Polym. 166 (2021), 104995, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ultsonch.2016.05.026.
reactfunctpolym.2021.104995. [126] C. Lops, A. Ancona, K. Di Cesare, B. Dumontel, N. Garino, G. Canavese,
[103] W.A. Shewa, M. Dagnew, Revisiting chemically enhanced primary treatment of S. Hérnandez, V. Cauda, Sonophotocatalytic degradation mechanisms of
wastewater: a review, Sustainability 12 (2020) 5928, https://doi.org/10.3390/ rhodamine B dye via radicals generation by micro- and nano-particles of ZnO,
SU12155928. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 243 (2019) 629–640, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
[104] M.B. Asif, N. Majeed, S. Iftekhar, R. Habib, S. Fida, S. Tabraiz, Chemically apcatb.2018.10.078.
enhanced primary treatment of textile effluent using alum sludge and chitosan, [127] M. May-lozano, R. Lopez-medina, V.M. Escamilla, G. Rivadeneyra-Romero,
Desalin. Water Treat. 57 (2016) 7280–7286, https://doi.org/10.1080/ Intensification of the Orange II and Black 5 degradation by sonophotocatalysis
19443994.2015.1015448. using Ag-graphene oxide/TiO2 systems, Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif. 158
[105] M. Mathuram, R. Meera, G. Vijayaraghavan, Application of locally sourced plants (2020) 108175, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2020.108175.
as natural coagulants for dye removal from wastewater : a review, J. Mater. [128] C. Sushma, S. Girish Kumar, Advancements in the zinc oxide nanomaterials for
Environ. Sci. 2508 (2018) 2058–2070. efficient photocatalysis, Chem. Pap. 71 (2017) 2023–2042, https://doi.org/
[106] J. Dotto, M.R. Fagundes-Klen, M.T. Veit, S.M. Palacio, R. Bergamasco, 10.1007/s11696-017-0217-5.
Performance of different coagulants in the coagulation / flocculation process of [129] S. Li, M. Zhang, X. Ma, J. Qiao, H. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. Song, Preparation of ortho-
textile wastewater, J. Clean. Prod. 208 (2019) 656–665, https://doi.org/ symmetric double (OSD) Z-scheme SnO2\CdSe/Bi2O3 sonocatalyst by ultrasonic-
10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.112. assisted isoelectric point method for effective degradation of organic pollutants,
[107] K.G. Pavithra, SKP, V. Jaikumar, SRP, Removal of colorants from wastewater: a J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 72 (2019) 157–169, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
review on sources and treatment strategies, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 75 (2019) 1–19, jiec.2018.12.015.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2019.02.011. [130] J. Patel, A.K. Singh, B. Jain, S. Yadav, S.A.C. Carabineiro, M.A.B.H. Susan,
[108] C.S. Miyashiro, G.A.P. Mateus, T.R.T. dos Santos, M.P. Paludo, R. Bergamasco, M. Solochrome dark blue azo dye removal by sonophotocatalysis using Mn2+ doped
R. Fagundes-Klen, Synthesis and performance evaluation of a magnetic zns quantum dots, Catalysts 11 (2021) 1–26, https://doi.org/10.3390/
biocoagulant in the removal of reactive black 5 dye in aqueous medium, Mater. catal11091025.
Sci. Eng. C. 119 (2021), 111523, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111523. [131] A. Khataee, F.T. Mohamadi, T.S. Rad, B. Vahid, Heterogeneous sonocatalytic
[109] W. Wang, Q. Yue, R. Li, W. Song, B. Gao, X. Shen, Investigating coagulation degradation of anazolene sodium by synthesized dysprosium doped CdSe
behavior of chitosan with different Al species dual-coagulants in dye wastewater nanostructures, Ultrason. Sonochem. 40 (2018) 361–372, https://doi.org/
treatment, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 78 (2017) 423–430, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.07.021.
10.1016/j.jtice.2017.06.052. [132] Y. Zhang, K. Shaad, D. Vollmer, C. Ma, Treatment of textile wastewater by
[110] C.Z. Liang, S.P. Sun, F.Y. Li, Y.K. Ong, T.S. Chung, Treatment of highly advanced oxidation processes– a review, Glob. Nest J. 13 (2021) 1–22.
concentrated wastewater containing multiple synthetic dyes by a combined [133] X. Liu, J. Tian, Y. Li, N. Sun, S. Mi, Y. Xie, Z. Chen, Enhanced dyes adsorption
process of coagulation/flocculation and nanofiltration, J. Membr. Sci. 469 (2014) from wastewater via Fe3O4 nanoparticles functionalized activated carbon,
306–315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.06.057. J. Hazard. Mater. 373 (2019) 397–407, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
[111] C.S. Lee, J. Robinson, M.F. Chong, A review on application of flocculants in jhazmat.2019.03.103.
wastewater treatment, Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 92 (2014) 489–508, https:// [134] A.A. Badawy, S.M. Ibrahim, H.A. Essawy, Enhancing the textile dye removal from
doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2014.04.010. aqueous solution using cobalt ferrite nanoparticles prepared in presence of fulvic
[112] A. Hasan, P. Fatehi, Synthesis and characterization of lignin–poly(acrylamide)– acid, J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater. 30 (2020) 1798–1813, https://doi.org/
poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride copolymer, J. Appl. 10.1007/s10904-019-01355-1.
Polym. Sci. 135 (2018) 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1002/app.46338. [135] S. Foorginezhad, M.M. Zerafat, Microfiltration of cationic dyes using nano-clay
[113] S.A. Ishak, M.F. Murshed, H. Akil, N. Ismail, The application of modified natural membranes, Ceram. Int. 43 (2017) 15146–15159, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
polymers in, Water 12 (2020) 2032. ceramint.2017.08.045.
[114] Z. Wu, J. Dong, Y. Yao, Y. Yang, F. Wei, Continuous flowing electrocoagulation [136] N.C. Homem, N. de Camargo Lima, S. Beluci, R. Amorim, A.M.S. Reis, M.F. Vieira,
reactor for efficient removal of azo dyes: kinetic and isotherm studies of R. Vieira, M.T.P.Amorim Bergamasco, Surface modification of a polyethersulfone
adsorption, Environ. Technol. Innov. 22 (2021) 101448, https://doi.org/ microfiltration membrane with graphene oxide for reactive dyes removal, Appl.
10.1016/j.eti.2021.101448. Surf. Sci. 486 (2019) 499–507, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.04.276.
[115] C.E. Lach, C.S. Pauli, A.S. Coan, E.L. Simionatto, L.A.D. Koslowski, Investigating [137] E. Oyarce, B. Butter, P. Santander, J. Sánchez, Polyelectrolytes applied to remove
the process of electrocoagulation in the removal of azo dye from synthetic textile methylene blue and methyl orange dyes from water via polymer-enhanced
effluents and the effects of acute toxicity on Daphnia magna test organisms, ultrafiltration, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 9 (2021) 106297, https://doi.org/
J. Water Process Eng. 45 (2022), 102485, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. 10.1016/j.jece.2021.106297.
jwpe.2021.102485. [138] S. Zhao, Z. Wang, A loose nano-filtration membrane prepared by coating HPAN
[116] A. Karam, E.S. Bakhoum, K. Zaher, A. Karam, Coagulation/flocculation process UF membrane with modified PEI for dye reuse and desalination, J. Memb. Sci.
for textile mill effluent treatment: experimental and numerical perspectives 524 (2017) 214–224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.11.035.

17
M.D. Khan et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering 53 (2023) 103579

[139] M. Ji, Z. Wang, Y. Zhu, L. Shan, Y. Lu, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, J. Jin, Thin-film J. Water Process Eng. 41 (2021), 102042, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
composite nanofiltration membrane with unprecedented stability in strong acid jwpe.2021.102042.
for highly selective dye/NaCl separation, J. Membr. Sci. 645 (2021), 120189, [161] A. Kuleyin, A. Gök, F. Akbal, Treatment of textile industry wastewater by electro-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120189. Fenton process using graphite electrodes in batch and continuous mode,
[140] M.A. Vafaei, A. Shakeri, H. Salehi, S.R. Razavi, N. Salari, The effect of nanosheets J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 9 (2021) 104782, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
on polymer hydrogels performance in rhodamine B dye removal by forward jece.2020.104782.
osmosis process, J. Water Process Eng. 44 (2021), 102351, https://doi.org/ [162] C. Espinoza, J. Romero, L. Villegas, L. Cornejo-Ponce, R. Salazar, Mineralization
10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102351. of the textile dye acid yellow 42 by solar photoelectro-Fenton in a lab-pilot plant,
[141] S.E. Ebrahim, T.J. Mohammed, H.O. Oleiwi, Removal of acid blue dye from J. Hazard. Mater. 319 (2016) 24–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
industrial wastewater by using reverse osmosis technology, Assoc. Arab Univ J jhazmat.2016.03.003.
Eng. Sci. 25 (2018) 29–40. https://www.jaaru.org/index.php/auisseng/article/ [163] A.C.N. Pinheiro, T.S. Bernardino, F.E.B. Junior, M.R.V. Lanza, W.R.P. Barros,
view/165. Enhanced electrodegradation of the sunset yellow dye in acid media by
[142] M.A. Khan, M.I. Khan, S. Zafar, Removal of different anionic dyes from aqueous heterogeneous photoelectro-Fenton process using Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a
solution by anion exchange membrane, membrWater Treat. 8 (2017) 259–277, catalyst, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 8 (2019), 103621, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
https://doi.org/10.12989/mwt.2017.8.3.259. jece.2019.103621.
[143] K.L. Yeap, T.T. Teng, B.T. Poh, N. Morad, K.E. Lee, Preparation and [164] V. Poza-Nogueiras, E. Rosales, M. Pazos, M.Á. Sanromán, Current advances and
characterization of coagulation/flocculation behavior of a novel inorganic- trends in electro-Fenton process using heterogeneous catalysts – a review,
organic hybrid polymer for reactive and disperse dyes removal, Chem. Eng. J. 243 Chemosphere 201 (2018) 399–416, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
(2014) 305–314, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.01.004. chemosphere.2018.03.002.
[144] G.A.P. Mateus, C.S. Miyashiro, N.C. Homem, R.G. Gomes, M.R. Fagundes-Klen, [165] S. Lu, L. Liu, H. Demissie, G. An, D. Wang, Design and application of metal-
R. Bergamasco, A.M.S. Vieira, N.de C.L. Beluci, Hybrid treatment of coagulation/ organic frameworks and derivatives as heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts for
flocculation process followed by ultrafiltration in TiO2-modified membranes to organic wastewater treatment: a review, Environ. Int. 146 (2021), 106273,
improve the removal of reactive black 5 dye, Sci. Total Environ. 664 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106273.
222–229, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.199. [166] L. Ai, C. Zhang, L. Li, J. Jiang, Iron terephthalate metal-organic framework:
[145] E.F.D. Januário, T.B. Vidovix, R. Bergamasco, A.M.S. Vieira, Performance of a revealing the effective activation of hydrogen peroxide for the degradation of
hybrid coagulation/flocculation process followed by modified microfiltration organic dye under visible light irradiation, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 148–149
membranes for the removal of solophenyl blue dye, Chem. Eng. Process. - Process (2014) 191–200, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.10.056.
Intensif. 168 (2021) 108577, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2021.108577. [167] M. Ayyob, I. Ahmad, F. Hussain, M. Kashif Bangash, J.A. Awan, J.N. Jaubert,
[146] M. Fatima, R. Farooq, R.W. Lindström, M. Saeed, A review on biocatalytic A new technique for the synthesis of lanthanum substituted nickel cobaltite
decomposition of azo dyes and electrons recovery, J. Mol. Liq. 246 (2017) nanocomposites for the photo catalytic degradation of organic dyes in
275–281, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2017.09.063. wastewater, Arab. J. Chem. 13 (2020) 6341–6347, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
[147] G.A. Ismail, H. Sakai, Review on effect of different type of dyes on advanced arabjc.2020.05.036.
oxidation processes (AOPs) for textile color removal, Chemosphere (2021) [168] A. Rafiq, M. Ikram, S. Ali, F. Niaz, M. Khan, Q. Khan, M. Maqbool, Photocatalytic
132906, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132906. degradation of dyes using semiconductor photocatalysts to clean industrial water
[148] M.A. Oturan, J.J. Aaron, Advanced oxidation processes in water/wastewater pollution, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 97 (2021) 111–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
treatment: principles and applications. A review, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. jiec.2021.02.017.
44 (2014) 2577–2641, https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2013.829765. [169] A. Kumar, A review on the factors affecting the photocatalytic degradation of
[149] E. Brillas, A review on the photoelectro-Fenton process as efficient hazardous materials, Mater. Sci. EngInt. J. 1 (2017) 106–114, https://doi.org/
electrochemical advanced oxidation for wastewater remediation. Treatment with 10.15406/mseij.2017.01.00018.
UV light, sunlight, and coupling with conventional and other photo-assisted [170] K. Ancy, M.R. Bindhu, J. Sunitha, M.K. Gatasheh, A. Atef, S. Ilavenil,
advanced technologies, Chemosphere 250 (2020) 126198, https://doi.org/ Photocatalytic degradation of organic synthetic dyes and textile dyeing waste
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126198. water by Al and F co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles, Environ. Res. 206 (2022),
[150] M. Hui Zhang, H. Dong, L. Zhao, D. Xi Wang, D. Meng, A review on Fenton 112492, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112492.
process for organic wastewater treatment based on optimization perspective, Sci. [171] O. Seifunnisha, J. Shanthi, Influence of Aloe vera and PEG on the evaluation of
Total Environ. 670 (2019) 110–121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. photocatalytic degradation of MG dye under UV light and visible light irradiation
scitotenv.2019.03.180. of ZnO nanomaterials, Optik (Stuttg). 248 (2021), 168064, https://doi.org/
[151] M. Fayazi, M.A. Taher, D. Afzali, A. Mostafavi, Enhanced Fenton-like degradation 10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.168064.
of methylene blue by magnetically activated carbon/hydrogen peroxide with [172] R. Shi, Z. Zhang, F. Luo, N-doped graphene-based CuO/WO3/Cu composite
hydroxylamine as Fenton enhancer, J. Mol. Liq. 216 (2016) 781–787, https://doi. material with performances of catalytic decomposition 4-nitrophenol and
org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.01.093. photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes, Inorg. Chem. Commun. 121 (2020),
[152] M. Fayazi, Preparation and characterization of carbon nanotubes/pyrite 108246, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108246.
nanocomposite for degradation of methylene blue by a heterogeneous Fenton [173] M.Beaula Ruby Kamalam, S.S.R. Inbanathan, K. Sethuraman, A. Umar, H. Algadi,
reaction, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 120 (2021) 229–235, https://doi.org/ A.A. Ibrahim, Q.I. Rahman, C.S. Garoufalis, S. Baskoutas, Direct sunlight-driven
10.1016/j.jtice.2021.03.033. enhanced photocatalytic performance of V2O5 nanorods/ graphene oxide
[153] D.A.A. Aljuboury, P. Palaniandy, H.B.A. Aziz, S. Feroz, A review on the Fenton nanocomposites for the degradation of Victoria blue dye, Environ. Res. 199
process for wastewater treatment, J. Innov. Eng. 2 (2014) 1–22. (2021) 111369, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111369.
[154] K.E. Barrera-Salgado, G. Ramírez-Robledo, A. Álvarez-Gallegos, C.A. Pineda- [174] A.S. Adekunle, J.A.O. Oyekunle, L.M. Durosinmi, O. Saheed, T.A. Ajayeoba, O.
Arellano, F.Z. Sierra-Espinosa, J.A. Hernández-Pérez, S. Silva-Martínez, Fenton F. Akinyele, S.E. Elugoke, Comparative photocatalytic degradation of dyes in
process coupled to ultrasound and UV light irradiation for the oxidation of a wastewater using solar enhanced iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanocatalysts prepared by
model pollutant, J. Chem. 2016 (2016) 16–18, https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/ chemical and microwave methods, Nano-Struct. Nano-Objects 28 (2021),
4262530. 100804, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2021.100804.
[155] L. Yang, C. Dan, F. Shisuo, Y. Ting, Enhanced visible light assisted Fenton-like [175] M. Verma, K.P. Singh, A. Kumar, Reactive magnetron sputtering based synthesis
degradation of dye via metal-doped zinc ferrite nanosphere prepared from metal- of WO3 nanoparticles and their use for the photocatalytic degradation of dyes,
rich industrial wastewater, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 96 (2019) 185–192, Solid State Sci. 99 (2020), 105847, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2018.11.006. solidstatesciences.2019.02.008.
[156] D.R. Manenti, P.A. Soares, A.N. Módenes, F.R. Espinoza-Quiñones, R.A. [176] L. Yang, Y. Hong, E. Liu, X. Zhang, L. Wang, X. Lin, J. Shi, Significant
R. Boaventura, R. Bergamasco, V.J.P. Vilar, Insights into solar photo-Fenton enhancement of photocatalytic H2 production simultaneous with dye degradation
process using iron(III)-organic ligand complexes applied to real textile wastewater over Ni2P modified In2O3 nanocomposites, Sep. Purif. Technol. 263 (2021),
treatment, Chem. Eng. J. 266 (2015) 203–212, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. 118366, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118366.
cej.2014.12.077. [177] A. Bilgic, Fabrication of monoBODIPY-functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2
[157] M.L.A. Ramalho, V.S. Madeira, I.L.O. Brasileiro, P.C.R. Fernandes, C.B. nanoparticles for the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B under UV
M. Barbosa, S. Arias, J.G.A. Pacheco, Synthesis of mixed oxide ti / Fe2O3 as solar irradiation and the detection and removal of Cu(II) ions in aqueous solutions,
light-induced photocatalyst for heterogeneous photo-Fenton like process, J. Alloys Compd. 899 (2022), 163360, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 404 (2021), 112873, https://doi.org/10.1016/ jallcom.2021.163360.
j.jphotochem.2020.112873. [178] S. Kaur, S. Sharma, A. Umar, S. Singh, S.K. Mehta, S.K. Kansal, Solar light driven
[158] E.M. Cuerda-Correa, M.F. Alexandre-Franco, C. Fernández-González, Advanced enhanced photocatalytic degradation of brilliant green dye based on ZnS
oxidation processes for the removal of antibiotics from water An overview, Water quantum dots, Superlattice. Microst. 103 (2017) 365–375, https://doi.org/
12 (2020) 102, https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010102. 10.1016/j.spmi.2016.10.046.
[159] M. Fayazi, M. Ghanei-Motlagh, Electrochemical mineralization of methylene blue [179] R. Rajendran, K. Varadharajan, V. Jayaraman, Fabrication of tantalum doped CdS
dye using electro-Fenton oxidation catalyzed by a novel sepiolite/pyrite nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic dye under
nanocomposite, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17 (2020) 4541–4548, https://doi. visible light exposure, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 580 (2019),
org/10.1007/s13762-020-02749-2. 123688, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123688.
[160] A.A. Elbatea, S.A. Nosier, A.A. Zatout, I. Hassan, G.H. Sedahmed, M.H. Abdel- [180] M. Ahmaruzzaman, S.R. Mishra, Photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4 based
Aziz, M.A. El-Naggar, Removal of reactive red 195 from dyeing wastewater using nanocomposites for effective degradation/removal of dyes from water and
electro-Fenton process in a cell with oxygen sparged fixed bed electrodes, wastewater, Mater. Res. Bull. 143 (2021), 111417, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
materresbull.2021.111417.

18
M.D. Khan et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering 53 (2023) 103579

[181] R. Shan, L. Lu, J. Gu, Y. Zhang, H. Yuan, Y. Chen, B. Luo, Photocatalytic Fenton processes and novel ni-Cu@MWCNTs photocatalyst, J. Mol. Liq. 312
degradation of methyl orange by Ag/TiO2/biochar composite catalysts in (2020), 113399, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113399.
aqueous solutions, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 114 (2020), 105088, https:// [203] A.A. Zahrani, B. Ayati, Using heterogeneous fe-ZSM-5 nanocatalyst to improve
doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2020.105088. the electro Fenton process for acid blue 25 removal in a novel reactor with
[182] H. Dong, G. Zeng, L. Tang, C. Fan, C. Zhang, X. He, Y. He, An overview on orbiting electrodes, J. Electroanal. Chem. 873 (2020), 114456, https://doi.org/
limitations of TiO2-based particles for photocatalytic degradation of organic 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114456.
pollutants and the corresponding countermeasures, Water Res. 79 (2015) [204] N.T. Dung, L.T. Duong, N.T. Hoa, V.D. Thao, L.V. Ngan, N.N. Huy,
128–146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.04.038. A comprehensive study on the heterogeneous electro-Fenton degradation of
[183] M. Amoli-Diva, A. Anvari, R. Sadighi-Bonabi, Synthesis of magneto-plasmonic au- tartrazine in water using CoFe2O4/carbon felt cathode, Chemosphere 287
ag NPs-decorated TiO2-modified Fe3O4 nanocomposite with enhanced laser/ (2022), 132141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132141.
solar-driven photocatalytic activity for degradation of dye pollutant in textile [205] L.R. Aveiro, A.G.M. Da Silva, E.G. Candido, V.S. Antonin, L.S. Parreira, R. Papai,
wastewater, Ceram. Int. 45 (2019) 17837–17846, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. I. Gaubeur, F.L. Silva, M.R.V. Lanza, P.H.C. Camargo, M.C. Santos, Application
ceramint.2019.05.355. and stability of cathodes with manganese dioxide nanoflowers supported on
[184] L. Gnanasekaran, R. Hemamalini, R. Saravanan, K. Ravichandran, F. Gracia, V. Vulcan by Fenton systems for the degradation of RB5 azo dye, Chemosphere 208
K. Gupta, Intermediate state created by dopant ions (Mn, co and Zr) into TiO2 (2018) 131–138, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.107.
nanoparticles for degradation of dyes under visible light, J. Mol. Liq. 223 (2016) [206] R. Salazar, J. Gallardo-Arriaza, J. Vidal, C. Rivera-Vera, C. Toledo-Neira, M.
652–659, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.08.105. A. Sandoval, L. Cornejo-Ponce, A. Thiam, Treatment of industrial textile
[185] A. Maroudas, P.K. Pandis, A. Chatzopoulou, L.R. Davellas, G. Sourkouni, wastewater by the solar photoelectro-Fenton process: influence of solar radiation
C. Argirusis, Synergetic decolorization of azo dyes using ultrasounds, and applied current, Sol. Energy 190 (2019) 82–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
photocatalysis and photo-Fenton reaction, Ultrason. Sonochem. 71 (2021), solener.2019.07.072.
105367, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105367. [207] M.F. Murrieta, I. Sirés, E. Brillas, J.L. Nava, Mineralization of acid red 1 azo dye
[186] W.S. Koe, J.W. Lee, W.C. Chong, Y.L. Pang, L.C. Sim, An overview of by solar photoelectro-Fenton-like process using electrogenerated HClO and
photocatalytic degradation: photocatalysts, mechanisms, and development of photoregenerated Fe(II), Chemosphere 246 (2020) 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/
photocatalytic membrane, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27 (2020) 2522–2565, j.chemosphere.2019.125697.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07193-5. [208] J. Guo, S. Khan, S. Cho, J. Kim, Applied surface science preparation and
[187] J. Fan, F. Fan, W. Wang, H. Zhang, L. Wang, J. Chang, Q. Liang, D. Wang, Z. Liu, immobilization of zinc sul fi de ( ZnS ) nanoparticles on polyvinylidene fl uoride
L. Shao, Treatment of acid red 73 wastewater by the O3/RSR-BCR process, Chem. pellets for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue in wastewater, Appl.
Eng. Process. - Process Intensif. 160 (2021), 108296, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Surf. Sci. 473 (2019) 425–432, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.12.103.
cep.2020.108296. [209] K.E. Hassani, D. Kalnina, M. Turks, B.H. Beakou, A. Anouar, Enhanced
[188] S.P. Ghuge, A.K. Saroha, Ozonation of reactive Orange 4 dye aqueous solution degradation of an azo dye by catalytic ozonation over ni- containing layered
using mesoporous Cu/SBA-15 catalytic material, J. Water Process Eng. 23 (2018) double hydroxide nanocatalyst, Sep. Purif. Technol. 210 (2019) 764–774, https://
217–229, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.04.009. doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.08.074.
[189] D. Yang, J. Yuan, COD and Color Removal from Real Dyeing Wastewater by [210] R. Jamee, R. Siddique, Biodegradation of synthetic dyes of textile effluent by
Ozonation, 2016, https://doi.org/10.2175/106143016X14504669768697. microorganisms: an environmentally and economically sustainable approach,
[190] M. Faghihinezhad, M. Baghdadi, M.S. Shahin, A. Torabian, Catalytic ozonation of Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol. 9 (2019) 114–118, https://doi.org/10.1556/
real textile wastewater by magnetic oxidized g-C3N4 modified with Al2O3 1886.2019.00018.
nanoparticles as a novel catalyst, Sep. Purif. Technol. 283 (2021) 120208, [211] M.B. Ceretta, D. Nercessian, E.A. Wolski, Current trends on role of biological
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120208. treatment in integrated treatment technologies of textile wastewater, Front.
[191] S. Bakht Shokouhi, R. Dehghanzadeh, H. Aslani, N. Shahmahdi, Activated carbon Microbiol. 12 (2021) 1–7, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.651025.
catalyzed ozonation (ACCO) of reactive blue 194 azo dye in aqueous saline [212] A. Singh, D.B. Pal, A. Mohammad, A. Alhazmi, S. Haque, T. Yoon, N. Srivastava,
solution: experimental parameters, kinetic and analysis of activated carbon V.K. Gupta, Biological remediation technologies for dyes and heavy metals in
properties, J. Water Process Eng. 35 (2020), 101188, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. wastewater treatment: new insight, Bioresour. Technol. 343 (2022), 126154,
jwpe.2020.101188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126154.
[192] J. Luo, W. Huang, Q. Zhang, Y. Wu, F. Fang, J. Cao, Y. Su, Distinct effects of [213] H. Li, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, H. Wang, K. Sun, Z. Lu, Bacterial degradation of
hypochlorite types on the reduction of antibiotic resistance genes during waste anthraquinone dyes, J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B 20 (2019) 528–540, https://doi.org/
activated sludge fermentation: insights of bacterial community, cellular activity, 10.1631/jzus.B1900165.
and genetic expression, J. Hazard. Mater. 403 (2021), 124010, https://doi.org/ [214] M.E. Karim, K. Dhar, M.T. Hossain, Decolorization of textile reactive dyes by
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124010. bacterial monoculture and consortium screened from textile dyeing effluent,
[193] N.R. Khandaker, I. Afreen, D.S. Diba, F.B. Huq, T. Akter, Groundwater for J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol. 16 (2018) 375–380, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
sustainable development treatment of textile wastewater using calcium jgeb.2018.02.005.
hypochlorite oxidation followed by waste iron rust aided rapid filtration for color [215] A. Elfarash, A.M.M. Mawad, N.M.M. Yousef, A.A.M. Shoreit, Azoreductase
and COD removal for application in resources challenged Bangladesh, Groundw. kinetics and gene expression in the synthetic dyes-degrading pseudomonas,
Sustain. Dev. 10 (2020), 100342, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100342. Egypt. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 4 (2017) 315–322, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
[194] F.Z. Meghlaoui, S. Merouani, O. Hamdaoui, M. Bouhelassa, Rapid catalytic ejbas.2017.07.007.
degradation of refractory textile dyes in Fe (II)/ chlorine system at near neutral [216] N. Garg, A. Garg, S. Mukherji, Eco-friendly decolorization and degradation of
pH: radical mechanism involving chlorine radical anion (Cl⋅ˉ) -mediated reactive yellow 145 textile dye by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and thiosphaera
transformation pathways and impact of environmental matrices, Sep. Purif. pantotropha, J. Environ. Manag. 263 (2020), 110383, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
Technol. 227 (2019), 115685, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115685. jenvman.2020.110383.
[195] A. Belghit, S. Merouani, O. Hamdaoui, A. Alghyamah, M. Bouhelassa, Influence of [217] W.C. Wanyonyi, J.M. Onyari, P.M. Shiundu, F.J. Mulaa, Effective
processing conditions on the synergism between UV irradiation and chlorine biotransformation of reactive black 5 dye using crude protease from Bacillus
toward the degradation of refractory organic pollutants in UV/chlorine advanced cereus strain KM201428, Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 815–824, https://doi.org/
oxidation system, Sci. Total Environ. 736 (2020), 139623, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.247.
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139623. [218] S. Barathi, C. Karthik, N.S.I.A. Padikasan, Biodegradation of textile dye Reactive
[196] R.K. Gautam, M.C. Chattopadhyaya, Advanced Nanomaterials for Wastewater Blue 160 by Bacillus firmus (Bacillaceae: Bacillales) and non-target toxicity
Remediation, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315368108. screening of their degraded products, Toxicol. Rep. 7 (2020) 16–22, https://doi.
[197] P.M. Pérez García, S.L. Ibáñez-Calero, Degradation of synthetic organic dyes in org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.11.017.
solution by ferrate – hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite, Investig. Desarro. 17 [219 L. Ali, H. Alhassani, N. Karuvantevida, M.A. Rauf, S.S. Ashraf, Efficient aerobic
(2017) 43–53, https://doi.org/10.23881/idupbo.017.1-4i. degradation of various azo dyes by a Sphingomonas sp. isolated from petroleum
[198] A.B. Hameed, A.B. Dekhyl, W.M.Sh. Alabdraba, Removing the acid Orange 12 azo sludge, J. Bioremediation Biodegrad. 05 (2014) 1–10, https://doi.org/10.4172/
dye from aqueous solution using sodium hypochlorite, a kinetic and 2155-6199.1000223.
thermodynamic study, IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 961 (2022), 012056, [220] K.Z. Xu, H. Ma, Y.J. Wang, Y.J. Cai, X.R. Liao, Z.B. Guan, Extracellular expression
https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/961/1/012056. of mutant CotA-laccase SF in Escherichia coli and its degradation of malachite
[199] N. Thomas, D.D. Dionysiou, S.C. Pillai, Heterogeneous Fenton catalysts: a review green, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 193 (2020), 110335, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
of recent advances, J. Hazard. Mater. 404 (2021), 124082, https://doi.org/ ecoenv.2020.110335.
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124082. [221] J. Qi, M.K. Anke, K. Szymańska, D. Tischler, Immobilization of rhodococcus
[200] A. Khataee, P. Gholami, M. Sheydaei, Heterogeneous Fenton process by natural opacus 1CP azoreductase to obtain azo dye degrading biocatalysts operative at
pyrite for removal of a textile dye from water: effect of parameters and acidic pH, Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 118 (2017) 89–94, https://doi.org/
intermediate identification, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 58 (2016) 366–373, 10.1016/j.ibiod.2017.01.027.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2015.06.015. [222] S.S. Mohanty, A. Kumar, Optimization and kinetic studies on decolorization of vat
[201] H. Qian, Q. Hou, G. Yu, Y. Nie, C. Bai, X. Bai, M. Ju, Enhanced removal of dye green XBN by a newly isolated bacterial strain Proteus mirabilis PMS, J. Water
from wastewater by Fenton process activated by core-shell NiCo2O4@FePc Process Eng. 37 (2020), 101529, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101529.
catalyst, J. Clean. Prod. 273 (2020), 123028, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. [223] S.B. Sakpal, K.S. Tarfe, Screening, isolation and characterization of dye degrading
jclepro.2020.123028. bacteria from textile dye effluents, Cold Spring Harb. Lab. 4 (2021) 5–10.
[202] M. Tariq, M. Muhammad, J. Khan, A. Raziq, M.K. Uddin, A. Niaz, S.S. Ahmed, [224] M.M. Haque, M.A. Haque, M.K. Mosharaf, P.K. Marcus, Decolorization,
A. Rahim, Removal of rhodamine B dye from aqueous solutions using photo- degradation and detoxification of carcinogenic sulfonated azo dye methyl orange

19
M.D. Khan et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering 53 (2023) 103579

by newly developed biofilm consortia, SaudiJ. Biol. Sci. 28 (2021) 793–804, [247] B. Legerská, D. Chmelová, M. Ondrejovi, Decolourization and Detoxification of
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.012. Monoazo Dyes by Laccase From the White-rot Fungus Trametes Versicolor,
[225] I. Sghaier, M. Guembri, H. Chouchane, A. Mosbah, H. Ouzari, A. Jaouani, J. Biotechnol. 285 (2018) 84–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.08.011.
A. Cherif, M. Neifar, Recent advances in textile wastewater treatment using [248] M.S. Mahmoud, M.K. Mostafa, S.A. Mohamed, N.A. Sobhy, M. Nasr,
microbial consortia, J. Text. Eng. Fash. Technol. 5 (2019) 134–146, https://doi. Bioremediation of red azo dye from aqueous solutions by Aspergillus niger strain
org/10.15406/jteft.2019.05.00194. isolated from textile wastewater, Biochem. Pharmacol. 5 (2017) 547–554,
[226] G. Guo, F. Tian, Y. Zhao, M. Tang, W. Liu, C. Liu, International Biodeterioration & https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2016.12.030.
Biodegradation Aerobic decolorization and detoxi fi cation of acid scarlet GR by a [249] L. Song, Y. Shao, S. Ning, L. Tan, Performance of a newly isolated salt-tolerant
newly isolated salt-tolerant yeast strain galactomyces geotrichum GG, Int. yeast strain Pichia occidentalis G1 for degrading and detoxifying azo dyes,
Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 145 (2019), 104818, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Bioresour. Technol. 233 (2017) 21–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ibiod.2019.104818. biortech.2017.02.065.
[227] Y. Zhu, W. Wang, J. Ni, B. Hu, Cultivation of granules containing anaerobic [250] B. Sharma, S. Tiwari, N. Bisht, L. Tewari, Eco-friendly bioprocess using agar plug
decolorization and aerobic degradation cultures for the complete mineralization immobilized penicillium crustosum PWWS-6 biomass for treatment of wastewater
of azo dyes in wastewater, Chemosphere 246 (2020), 125753, https://doi.org/ contaminated with toxic Congo red dye for use in agriculture, Ind. Crop. Prod.
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125753. 170 (2021), 113755, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113755.
[228] P. Mani, V.T. Fidal, K. Bowman, M. Breheny, T.S. Chandra, T. Keshavarz, [251] T. Akar, F. Sayin, S. Turkyilmaz, S. Tunali Akar, The feasibility of thamnidium
G. Kyazze, Degradation of azo dye (Acid Orange 7) in a microbial fuel cell: elegans cells for color removal from real wastewater, process saf, Environ. Prot.
comparison between anodic microbial-mediated reduction and cathodic laccase- 105 (2017) 316–325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2016.11.017.
mediated oxidation, Front. Energy Res. 7 (2019) 1–12, https://doi.org/10.3389/ [252] D. Iark, J.A.A. Garcia, V.G. Côrrea, C.V. Helm, R.C.G. Corrêa, R.A. Peralta,
fenrg.2019.00101. A. Bracht, R.M. Peralta, R. de Fátima Peralta Muniz Moreira, A.J.dos R. Buzzo,
[229] D.P. Srivatsav, Microbial degradation of azo dyes from textile industry - review, Enzymatic degradation and detoxification of azo dye Congo red by a new laccase
Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. 8 (2019) 429–435. from Oudemansiella canarii, Bioresour. Technol. 289 (2019) 121655, https://doi.
[230] S.A. Zahran, M. Ali-Tammam, A.M. Hashem, R.K. Aziz, A.E. Ali, Azoreductase org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121655.
activity of dye-decolorizing bacteria isolated from the human gut microbiota, Sci. [253] E. Emami, P. Zolfaghari, M. Golizadeh, A. Karimi, A. Lau, B. Ghiasi, Z. Ansari,
Rep. 9 (2019) 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41894-8. Effects of stabilizers on sustainability, activity and decolorization performance of
[231] A. Mishra, S. Takkar, N.C. Joshi, S. Shukla, K. Shukla, A. Singh, A. Manikonda, manganese peroxidase enzyme produced by phanerochaete chrysosporium,
A. Varma, An integrative approach to study bacterial enzymatic degradation of J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 8 (2020), 104459, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
toxic dyes, Front. Microbiol. 12 (2022) 802544, https://doi.org/10.3389/ jece.2020.104459.
fmicb.2021.802544. [254] J. Liu, S. Sun, Y. Han, J. Meng, Y. Chen, H. Yu, X. Zhang, F. Ma, Journal of the
[232] M.D. Khan, R. Thimmappa, A.H. Anwer, N. Khan, S. Tabraiz, D. Li, M.Z. Khan, E. Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers Lignin waste as co-substrate on
H. Yu, Redox mediator as cathode modifier for enhanced degradation of azo dye decolorization of azo dyes by ganoderma lucidum, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 122
in a sequential dual chamber microbial fuel cell-aerobic treatment process, Int. J. (2021) 85–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2021.04.039.
Hydrog. Energy 46 (2021) 39427–39437, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. [255] S.F. Mohsenpour, S. Hennige, N. Willoughby, A. Adeloye, T. Gutierrez,
ijhydene.2021.09.151. Integrating micro-algae into wastewater treatment: a review, Sci. Total Environ.
[233] M.D. Khan, N. Khan, S. Sultana, R. Joshi, S. Ahmed, E. Yu, K. Scott, A. Ahmad, M. 752 (2021), 142168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142168.
Z. Khan, Bioelectrochemical conversion of waste to energy using microbial fuel [256] H. Subramanian, M. Krishnan, A. Mahalingam, Photocatalytic dye degradation
cell technology, Process Biochem. 57 (2017) 141–158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. and photoexcited anti-microbial activities of green zinc oxide nanoparticles
procbio.2017.04.001. synthesized via Sargassum muticum extracts, RSC Adv. 12 (2022) 985–997,
[234] A. Assadi, M. Naderi, M.R. Mehrasbi, Anaerobic–aerobic sequencing batch reactor https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ra08196a.
treating azo dye containing wastewater: effect of high nitrate ions and salt, [257] T. Ishchi, G. Sibi, Azo dye degradation by Chlorella vulgaris: optimization and
J. Water Reuse Desalin. 8 (2018) 251–261, https://doi.org/10.2166/ kinetics, Int. J. Biol. Chem. 14 (2019) 1–7, https://doi.org/10.3923/
wrd.2017.132. ijbc.2020.1.7.
[235] M.D. Khan, H. Abdulateif, I.M. Ismail, S. Sabir, M.Z. Khan, Bioelectricity [258] R. Foroutan, R. Mohammadi, J. Razeghi, B. Ramavandi, Performance of algal
generation and bioremediation of an azo-dye in a microbial fuel cell coupled activated carbon/Fe3O4 magnetic composite for cationic dyes removal from
activated sludge process, PLoS One 10 (2015) 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1371/ aqueous solutions, Algal Res. 40 (2019), 101509, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
journal.pone.0138448. algal.2019.101509.
[236] A. Kumar, R. Chandra, Ligninolytic enzymes and its mechanisms for degradation [259] A.N. Kulkarni, A.D. Watharkar, N.R. Rane, B.H. Jeon, S.P. Govindwar,
of lignocellulosic waste in environment, Heliyon. 6 (2020), e03170, https://doi. Decolorization and detoxification of dye mixture and textile effluent by lichen
org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03170. dermatocarpon vellereceum in fixed bed upflow bioreactor with subsequent
[237] G. Rajhans, A. Barik, S.K. Sen, S. Raut, Degradation of dyes by fungi: an insight oxidative stress study, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 148 (2018) 17–25, https://doi.
into mycoremediation, Biotechnologia 102 (2021) 445–455, https://doi.org/ org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.001.
10.5114/BTA.2021.111109. [260] A.T. Al-Fawwaz, M. Abdullah, Decolorization of methylene blue and malachite
[238] S.K. Sen, S. Raut, P. Bandyopadhyay, S. Raut, Fungal decolouration and green by immobilized Desmodesmus sp. isolated from North Jordan, Int. J.
degradation of azo dyes: a review, fungal, Biol. Rev. 30 (2016) 112–133, https:// Environ. Sci. Dev. 7 (2016) 95–99, https://doi.org/10.7763/ijesd.2016.v7.748.
doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2016.06.003. [261] N. El-Ahmady Ali El-Naggar, R.A. Hamouda, A.Y. El-Khateeb, N.H. Rabei,
[239] A. Mishra, A. Malik, Novel fungal consortium for bioremediation of metals and Biosorption of cationic Hg2+ and Remazol brilliant blue anionic dye from binary
dyes from mixed waste stream, Bioresour. Technol. 171 (2014) 217–226, https:// solution using Gelidium corneum biomass, Sci. Rep. 11 (2021) 1–24, https://doi.
doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.047. org/10.1038/s41598-021-00158-0.
[240] R. Hürmüzlü, M. Okur, N. Saraçoğlu, Immobilization of trametes versicolor [262] E. Torres, Biosorption: a review of the latest advances, Processes 8 (2020) 1–23,
laccase on chitosan/halloysite as a biocatalyst in the remazol red RR dye, Int. J. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8121584.
Biol. Macromol. 192 (2021) 331–341, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. [263] P. Sarkar, A. Dey, Phycoremediation – an emerging technique for dye abatement:
ijbiomac.2021.09.213. an overview, Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 147 (2021) 214–225, https://doi.org/
[241] K. Agrawal, P. Verma, Myco-valorization approach using entrapped myrothecium 10.1016/j.psep.2020.09.031.
verrucaria ITCC-8447 on synthetic and natural support via column bioreactor for [264] G. Bayramoglu, S. Burcu, I. Acikgoz-erkaya, M. Yakup, Preparation of effective
the detoxification and degradation of anthraquinone dyes, Int. Biodeterior. green sorbents using O. princeps alga biomass with different composition of
Biodegrad. 153 (2020), 105052, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2020.105052. amine groups : comparison to adsorption performances for removal of a model
[242] A. Pandi, G. Marichetti Kuppuswami, K. Numbi Ramudu, S. Palanivel, acid dye, J. Mol. Liq. 347 (2022), 118375, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
A sustainable approach for degradation of leather dyes by a new fungal laccase, molliq.2021.118375.
J. Clean. Prod. 211 (2019) 590–597, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. [265] T. Fazal, M.S.U. Rehman, F. Javed, M. Akhtar, A. Mushtaq, A. Hafeez, A. Alaud
jclepro.2018.11.048. Din, J. Iqbal, N. Rashid, F. Rehman, Integrating bioremediation of textile
[243] P.O. Bankole, A.A. Adekunle, S.P. Govindwar, Demethylation and desulfonation wastewater with biodiesel production using microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris),
of textile industry dye, thiazole yellow G by Aspergillus niger LAG, Biotechnol. Chemosphere 281 (2021), 130758, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
Rep. 23 (2019), e00327, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00327. chemosphere.2021.130758.
[244] R. Zhuo, J. Zhang, H. Yu, F. Ma, X. Zhang, The roles of pleurotus ostreatus HAUCC [266] G.G. Gelebo, L.H. Tessema, K.T. Kehshin, H.H. Gebremariam, E.T. Gebremikal, M.
162 laccase isoenzymes in decolorization of synthetic dyes and the transformation T. Motuma, A. Ayele, D. Getachew, S. Benor, A. Suresh, Phycoremediation of
pathways, Chemosphere 234 (2019) 733–745, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. synthetic dyes in an aqueous solution using an indigenous Oscillatoria sp., from
chemosphere.2019.06.113. Ethiopia, Ethiop. J. Sci. Sustain. Dev. 7 (2020) 14–20, https://doi.org/10.20372/
[245] S.H. Liu, S.L. Tsai, P.Y. Guo, C.W. Lin, Inducing laccase activity in white rot fungi ejssdastu.
using copper ions and improving the efficiency of azo dye treatment with [267] Z. Moradi, M. Madadkar Haghjou, M. Zarei, L. Colville, A. Raza, Synergy of
electricity generation using microbial fuel cells, Chemosphere 243 (2020), production of value-added bioplastic, astaxanthin and phycobilin co-products and
125304, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125304. direct green 6 textile dye remediation in Spirulina platensis, Chemosphere 280
[246] P.D. Kunjadia, G.V. Sanghvi, A.P. Kunjadia, P.N. Mukhopadhyay, G.S. Dave, Role (2021), 130920, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130920.
of ligninolytic enzymes of white rot fungi (Pleurotus spp.) grown with azo dyes, [268] G. Vijayaraghavan, S. Shanthakumar, Effective removal of acid black 1 dye in
Springerplus 5 (2016) 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3156-7. textile effluent using alginate from brown algae as a coagulant, Iran. J. Chem.
Chem. Eng. 37 (2018) 145–151.

20
M.D. Khan et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering 53 (2023) 103579

[269] S. Samir, R. Al-tohamy, J. Sun, Performance of meyerozyma caribbica as a novel oxidative processes: a review, Heliyon 8 (2022), e10205, https://doi.org/
manganese peroxidase-producing yeast inhabiting wood-feeding termite gut 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10205.
symbionts for azo dye decolorization and detoxification, Sci. Total Environ. 806 [291] D.A. Gkika, A.C. Mitropoulos, G.Z. Kyzas, Why reuse spent adsorbents? The latest
(2022), 150665, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150665. challenges and limitations, Sci. Total Environ. 822 (2022), 153612, https://doi.
[270] R.A. Azeez, F.K.I. Al-Zuhairi, Biosorption of dye by immobilized yeast cells on the org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153612.
surface of magnetic nanoparticles, Alex. Eng. J. 61 (2022) 5213–5222, https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.10.044.
[271] Y. Wang, B. Xu, S. Ning, S. Shi, L. Tan, A. Candida, Ecotoxicology and List of abbreviations and symbols
environmental safety magnetically stimulated azo dye biodegradation by a newly
isolated osmo-tolerant Candida tropicalis A1 and transcriptomic responses,
AOP: Advanced oxidation process
Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 209 (2021), 111791, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
AB25: Acid Blue 25
ecoenv.2020.111791.
AB29: Acid Blue 29
[272] M.M. Martorell, H.F. Pajot, L.I.C. de Figueroa, Biological degradation of reactive
AR1: Acid Red 1
black 5 dye by yeast Trichosporon akiyoshidainum, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 5
AO7: Acid Orange 7
(2017) 5987–5993, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.11.012.
AO12: Acid Orange 12
[273] L. Tan, M. He, L. Song, X. Fu, S. Shi, Aerobic decolorization, degradation and
AR: Allura Red
detoxification of azo dyes by a newly isolated salt-tolerant yeast scheffersomyces
AR73: Acid Red 73
spartinae TLHS-SF1, Bioresour. Technol. 203 (2016) 287–294, https://doi.org/
AR97: Acid Red 97
10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.058.
ARB: Acid Red B
[274] O. Mohiuddin, A.P. Harvey, S. Tabraiz, M.T. Ameen, S. Velasquez-Orta, Kinetic
AS3R: Acid Scarlet 3R
modelling of yeast growth and pollutant removal in secondary effluent, J. Water
AVR: Anthraquinone Violet R
Process Eng. 50 (2022), 103244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103244.
CB: Conduction band
[275] R. Al-Tohamy, J. Sun, M.F. Fareed, E.R. Kenawy, S.S. Ali, Ecofriendly
COD: Chemical oxygen demand
biodegradation of reactive black 5 by newly isolated Sterigmatomyces halophilus
CR: Congo Red
SSA1575, valued for textile azo dye wastewater processing and detoxification,
DB71: Direct Blue 71
Sci. Rep. 10 (2020) 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69304-4.
DB64: Disperse Blue 64
[276] A.C.R. Ngo, D. Tischler, Microbial degradation of azo dyes: approaches and
DTY: Disperse Terasil Yellow W-4G
prospects for a Hazard-free conversion by microorganisms, Int. J. Environ. Res.
EBT: Eriochrome Black T
Public Health 19 (2022) 4740, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084740.
FADH: Flavin adenine dinucleotide
[277] P. Saravanan, S. Kumaran, S. Bharathi, Bioremediation of synthetic textile dyes
GO: Graphene oxide
using live yeast Pichia pastoris, Environ. Technol. Innov. 22 (2021), 101442,
HRT: Hydraulic retention time
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101442.
MB: Methylene Blue
[278] F. Ruscasso, I. Cavello, M. Butler, E.L. Loveira, G. Curutchet, S. Cavalitto,
MFC: Microbial fuel cell
Biodegradation and detoxification of reactive Orange 16 by Candida sake 41E,
MG: Malachite Green
Bioresour. Technol. Rep. 15 (2021), 100726, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
MO: Methyl Orange (MO)
biteb.2021.100726.
MV: Methyl Violet (MV)
[279] N. Popović, D. Pržulj, M. Mladenović, O. Prodanović, S. Ece, K. Ilić Đurđić,
MOL: Moringa oleifera Lam
R. Ostafe, R. Fischer, R. Prodanović, Immobilization of yeast cell walls with
NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
surface displayed laccase from Streptomyces cyaneus within dopamine-alginate
NBHE22: Navy Blue HE22
beads for dye decolorization, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 181 (2021) 1072–1080,
PBS: Ponceau BS
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.115.
RB: Rhodamine B
[280] S. Barathi, K.N. Aruljothi, C. Karthik, I.A. Padikasan, V. Ashokkumar, Biofilm
RBB: Remazol Black B
mediated decolorization and degradation of reactive red 170 dye by the bacterial
RB5: Reactive Black 5
consortium isolated from the dyeing industry wastewater sediments,
RO4: Reactive Orange 4
Chemosphere 286 (2022), 131914, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
RO107: Reactive Orange 107
chemosphere.2021.131914.
RR170: Reactive Red 170
[281] R. Krishnamoorthy, P.A. Jose, M. Ranjith, R. Anandham, K. Suganya,
RR195: Reactive Red 195
J. Prabhakaran, S. Thiyageshwari, J. Johnson, N.O. Gopal, K. Kumutha,
RBBR: Remazol Brilliant Blue R
Decolourisation and degradation of azo dyes by mixed fungal culture consisted of
RR: Remazol Red
dichotomomyces cejpii MRCH 1–2 and Phoma tropica MRCH 1–3, J. Environ.
RO29: Reactive Orange 29
Chem. Eng. 6 (2018) 588–595, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.12.035.
RT: Room temperature
[282] W. Li, B. Mu, Y. Yang, Feasibility of industrial-scale treatment of dye wastewater
SB: Solophenyl Blue
via bio-adsorption technology, Bioresour. Technol. 277 (2019) 157–170, https://
TZ: Tartrazine
doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.002.
TYG: Thiazole Yellow G
[283] K. Momina, Ahmad, feasibility of the adsorption as a process for its large scale
VB: Valence band
adoption across industries for the treatment of wastewater: research gaps and
VG: Vat Green XBN
economic assessment, J. Clean. Prod. 388 (2023), 136014, https://doi.org/
UV: Ultraviolet
10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136014.
[284] T. Alsawy, E. Rashad, M. El-Qelish, R.H. Mohammed, A comprehensive review on
the chemical regeneration of biochar adsorbent for sustainable wastewater Symbols
treatment, npj Clean Water 5 (2022) 29, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-022-
bar: Pressure
00172-3.
cm2: Square centimeter
[285] E. Da’na, A. Awad, Regeneration of spent activated carbon obtained from home
g: Gram
filtration system and applying it for heavy metals adsorption, J. Environ. Chem.
h: Hour
Eng. 5 (2017) 3091–3099, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.06.022.
kHz: Kilohertz
[286] H. Aguedal, A. Iddou, A. Aziz, A. Shishkin, J. Ločs, T. Juhna, Effect of thermal
L: Liter
regeneration of diatomite adsorbent on its efficacy for removal of dye from water,
mA: Milliampere
Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16 (2019) 113–124, https://doi.org/10.1007/
mg: Milligram
s13762-018-1647-5.
min: Minute
[287] Y. Shang, X. Li, Y. Yang, N. Wang, X. Zhuang, Z. Zhou, Optimized photocatalytic
mM: Millimolar
regeneration of adsorption-photocatalysis bifunctional composite saturated with
μm: Micrometer
methyl Orange, J. Environ. Sci. (China) 94 (2020) 40–51, https://doi.org/
nm: Nanometer
10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.044.
s: Second
[288] Momina, M. Shahadat, S. Isamil, Regeneration performance of clay-based
T: Temperature
adsorbents for the removal of industrial dyes: a review, RSC Adv. 8 (2018)
V: Volt
24571–24587, https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra04290j.
W: Watt
[289] T.A. Aragaw, F.M. Bogale, Biomass-based adsorbents for removal of dyes from
%: Percentage
wastewater: a review, Front. Environ. Sci. 9 (2021) 958, https://doi.org/ ◦
C: Degree Celsius
10.3389/fenvs.2021.764958.
[290] Y. Xiao, N. Chaukura, J.M. Hill, R. Selvasembian, D.H.da S. Santos, C.L.P.S. Zanta,
L. Meili, Regeneration of dye-saturated activated carbon through advanced

21