Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Agriculture scenario in Kerala

The State is the first in the country in human development index, literacy rate
and sex ratio. In recent years, the State is going ahead as a potential destination for
ecotourism, information technology etc. However the predominantly agro based rural
economy drags back the State economy. The State’s agriculture sector (including
livestock) contributes only 10.88% of the total GDP (at current prices in 2013-14)
compared to 34.2% in Madhya Pradesh, 29.3% in Utter Pradesh and Rajasthan and
27.4% in Punjab. Poor return and high labour cost has forced many of the growers to
keep away from agriculture.

In 1955-56, agriculture was the main economic activity of Keralites and about
53.1 percent of the total working population was engaged in agriculture. The State has
witnessed a remarkable transformation in agricultural sector since its formation in
1956. Cash crops like coconut, rubber, tea, coffee, pepper, cardamom, arecanut,
ginger, nutmeg, cinnamon etc and food crops like paddy, tapioca gives the agricultural
sector of Kerala a distinct flavor. The agro climatic conditions in the State suit for the
cultivation of a variety of seasonal crops and perennial crops.

Kerala or Keralam got its name from ‘kera’ (coconut). For centuries, coconut
trees and coconuts played a vital role in the everyday life and economy of Kerala.
Although coconuts are cultivated in nearly 8.08 lakh hectares of land, constituting
almost 39.4 percent of the state’s net cropped area, there are very few large coconut
plantations in the state. More than 95 percent of coconut trees in Kerala are grown in
the front and back yards of homesteads.

Coconut palms grow almost everywhere in Kerala. In the low lands, coconut
forms one of the main crops. The midlands and the slope of the high lands are also
best suited for its cultivation. The seaboard, the shores of lagoons, backwaters and the
banks of rivers are studded with coconut trees. Coconut cultivation is now extended to
higher elevations such as in Idukki district. Coconut farming in Kerala is facing severe
setback in recent years owing to fall in market price and low productivity due to pest
and disease attacks. The rise in cost of cultivation and competition from other oils
such as palm oil etc are other reasons affecting the production of coconut. Kerala’s
share in area of coconut farming in the country had declined from 69% in 1955-56 to
38% in 2013-14.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 1

 Paddy cultivation is the part and parcel of our culture and it is the State’s
major foodgrain crop. In the early years, paddy cultivation was the main agriculture
activity in coastal and midland wet fields in Kerala and is also connected with the
culture and festivals of Kerala. Despite these facts, the area and production of paddy
in Kerala continues to decline over the years. The State has achieved 50 percent self-
sufficiency in rice production in 1972-73. But the area and production of paddy has
declined at an alarming rate in the later years. The gap between investment and
production made the cultivators away from paddy cultivation, while the high job
opportunity and alternative wages shifted the workforce to other lucrative construction
works. The high remittance from abroad boosted the real estate and construction
sectors in Kerala weaning away the land under paddy and other crops and labour
force involved in cultivation and small land owners to real estate sector.

Kerala has wide network of rivers, rivulets and springs spread over the entire
cropped area. Out of the net cropped area of the State, only 19 percent is irrigated.
The net area irrigated has slightly increased from 3.93 lakh hectares during 2004-05
to 3.97 lakh hectares during 2013-14. Coconut is the major irrigated crop of the State
which accounts for 35 percent of the gross irrigated area followed by paddy with 33%.

1.2 Agriculture scenario in India

Agriculture sector contributes Rs.1653802 crores in total GDP of India (at

2013-14 prices) and the share of this sector is 15.8%. At all India level, agriculture
sector shows a growth rate of 16.67% in 2013-14 over the previous year. Thus this
sector plays an important role in Indian economy. In addition to the GDP in primary
sector, the value addition from agricultural produces contributes a major share of
GDP in manufacturing sector.

In India, in 1950-51, the net cropped area was 118.75 million hectares and now
(in 2011-12) it has increased to 140.80 million hectares. While the gross cropped area
is increased from 131.89 million hectares to 195.25 million hectares. Thus the
cropping intensity is increased from 111.07% to 138.67% during the above period.

The percapita net availability of total food grains in India during the year 1951
was 144.1 kg per year or 394.9 grams per day. Now in 2014, it has increased to 179.3
kg per year or 491.2 grams per day. By considering rice alone, the percapita
availability of rice in the country is 58 kg per year or 158.9 grams per day during 1951
and 72.6 kg per year or 199.0 grams per day during 2014.

In the global food production scenario, India continues to maintain a major

share and thus earn foreign exchange from the export of many agricultural produces
and value added food products. India is the leading producer of rice and wheat after
China in the whole world. The country has 21 percent share in global rice production
and 14 percent in wheat production. Maize is another produce in which the country is
in the 4th position in the world with 2.5 percent share. India occupies 19.6 percent

Page 2 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

contribution in the world production of sugarcane after Brazil. India is also the second
largest producer of vegetables, fruits, melons, tobacco, onions and groundnut. The
country has 11.6 percent share in global production of groundnut, 11.7 percent in
tobacco, 9.6 percent in vegetables and melons, 11.6 percent in fruits, 11.3 percent in
potatoes and 17.4 percent in onion.

In India, during 1955-56, 31.52 million hectares of area is under paddy

cultivation with 27.56 million tonnes of rice production. Now, as per 2013-14 data,
this has increased to 43.95 million hectares of area with 106.54 million tonnes of
production. During this period, the productivity has increased from 874 kg/ hectare to
2424 kg/ hectare. West Bengal is the leading producer of rice in India with 14.33
percent of all India production followed by UP with 13.8 percent. Kerala’s contribution
in rice production is 0.53%. Among the rice producing States, Punjab has the highest
productivity of 3952 kg/ hectare followed by Haryana with 3256 kg/ hectare. Kerala’s
productivity is only 2837 kg/ hectare.

During the year 2013-14, India has exported 107.76 lakh tonnes of rice with a
value of Rs.46793 Crores. Wheat is the 2nd major food grain commodity exported
during the year 2013-14. The total exported quantity of wheat in 2013-14 is 55.6 lakh
tonnes with a value of Rs.9257 Crores. Even though India has exported 10.29 lakh
tonnes of spices (value Rs.15981 crores) during the year 2013-14, some other spices of
1.48 lakh tonnes (value Rs.3431 crores) were imported during the same year. The
other major agricultural commodities imported to India (during the year 2013-14) are
edible vegetable oils (104.34 lakh tonnes, Rs.56489 crores), pulses (30.49 lakh tonnes,
Rs.10551 crores), raw cashew (7.71 lakh tonnes, 4564 crores) and sugar (8.81 lakh
tonnes, 2287 crores).

1.3 Analytical study

The agricultural situation in the State during the last 10 years in terms of
development in area, production, productivity, economy, changes happened during
this period etc are analysed in this report through various chapters. The area and
production share of the State in all India area and production of various crops are also
mentioned in this report. Since paddy and coconut are the very important crops in
Kerala, special emphasis is given on these two crops and separate chapters are
provided in this report. So, the area, production and productivity of paddy and
coconut from 1955-56 to 2013-14 of Kerala and all India are given as annexure of this
report.

This report also contains an analysis on the performance in implementation of

plan schemes of the Department of Agriculture during the last 10 years from 2005-06
to 2014-15. The scheme wise outlay of the State budget according to the amount
earmarked in each Head of Account and its progress of achievement in

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 3

implementation up to 31st March of each year are compiled in this report. The scheme
expenditure figures mentioned in this report are accounts figures published by State
Finance Department. For the year 2014-15, since the accounts figures are not
published yet, the department expenditure figures are provided. The basic data
sources for this report are

1. Annual Plan documents of State Finance department

2. Annual accounts of State Finance department
3. Performance reports of the Department of Agriculture
4. Subject Committee Reports of Department of Agriculture
5. Economic review documents and other reports of State Planning Board
6. Reports published by the State Department of Economics & Statistics
7. Reports on socio economic surveys conducted by NSSO
8. Reports of Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Govt of India
9. Reports of tea board, rubber board, coffee board etc available in their official
websites

The first chapter of this report gives an introduction to agricultural situation in

Kerala and the country. In chapter 2, an overview of the plan schemes implemented
from 2005-06 to 2014-15 are analysed. The sectoral share and its growth during the
period, growth in outlay and share of State and centrally sponsored schemes etc are
also analysed here. In chapter 3, the gross domestic product from agricultural sector,
its sectoral share, its changes over the period, comparison of Kerala with India etc are
analysed. The overall situation of agriculture in Kerala in comparison with all India,
cropping pattern, land use pattern, production changes during the period of last ten
years etc are analysed in chapter number 4. A comparison of cropping pattern of
Kerala in 1955-56 with 2014-15, comparison with all India, district level ranking
position in area and production of various important crops et are also mentioned in
chapter 4.

In chapter 5, the crop production expense on various crops in the state during
the period from 2004-05 to 2013-14 are analysed. The receipts and expenses in crop
production of other states in India are also analysed in chapter 5. The growth in cost
of cultivation and growth in farm price of various agricultural produces are also
compared and analysed in this chapter. In chapter 6, the consumption pattern in
rural and urban areas in the States based on the socio economic surveys conducted in
the State during the past and the estimated requirement of rice and vegetables for the
next 15 years for Kerala are analysed. In chapter 7, the development of paddy
cultivation in Kerala is analysed. The schemes implemented on the aspect of
developing rice production in Kerala and its financial and available physical
achievements are also summarised in this chapter. The schemes related to the
improvement of production and productivity of coconut implemented in the State
during 2004-05 to 2013-14 and the area, production and productivity improvement of

Page 4 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

coconut cultivation in comparison with other coconut producing States are explained
in chapter 8.

Chapter number 9 gives the development of vegetables and fruits in Kerala

during the last ten years, the schemes on development of horticultural crops
implemented through the department of agriculture, VFPCK, Horticorp, SHM are
analysed. In chapter 10, the development of plantation crops and spices in the State
and the schemes implemented on this aspect during the last ten years are analysed.
The share of the State in the area under spices and plantation crops in the country
and production share and its changes are analysed here. In chapter 11, the schemes
implemented in Kerala for providing insurance support to crops, welfare of the farming
community, debt relief etc are analysed. Chapter 12 gives the schemes implemented
on improving the mechanisation in agriculture in Kerala and its performance are
analysed. In chapter 13, the schemes related to extension and communication and
other technology transfer to farmers and their performance are explained. Chapter 14
gives the details of schemes related to market development, establishment of storage
and warehousing facilities for agricultural produces etc implemented during the above
period. The plan schemes not covered in chapters 7 to 14 are covered in chapter 15.
Since the schemes implemented in earlier periods but no budget outlay during the
succeeding years, the available details are covered.

The data used for the analysis made in the above chapters are appended as
Annexure at the end of this report. These contain scheme wise plan progress, cropped
area, production and productivity, cost of cultivation, agricultural population, various
prices such as farm wholesale price, farm retail price, market wholesale price etc of
agricultural commodities, consumption of pesticides etc.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 5

Chapter 2

PLAN PERFORMANCE- AN
OVERVIEW

The performance of plan schemes implemented by the department of

agriculture during the last ten years from 2005-06 to 2014-15 are analysed here.
State plan schemes and centrally sponsored schemes are analysed separately. For
scheme wise year wise budget outlay, revised budget outlay, expenditure and head of
account during the above period, the annexures given at the end of this report may be
referred.

2.1 State Plan schemes

The Department of Agriculture have implemented a total of 94 State plan

schemes during the period from 2005-06 to 2014-05 ranging from 30 schemes (in
2005-06) to 49 (in 2011-2). The annual total outlay corresponding to these State
sector schemes is ranging from 54 crores to 925 crores. An increasing trend is shown
in the budget allocation in agricultural sector during the period of 10 years.

2.2 Centrally Sponsored schemes

During the period of 10 years, the total number of centrally sponsored schemes
implemented by the department is 55, which ranges from 8 (in 2012-13) to the
maximum of 23 (in 2005-06). In 2005-06, 16 numbers of macro management schemes
under 90% central funding pattern have been implemented by the department.
Central Government have reduced the scheme components year by year and finally
withdrawn all the macro management schemes by 2013-14.

2.3 Original and Revised Budget Outlay

The following table shows the original budget outlay and revised budget outlay
during the last 10 years as per the budget records of Finance department and the
implementation records of Department of Agriculture. The state share and central
share of centrally sponsored schemes are given separately. The state share of CSS is
only for the CSS other than 100% centrally sponsored schemes.

Page 6 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Rs. in Crores

Original Outlay Revised Outlay

CSS CSS
Other
CSS Other
State State Central State CSS State Central
Year Plan share Share Plan share Share
2005-06 54.33 8.35 136.71 53.53 9.35 145.36
2006-07 152.44 7.11 82.07 250.01 6.26 100.82
2007-08 162.69 3.27 53.84 148.99 3.33 47.00
2008-09 143.20 4.00 59.09 198.09 3.77 46.84
2009-10 194.17 2.56 21.90 246.99 3.07 29.14
2010-11 283.22 2.56 24.60 305.07 2.58 22.52
2011-12 485.23 3.46 20.84 494.39 4.03 22.15
2012-13 685.74 3.00 20.65 698.98 3.00 20.15
2013-14 778.66 2.93 29.45 667.70 2.73 27.65
2014-15 924.52 0.30 18.00 972.17 1.30 63.48
Total for
10 years 3864.20 37.54 467.14 4035.92 39.41 525.10

2.4 Expenditure and Performance percentage

Regarding the performance of State Plan schemes, the utilization of fund was
100% in 2008-09 and least in 2007-08 with 40%. In the case of centrally sponsored
schemes, the central fund utilization is maximum in 2012-13 (91%) and least in 2005-
06 (33%). The overall fund utilization is maximum in 2009-10 with 95 percent and
least in 2005-06 with 47 percent. The performance at a glance is depicted in the
following trend chart.

Plan performance from 2005-06 to 2014-15

120

100
Percentage

80

60

40
State Plan CSS alone Total
20
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 7

 The following table shows the expenditure and its percentage values against the
revised budget allocation over the years from 2005-06 to 2014-15. For the years from
2005-06 to 2013-14, the expenditure values are the accounts figures published by the
Finance Department and for the year 2014-15, the expenditure is the provisional
figures available in the records of the Department of Agriculture.

Rs. in Crores

Expenditure Percentage
CSS CSS
Other CSS Other CSS
State State Central State State Central
Year Plan share Share Plan share Share Total
2005-06 46.51 4.22 47.26 87 45 33 47
2006-07 198.99 4.12 43.40 80 66 43 69
2007-08 59.32 2.73 35.06 40 82 75 49
2008-09 200.04 2.89 26.59 101 76 57 92
2009-10 237.52 2.52 24.74 96 82 85 95
2010-11 288.17 2.39 19.09 94 93 85 94
2011-12 448.47 3.12 16.55 91 77 75 90
2012-13 641.43 2.64 18.39 92 88 91 92
2013-14 640.40 0.89 10.67 96 32 39 93
2014-15 694.30 1.27 31.67 71 98 50 70
Total for
10 years 3455.16 26.78 273.42 86 68 52 82

The total allocation of both State and Central plan schemes (based on revised
budget outlay) during the last 10 years and its utilization (actual values) is depicted in
the following bar chart.

Allocation and utilisation from 2005-06 to 2014-15

1200

1000

800
Rs. in Crores

600

400

200

0
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Outlay Expenditure

Page 8 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

2.5 Budget share of Agriculture Department

The plan outlay of the Department of Agriculture is provided under the

subsectors 1.1 Agriculture and 1.8 Marketing storage and warehousing in the State
budget. On analyzing the State plan budget allocation of Department of Agriculture
and the sectoral outlay under agriculture and allied services for the period of last ten
years from 2005-06 to 2014-15 we can see that the share of the department has been
increased from 29% to 53%. This shows that more thrust has been given to the
subsectors Agriculture (subsector 1.1) and Marketing storage and warehousing
(subsector 1.8) rather than the other subsectors, viz Soil & water conservation (1.2),
Animal husbandry (1.3), Dairy development (1.4), Fisheries (1.5), Forestry and wildlife
(1.6) and Investments in agricultural financial institutions (1.7).

The trend chart showing the outlay share of Department of Agriculture over the
agriculture and allied sector and total State budget during the period is shown below.
Both show an increasing trend.

Outlay share of Agriculture department

60
50
40
Percentage

30
20
10
0
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

% of Agri dept over Agri & allied sectors

% of Agri dept over total State plan outlay

While considering the total State plan budget during the period, the budget
share of the department has increased from 1% to 5%. The following table shows the
above facts in detail.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 9

 Rs. in Crores

Outlay of Agri & Total State % of Agri dept % of Agri dept

Year Agriculture allied Plan over Agri & over total State
Dept sectors outlay allied sectors plan outlay
2005-06 62.68 214.30 5370 29 1
2006-07 159.55 396.19 6681 40 2
2007-08 165.96 368.49 6950 45 2
2008-09 147.20 403.31 7700 36 2
2009-10 196.73 444.04 8920 44 2
2010-11 285.78 705.55 10025 41 3
2011-12 488.69 995.00 12010 49 4
2012-13 688.74 1288.47 14010 53 5
2013-14 781.59 1494.74 17000 52 5
2014-15 924.82 1730.63 20000 53 5
Total for
10 years 3901.74 8040.72 108666 49 4

Page 10 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

Chapter 3

GDP FROM AGRICULTURE

3.1 Agricultural Economy of Kerala

In 1956-57, the share of agricultural products in Kerala was nearly 53 percent

of the Net State Domestic Product (NSDP). The relative share of agriculture in state
income was the lowest when compared with any State in the country while the relative
share of service sector was the highest. During 1957-58, the percapita income from
agriculture in Kerala was Rs.243 whereas it was only Rs.188 in all India. Now (at
2013-14 prices), the percapita income from agriculture in Kerala (based on GSDP) is
Rs.12738 and in all India it is Rs.13228.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from agriculture and allied sector consists of
the following subsectors

1. Agriculture (including livestock and dairying)

2. Forestry and logging
3. Fishing

Thus GDP from agriculture is the total value of goods and services produced
from agriculture (principal, minor and miscellaneous crops [products and byproducts])
and livestock (milk, meat, egg, wool, hair, dung, honey etc). At current prices, the all
India GDP during the year 2013-14 is Rs.10472807 crores and out of this the
agriculture sector has shared an amount of Rs.1653802 crores (15.8 percent).

While considering the State of Kerala, the total GDP in 2013-14 is

Rs.396282.46 crores and the share of agriculture subsector is 43096.47 crores (10.88
percent of total GDP). The GDP contribution from above subsectors, primary sector
and total GDP in Kerala and all India during 2004-05 and 2013-14 at current prices
are given in the following table.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 11

 Rs. in Crores

KERALA INDIA
Subsector 2004-05 2013-14 2004-05 2013-14
Agriculture 16980.51 43096.47 476634 1653802
Forestry & logging 2049.02 4828.27 61640 NA
Fishing 1814.22 6264.54 27153 NA
Agriculture & allied
sector total 20843.75 54189.28 565426 1906348
Primary sector total 21301.53 56097.20 650454 2129000
Total GDP 119264.00 396282.46 2971464 10472807

The change in GDP share of each of the above subsectors of agriculture and
allied sector in Kerala from 2004-05 to 2013-14 at current prices is shown below.

GDP contribution from agriculture & allied sectors in Kerala

2004-05 2013-14
Forestry
Fishing Fishing
&
9% Forestry 12%
logging
& logging
10%
9%

Agricultu
Agricult re
ure 79%
81%

The share of agriculture including livestock is decreased by 2% in the State

during the period of 10 years. But in all India, the subsectoral share of agriculture has
increased by 2% from 2004-05 to 2012-13 (note that sub sectoral figures of all India
for the year 2013-14 are not available). The following pie charts shows the changes
happened in sub sectoral share of GDP of all India from 2004-05 to 2012-13.

Page 12 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 GDP contribution from agriculture & allied sector in India

2004-05 2012-13
Forestry Fishing Forestry Fishing
& logging 5% & 5%
11% logging
9%
Agricultu Agricult
re ure
84% 86%

3.2 GDP from agriculture in Kerala

The following table shows the GSDP from Agriculture sub sector and total
GSDP in Kerala at current prices and at 2004-05 prices during the last 10 years from
2004-05 to 2013-14.

Rs. in Crores

Current prices Constant prices

Year GDP from GDP from
Agriculture Total GDP Agriculture Total GDP
2004-05 16980.51 119264.00 16980.51 119264.00
2005-06 18949.14 136841.76 18041.97 131293.93
2006-07 20821.01 153784.88 16567.85 141666.69
2007-08 22216.33 175141.08 16196.60 154092.68
2008-09 24927.44 202782.79 16533.94 162659.20
2009-10 25748.35 231998.67 16036.66 177571.35
2010-11 34012.38 263773.30 14869.15 189850.71
2011-12 40379.10 312677.16 15701.19 200957.73
2012-13 40288.47 347840.78 15931.67 212859.53
2013-14 43096.47 396282.46 15473.30 226208.50

Note: GDP from Agriculture subsector includes animal husbandry and dairying also,
because the exact figures of income generated in respect of each cannot be segregated.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 13

3.3 Growth rate of GDP from agriculture sector in Kerala

The table given below shows the growth rate of GDP from agriculture and that
of total GDP at current and constant prices over the previous year from 2005-06 to
2013-14 in Kerala.

at constant (2004-05)
at current prices prices
Agriculture Agriculture
Year sub sector Total GDP sub sector Total GDP
2005-06 11.59 14.74 6.25 10.09
2006-07 9.88 12.38 -8.17 7.90
2007-08 6.70 13.89 -2.24 8.77
2008-09 12.20 15.78 2.08 5.56
2009-10 3.29 14.41 -3.01 9.17
2010-11 32.10 13.70 -7.28 6.92
2011-12 18.72 18.54 5.60 5.85
2012-13 -0.22 11.25 1.47 5.92
2013-14 6.97 13.93 -2.88 6.27

3.4 Growth rate of GDP from agriculture sector in India

The percentage growth of GDP from agriculture sector and total GDP of all India
at current and constant prices over the previous year from 2005-06 to 2013-14 is as
follows.

at constant (2004-05)
at current prices prices
Agriculture Agriculture
Year sub sector Total GDP sub sector Total GDP
2005-06 12.63 14.10 5.53 9.48
2006-07 12.64 16.60 4.13 9.57
2007-08 18.46 15.91 6.34 9.32
2008-09 12.62 15.75 -0.27 6.72
2009-10 15.12 15.18 0.41 8.59
2010-11 23.15 18.66 9.54 8.91
2011-12 13.73 15.77 5.34 6.69
2012-13 8.99 11.88 0.91 4.47
2013-14 16.67 11.54 4.93 4.74

Page 14 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

3.5 GDP contribution from Agriculture - Kerala Vs India

The percentage share of GDP from agriculture (including livestock and dairying)
over total GDP of Kerala and India at current and constant prices is given below.

Kerala India

Year Constant Constant

Current Current
(2004-05) (2004-05)
prices prices
prices prices
2004-05 14.24 14.24 16.04 16.04
2005-06 13.85 13.74 15.83 15.46
2006-07 13.54 11.69 15.30 14.69
2007-08 12.68 10.51 15.63 14.29
2008-09 12.29 10.16 15.21 13.36
2009-10 11.10 9.03 15.20 12.35
2010-11 12.89 7.83 15.78 12.42
2011-12 12.91 7.81 15.50 12.26
2012-13 11.58 7.48 15.10 11.85
2013-14 10.88 6.84 15.79 11.87

Source: GDP of Kerala & India 2004-05 to 2013-14, Dept of Economics & Statistics,
Kerala and website of Planning Commission (http://planningcommission.nic.in)

The following graph shows that the GDP contribution of agriculture in Kerala is
decreasing more quickly compared to that of all India.

Trend in GDP contribution from agriculture in Kerala and India

at current prices
17

16

15
Percentage

14

13

12
Kerala India
11

10
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 15

3.6 GDP contribution from agriculture in major states

While comparing the GDP share of agriculture sector (including livestock) of

Kerala with other major agricultural producing States in the country, it is observed
that the State’s contribution is relatively much below than other States but just above
our neighbor Tamil Nadu. The following graph shows a clear picture on this aspect.

GDP share from agriculture of major States- 2013-14

30
25
20
Percentage

15
10
5
0

The GSDP contribution from agriculture sector including livestock of major

states in India during the year 2013-14 at constant (2004-05) prices is given in the
following table. (Rs. in Crores)

Agriculture % share of
Sl No State Total GSDP
GSDP agriculture GDP
1 AP 67742.75 457351.14 14.8
2 Assam 15733.44 88537.17 17.2
3 Bihar 28908.36 174733.58 16.5
4 Haryana 28683.12 198858.27 14.4
5 Jharkhand 15016.90 109408.41 13.7
6 Karnataka 35396.66 314355.55 11.3
7 Kerala 15473.30 226208.5 6.8
8 Maharashtra 53961.02 897785.79 6.0
9 MP 64879.98 238526.47 27.2
10 Odisha 18889.25 148226.03 12.7
11 Punjab 34079.48 173221.48 19.7
12 Rajasthan 44123.38 244996.71 18.0
13 Tamil Nadu 30094.26 480618.05 6.3
14 UP 94035.12 465968.88 20.2
15 WB 49169.17 374898.99 13.1

Source: Agricultural Statistics 2014, M/o Agriculture & Cooperation, Govt of India

Page 16 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

Chapter 4

AGRICULTURE IN KERALA- AN
OVERVIEW

4.1 Cultivators and agricultural labourers in Kerala

The number of people engaged in agricultural activities has been reducing in

the State due to high returns from other entrepreneurial ventures or business and
service sectors. The population of agricultural labourers in Kerala is also decreasing
due to migration of labour force to construction, manufacturing and service sectors.
On analyzing the census population of cultivators and agricultural labourers in the
State in 2001 and 2011 years, it is observed that both the number and share of
cultivators and agricultural labourers had reduced. The decadal rate of decline of
cultivators and agricultural labourers is 7.4% and 18.4% respectively. While a slight
increase of female cultivators has been recorded during the decade. But at the same
time a positive growth in urban population in all the above categories has been
recorded both in absolute values and their shares during the period. This may be due
to the urbanisation by the formation of new Corporations/ Municipalities and
expansion of existing urban local bodies by conversion of nearest rural Panchayats
during the period. The following tables show the population of cultivators and
agricultural labourers in 2001 census and 2011 census.

Total population in Kerala

2001 census 2011 census
Total Male Female Total Male Female
Total 31841374 15468614 16372760 33406061 16027412 17378649
Rural 23574449 11451282 12123167 17471135 8408054 9063081
Urban 8266925 4017332 4249593 15934926 7619358 8315568

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 17

Population of cultivators in Kerala

2001 census 2011 census

Total Male Female Total Male Female
Total 724155 602038 122117 670253 546906 123347
Rural 693986 577726 116260 587029 478881 108148
Urban 30169 24312 5857 83224 68025 15199

Population of agricultural labourers in Kerala

2001 census 2011 census

Total Male Female Total Male Female
Total 1620851 1078354 542497 1322850 857995 464855
Rural 1507081 1003265 503816 1083003 690294 392709
Urban 113770 75089 38681 239847 167701 72146

Source: Census estimates 2001, 2011

Population of cultivatos and agricultural labourers in Kerala-

2001 & 2011
20

16 Total
Population in Lakhs

12
Rural
8

4
Urban
0
2001 2011 2001 2011
Cultivators Agricultural labourers

Percentage of cultivators and agriculture labourers to total population

Cultivators Agricultural labourers

2001 census 2011 census 2001 census 2011 census
T M F T M F T M F T M F
Total 2.3 3.8 0.7 2.0 3.4 0.7 5.1 7.0 3.3 4.0 5.4 2.7
Rural 2.9 5.0 1.0 3.4 5.7 1.2 6.4 8.8 4.2 6.2 8.2 4.3
Urban 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.5 0.9 0.2 1.4 1.9 0.9 1.5 2.2 0.9

Page 18 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

Growth rate of cultivators and agricultural labourers during 2001-2011

Cultivators Agricultural labourers

Total Male Female Total Male Female
Total -7.4 -9.2 1.0 -18.4 -20.4 -14.3
Rural -15.4 -17.1 -7.0 -28.1 -31.2 -22.1
Urban 175.9 179.8 159.5 110.8 123.3 86.5

For district wise population of main and marginal cultivators and agricultural
labourers in the State as per 2011 census, the tables given in annexure may be
referred.

4.2 Agricultural households in Kerala

The following table shows the category wise estimated number of agricultural
households in Kerala and India during the agricultural year 2012-13.

No. in ‘000
Kerala All India
Category Number % Number %
SC 23.4 1.7 12118.6 13.4
ST 72.6 5.2 14668.1 16.3
OBC 753.7 53.7 40979.4 45.4
Others 554.7 39.5 22435.0 24.9
Total 1404.3 100.0 90201.1 100.0

Source: Key Indicators of Agricultural households in India, 2012-13, NSSO, Govt of India

4.3 Operational Holdings in Kerala

During the period of 1955-56, 66.7 percent of total number of holdings in

Travancore- Cochin area and 28.9 percent in Malabar area were less than one acre in
extent. Now, more than 96 percent of holdings in the state are less than one hectare.
The number, area and average size of operational holdings in all size class in the State
and all India as per the quinquennial Agricultural census held in 2010-11 by Govt of
India are given in the following table.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 19

 Average size
Size Number Area (in Hectares) (in Hectares)
Class Kerala All India % Kerala All India % Kerala India
Marginal 6579692 92356335 7.12 885644 35409560 2.50 0.13 0.38
Small 180171 24705047 0.73 282305 35135580 0.80 1.57 1.42
Semi-
Medium 57028 13840048 0.41 159075 37547232 0.42 2.79 2.71
Medium 12044 5855536 0.21 64063 33708831 0.19 5.32 5.76
Large 1854 1000403 0.19 119729 17378819 0.69 64.58 17.37
All
Holdings 6830789 137757369 4.96 1510816 159180022 0.95 0.22 1.16

Source: Agricultural Statistics 2013, M/o Agriculture & Cooperation, Govt of India;
Economic Review 1960

Note: The size class definition of land holdings is

1. Marginal : less than 1 hectare

2. Small : 1 to 2 hectares
3. Semi-Medium : 2 to 4 hectares
4. Medium : 4 to 10 hectares
5. Large : 10 hectares and above

4.4 Average size of holdings in Kerala

The Stat has observed drastic decrease in area of operational holdings due to
increase in demand of land for housing due to increase in its population. The average
size of operational holdings in Kerala is 0.22 hectares (54.36 cents). During 1990-91,
the average size of holding was 0.37 hectares and in 2000-01 it was 0.24 hectares.
Thus about 40.5 percent decrease in area had occurred during the period of 20 years.
The rate of decrease in the first decade is 35 percent and in the last decade is 8
percent. The district wise average size of operational holdings in the State as per
Agricultural census held during 1990-91 and 2010-11 and its rate of change during
the two decades is given in the following table. Note that holdings having less than
0.02 hectares (5 cents) of area are excluded from this computation.

Page 20 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Area in Cents

District 1990-91 2010-11 % Variation

1 Thiruvananthapuram 51.89 27.18 -47.62
2 Kollam 56.83 39.54 -30.43
3 Pathanamthitta 96.37 54.36 -43.59
4 Alappuzha 56.83 34.59 -39.13
5 Kottayam 116.14 74.13 -36.17
6 Idukki 247.10 155.67 -37.00
7 Ernakulam 71.66 46.95 -34.48
8 Thrissur 66.72 37.07 -44.44
9 Palakkad 118.61 71.66 -39.58
10 Malappuram 81.54 46.95 -42.42
11 Kozhikode 71.66 42.01 -41.38
12 Wayanad 212.51 128.49 -39.53
13 Kannur 113.67 64.25 -43.48
14 Kasaragode 150.73 93.90 -37.70
State Average 91.43 54.36 -40.54

Source: Reports of Agricultural Census 1990-91, 2000-01, 2010-11, Department of

Economics & Statistics, Kerala

From the above table, it can be observed that the size of operational holdings in
all districts have been reduced, and the maximum reduction is in the capital district.
Idukki district has the maximum size followed by Wayanad and Kasragode. While the
area is least in Thiruvananthapuram district followed by Alappuzha and Thrissur.

Average size of operational holdings in Kerala

300
1990-91 2010-11
250

200
Area in Cents

150

100

50

0
PTA

KKD

KSD
TVPM

EKM

TSR

WYD
KTM

KNR

State
ALPA

IDY

PKD
KLM

MLPM

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 21

4.5 Change of pattern in land use

The total area sown under crops in 2014-15 was 26.25 lakh hectares, against
26.17 lakh hectares in 2013-14. The net area sown was 20.43 lakh hectares in 2014-
15 and recorded a slight decrease from the previous year. The land use pattern in the
State during the last 10 years is given in the following table.

Area in Lakh Hectares

Barren
Total Land put Other
& Net Gross
geogra Forest to non- Fallow uncult
Year unculti area cropped
phical land agricul land ivable
vable sown area
area tural use land
land
2005-06 38.86 10.82 3.70 0.26 1.15 1.60 21.32 29.86
2006-07 38.86 10.82 3.59 0.26 1.29 1.90 21.01 29.18
2007-08 38.86 10.82 3.72 0.26 1.28 1.90 20.89 27.61
2008-09 38.86 10.82 3.76 0.25 1.15 2.00 20.89 26.95
2009-10 38.86 10.82 3.72 0.22 1.22 2.10 20.79 26.69
2010-11 38.86 10.82 3.84 0.20 1.28 2.02 20.72 26.47
2011-12 38.86 10.82 4.00 0.18 1.35 2.12 20.40 26.62
2012-13 38.86 10.82 4.03 0.16 1.33 2.05 20.48 25.92
2013-14 38.86 10.82 4.06 0.14 1.28 2.06 20.51 26.17
2014-15 38.86 10.82 4.20 0.13 1.20 2.09 20.43 26.25

The following chart shows that the extent of land put to non-agricultural use
has been increasing from year to year. The area under building and courtyard,
playground, road, small streams etc is covered under land put to non-agricultural use.
During the year of State formation, 1.9 lakh hectares of area was put to non
agricultural uses. Compared with 1955-56, the density of population in the State has
increased very much. Considering the availability of land, the utilization of land for
non agricultural purpose has increased. Now the land under this category is 4.2 lakh
hectares.

Page 22 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Land put to non-agricultural use in Kerala
5
4.1 4.2
4.0 4.0
3.7 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.8
4 3.6
Area in Lakh Hectares

3
1.9
2

0
1955-56 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

4.6 Land use pattern in Kerala 1955-56 Vs 2014-15

During 1955-56, 48 percent of total area was used for cultivation, in 2004-05 it
was 55 percent and now it has been reduced to 53%. The area under forest has been
increased both in absolute terms and percentage during this period. The use of land
for nonagricultural purpose like roads, buildings and other constructions has
increased a lot by about 2.28 lakh hectares, the present share is 11 percent and the
growth is 120 percent. Barren and uncultivable land has decreased by 41 percent, this
may be due to mining for construction purposes. The category wise land use in the
State in 1955-56 and 2014-15 in Kerala is given in the following table.

Area in Hectares

1955-56 2014-15 %
Land use category Area % share Area % share variation
Total area 3808984 100.0 3886287 100.0 2.0
Forest 984622 25.8 1081509 27.8 9.8
Barren and uncultivable land 201133 5.3 119365 3.1 -40.7
Land put to non agricultural use 190611 5.0 419128 10.8 119.9
Cultivable waste 164306 4.3 100676 2.6 -38.7
Permanent pastures and other
46945 1.2 5 0.0 -100.0
grazing land
Land under miscellaneous tree
205585 5.4 2653 0.1 -98.7
crops
Current fallow 56657 1.5 65329 1.7 15.3
Other fallow 147309 3.9 54741 1.4 -62.8
Net area sown 1811817 47.6 2042881 52.6 12.8
Area sown more than once 400243 10.5 581743 15.0 45.3
Total cropped area 2212060 58.1 2624624 67.5 18.7
Sources: Economic Review 1959, Agricultural Statistics 2014-15

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 23

Note: Since in 1955-56, nine fold classification of land use was followed in the State,
and now it has been changed to 13 way classifications by including more categories, viz
Marshy land, Still water, Water logged area and Social forestry, and the so total area
under these four category (106413 hectares) in 2014-15 is included under ‘Barren and
uncultivable land’ for comparison purpose.

Land use in Kerala State

26%

48%
1955-56 28%
5%

5%
4%
52% 2014-15
2% 5% 3%
4%
1%
11%
Forest 2%
Barren and uncultivable land
3%
Land put to non agricultural use 1%
Cultivable waste
Permanent pastures and other grazing land 0%0%
Land under miscellaneous tree crops
Current fallow
Other fallow
Net area sown

4.7 Land use pattern in Kerala Vs India

The following table shows the land use pattern of Kerala Vs all India for the year
2011-12 for comparison purpose. (Area in ’00 hectares)

Land Use category India Kerala

Total area 3058312 38863
Forest 700352 10815
Land not available for cultivation 435264 4175
Fallow land 251789 1347
Other uncultivable land 261170 2124
Net area sown 1409737 20401

Page 24 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

Note:

1. Land not available for cultivation: land put to non agricultural use and barren
and uncultivable land
2. Fallow land: current fallow and fallow other than current fallow
3. Other uncultivable land: cultivable waste, grazing land, land under miscellaneous
tree crops, marshy land, still water, water logged area, social forestry and land
under miscellaneous tree crops

From the above table it is observed that the proportion of net area cropped in
the State is 53 percent while this is 46 percent in all India. The proportion of land put
to non agricultural use including barren and uncultivable land in India is 14 percent
and the corresponding share of Kerala is only 11 percent. The share of land left as
fallow up to five years in the State is below the national average. This fact is expressed
in the following pie charts.

Land Use Pattern in India & Kerala in 2011-12

India Kerala

Forest
23% Forest
Net area
28%
sown
46% Not Net area
Not
available sown
available
for 53%
for
cutivatio cultivatio
n n
14% 11%
Other Fallow Other
uncultiva land uncultiva Fallow
ble land 8% ble land land
9% 5% 3%

4.8 Percapita cultivated area in 1955-56 Vs 2013-14

The percapita cultivated land (ratio of net area sown to mid year population) in
the State during the year of its formation was 33 cents and this has been reduced to
14 cents per person during 2013-14. The rate of change is -57.58 percent. While
considering the same parameter for all India, the percapita cultivated land is reduced
from 97cents to 28 cents per person. Note that during the last 60 years (between the
census held in 1951 and 2011), the population growth recorded in Kerala is 146.6%
and that in all India is 235.3%.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 25

 The following table shows the percapita cultivated land in Kerala and India
during the year 1955-56 and 2013-14.

Percapita cultivated area

(in Acres) Rate of change from
State 1955-56 2013-14 1955-56 to 2013-14
Kerala 0.33 0.14 -57.58 %
India 0.97 0.28 -71.13 %

Sources: Economic Review 1960 and various State & central Govt reports.

Percapita cultivated land in Kerala and India

120
Kerala India
100

80
Area in Cents

60

40

20

0
1955-56 2013-14

4.9 Cropping pattern

On analyzing the data over the past 10 agricultural years, it is seen that the
proportion of net cropped has been reduced from 54.9% of geographical area to 52.5%.
The area sown more than once, that is the difference between the gross cropped area
and net cropped area, is also decreasing year by year. In 2005-06, 22% of area was
cropped more than once during the same agricultural year and now it has been
reduced to 15%. The cropping intensity has been reducing mainly due to the
conversion of wet land for other purposes, high cost of labour, shortage of labour etc.

The following table shows the proportion of net cropped area and area cropped
more than once in Kerala from the agricultural year 2005-06 to 2014-15.

Page 26 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 % of net
% increase in cropped area % increase in
% of net area net area sown more gross cropped
Year sown sown than once area
2005-06 54.9 -1.0 40.0 -0.4
2006-07 54.1 -1.5 38.8 -2.3
2007-08 53.8 -0.6 32.2 -5.4
2008-09 53.8 0.0 29.0 -2.4
2009-10 53.5 -0.5 28.4 -1.0
2010-11 53.3 -0.3 27.8 -0.8
2011-12 52.5 -1.5 30.5 0.5
2012-13 52.7 0.4 26.5 -2.6
2013-14 52.8 0.1 27.6 1.0
2014-15 52.6 -0.4 28.5 0.3

The following chart shows the trend of net area sown from 2005-06 to 2014-15.

Proportion of net cropped area to total geographical area- trend

from 2005-06 to 2014-15
56
54.9
55
54.1
53.8 53.8
Percentage

54 53.5
53.3
52.7 52.8
53 52.5 52.6

52

51
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

The change in pattern of share of gross cropped area by major crops from the
year 1955-56 to 2014-15 is clearly shown in the following pie charts. Figures in chart
represent the percentage of crop area to gross area sown.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 27

 Crop wise area share to gross cropped area- 1955-56 Vs 2014-15

7.5
Paddy
30.7
34.3
Coconut
38.4
Kerala Tapioca 30.2
Kerala
1955-56 Rubber 2014-15
5.3
Others
9.4 2.9
20.3
21.0

Here the area sown under paddy and tapioca has been reduced from 34.3% to
7.5% and 9.4% to 2.9% respectively. While the share of coconut and rubber crops
have been increased from 20.3% to 30.2% and 5.3% to 21% respectively.

4.10 Cropping Intensity

Cropping intensity is the ratio of the total cropped area to the net cultivated
area expressed in percentage, and it shows the intensity of cropping of area cultivated
more than once in the same agricultural year (July to June). As per the latest available
statistics (2014-15 year), the cropping intensity of Kerala is 128.5. The cropping
intensity of Kerala has been reducing year by year, this can be seen in the table
provided above. Due to conversion of wet land, the cultivation of seasonal crops in our
State is decreased much. The following chart shows the cropping intensity of the
major agricultural producing States in the country.

Page 28 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Cropping Intensity of major States in India in 2010-11

200 192 190

185
176
180
153
160 146 142
141 138 137
140 130 128
124
119 116
120

100

4.11 Change in pattern of area under principal crops

During 1957-58, the food crops occupied 67 percent of the total cultivated area
of Kerala, and the corresponding figure for India as a whole was nearly 80 percent.
The table given below shows the area under food grain crops, spices and condiments,
food crops and non food crops during the last 10 years in Kerala.

Unit: in Hectares

Total Gross
Year Food Spices & Food Nonfood cropped
grains condiments Fruit crops crops crops area
2005-06 289179 437897 420030 1318644 1667083 2985727
2006-07 273367 410836 387416 1240582 1676959 2917541
2007-08 236983 360273 363021 1126495 1634599 2761094
2008-09 241453 335946 342304 1081873 1613070 2694943
2009-10 241528 351658 327449 1067468 1601210 2668678
2010-11 219725 353370 326539 1041540 1605921 2647461
2011-12 212544 276592 365182 995669 1666088 2661757
2012-13 200740 269546 361795 966954 1624780 2591734
2013-14 202926 266026 368854 970103 1646567 2616670
2014-15 202109 263438 371437 981720 1642904 2624624

Note: Nonfood crops include oil seeds (groundnut, coconut, sesamum etc.), fiber
(cotton etc), drugs & narcotics (betel leaves, arecanut, tobacco etc) and plantation
crops (tea, coffee, rubber, cocoa etc).

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 29

 35

Area under food and non food crops- trend from 2005-06 to
30
2014-15 Non food
crops
25 Other food
Area in Lakh hectares

crops
Vegetables
20
Fruit crops
15
Spices &
contiments
10 Foodgrains

0
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

4.12 Area, production and productivity of major crops in Kerala

The following tables show the area, production and productivity of major crops in the
State during the year 2014-15. The unit for Area in Hectares, production in Tonnes
and Yield rate in Kg per Hectare.

Area, production and productivity of foodgrains in 2014-15

Year Area Production Productivity

Paddy Autumn 63981 161477 2524
Paddy Winter 88990 254450 2859
Paddy Summer 45188 146165 3235
Paddy Total 198159 562092 2837
Jowar 173 128 740
Ragi 79 78 987

Area, production and productivity of fruit crops in 2014-15

Year Area Production Productivity

Jack # 92203 293 3178
Mango 77301 434129 5616
Banana 61936 545431 8806
Plantain 56761 468320 8251
Pineapple 8080 77731 9620
Papaya 17999 107200 5956
Cashew 45436 29715 654

Page 30 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

# Production of jack in million nuts, productivity in nuts/hectare

Area, production and productivity of spices and plantation crops in 2014-15

Year Area Production Productivity

Green Chilly 1584 1491 941
Pepper 85431 40690 476
Ginger 4800 22989 4789
Turmeric 2470 6820 2761
Cardamom 39730 16000 403
Arecanut 96686 125926 1302
Tamarind 11240 37300 3319
Clove 1073 77 72
Nutmeg 20627 14193 688
Garlic 75 625 8333
Tea 30205 65174 2158
Coffee 85359 67700 793
Rubber 549955 507700 923
Cocoa 13183 14186 1076

Area, production and productivity of coconut and other crops in 2014-15

Year Area Production Productivity

Tapioca 75493 2943919 38996
Sweet Potato 361 5123 14191
Drumstick 17013 15976 939
Groundnut 480 692 1442
Sesamum 262 89 341
Coconut* 793856 5947 7491
Cotton 170 279 1641
Betel Leaves 327 12009 36725
Sugarcane 1517 14853 9791

* Production of coconut in million nuts, productivity in nuts/ hectare

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 31

4.13 Change of area under food grains

The following graph shows the change of area under paddy (3 seasons), jowar,
and ragi from 2005-06 to 2014-15 in the State. Here only summer paddy shows an
increasing growth over the period.

Change of area under foodgrains from 2005-06 to 2014-15

150
106.7
100

50
Percentage

Paddy Total
Paddy Winter

Paddy Summer

Ragi
Jowar
Paddy Autumn

-50

-100 -80.9
-28.1 -92.9
-34.9 -42.8
-150

Change of area under spices and plantation crops

The rate of change in area under spices and plantation crops in Kerala is shown
in the following graph. The crops showing area increase during the period are green
chilly, clove, nutmeg, garlic, coffee, rubber and cocoa. Among spices, pepper showed
the least area change from 2005-06 to 2014-15.

Change of area under spices and plantation crops from 2005-

06 to 2014-15
100 87.8
80
60
37.8
40 28.7
Percentgae

14.5 15.4 11.2

20
0.8
0
Coffee
Pepper

Turmeric

Cocoa
Green Chilly

Nutmeg

Garlic
Cardamom
Ginger

Tea

Rubber
Tamarind

Clove
Arecanut

-20
-40 -13.8
-60 -27.0 -11.0 -40.0
-4.0
-80 -64.1 -60.7

Page 32 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

Change of area under fruit crops

All fruit crops except banana and plantain have recorded a negative growth in
area, and the major decline is by cashew crop followed by pineapple. The extent of
change of area under cultivation of the each fruit crop during 2005-2015 may be seen
in the following graph.

Change of area under fruit crops from 2005-06 to 2014-15

20
10.7
10
0.9 2.8
0
Banana
Jack

Plantain

Pineapple

Other fruits

Total fruits
Mango

Cashew (dry fruit)

Papaya

Total fresh fruits

Percentage

-10
-2.8
-20 -12.1 -4.7
-11.6
-30
-4.6
-40 -36.8
-42.0
-50

Change of area under coconut and other crops

The area under all other crops not mentioned above such as coconut, tapioca,
sweet potato, drumstick, groundnut, sesamum, cotton and betel leaves has been
declined during the period from 2005-06 to 2014-15. But sugarcane showed 24
percent increase in area. The rate of decrease in area may be seen from the following
graph.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 33

 Change of area under other crops from 2005-06 to 2014-15
40
24.1
20

Drumstick
Tapioca

Betel Leaves
Groundnut

Sesamum

Coconut

Sugarcane
Cotton
Sweet Potato
Percentage

-20

-40 -16.6 -11.6

-19.5
-60 -49.2
-56.3 -58.1
-80
-85.5
-100 -93.6

4.14 Change of production of principal crops

The change of production of food as well as non-food crops during the period
from 2005-06 to 2014-15 is briefed below.

Foodgrains: All foodgrain crops viz. rice, jowar and ragi have recorded a negative
growth in production during the period of 10 years. But a positive growth in summer
paddy has been recorded (145%).

Change of production of foodgrains from 2005-06 to 2014-15

200
145
150

100
Percentage

50

0
Rice Summer
Rice Winter
Rice Autumn

Ragi
Rice Total

Jowar

-50

-100 -77
-11 -90
-24 -29
-150

Fruit crops: Except banana, plantain and papaya, all fruit crops have recorded a
negative growth during the period. The maximum reduction of production is recorded
by raw cashew (-56%) followed by pineapple (-29%).

Page 34 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Change of production of fruit crops from 2005-06 to 2014-15
30 25
20
11
10 5
0 Jack

Banana

Plantain

Raw Cashew
Pineapple
Mango

Papaya
Percentgae

-10
-20 -16
-30 -15
-29
-40
-50
-60
-56
-70

Spices and Condiments and plantation crops: During the period from 2005-06 to
2014-15, green chilly, arecanut, tamarind, clove, nutmeg, tea, coffee, cocoa and
cardamom have recorded a positive growth in production. All the remaining spice
crops showed a negative growth. The maximum reduction is recorded by cured ginger
(-59%) followed by black pepper (-54%).

Change of production of spices and plantation crops from 2005-

06 to 2014-15
500
417
400

300

200 165
Percentage

100 64
25 30 26 16 13
6
0
Nutmeg

Garlic

Cocoa
Green Chilly

Cured Ginger

Turmeric

Cardamom

Coffee
Black Pepper

Tea
Tamarind

Clove

Rubber
Arecanut

-100

-200 -43
-17 -31
-300 -54 -59

Other food crops: During the period from 2005-06 to 2014-15, the production of
tapioca is increased by 15% and sugarcane by 62%. But the production of sweet
potato, drumstick, groundnut, sesamum, coconut, cotton and betel leaves show a
negative growth during the last 10 years.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 35

 Change of production of other crops from 2005-06 to 2014-15
80
62
60
40
20 15
Percentage

Drumstick
Tapioca

Sesamum

Betel Leaves
Groundnut

Cotton
Coconut

Sugarcane
Sweet Potato
-20
-40
-6
-60 -15
-58
-80 -43
-72
-100 -92 -91

4.15 Leading districts of Agricultural production in Kerala

The table given below shows the first two leading districts in production of
principal crops in the State and its percentage share of production as per the
agricultural statistics for the year 2014-15.

Crop 1st leading district % 2nd leading district %

Rice Palakkad 42% Alappuzha 18%
Coconut Kozhikkode 17% Malappuram 16%
Tapioca Kollam 22% Thiruvananthapuram 20%
Banana Palakkad 32% Wayanad 18%
Plantain Palakkad 20% Thiruvananthapuram 14%
Ginger Wayanad 48% Palakkad 22%
Turmeric Palakkad 24% Kozhikode 12%
Arecanut Kasaragod 41% Malappuram 18%
Cashew Kannur 62% Kasaragode 21%
Tamarind Palakkad 39% Thiruvananthapuram 11%
Black Pepper Idukki 59% Wayanad 12%
Cardamom Idukki 94% Wayanad 4%
Tea Idukki 70% Wayanad 24%
Coffee Wayanad 84% Idukki 12%
Vegetables* Palakkad 15% Idukki 13%
Drumstick Plakkad 22% Thiruvananthapuram 16%

Page 36 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Sweet potato Palakkad 32% Malappuram 25%
Green Chilly Palakkad 22% Thiruvananthapuram 14%
Betel leaves Malappuram 44% Alappuzha 11%
Mango Kannur 13% Kollam 13%
Jack Idukki 21% Kollam 9%
Pappaya Thiruvananthapuram 15% Kannur 11%
Pineapple Eranakulam 65% Idukki 15%
Nutmeg Eranakulam 39% Thrissur 28%
Clove Idukki 62% Kottayam 13%
Cocoa Idukki 74% Ernakulam 6%
Rubber Kottayam 21% Pathanamthitta 10%
Sesamum Malappuram 41% Kollam 32%

* Based on area under vegetable cultivation in 2014-15 Agricultural Year

4.16 Leading food grains producing States in India

The leading three States in production of rice, wheat and total food grains in
2013-14 in India and their production share to all India total production is given in
the following table.

Produce State Quantity in Percent

million tonnes
Rice West Bengal 15.31 14.4
UP 14.63 13.7
AP 13.03 12.2
All India 106.54 100
Wheat UP 30.25 31.5
Punjab 17.04 17.8
MP 13.93 14.5
All India 95.91 100
Total food grains UP 50.05 18.9
Punjab 28.90 10.9
MP 24.24 9.2
All India 264.77 100

Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, 2014, M/o Agriculture, Govt of India

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 37

 Leading food grain producing States
60

50
50
40

32
30

29

24
30

19
18
17
15

15

15
14

14
20 14

13
12

11

9
10
0
West UP AP UP Punjab MP UP Punjab MP
Bengal
Rice Wheat Total food grains
Quantity in million tonnes Percentage share to all India

4.17 Agricultural production in India and State’s contribution

The area and production of major crops in India and Kerala as per statistics in
2013-14 agricultural year and the share of Kerala to all India are given in the following
table. (Area in ‘000 Hectares & Production in ‘000 MT)

% share of Kerala
All India Kerala
Crop in
Area Production Area Production Area Production
Paddy 43950.00 106540.00 199.61 564.32 0.45 0.53
Banana 802.57 29724.55 62.26 531.29 7.76 1.79
Mango 2515.97 18431.33 77.15 457.06 3.07 2.48
Papaya 133.36 5639.30 16.64 103.42 12.48 1.83
Pineapple 109.88 1736.74 8.00 75.56 7.28 4.35
Tapioca 228.28 8139.43 67.58 2479.07 29.60 30.46
Arecanut 451.90 622.27 100.00 100.01 22.13 16.07
Cashew 1010.85 753.16 49.10 33.37 4.86 4.43
Cocoa 71.37 21.13 13.25 12.32 18.57 58.30
Coconut* 2140.49 22088.00 808.64 5921.00 37.78 26.81
Cardamom 92.84 21.28 39.73 12.91 42.79 60.67
Clove 2.06 1.07 1.01 0.07 49.03 6.54
Ginger 132.62 655.06 4.53 21.52 3.42 3.29
Turmeric 232.67 1189.89 2.43 6.25 1.04 0.53
Pepper 123.81 50.87 84.06 29.41 67.89 57.81
Tamarind 58.59 188.13 13.17 44.68 22.48 23.75
Tea 563.98 1208.78 35.01 63.48 6.21 5.25
Coffee 409.69 304.50 85.35 66.64 20.83 21.89
Rubber 778.40 774.00 548.22 648.22 70.43 83.75

Page 38 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

* Production of coconut in Million Nuts

Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2014 & Indian Horticulture Database 2014,
M/o Agriculture, Govt of India

The following bar chart shows the percentage share of our State in area and
production of major crops in India as per the data pertaining to agricultural year
2013-14. The crops contributing more than 50 percent share in production are
rubber, cardamom, cocoa and pepper. Our State tree coconut lost its monopoly both
in area and production. Paddy and turmeric have negligible (0.5%) contribution.

Contribution of Kerala in area and production of various crops

in India in 2013-14
100
Area Production
80

60
Percentage

40

20

0
Pepper

Paddy
Cocoa

Tapioca

Turmeric
Cardamom

Coffee

Banana
Tea
Tamarind

Ginger
Rubber

Clove

Pineapple
Cashew

Mango
Coconut*

Arecanut

Papaya

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 39

Chapter 5

EXPENSES IN CROP PRODUCTION

5.1 Distribution of agricultural households by major source of income

In Kerala, 16% of agricultural households have cultivation as the principal

source of income whereas it is 63% in all India. 6% of households depend on livestock
and dairying activities for their principal source of income and 30% on wage and
salaried employment. The following pie charts show the percentage distribution of
agricultural households in Kerala and all India according to their principal source of
income as per the findings of the socio economic survey conducted by NSSO during
2012-13.

Cultivation

18% 16% 5%
Livestock

22%
6% Other agricultural
activity
Kerala Non agricultural All India
17% enterprises 5%
30% 63%
Wage/ salaried
employment
13% Others
1%
4%

The following table shows the distribution of agricultural households by major

source of income for every 1000 agricultural households in Kerala and all India.

Page 40 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Category of occupation Kerala All India
1 Cultivation 161 635
2 Livestock 60 37
3 Other agricultural activity 169 11
4 Non agricultural enterprises 134 47
5 Wage/ salaried employment 299 220
6 Others * 176 50
All households 1000 1000

* Others includes income from remittance and pension also.

Source: Key Indicators of Situation of Agricultural Households in India, NSS 70th Round,
2013, NSSO, Govt of India

While comparing the proportion of agricultural households having crop

production as the principal source of income among the States in the country, it is
seen that Kerala is in the bottom position with 16 percent. Telengana and Chattisgarh
are in the first two positions with 87 percent and 81 percent respectively. The
following chart shows a comparison of the proportion of households engaged in crop
production (cultivation) with other States and all India average.

Percentage of agricultural households having cultivation as the

principal source of income

87
81 77 75 73 72 70 69 65 64 60 60 59 58 56 55
46 46

16

Note: As per NSSO concept, an agricultural household is defined as a household

receiving some value of produce from agricultural activities (e.g. cultivation of field crops,
horticultural crops, fodder crops, plantation, animal husbandry, poultry, fishery, piggery,
bee-keeping, vermiculture, sericulture, etc.) during last 365 days at the time of field
survey.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 41

Source: Key Indicators of Situations of Agricultural households in India, 2013, NSS 70th
Round, NSSO, Govt of India

5.2 Expenses and Receipts for Crop Production

The following table shows the average monthly expenses for crop production
and its receipts per agricultural household for major States during the agricultural
year 2012-13 (July 2012 to June 2013). The major crops harvested during the year
only are considered for estimating the expenses and receipts.

Average total Average total Estimated No. of

State expense (in Rs.) receipts (in households in crop
Rs.) production (in
Lakhs)
1 Andhra Pradesh 6191 8482 31.75
2 Assam 788 5197 32.69
3 Bihar 1454 3358 63.87
4 Chattisgarh 1128 4551 25.03
5 Gujarat 2250 5773 32.79
6 Haryana 6228 17144 11.31
7 Jharkhand 571 2049 21.94
8 Karnataka 2779 7908 40.77
9 Kerala 2270 5872 13.76
10 Madhya Pradesh 2284 6538 56.60
11 Maharashtra 2654 6675 68.05
12 Odisha 1001 2438 43.99
13 Punjab 11768 28117 9.36
14 Rajasthan 1730 5192 58.70
15 Tamil Nadu 2358 5012 25.15
16 Telengana 4267 8666 24.39
17 Uttar Pradesh 1790 4912 165.03
18 West Bengal 1819 2836 61.21
All India 2192 5542 829.48

Source: Key Indicators of Situations of Agricultural households in India, 2013, NSSO

5.3 Item wise average monthly expenditure and receipts for crop production

The following table shows the item wise average monthly expenditure and
receipts for crop production per agricultural household engaged in crop production in
Kerala in comparison with the neighboring State and all India average. (in Rs.)

Page 42 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Tamil Andhra
Item Kerala All India Karnataka
Nadu Pradesh
Expense
1 Seed 105 250 337 270 464
2 Fertilizer/ manure 573 526 642 821 1181
Plant protection
3 73 165 166 209 709
chemicals
4 Irrigation 6 70 35 28 53
Minor repair &
maintenance of
5 16 43 62 59 34
machinery &
equipments
6 Interest 86 32 39 74 221
7 Lease rent for land 186 158 55 79 1212
8 Human labour 1074 461 702 749 1517
9 Animal labour 14 32 35 110 112
10 All other expenses 136 455 465 380 688
Total expense 2270 2192 2358 2779 6191
Output (Value of)
1 Products 5516 5200 4751 7442 8203
2 By products 307 329 178 448 262
3 Pre harvest sale 49 13 82 19 18
Total output 5872 5542 5012 7098 8482
Estimated no. of
agri hh engaged in
13.76 829.48 25.15 40.77 31.75
crop production (in
lakhs)
% of agri hh
engaged in crop 98% 92% 77% 96% 88%
production

Source: Key Indicators of Situations of Agricultural households in India, 2013, NSSO,

Govt of India

5.4 Cost of cultivation of Paddy in Kerala

The cost of cultivation of paddy in autumn (Virippu), winter (Mundakan) and

summer (Puncha) seasons during the period of last 10 years in Kerala is given below.
For component wise data on cost of cultivation the tables given in annexure may be
referred.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 43

 Rs. per hectare

Paddy- % Paddy- % Paddy- %

Crop Autumn increase Winter increase Summer increase
2004-05 21063 -4.2 20886 0.3 25241 15.3
2005-06 20913 -0.7 21284 1.9 22437 -11.1
2006-07 23727 13.5 25647 20.5 24274 8.2
2007-08 24024 1.3 28181 9.9 28001 15.4
2008-09 29862 24.3 32199 14.3 32652 16.6
2009-10 31911 6.9 38287 18.9 36566 12.0
2010-11 36657 14.9 45675 19.3 41990 14.8
2011-12 37406 2.0 42127 -7.8 43185 2.8
2012-13 39931 6.8 48792 15.8 46201 7.0
2013-14 59344 48.6 55493 13.7 57330 24.1

It is seen that the cost of cultivation during the autumn season is less than
those of winter and summer seasons except in 2013-14. On examination of the cost of
each component, it is observed that the cost of farm yard manure and fertilizers is
comparatively less in autumn season. The reason may be due to higher content of
nutrients in soil due to cultivation of other seasonal crops like pulses in wet land
during summer season. The following trend chart depicts the change in total cost of
production of paddy in the State in autumn, winter and summer seasons during the
period of ten years from 2004-05 to 2013-14.

Cost of production of paddy in Kerala

65

Paddy- Autumn Paddy- Winter Paddy- Summer

55
Rs.'000 per Hectare

45

35

25

15
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Labour charges and cost of application of fertilizer and farm yard manures are
the cost components which increases the cost of cultivation of paddy in the State.
Labour cost is the highest cost factor in paddy cultivation fallowed by machine labour
and cost of manure & fertilizers.

Page 44 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 The following graph depicts the change of major components in cost of
cultivation of paddy from the agricultural year 2004-05 to 2013-14. It can be seen
that, even though there is year to year up or fall, the cost of hired human labour has
been increased by 191 percent during the last 10 years, machine labour by 151
percent and manure and fertilizer by 135 percent.

Average cost of cultivation of paddy- major components

30000

25000
Rs. per Hectare

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Hired human labour Machine labour Farm yard manure & chemical fertilizers

5.5 Comparison of cost of production and farm price of paddy

While comparing the rate of change of the average cost of production of paddy
in three seasons over the previous years with that of farm price during the agricultural
year from 2006-07 to 2013-14, it is seen that both show almost the same trend except
in 2006-07, 2007-08 and 2013-14. But the percentage increase or decrease is not
uniform on cost and farm price. During 2012-13, the farm price has increased by 32%
whereas the cost of production of paddy by 10%, but in 2013-14 it is reversed. The
following graph depicts this aspect.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 45

 Variation in cost of production and farm price of paddy
35
30
Rate of change in cost Rate of change in farm price
25
20
Percentage

15
10
5
0
-5 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

-10

5.6 Cost of cultivation of paddy in other States

The following table gives a comparison of cost of cultivation of paddy and cost of
production of rice in major rice producing States in the country in 2011-12 based on
the comprehensive scheme for studying cost of cultivation of principal crops by
Government of India.

Cost of cultivation of Cost of production of

State paddy (Rs. per Hectare) rice (Rs. per Quintal)
AP 37946 976.36
Assam 22381 999.76
Bihar 20934 861.05
Chhattisgarh 19621 930.42
Gujarat 28175 1139.55
Haryana 36477 1250.61
Jharkhand 18824 1326.58
Karnataka 39193 966.14
Kerala 38557 1120.82
Maharashtra 35253 1167.35
MP 18287 960.34
Odisha 27243 1221.44
Punjab 31248 904.30
Tamil Nadu 46453 1111.90
UP 28147 957.83
West Bengal 37959 1085.76

Source: Agricultural Statistics, 2014, M/o Agriculture, Govt of India

Page 46 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Note: The cost mentioned above includes all expenses in cash and kind incurred in
production of paddy by owner, rent paid for leased in land and cost of household labour
imputed on the basis of statutory wage rate or the actual market rate whichever is
higher.

The following graph depicts the State wise cost of production per quintal of rice
during the year 2011-12.

Cost of production of rice in major States

1400

1200
Rs. per Quintal

1000

800

600

Karnataka
Kerala

Punjab
Tamil Nadu

West Bengal

Bihar
Jharkhand

Chhattisgarh
AP

MP
Gujarat

UP
Odisha
Haryana

Maharashtra

Assam

5.7 Wage rate in paddy cultivation in Kerala

The wage rate for farm activities in Kerala is increasing rapidly over the years
and this has been affecting the crop production sector. This situation has caused the
decrease of gap between the amount received and amount paid by farmers in the
State. While considering the most sensitive and traditional crop ‘Paddy’, the wage rate
for different agricultural activities right from ploughing/ bunding to harvesting for the
last 10 years from 2006 to 2015 is shown in the following table.

Wages in Rs.
Wage Type 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015*
Ploughing 233 266 290 337 370 427 504 587 632 671
Bunding 159 177 200 232 273 333 391 465 511 536
Sowing 148 159 175 204 244 299 354 427 467 497
Spraying
167 182 206 238 277 343 396 454 493 519
Insecticide
Harvesting 152 163 186 224 263 320 375 463 512 538

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 47

Others 154 171 196 225 270 331 385 466 526 569
Weeding
102 115 136 159 195 242 279 341 365 381
(women)
Transplanting
110 123 142 163 196 241 279 339 371 387
(women)
Harvesting
130 145 164 195 227 272 313 362 402 428
(women)
Others
121 136 151 169 201 253 299 350 381 399
(women)

* Average of agricultural wages up to July 2015

The following bar chart represents the extent of increase in wage rate of paddy
field labour in Kerala from 2006 to 2015. The average increase during the period is
237%.

Change of wage rate in paddy filed labour from 2006 to 2015

Ploughing 188
Spraying Insecticide 211
Harvesting (women) 229
Others (women) 229
Sowing 236
Bunding 238
Transplanting (women) 251
Harvesting 253
Others 268
Weeding (women) 273

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Percentage

5.8 Cost of cultivation per hectare of coconut in Kerala

The total cost of cultivation of coconut in the State has increased by 146
percent during the period of ten years from 2004-05 to 2013-14. During 2004-05 the
total cost was Rs.23619 per hectare and now it is Rs.58230 per hectare. Hired human
labour and cost of manure and chemical fertilizers are the higher cost components
compared to other components of cultivation of coconut. During the period, the cost of
hired human labour has increased by 172 percent, while the cost of manure &
fertilizer, the second major component, has increased by 98 percent only, and this

Page 48 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

may be due to less application of fertilizers and other manures in coconut palm fields.
The following table shows the year wise cost of above components and total cost of
cultivation of coconut in Kerala during the above period. (Rs. per hectare)

Hired human Farm yard manure &

Year labour chemical fertilizers Total cost
2004-05 10980 5659 23619
2005-06 11069 5992 23738
2006-07 11939 5240 25840
2007-08 12559 6008 30159
2008-09 14647 6097 33919
2009-10 17126 7796 37429
2010-11 19750 7258 41316
2011-12 21305 6840 45130
2012-13 27561 6879 48938
2013-14 29900 11183 58230

A continuous increase can be seen in the cost of human labour and a varied
trend in cost of manure and fertilizers. The gap between the costs in above two
components is increasing and this may be due to the fact that farmers are giving less
thrust in applying manure and fertilizers in coconut fields due to low return from
coconut compared to high wage rate of human labour. The trend in cost of production
of coconut in the State is depicted in the following graph.

Cost of cultivation of coconut in Kerala

70
Hired human labour Farm yard manure & chemical fertilizers Total cost
60
Rs. '000 per Hectare

50

40

30

20

10

0
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

On examination of the component wise share of cost of production of coconut in

the State, it is observed that, imputed value of household labour and interest on
working capital are the 3rd and 4th major cost components in the cultivation of

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 49

coconut. The share of each component in the total cost of cultivation of coconut in
Kerala is depicted in the following percentage bar chart.

Share of each component of cost- coconut Imputed value of household labour

100% Interest on fixed capital

90% Other expenses

80% Interest on working capital
70%
Repair & maintenance charges of
60% implements, machinery & building
Land tax and irrigation cess
50%
Plant protection
40%
30% Farm yard manure & chemical
fertilizers
20% Seed/ seedlings

10% Machine labour

0% Animal labour
2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14
Hired human labour

5.9 Comparison of cost of production and farm price of coconut

While comparing the rate of change of the average cost of production of coconut
over the previous year with that of farm price during the agricultural year from 2006-
07 to 2013-14, it is seen that the growth rate in cost of production shows a linear
trend, but there is high variation in farm price during the agricultural years 2009-10,
2010-11 and 2012-13.

Page 50 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Variation in cost of production and farm price of coconut
100
80
60
Percentage

40
20
0
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
-20
-40

Rate of change in cost Rate of change in farm price

5.10 Cost of cultivation of arecanut and tapioca in Kerala

During the period 2004-05, the cost of cultivation of arecanut in the State was
Rs.35656 per hectare, now it has been increased to Rs.59956 per hectare and the rate
of increase during this period of 10 years is 68 percent. While considering the crop
tapioca, the production cost has been increased from Rs.39668 per hectare in 2004-05
to Rs.80244 per hectare in 2013-14 and the percentage increase is 102. The following
graph shows the trend in increase of cost of production of arecanut and tapioca during
the period 2004-2014.

Cost of cultivation of arecanut and tapioca in Kerala

90
Arecanut Tapioca
80
Rs. '000 per Hectare

70

60

50

40

30

20
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 51

5.11 Comparison of cost of production and farm price of arecanut

While comparing the rate of change of the average cost of production of

arecanut over the previous year with that of farm price during the agricultural year
from 2006-07 to 2013-14, it is seen that both show a varying trend. The following
graph depicts this aspect.

Variation in cost of prodcution and farm price of arecanut

50
40
30
20
Percentage

10
0
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
-10
-20
-30
Rate of change in farm price Rate of change in cost

5.12 Comparison of cost of production and farm price of tapioca

The rate of change over the previous year in farm price and that in cost of
production of tapioca from 2006-07 to 2013-14 is depicted in the following graph. The
growth rates are not uniform over the years.

Variation on cost of production and farm price of tapioca

100

80

60
Percentage

40

20

0
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
-20

Rate of change in farm price Rate of change in cost

Page 52 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

5.13 Cost of cultivation of banana and ginger

The cost of production of banana has been increased from Rs.0.89 lakhs per
hectare in 2004-05 to Rs.1.56 lakhs per hectare in 2013-14 and the growth in cost
during the period is 74.3 percent. Whereas the cost of ginger production increased
from Rs.0.62 per hectare to Rs.1.13 lakhs per hectare during 2004-2014 and the rate
of increase is 84.8 percent. The following graph shows the trend of cost of production
of banana and ginger from 2004-05 to 2013-14 in the State.

Cost of prodcution of banana and ginger

180
Banana Ginger
160
Rs. '000 per Hectare

140

120

100

80

60

40
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

5.14 Comparison of cost of production and farm price of banana

While comparing the rate of change of the average cost of production of banana
over the previous year with that of farm price during the agricultural year from 2006-
07 to 2013-14, it is observed that both show almost the same trend but there is huge
variation between the two.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 53

 Variation in cost of production and farm price of banana
40.0

30.0

20.0
Percentage

10.0

0.0
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
-10.0

-20.0

-30.0

Rate of change in farm price Rate of change in cost

5.15 Comparison of cost of production and farm price of ginger

The fall and rise in the following trend chart shows that the growth rate in farm
price and cost of cultivation of ginger are not uniform over the years. A sudden
enhance in farm wholesale price is recorded during 2012-13.

Variation in cost pf production and farm price of ginger

140
120
Rate of change in farm price Rate of change in cost
100
80
Percentgae

60
40
20
0
-20 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

-40
-60

Page 54 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

5.16 Cost of cultivation of pepper and turmeric

The cost of pepper cultivation in Kerala showed a record increase of 274 percent
during the period from 2004-05 to 2013-14. During 2004-05, the actual cost of
cultivation of pepper was Rs.20438 per hectare, and now it is Rs.76517 per hectare.
Turmeric is another important spice produced in the State and its cost has increased
from Rs.39591 per hectare to Rs.98154 per hectare during the above period and the
rate of growth in cost is 148 percent. The following graph depicts the trend in cost of
production of turmeric and pepper during the period.

Cost of production of pepper and turmeric

110
100
Pepper Turmeric
90
Rs. '000 per Hectare

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

For the component wise cost of production per hectare of paddy (3 seasons),
coconut, arecanut, tapioca, banana, ginger, turmeric and pepper during the 10 years
from 2004-05 to 2013-14 and their rate of change over the previous year and
component wise share, the tables given in annexure may be referred.

5.17 Comparison of cost of production and farm price of pepper

While comparing the rate of change of the average cost of production of pepper
over the previous year with that of farm price during the agricultural year from 2006-
07 to 2013-14, both shows almost the same trend except in 2006-07 and 2009-10,
but the variation between the growth and decline rates is high.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 55

 Variation in cost of production and farm price of pepper
100
Rate of change in farm price Rate of change in cost
80

60
Percentage

40

20

0
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
-20

5.18 Comparison of cost of production and farm price of turmeric

Except in 2007-08, both the trend lines representing the rate of change in farm
wholesale price and cultivation cost of turmeric show almost the same trend of
increase and decrease. The graph given below depicts this aspect.

Variation in cost of production and farm price of turmeric

140
120
100
80
Percentage

60
40
20
0
-20 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
-40
-60

Rate of change in farm price Rate of change in cost

5.19 Indebtedness of Farmers in Kerala

As per the latest data available, the average amount of outstanding loan per
agricultural household in Kerala is Rs.213600, and this is the highest figure in India
among all States, and the estimated total number of agricultural households in Kerala
having agricultural loan is 10,90,800 and is 77.7% of the total agricultural

Page 56 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

households. The following graphs shows a comparison of outstanding agricultural loan
in Kerala with the all India average and neighboring States.

Average amount of outstanding loan per agricultural household

250000

200000
Amount in Rs.

150000

100000

50000

0
Kerala Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Karnataka All India

The following table gives the average outstanding agricultural loan amount per
agricultural household, proportion of indebted agricultural households and estimated
number of households having outstanding agricultural loan in Kerala and our
neighboring southern States in India.

Average outstanding Proportion of Estimated no. of

loan amount per indebted households having
State agricultural agricultural outstanding
household (Rs.) households agricultural loan
Kerala 213600 77.7% 1090800
Tamil Nadu 115900 82.5% 2678000
Karnataka 97200 77.3% 3277500
Andhra Pradesh 123400 92.9% 3342100
All India 47000 51.9% 46848100

Source: Key indicators of situations of Agricultural households in India, 2013, NSS 70th
Round, NSSO, Govt of India

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 57

Chapter 6

CONSUMPTION AND
REQUIREMENT OF FOOD

6.1 Consumption pattern of farmers and agricultural labourers

The following table shows the average monthly percapita consumer expenditure
(in Rs. based on modified mixed reference period) of farmer households (self employed
in agriculture) and casual agricultural labour households in comparison with the
other type of households in rural areas in Kerala and India.

Household type Kerala India

Self employed in agriculture 2989 1436
Self employed in non agriculture 2932 1509
Regular wage/ salary earning 3029 2002
Casual labour in agriculture 1933 1159
Casual labour in non agriculture 2081 1238
Others 3569 1893
All households 2669 1430

Source: NSS Report on Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio Economic Groups,
2011-12, NSS 68th Round, NSSO, Govt of India

It is observed that Kerala’s consumption pattern is much different than other

States and the monthly consumption expenditure is much higher in all class of
households including farmer households and agricultural labour households. While
on comparison of these figures with other States, it can be seen that the consumption
expenditure of rural farmer households (self employed in agriculture) in Kerala is in
the 2nd highest after Punjab (Rs.3062). While in the case of agricultural labour
households, Kerala is in 2nd highest after Goa (Rs.2398).

Note:
1. Household type is decided on the basis of the main source of income of the
household
1. Agricultural Household: an agricultural household is defined as a household
receiving some value of produce from agriculture activities (e.g. cultivation of field
crops, horticultural crops, fodder crops, plantation, animal husbandry, poultry,
fishery, piggery, bee-keeping, vermiculture, sericulture, etc.,) during last 365

Page 58 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 days. However, households which were entirely agricultural labour households
were excluded from agricultural households.
2. A person is considered to be engaged as agricultural labour, if he/ she follows
one or more of the following agricultural occupations in the capacity of a wage
paid manual labour, whether paid in cash or kind or both:
(i) farming
(ii) dairy farming
(iii) production of any horticultural commodity
(iv) raising of livestock, bees or poultry
(v) any practice performed on a farm as incidental to or in conjunction with farm
operations (including forestry and timbering) and the preparation for market
and delivery to storage or to market or to carriage for transportation to market
of farm produce. Further, 'carriage for transportation' refers only to the first
stage of the transport from farm to the first place of disposal.

6.2 Percapita consumption expenditure on Food items in Kerala

The following pie charts show the share of monthly percapita consumption
expenditure on food items by rural and urban peoples in Kerala.

Share of MPCE on food items in Kerala

Cereals & pulses

18% 22% Milk, egg, fish, 21% 20%

meat

Sugar, slat &

spices
Urban Kerala
16% Edible oil
Rural Kerala 17%

Vegetables & 30%

5% 30% fruits 5%
9% 7%
Beverages &
refreshments

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 59

 The following table shows the monthly percapita consumption expenditure
(MPCE based on URP [Uniform Reference Period]) on food items in Kerala and all India
based on the estimates obtained in socio economic surveys conducted by NSSO, Govt
of India during the year 2011-12. (Figures in Rs.)

Rural Urban
Item
Kerala All India Kerala All India
Cereal 141.52 153.13 155.67 175.52
Gram 7.15 2.15 8.09 2.92
Cereal substitutes 8.54 0.88 4.59 1.27
Pulses and pulse products 34.48 39.73 39.47 51.55
Milk & milk products 89.15 116.13 119.88 186.47
Sugar 24.81 23.64 26.19 27.69
Salt 2.22 2.46 2.33 2.75
Edible oil 44.55 48.22 48.08 63.62
Egg, fish, meat 179.81 45.62 192.02 66.94
Vegetables 60.01 61.88 66.12 81.4
Fresh fruits 79.38 19.18 99.17 42.02
Dry fruits 5.53 5.59 8.32 13.85
Spices 49.21 28.78 48.86 36.99
Beverages & refreshments 162.78 74.59 214.64 169.9
Total Food Expr 889.11 621.96 1033.43 922.91
Total non food Expr 1620.81 656.98 2032.24 1476.33
Total Expenditure 2509.92 1278.94 3065.67 2399.24
% of Food Expr 35% 49% 34% 38%

Source: Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India 2011-12, NSS 68th
Round, NSSO, Govt of India

It is seen that 35% of the monthly total expenditure of a Rural Keralites is for food
expenditure, while this is 34% in urban area. At all India level, these shares are 49%
and 38% respectively.

Note:

1. MPCE based on URP is estimated based on the household consumer expenditure

on each item recorded for a reference period of last 30 days (preceding the date of
survey)
2. Household consumer expenditure is the expenditure incurred by a household
on domestic consumption during the reference period. Expenditure incurred

Page 60 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 towards productive enterprise of household is excluded from household consumer
expenditure.

The following pie charts show the share of monthly percapita consumption
expenditure on food items by rural and urban peoples in all India.

Share of MPCE on food items in India

Cereals & pulses

12%
18%
Milk, egg, fish, 25%
31% meat
14%
Sugar, slat &
Rural India spices
15% Urban India
Edible oil
8%

Vegetables & 7%
9% 28%
fruits 7%
26%
Beverages &
refreshments

6.3 Consumption of cereals, oils, vegetables and fruits in Kerala

The following table shows the monthly percapita consumption of cereals, oils,
vegetables and fruits of peoples in Kerala as per the finding of NSS surveys conducted
during the period 2009-10. The item wise average quantity of consumption and their
values in rural and urban areas are provided in the table.

Quantity (in Kg) Value (in Rs.)

Item
Rural Urban Rural Urban
Cereals, pulses
Rice & rice products 7.66 7.40 130.74 137.21
Wheat & wheat products 0.88 1.09 16.81 22.44
Total cereals 8.56 8.52 147.99 160.48
Cereal substitutes 0.63 0.39 5.86 3.71
Pulses and pulse products 0.63 0.72 34.44 39.93
Edible oils
Coconut Oil 0.54 0.55 30.38 31.26
Other oils 0.09 0.10 4.88 5.85

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 61

 Total Oil 0.62 0.65 35.26 37.11
Vegetables
Potato 0.37 0.39 6.95 7.37
Onion 0.68 0.72 12.96 13.73
Carrot 0.14 0.18 3.27 4.38
Pumpkin 0.15 0.11 2.06 1.60
Gourd 0.10 0.06 1.16 0.87
Bitter gourd 0.19 0.18 4.35 4.16
Cucumber 0.29 0.31 3.78 3.83
Snake gourd 0.10 0.07 1.57 1.15
Cauliflower 0.02 0.04 0.30 0.87
Cabbage 0.33 0.25 4.64 3.70
Brinjal 0.17 0.14 2.89 2.42
Lady’s finger 0.24 0.24 4.25 4.09
Palak/ other leafy vegetables 0.16 0.14 2.78 2.58
French beans 0.07 0.08 1.50 1.72
Tomato 0.51 0.49 8.19 8.11
Peas 0.15 0.18 3.35 3.97
Chilli green 0.13 0.13 3.86 4.03
Plantain green 0.19 0.19 2.88 3.34
Lemon 0.02 0.03 0.55 1.04
Other vegetables 0.82 0.78 14.03 14.79
Vegetables Total 4.83 4.71 85.32 87.75
Fruits and nuts
Banana (no.) 4.99 7.26 15.33 24.60
Pineapple (no.) 0.08 0.08 0.83 0.95
Coconut (no.) 5.71 5.17 33.87 32.94
Coconut green (no.) 0.53 0.86 3.31 3.41
Papaya (kg) 0.05 0.02 0.42 0.24
Mango (kg) 0.04 0.07 1.46 2.53
Fresh fruits Total 82.15 107.92
Dry fruits 0.05 0.06 5.25 7.61
Spices 0.53 0.53 50.45 50.03

Source: NSS Report on Household Consumption on Various Goods and Services in

Kerala, 2009-10, NSS 60th Round, Department of Economics & Statistics

6.4 A comparison in consumption pattern of 2009-10 with 2004-05

The following table gives the quantity and value of consumption of cereals and
oils in rural and urban areas in the State during the period of 2004-05 and 2009-10.

Page 62 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Quantity (in Kg) Value (in Rs.)
Item
Rural Urban Rural Urban
Cereals
Total cereals (2009-10) 8.56 8.52 147.99 160.47
Total cereals (2004-05) 9.26 8.62 108.89 101.1
Edible oils
Total Oil (2009-10) 0.623 0.647 35.26 37.11
Total oils (2004-05) 0.711 0.521 32.32 33.40

Source: NSS Report on Household Consumption on Various Goods and Services in

Kerala, 2009-10, NSS 60th Round, Department of Economics & Statistics

6.5 Rice consumption in Kerala

The following table shows the estimated value of quantity of rice consumption
in Kerala based on the socio economic survey conducted by NSSO, Govt of India in the
State during 2009-10, and the report published by the Department of Economics &
Statistics. Rice consumption is estimated based on the monthly percapita
consumption of rice and rice products in rural and urban areas in the State.

Region Rural Urban Total/ Average

Monthly percapita
1 consumption of rice and 7.663 7.404 -
rice products (in Kg)
Population as per 2011
2
census (No.) 17471135 15934926 33406061
Estimated annual
3 16065.76 14157.86 30223.62
consumption (in Lakh Kg)
Percapita annual
4 91.96 88.85 90.47
consumption (in Kg)

6.6 Estimated requirement of rice

The projected requirement of rice in the State for the period from 2015-16 to
2029-30 based on the consumption pattern of rice and rice products found during the
study of National Sample Survey conducted in Kerala in 2009-10 is given in the
following table.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 63

 Projected Mid Average Percapita Annual
Year Population consumption for requirement of rice
Year (in Lakhs) one year (in Kg) (in Lakh Tonnes)
2015-16 341.35 90.47 30.88
2016-17 342.99 90.47 31.03
2017-18 344.64 90.47 31.18
2018-19 346.30 90.47 31.33
2019-20 347.96 90.47 31.48
2020-21 349.64 90.47 31.63
2021-22 351.32 90.47 31.79
2022-23 353.01 90.47 31.94
2023-24 354.71 90.47 32.09
2024-25 356.41 90.47 32.25
2025-26 358.13 90.47 32.40
2026-27 359.85 90.47 32.56
2027-28 361.58 90.47 32.71
2028-29 363.32 90.47 32.87
2029-30 365.06 90.47 33.03

Note that the mid year population used here are the projected values estimated
for the purpose of this study only using Geometric Numerical Method based on the
census population in 2001 and 2011 and its decadal growth rate during the period.

Annual Requirement of rice in Kerala- projection values

34
33.0
33 32.6 32.7 32.9
32.4
31.9 32.1 32.2
Lakh Tonnes

32 31.6 31.8
31.2 31.3 31.5
30.9 31.0
31

30

29
2015-16

2016-17

2017-18

2018-19

2019-20

2020-21

2021-22

2022-23

2023-24

2024-25

2025-26

2026-27

2027-28

2028-29

2029-30

Page 64 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

6.7 Vegetable consumption in Kerala

The estimated quantity of vegetable consumption in the State based on the

monthly percapita consumption estimates of NSS 66th Round socio economic survey
conducted in Kerala during 2009-10 is given below.

Region Rural Urban Total/ Average

Monthly percapita
1 consumption of 4.833 4.712 -
vegetables (in Kg)
Population as per 2011
2
census (No.) 17471135 15934926 33406061
Estimated annual
3 consumption (in lakh 10132.56 9010.24 19142.80
Kg)
Percapita annual
4 consumption (in Kg) 57.99 56.54 57.30

6.8 Estimated requirement of Vegetables

The projected requirement of vegetables in the State from 2015-16 to 2029-

2030 estimated based on the average percapita annual consumption of vegetables
found during the study of National Sample Survey conducted in Kerala in 2009-10 is
given in the following table.

Annual
Average Percapita requirement of
Projected Mid Year consumption for vegetables in Lakh
Year Population (in Lakhs) one year (in Kg) Tonnes
2015-16 341.35 57.30 19.56
2016-17 342.99 57.30 19.65
2017-18 344.64 57.30 19.75
2018-19 346.30 57.30 19.84
2019-20 347.96 57.30 19.94
2020-21 349.64 57.30 20.04
2021-22 351.32 57.30 20.13
2022-23 353.01 57.30 20.23
2023-24 354.71 57.30 20.33
2024-25 356.41 57.30 20.42
2025-26 358.13 57.30 20.52
2026-27 359.85 57.30 20.62
2027-28 361.58 57.30 20.72
2028-29 363.32 57.30 20.82
2029-30 365.06 57.30 20.92

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 65

 The following bar chart shows the growth in vegetable requirement in the State
for the next 15 years.

Requirement of vegetables in Kerala in Lakh Tonnes

22

20.9
21 20.6 20.7 20.8
20.5
20.2 20.3 20.4
20.0 20.1
Lakh Tonnes

20 19.7 19.8 19.9

19.6 19.7

19

18

2022-23
2015-16

2016-17

2017-18

2018-19

2019-20

2020-21

2021-22

2023-24

2024-25

2025-26

2026-27

2027-28

2028-29

2029-30

Page 66 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

Chapter 7

RICE DEVELOPMENT

7.1 Area, Production and Productivity of rice

Paddy cultivation has been reducing year by year even after the Govt have been
providing a lot of financial and marketing assistance to paddy farmers through various
schemes and programmes. Even though rice is the main food grain of Malayalees, due
to high cost of production, attitudinal change, wetland conversion for dwelling and
other construction purposes and fast urbanisation, the paddy area and rice
production in the State show a decreasing trend. Thus the dependency on other States
for this food grain is increasing. So the sustainability of rice in the State is beyond the
limit.

Area, production and productivity of rice during the last 10 years

Area (in Production (in Productivity (in

Year
hectares) tons) Kg/ Hectare)

2005-06 275742 629987 2285

2006-07 263529 641575 2435
2007-08 228938 528488 2308
2008-09 234265 590241 2520
2009-10 234013 598339 2557
2010-11 213187 522738 2452
2011-12 208160 568993 2733
2012-13 197277 508299 2577
2013-14 199611 564325 2827
2014-15 198159 562092 2837

Paddy sown area in Kerala recorded its maximum value in 1974-75 with 8.81
lakh hectares and its least value in the history of the State was in 2012-13 and is 1.97
lakh hectares. The following trend chart depicts the trend in reduction of paddy area
in Kerala since from the formation of the State of Kerala up to the agricultural year
2014-15.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 67

 Trend in paddy area in Kerala from 1955-56 to 2014-15
10
8.7 8.8
8.0 7.9
7.6 7.8 7.3
8
Area in Lakh Hectares

5.6
6 5.0

3.5
4 2.9 2.8 2.6
2.3 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0
2

0
1955-56
1960-61
1965-66
1970-71
1974-75
1979-80
1984-85
1990-91
1994-95
1999-00
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
The production of rice in Kerala is decreasing in accordance with the decreasing
area of paddy. Even though the fall is not steady, there is a reduction of 11% is seen in
the production of rice from 2005-06 to 2014-15, during a period of 10 years. The rice
production in Kerala recorded its peak value in 1972-73 with 13.7 lakh tonnes, and at
that time the State has 3.5 percent share in the total production of rice in the country.

The following chart shows the trend in production of rice and its quantity from
1955-56 to 2014-15 in the State.

Trend in production of rice in Kerala from 1955-56 to 2014-15

16
13.8
12.7
Production in Lakh Tonnes

11.7
12 10.5 10.8 10.9
9.8
8.7
7.5
8 6.7 6.3 6.4
5.9 6.0
5.3 5.2 5.7 5.1 5.6 5.6

0
1955-56

1960-61

1966-67

1972-73

1980-81

1985-86

1990-91

1994-95

2000-01

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

2014-15

Page 68 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 The productivity of rice recorded its peak value in 2014-15 with 2837 kilogram
per hectare and its least value was in 1955-56 with 1144 kilogram per hectare. The
trend chart showing the productivity of rice from 1955-56 onwards is given below.

Trend in yield rate of rice in Kerala from 1955-56 to 2014-15

3000

2500
Kg per Hectare

2000

1500

1000
1970-71

1980-81

1990-91

2000-01

2005-06

2007-08

2009-10

2011-12
1955-56
1960-61
1965-66

1975-76

1985-86

1995-96

2004-05

2006-07

2008-09

2010-11

2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
For area, production and productivity of State and all India for all years from
1955-56 to 2013-14, the tables given in annexure may be referred.

7.2 District wise paddy area

During the period from 2005-06 to 2014-15, 28% reduction in gross paddy
cropped area has occurred in the State. While considering the district scenario,
maximum reduction has happened in Kollam district (81.6%) followed by Ernakulam
(81.4%). In absolute terms the maximum reduction was in Palakkad district (31007
hectares). At the same time, a slight increase in paddy area occurred in Kottayam and
Alappuzha districts. The following table and graph shows the change in area under
paddy from 1999-00 and 2005-06 to 2014-15 districts wise in the State.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 69

 Area in Hectares % variation
from from
Sl No District 1999-00 2005-06 2014-15 1999-00 2005-06
1 TVPM 7969 4705 2093 -73.7 -55.5
2 KLM 17426 7218 1327 -92.4 -81.6
3 PTA 6716 3291 2592 -61.4 -21.2
4 ALPA 35326 28768 34415 -2.6 19.6
5 KTM 15822 12557 17295 9.3 37.7
6 IDY 3640 2932 697 -80.9 -76.2
7 EKM 42894 24934 4644 -89.2 -81.4
8 TSR 42887 31074 24151 -43.7 -22.3
9 PKD 109704 113919 82912 -24.4 -27.2
10 MLPM 23495 14885 8402 -64.2 -43.6
11 KKD 6495 4703 2321 -64.3 -50.6
12 WYD 17304 11503 9690 -44.0 -15.8
13 KNR 11710 9223 4955 -57.7 -46.3
14 KSD 8386 6030 2665 -68.2 -55.8
TOTAL 349774 275742 198159 -43.3 -28.1

District wise change in area under paddy from 2005-06 to

2014-15
120
2005-06 2014-15
100
Area in '000 hectares

80

60

40

20

0
TVPM KLM PTA ALPA KTM IDY EKM TSR PKD MLPM KKD WYD KNR KSD

7.3 Season wise area under paddy

Paddy is cultivating in the State in three seasons, viz. autumn, winter and
summer every agricultural year. Autumn season is from July 1st to 31st Oct, winter
season from 1st Nov to 28th Feb and summer from 1st March to 30th June. The
comparison of paddy area in these seasons in 2005-06 and 2014-15 is given below.

Page 70 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Year Autumn Winter Summer Total
2005-06 98256 155629 21857 275742
2014-15 63981 88990 45188 198159

The change in share of paddy area in each season from 2005-06 to 2014-15
may be seen from the following pie charts. A shift in area from autumn and winter
seasons to summer season is seen during the period of 10 years.

Season wise paddy area share- 2005-06 Vs 2014-15

8%
23%
Autumn
32%
36%
Winter
Paddy Paddy
2005-06 Summer
2014-15

56%
45%

7.4 Rice production in other States in India

West Bengal is the leading producer of rice among the States in India with a
share of 14.37 percent followed by Utter Pradesh with 13.73 percent. The total
production of rice in India in 2013-14 was 106.54 million tonnes, out of this 15.31
million tonnes is the contribution of West Bengal and 14.63 million tonnes is from UP.
The four States West Bengal, UP, AP and Punjab together take more than 50 percent
share of the total production of rice in the country. Kerala is in 16 th position for both
paddy area and rice production. Kerala accounts for 0.45 percent in paddy area and
0.48 percent in its production in the country.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 71

 The following table gives the area, production and productivity of rice in major
rice producing States in the country and their share to all India area and production
during the year 2013-14.

Area: in Million Hectares, Production: in Million Tonnes, Yield: in Kg/ Hectare

Production-
Area- % to % to All Yield
State Area All India Production India rate
West Bengal 5.50 12.51 15.31 14.37 2786
UP 5.98 13.60 14.63 13.73 2447
AP 4.51 10.25 13.03 12.23 2891
Punjab 2.85 6.49 11.27 10.58 3952
Odisha 4.18 9.51 7.58 7.12 1815
Chhattisgarh 3.80 8.65 6.72 6.30 1766
Tamil Nadu 1.79 4.06 5.54 5.20 3100
Bihar 3.11 7.07 5.51 5.17 1774
Assam 2.27 5.17 4.78 4.48 2101
Haryana 1.23 2.79 4.00 3.75 3256
Karnataka 1.33 3.02 3.76 3.53 2828
Maharashtra 1.56 3.55 2.95 2.77 1891
MP 1.93 4.40 2.78 2.61 1438
Jharkhand 1.22 2.79 2.74 2.57 2238
Gujarat 0.79 1.79 1.62 1.52 2053
Kerala 0.20 0.45 0.56 0.53 2827
Others 1.71 3.89 3.83 3.60 -
All India 43.95 100 106.54 100 2424

Source: Agricultural Statistics 2014, M/o Agriculture, Govt of India

Regarding the productivity of rice, our State is in 6 th rank among the States in
India. Punjab has the highest productivity with 3952 Kg of rice per hectare followed by
Haryana with 3256 Kg per hectare. The all India average yield rate of rice in 2013-14
is 2424 Kg per hectare.

Page 72 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 State wise productivity of rice in 2013-14
5000

4000

3000
Kg per Hectare

2000

1000

0
Punjab

Karnataka
Tamil Nadu

Kerala

West Bengal
AP

Jharkhand

Bihar

All India
MP
Odisha
Haryana

UP

Gujarat

Chattisgarh
Assam

Maharashtra
7.5 Schemes on development of paddy cultivation

The schemes implemented by the department of Agriculture for the development of

paddy cultivation in Kerala during the period of study are explained below. The
financial performance and the available physical achievements are quantified and
presented along with.

1. Sustainable Development of Rice

This scheme is intended for the sustainable development of paddy cultivation

and thus to increase the rice production in the State. In some years, this scheme was
mentioned in the State budget as ‘Integrated Food crop Production- Rice development’.
The following are the components of this scheme and their physical achievement
during the last 10 years. The budget allocation for this plan scheme is provided under
the Head of Account 2401-00-102-90. The components of this scheme are the
following.

1.1 Revitalization of group farming: This component aims to make paddy cultivation
more profitable and to reduce the cost of cultivation considerably. Group farming
Samithies or Padasekhara Samithies constitutes the nucleus of this programme.
1.2 Fallow Land cultivation
1.3 Assistance to development agencies: For improving the rice production by
rectifying the problems in paddy cultivation, assistance has been provided through 11
development agencies in Kerala.
1.4 Assistance to Seed Development Authority

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 73

1.5 Assistance for fish culture and other seasonal crops in paddy fields during non-
cropping periods
1.6 Assistance for establishing small scale processing and marketing units
1.7 Assistance for training and farm mechanization
1.8 Green card printing through Farm Information Bureau
1.9 Support to upland rice production
1.10 Assistance to Model Padasekharams
1.11 Special rice
The year wise budget allocation and its financial progress of this scheme under the
above head of account are as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts Percent

2005-06 1800.00 1800.00 1577.50 88
2006-07 1800.00 1850.00 1838.24 99
2007-08 1425.00 1425.00 1406.59 99
2008-09 2000.00 2000.00 1999.72 100
2009-10 2300.00 2300.00 2288.70 100
2010-11 2900.00 2900.00 2892.14 100
2011-12 2900.00 2900.00 2898.65 100
2012-13 5000.00 5000.00 4910.14 98
2013-14 5000.00 5000.00 4939.62 99
2014-15 3352.00 3352.00 3313.52 99

The physical achievement is given below. (Area in Hectares)

Revitaliz Assistance Support

ation of Fallow to for upland
group land development paddy Special Total area
Year farming cultivation agencies production rice (in Ha)
2005-06 111142 6114 117256
2006-07 117849 4919 304 123072
2007-08 49496 4318 53814
2008-09 104683 6779 120 111582
2009-10 142994 142994
2010-11 168273 2476 170749
2011-12 210085 2512 858 213455
2012-13 203173 1373 3330 972 208848
2013-14 202675 2641 320 3128 261 209025
2014-15 204711 1806 278 0 1268 208063

Here the paddy area developed as the achievement of the above scheme by the
Department of Agriculture is calculated based on season approach, so there is a
variation with the figures in area from 2011-12 to 2014-15 given at the beginning of

Page 74 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

this chapter, estimated based on harvest approach and published by the Department
of Economics & Statistics.

2. Macro Management- Rice Development (90% CSS)

This is a centrally sponsored scheme implemented on a cost sharing basis in the

ratio 90:10 (Central: State). The budget allocation for this plan scheme is provided
under the Head of Account 2401-00-800-61 (01). This scheme was discontinued by
Govt of India from 01-04-2013, however, an amount of Rs.4.2 lakhs has been spent
under this head during 2013-14 for the works done by revalidating the previous year’s
fund. The budget outlay and its expenditure in each year from 2005-06 to 2013-14 (no
budget provision in 2014-15) are as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Budget outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year Percent
State Central State Central State Central
2005-06 260.00 2340.00 260.00 2340.00 147.09 1323.81 57
2006-07 121.35 1092.15 121.35 1092.15 72.14 649.30 59
2007-08 110.50 994.50 110.50 994.50 99.91 899.17 90
2008-09 125.00 1125.00 125.00 1125.00 121.99 1097.87 98
2009-10 100.00 900.00 100.00 900.00 84.57 761.11 85
2010-11 100.00 900.00 70.00 630.00 67.47 607.19 96
2011-12 70.00 630.00 70.00 630.00 54.43 489.82 78
2012-13 70.00 630.00 70.00 630.00 51.13 461.79 73
2013-14 60.00 540.00 40.00 360.00 0.42 3.78 1

The main components of this central plan scheme are given below.

2.1 Assistance for seed production programme: The main objective of this component
is for production and distribution of quality seeds of high yielding varieties of paddy to
registered farmers. For this, financial assistance is given to State Seed Development
Authority.

2.2 Distribution of high yielding seed varieties of paddy: High yielding seed varieties of
paddy were distributed to Padasekhara Samities on subsidy basis under this
component.

2.3 System of Rice Intensification (SRI): The component SRI is meant for reducing the
cost of paddy cultivation. Through this method of farming, the use of water and seed
can be reduced.

2.4 Setting up of demo field of paddy using HY varieties of seeds: This component is
intended for setting up of model demonstration paddy fields using high yielding

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 75

varieties of paddy suitable for the region for dissemination of technologies and
multiplication of the high yielding seeds to farmers.

2.5 Infrastructure development: Infrastructure development support had been

provided to Padasekharams under this component for improving the production of
rice.

2.6 Integrated pest management: Fund has been utilized under this component for
implementing integrated pest management and it monitoring.

2.7 Rice development (MOU)- integrated pest management

2.8 Integrated nutrient management: This component aims to increase the application
of bio fertilizers in rice cultivation.

3. National Food security Project

This central scheme was implemented in Palakkad district in Kerala in the years
2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-2 for increasing the production of food crops. The budget
allocation for this plan scheme is provided under the Head of Account 2401-00-102-
82. The year wise allocation and expenditure are given below.

Item Budget outlay Revised outlay Accounts Percent

2009-10 3600.00 3600.00 3592.29 100
2010-11 2665.00 2665.00 2590.64 97
2011-12 2800.00 2636.00 2562.69 97

Besides the above assistance to paddy cultivation in the State has been
provided under RKVY scheme and the details of RKVY are mentioned in the last
chapter.

Page 76 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

Chapter 8

COCONUT DEVELOPMENT

8.1 Area, production and productivity of coconut in Kerala

According to official estimates, the area under coconut cultivation in Kerala in

1934-35 was 5.65 lakh hectares. In 1955-56, the area under coconut was 4.5 lakh
hectares, it has increased to 7.5 lakh hectares in 1974-75, decreased to 6.5 lakh
hectares in 1980-81 and then increased and reached its maximum value in 2000-01
with 9.25 lakh hectares. Now this has been reduced to 793856 hectares and the fall in
area during the period 2000-2015 is 14.3 percent.

Trend in area under coconut in Kerala from 1955-56

11

9.1 9.3 9.0 9.0

8.7 8.7
Area in Lakh Hectares

9 8.2 8.2 8.0 8.1

7.9 7.8 7.7 7.9
7.5
7.2 7.0
6.5
7
5.9
5.0
5 4.5

3
1955-56
1960-61
1965-66
1970-71
1974-75
1980-81
1985-86
1990-91
1995-96
2000-01
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15

Regarding the production side, the yield of coconut shows a varying trend. The
total production of coconut in the state in 1955-56 was 3099 million nuts and now it
is 5947 million nuts. The production of coconut in Kerala recorded its maximum value
in 2005-06 with 6326 million nuts and its least value in 1981-82 with 3006 million
nuts.

About 38% of the total area under coconut palms in India is in Kerala and the
State is leading in the cultivation of coconut. But in production of coconut, Kerala’s
share is 26.8% only. The total area under coconut in our nation as a whole is 21.4
lakh hectares and the production is 22088 million nuts (163.01 lakh MT) during the

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 77

year 2013-14. The average productivity of coconut in India is 10321 nuts per hectare
(7306 kg/ hectare).

Trend in production of coconut in Kerala from 1955-56

7000
6326
Production in Million Nuts

6000

5000

4000

3000
3008
2000

2008-09
1955-56
1959-60
1964-65
1970-71
1975-76
1980-81
1985-86
1990-91
1994-95
1999-00
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08

2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
The following table shows the area, production and productivity of coconut
during the last 10 years from 2005-06 to 2014-15.

Year Area (in Production (in Productivity (in

hectares) million nuts) Nuts/ Hectare)
2005-06 897833 6326 7046
2006-07 872943 6054 6935
2007-08 818812 5641 6889
2008-09 787769 5802 7365
2009-10 778618 5667 7278
2010-11 770473 5287 6862
2011-12 820867 5941 7237
2012-13 798162 5799 7265
2013-14 808647 5921 7322
2014-15 793856 5947 7491

On examining the all India production of coconut from 1955-56, it is observed

that the production share of Kerala has been decreasing year by year. The following
graph shows this trend. The national production of coconut during 2008-09 and 2009-
10 was much lesser than that of preceding and succeeding years, and hence the share
of Kerala showed high during the period.

Page 78 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Share of Kerala in production of coconut in India
80
73.3
70

60
Percentage

50

40

30 25.6

20
1955-56

1960-61

1965-66

1970-71

1975-76

1980-81

1985-86

1990-91

1995-96

2000-01

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14
The productivity at all India level is higher than Kerala from 1964-65 onwards,
it crossed the State figure in 2003-04 and thereafter maintaining higher values above
the State figure except in 2004-05, 2008-09 and 2009-10. The graph showing the
productivity trend of coconut in the State and all India is given below. The minimum
and maximum values (only of the years referred in the graph) of productivity of
coconut in respect of Kerala and India are also mentioned in the graph.

Trend in productivity of coconut in Kerala and India from

1955-56
11000 10600
Kerala All India
10000
Yield rate in Nuts/ Hectare

9000
8000
7000
7365
6000 5296
5000
4618
4000
1991-92

2012-13
1955-56

1960-61

1965-66

1970-71

1975-76

1980-81

1985-86

1995-96

2000-01

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2013-14

8.2 Area share of coconut by different states in India

Even though the area and production of coconut has increased, the area share
of Kerala has been decreasing due to the increase in coconut cultivation in other

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 79

States. In 1960-61, 69.58% of the total area under coconut cultivation in the country
belonged to Kerala and the production was 3220 million nuts. In 1965-66, the state
accounted for 66.6% of the total area under coconut in the country, and now this is
only 37.8%. The following table shows the share in area under coconut cultivation in
different states in India and its trend from 1965-66 to 2012-13.

State 1965-66 1970-71 1975-76 1983-84 2012-13

Kerala 66.6 68.5 64.8 58.3 37.3
Karnataka 13.1 12.5 13.2 16.1 24.0
Tamil Nadu 10.2 9.1 9.8 12.2 21.8
AP 3.7 3.6 3.6 4.0 6.0
Goa 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.2
Andaman & NI 1.0 0.8 1.8 1.8 1.0
Maharashtra 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.3
Odisha 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.5
Others states 1.2 1.7 3.3 2.7 4.9

The following bar chart clearly depicts the shift in area proportion to other
states during the period from 1965-66 to 2012-13.

Area share of coconut from 1965 to 2013

80

60
Percentage

40

20

0
1965-66 1970-71 1975-76 1983-84 2012-13

Kerala Karnataka Tamil Nadu AP Goa

8.3 Area, production and productivity of coconut in leading coconut producing

States in India

The area, production and productivity of major coconut producing States in the
country during 2012-13 is given in the following table.

Page 80 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Area in ‘000 Hectares, Production in ‘000 MT, Yield in Kg/ Hectare

Sl % to all % to all
State Area Production Yield
No India India
1 Kerala 798.2 37.4 3990.4 25.6 4999
2 Karnataka 513.1 24.0 4169.9 26.7 8127
3 Tamil Nadu 465.1 21.8 4760.7 30.5 10236
4 Andhra Pradesh 128.9 6.0 1330.4 8.5 10321
5 Odisha 54.3 2.5 262.2 1.7 4829
6 West Bengal 29.2 1.4 254.2 1.6 8704
7 Maharashtra 28.1 1.3 129.0 0.8 4595
8 Goa 25.7 1.2 84.5 0.5 3285
9 Assam 22.2 1.0 110.3 0.7 4977
10 Andaman & NI 21.9 1.0 89.5 0.6 4088
11 Gujarat 21.1 1.0 221.9 1.4 10506
All India 2136.5 100 15609.1 100 7306

Source: Report on Agricultural Statistics 2013, M/o Agriculture, Govt of India

Even though Kerala is leading in area under coconut, the State’s share in
production is below to our neighboring States Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The
following bar chart depicts this aspect clearly.

Share in area and production of coconut- 2012-13

40
% of area to all India % of production to all India
30

20

10

While considering the productivity of coconut, the States Karnataka, Tamil

Nadu, West Bengal, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh have higher productivity than
Kerala. Since these five states contribute about 69% of total coconut production, the

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 81

all India average productivity of coconut is much higher than that of Kerala. The state
wise productivity in Kg per hectare may be seen in the following chart.

Productivity of cocconut in other States- 2012-13

Yield rate in Kg per hectare

12000

9000

6000

3000

8.4 Schemes on development of coconut cultivation

The plan schemes for the development of coconut cultivation implemented from
2005-06 to 2014-15 in the State and their financial and available physical progress
are summarised below.

1. CDB scheme for integrated farming in coconut holdings for productivity

improvement (100% CSS)

This is a 100% centrally sponsored scheme implemented in all the years of the
study period, and the budget provision was in the head of account 2401-00-108-54.
The main objectives of this scheme are the establishment of demonstration plots,
control of root wilt diseases in coconut palms by applying scientific practices, cutting
and removal of diseased trees, etc. The financial progress is (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised Outlay Accounts Percent

2005-06 6000.00 6000.00 784.38 13
2006-07 2506.55 2506.55 650.30 26
2007-08 2500.00 1750.00 967.20 55
2008-09 2500.00 1500.00 273.96 18
2009-10 400.00 433.22 430.50 99
2010-11 400.00 540.00 474.80 88
2011-12 500.00 500.00 264.23 53
2012-13 500.00 450.00 492.40 109
2013-14 600.00 600.00 519.47 87
2014-15 420.00 420.00 223.62 53

Page 82 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 2. Coconut development

The strategy proposed for coconut development is integrated development of

holdings aimed at maximizing income from unit area through better agro management
practices and promotion of multi species cropping and farming systems. The budget
provision of this scheme is provided under the head of account 2401-00-103-87. The
financial progress is (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 455.00 455.00 449.73 99
2006-07 1023.00 1023.00 1014.96 99
2007-08 1120.00 1120.00 1114.41 100
2008-09 1500.00 1500.00 1469.61 98
2009-10 1525.00 1525.00 1510.06 99
2010-11 3000.00 3000.00 2864.07 95
2011-12 3000.00 3000.00 2941.44 98
2012-13 4500.00 4276.00 4478.17 105
2013-14 5000.00 5000.00 6686.45 134
2014-15 4500.00 4500.00 2508.07 56

3. Production and distribution of hybrid coconut seedlings (50% CSS)

This is a 50% centrally sponsored scheme implemented in the State for

increasing the production and productivity of Kerala by supplying hybrid varieties of
coconut seedlings to farmers. The budget provision was under the plan head 2401-00-
108-96 and the financial achievement is (Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2005-06 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 15.06 15.07 84
2006-07 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 7.95 7.95 80
2007-08 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 8.69 8.69 87
2008-09 10.00 10.00 12.26 12.26 12.27 12.26 100
2009-10 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 11.97 11.97 120
2010-11 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 9.97 9.97 100
2011-12 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 21.64 21.62 43
2012-13 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 52.42 52.41 87
2013-14 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 11.84 11.84 79
2014-15 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 14.79 14.79 99

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 83

 4. Payment to Coconut Development Board [Control of Eridiophydmite in
coconut]

This scheme is implemented in 2006-07 and 2008-09 under the head of account
2401-00-800-43. The financial achievement is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2006-07 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 100
2007-08 0.00 211.00 211.00 100

Page 84 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

Chapter 9

HORTICULTURE DEVELOPMENT

9.1 Production of banana in Kerala

During 1955-56 the total production of banana from the state was 311000
tonnes and the value of production was 8.5 crores. Then, Kerala was leading in its
production (including other plantain) with 17 percent share among the Indian States,
and the area share was 27 percent. Now in 2013-14, the share of the State in banana
has declined to 7.8 percent in area and 1.8 percent in production. The total area
under banana cultivation during 2014-15 was 61936 hectares with the production of
5.45 lakh tonnes. The area, production and productivity of banana during the period
from 2005-06 to 2014-15 is shown below.

Area: in Hectares, Production: in MT, Productivity: in Kg/ Hectare

Year Area % variation Production % variation Productivity

2005-06 61400 4.30 491823 3.46 8010

2006-07 59143 -3.68 463766 -5.70 7841
2007-08 59341 0.33 439803 -5.17 7411
2008-09 54739 -7.76 435979 -0.87 7965
2009-10 51275 -6.33 406242 -6.82 7923
2010-11 58671 14.42 483667 19.06 8244
2011-12 59069 0.68 514054 6.28 8703
2012-13 61011 3.29 515607 0.30 8451
2013-14 62261 2.05 531299 3.04 8533
2014-15 61936 -0.52 545431 2.65 8806

Both area and production of banana in the State showed a declining trend up to
2009-10 and thereafter an increasing trend. The trend chart showing the area and
production for the last 10 years is shown below.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 85

 Trend in area and production of banana
70
Area in '000 Ha, Production in '0000 MT

60

50

40
Area Production

30
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

9.2 Production of plantain in Kerala

Kerala accounts for 56761 hectares of area under plantain with the production
of 4.68 lakh tonnes annually. The area, production and productivity of plantain in the
State are given in the following table. The percentage variation in area and production
of each year from the previous year is also mentioned.

Area: in Hectares, Production: in MT, Productivity: in Kg/ Hectare

Year Area % variation Production % variation Productivity

2005-06 55222 1.12 445333 7.02 8064

2006-07 53096 -3.85 435636 -2.18 8205
2007-08 51367 -3.26 391896 -10.04 7629
2008-09 50126 -2.42 399633 1.97 7973
2009-10 47802 -4.64 338546 -15.29 7082
2010-11 49129 2.78 353772 4.50 7201
2011-12 48747 -0.78 330634 -6.54 6783
2012-13 48859 0.23 351315 6.25 7190
2013-14 54512 11.57 362395 3.15 6648
2014-15 56761 4.13 468320 29.23 8251

Both area and production show an decreasing trend except the last three years.
The productivity shows a varying trend. The trend chart is given below.

Page 86 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Trend in area and production of plantain in Kerala
60
Area in '000 Ha, Production in '0000 MT

50

40

30
Area Production

20
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

9.3 Production of jack fruit in Kerala

Kerala is the leading producer of jack fruit in the country. Recently this fruit
found suitable place in enterprise sector by demonstrating a wide range of value added
products from it. About 90 thousand hectares of area sown are under this crop and
the State is producing an estimated 300 million nuts (fruits) annually. The area,
production and yield rate of jack fruit during the last 10 years in Kerala is shown in
the table given below.

Area: in Hectares, Production: Million nuts, Productivity: in No. of nuts/ Hectare

%
Year Area % variation Production Productivity
variation
2005-06 94902 -2.70 350 0.57 3688
2006-07 88358 -6.90 333 -4.86 3769
2007-08 85322 -3.44 309 -7.21 3622
2008-09 79288 -7.07 290 -6.15 3658
2009-10 78148 -1.44 281 -3.10 3583
2010-11 75189 -3.79 301 7.12 4003
2011-12 90333 20.14 272 -9.63 3011
2012-13 89702 -0.70 300 10.29 3344
2013-14 90225 0.58 294 -2.00 3259
2014-15 92203 2.19 293 -0.34 3178

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 87

 The area showed a declining trend up to 2010-11 and thereafter an increase.
But the production showed a varying trend over the years. The trend chart is given
below.

Trend in area and production of jack fruit

100
Area in '000 Ha, Production in Crore

80

60
nuts

40

20 Area Production

0
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

9.4 Production of mango in Kerala

Mango production in State constitutes 4.34 lakh tonnes in the year 2014-15
with a negative growth rate of 5.01 percent over the previous year. The total area
under this fruit crop is 77301 hectares. The area, production and productivity of
mango in the State for the last ten years are given below.

Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes, Productivity: in Kg/ Hectare

Year Area % variation Production % variation Productivity

2005-06 87965 -2.94 511131 -2.70 5811
2006-07 76709 -12.80 445423 -12.86 5807
2007-08 69482 -9.42 408143 -8.37 5874
2008-09 66754 -3.93 392916 -3.73 5886
2009-10 63751 -4.50 373168 -5.03 5854
2010-11 62200 -2.43 380859 2.06 6123
2011-12 75559 21.48 460424 21.02 6100
2012-13 74462 -1.45 441033 -4.32 5923
2013-14 77158 3.62 457067 3.64 5924
2014-15 77301 0.18 434129 -5.01 5616

Page 88 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 The trend chart showing the area and production of mango during the above
period is as follows. The production shows a declining trend up to 2010-11 and then a
slight increase. But the area shows a declining trend up to 2009-10 and then an
increase. Both area and production was maximum in 2004-05.

Trend in area and production of mango in Kerala

100
Area in '000 Ha, Production in '0000 MT

Area Production
80

60

40

20
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

9.5 Production of pineapple in the State

The pineapple production in the State constitutes 777731 MT during the year
2014-15 and the area sown is 8080 hectares. Both area and production of this fruit
has been declining in the State. The area, production and productivity of pineapple in
the State for the last ten years are given below.

Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes, Productivity: in Kg/ Hectare

Year Area % variation Production % variation Productivity

2005-06 12775 0.75 109325 7.27 8558
2006-07 12486 -2.26 102449 -6.29 8205
2007-08 11262 -9.80 82782 -19.20 7351
2008-09 10407 -7.59 87882 6.16 8445
2009-10 9827 -5.57 80777 -8.08 8220
2010-11 10216 3.96 85526 5.88 8372
2011-12 8932 -12.57 82336 -3.73 9218
2012-13 8540 -4.39 72857 -11.51 8531
2013-14 8002 -6.30 75562 3.71 9443
2014-15 8080 0.97 77731 2.87 9620

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 89

 The area and production trend chart is given below. Both area and production
of pineapple are decreasing over the years except a few increases in some years.

Trend in area and production of pineapple in Kerala

15
Area in '000 Ha, Production in '0000 MT

Area Production
13

11

5
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

9.6 Production of Papaya in Kerala

Papaya is a tropical fruit having commercial importance because of its high

nutritive and medicinal value. Papaya cultivation had its origin in South Mexico and
Costa Rica. Total annual world production of papaya is estimated as 12.9 million
tonnes of fruits. India is leading in the world in papaya production with an annual
output of about 5.64 million tonnes. Other leading producers of papaya are Brazil,
Mexico, Nigeria, Indonesia, China, Peru, Thailand and Philippines. The area,
production and productivity of papaya in the State for the last ten years are given
below.

Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes, Productivity: in Kg/ Hectare

Year Area % variation Production % variation Productivity

2005-06 18895 -2.12 85481 -2.38 4524
2006-07 17693 -6.36 80491 -5.84 4549
2007-08 17835 0.80 80008 -0.60 4486
2008-09 18080 1.37 80494 0.61 4452
2009-10 16840 -6.86 109007 35.42 6473
2010-11 16156 -4.06 100772 -7.55 6237
2011-12 16464 1.91 96925 -3.82 5887
2012-13 16197 -1.62 101207 4.42 6249
2013-14 16640 2.74 103420 2.19 6215
2014-15 17999 -8.17 107200 -3.65 5956

Page 90 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Kerala accounts for 12.5 percent in area and 1.8 percent in production of
papaya in the country. Now the total area under papaya cultivation in the State is
17999 hectares and its production is 1.07 lakh metric tonnes. While looking at the
trend, we can observe that area was decreasing over the years and production was
decreasing up to 2007-08 and increased and reached its peak quantity in 2009-10
and again decreased up to 2011-12 following an increase again. The trend chart is
given below.

Trend in area and production of pappaya in Kerala

1200
Area in '00 Ha, Production in '00 MT

1000

800

600 Area Production

400

200

0
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

9.7 Production of cashew in Kerala

Kerala is in the 4th position in the production of cashew among the Indian
States after Maharashtra, AP and Odisha. The State is sharing 4.8 percent in area
under cashew cultivation in the country and 4.4 percent in its production. India is in
3rd position in cashew production in the world with 7.53 lakh tonnes after Vietnam
(12.37 lakh tonnes) and Nigeria (8.35 lakh tonnes). Brazil is the native of this spice
and this country is now in 4th rank in the production of cashew nuts in the world with
2.30 lakh tonnes annually. Cashew has arrived in India during the 15th century AD.
Among the districts in Kerala, Kannur is leading in area under cashew crop followed
by Kasaragode, Malappuram and Palakkad.

The total area under cashew sown in Kerala is 45436 hectares, and during the
period of last 10 years the area has decreased by 42 percent. State contributed 29715
tonnes of raw cashew in 2014-15 and a decline of 56 percent has occurred from 2005-
06. During the year of formation of Kerala, that is in 1955-56, the State has produced
58000 tonnes of cashew. The production of cashew has increased to 83000 tonnes in
1960-61 and further to 104600 tonnes in 1991-92. The area, production and

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 91

productivity of cashew in the State from 2005-06 to 2014-15 is given in the following
table.

Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes, Productivity: in Kg/ Hectare

Year Area % variation Production % variation Productivity

2005-06 78285 -4.00 68262 12.67 872
2006-07 70463 -9.99 61680 -9.64 875
2007-08 58381 -17.15 52402 -15.04 898
2008-09 53007 -9.21 42334 -19.21 799
2009-10 48972 -7.61 35818 -15.39 731
2010-11 43848 -10.46 34752 -2.98 793
2011-12 54052 23.27 36743 5.73 680
2012-13 52086 -3.64 37919 3.20 728
2013-14 49105 -5.72 33375 -11.98 680
2014-15 45436 -7.47 29715 -10.96 654

The trend chart showing the area, production and productivity of cashew in the
State is given below. Both area and production show almost the same trend of
declining over the years. Productivity shows a varying trend, anyhow it is decreasing.

Trend in area and production & productivity of cashew in

Kerala
Area in '000 Ha, Production in '000

1000
Area Production Productivity
MT, Productivity in Kg/ Ha

900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

9.8 Production of tapioca in Kerala

During 1956-57, Kerala had 85 percent share in total area under tapioca in the
country and 81 percent share in production. During this period of 57 years, the area
under tapioca cultivation in the State has declined by 68 percent, but the production
has been increased by 74 percent. The following table shows the share in area and

Page 92 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

production of tapioca in the State to all India during the year 1956-57 and 2013-14
and its changes during the period.

Area (in '000 Ha) Production (in '000 MT)

Year
Kerala India % share Kerala India % share
1956-57 208.41 246.46 84.56 1426.00 1759.00 81.07
2013-14 67.58 228.28 29.60 2479.07 8139.43 30.46
% Variation -67.57 -7.38 -64.99 73.85 362.73 -62.43

During 1955-56, Kollam district contributed the largest share of the State’s
production of tapioca followed by Alappuzha. Kollam still continues to maintain its
virtual monopoly in the production of tapioca in Kerala, the district accounts for 22
percent of the State’s production of tapioca. The next biggest producer now is
Thiruvananthapuram with about 20 percent share. The area, production and
productivity of tapioca in the State during the period from 2005-06 to 2014-15 is given
below.

Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes, Productivity: in Kg/ Hectare

% variation Production % variation Productivity

ear Area
2005-06 90539 2.32 2568284 7.01 28367
2006-07 87128 -3.76 2518999 -1.92 28911
2007-08 83990 -3.60 2556455 1.49 30438
2008-09 87241 3.87 2712114 6.09 31088
2009-10 74925 -14.12 2525384 -6.89 33737
2010-11 72284 -3.52 2408962 -4.61 33326
2011-12 74498 3.06 2547399 5.75 34419
2012-13 69586 -6.59 2458515 -3.49 35331
2013-14 67589 -2.87 2479070 0.84 36679
2014-15 75493 11.69 2943919 18.75 38996

The graph showing the area, production and productivity trend of tapioca in
Kerala from 2005-06 to 2014-15 is given below.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 93

 Trend in area, production and productivity of tapioca in Kerala
100
90
Area in '000 Ha, Production in Lakh

80
MT, Productivity in MT/Ha

70
60
Area Production Productivity
50
40
30
20
10
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

9.9 Vegetable production in Kerala

During the year 2014-15 the State has produced 15.32 lakh metric tonnes of
vegetables as against 11.90 lakh tonnes in 2013-14. The estimated total area under
vegetable cultivation in Kerala during 2014-15 is 90553 hectares, which recorded an
increase of 20 percent from the previous year. The area and production of vegetables
in the State during the last three years is given in the following table.

Area in Hectares and Production in Lakh Tonnes

Year Area % increase Production % increase

2012-13 54820 9.10
2013-14 75320 37.40 11.90 30.77
2014-15 90533 20.20 15.32 28.74

Page 94 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Area and production of vegetables in Kerala
100
Area in '000 Ha, Production in Lakh MT

Area Production
80

60

40

20

0
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

9.10 Schemes on development of vegetables and fruits

The schemes implemented by the department of Agriculture for the

development of vegetables and fruits in Kerala during the period from 2005-06 to
2014-15 are detailed below. These schemes are implemented in the State through
VFPCK, SHM, Horticorp and Department of Agriculture.

1. VFPCK Kerala- Production and distribution of quality planting materials

This scheme is implemented through Seed Production Centre of VFPCK in

Alathur, Palakkad district. The fund is provided under the head of account 2401-00-
103-82. The year wise budget allocation and its financial progress of this scheme
under the above head of account are as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2007-08 50.00 50.00 50.01 100
2008-09 25.00 25.00 25.00 100

2. Development of Vegetables- Vegetable promotion through department of

Agriculture

The production of vegetables in the State is not sufficient to meet the

requirements. The VFPCK, Department of Agriculture, SHM and Local Self
Governments are involved in the promotion of vegetables. This scheme is implemented

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 95

under the head of account 2401-00-119-85. To increase the production of vegetables
in the State, implementation of vegetable garden in schools, establishment of irrigation
units, conduct of training programmes, promotion of homestead vegetable cultivation,
etc. are the main components of this scheme. From 2012-13 onwards, this scheme
has been implemented as ‘Vegetable Development programme (VDP)’ by giving more
thrust for production of vegetables by adding more components such as school
garden, project based cultivation, homestead cultivation through school students,
terrace cultivation, vegetable clusters, fallow land cultivation, seed kit distribution
through media etc. The financial performance of this scheme is (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2008-09 60.00 191.88 186.29 97
2009-10 125.00 125.00 124.80 100
2010-11 307.00 307.00 286.31 93
2011-12 350.00 350.00 345.59 99
2012-13 4250.00 4313.70 4307.18 100
2013-14 5625.00 5625.00 5346.69 95
2014-15 6400.00 6400.00 5912.56 92

The physical progress of VDP is as follows (Area in Hectares, Production in MT)

2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Produ Produ Produ
Components Area ction Area ction Area ction
School garden 100 1078 104 1178 98 1274
Project based
cultivation 84 852 62 852 77 1055
Homestead cultivation
through school
students 9849 89240 10062 100503 21936 245704
Terrace cultivation 483 4668 326 2859 1289 15104
District clusters 5270 63211 12505 172727 4015 89303
Fallow land cultivation 0 0 1186 27982 514 7999
Others 0 0 352 3901 5496 88926
Total 15786 159049 24598 310002 33425 449365

Page 96 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 3. Development of Vegetables- Promotion of vegetable cultivation through
VFPCK in selected districts

This scheme is implemented under the head of account 2401-00-119-92. This

programme is implemented through VFPCK for promotion of vegetable cultivation in
selected districts in the State. The financial progress is (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 400.00 400.00 405.71 101
2006-07 400.00 300.00 250.00 83
2008-09 40.00 40.00 40.00 100
2009-10 75.00 75.00 75.00 100
2010-11 225.00 225.00 225.00 100
2011-12 325.00 325.00 325.00 100
2012-13 600.00 600.00 600.00 100

4. Vegetable development support to VFPCK- - Integrated food crop

production

The outlay provided under this scheme is for the promotion of vegetable
development programme implemented in the State and to initiate new programmes
including credit support. This scheme is implemented under the head of account
2401-00-119-81. The financial progress of this scheme is (implemented in 2013-14
& 2014-15 only, Rs. in Lakhs)

year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2013-14 600.00 600.00 600.00 100
2014-15 600.00 600.00 600.00 100

5. Assistance to VFPCK for participatory technology development

This State plan scheme is implemented under the head of account 2401-
00-109-81. The financial progress is as follows (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2007-08 25.00 25.00 25.00 100
2008-09 25.00 25.00 25.00 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 97

 6. Kerala State Horticultural Products Development Corporation- share
capital contribution

The KSHPDC popularly known as Horticorp is a public sector undertaking

primarily engaged in procurement and marketing of vegetables and fruits. The
outlay provided is for meeting the share capital contribution to the corporation as
seed money for availing bank credit for new investments. This scheme is
implemented under the head of account 4401-00-190-97 and 4401-00-119-99. The
financial progress of 4401-00-190-97 is as follows (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 5.00 30.00 30.00 100
2006-07 50.00 50.00 50.00 100
2007-08 5.00 55.00 55.00 100
2008-09 10.00 10.00 10.00 100
2009-10 10.00 10.00 10.00 100
2010-11 10.00 10.00 10.00 100
2011-12 10.00 10.00 10.00 100
2014-15 0.00 25.00 25.00 100

Share capital contribution has been provided to KSHPDC for implementing the
scheme Harithavipanam of Horticorp under the head 4401-00-119-99 in 2010-11 and
the financial progress is (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2010-11 0.00 500.00 500.00 100

7. State Horticulture Mission

State Horticulture Mission programme is a centrally assisted scheme

established in the State during 2005-06 as a part of National Horticulture Mission and
implemented in the ratio 85:15 (Central: State) to promote holistic strategies in
horticulture sector through area based regionally developed projects covering fruits,
vegetables, flowers, spices, medicinal plants in the State. Extension of area under
vegetable & fruit crops, marketing and establishment of fruit processing units are the
other objectives of this scheme. Since it is a mission mode programme of Govt of India,
the fund is directly transferred to the implementing agency, and only the anticipated
State share is provided in the State budget. The State share of this scheme is provided
under the head of account 2401-00-119-86. The financial progress of the this scheme
is as follows (Rs. in Lakhs)

Page 98 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %
2007-08 300.00 300.00 300.00 100
2008-09 200.00 1326.60 1326.60 100
2009-10 200.00 200.00 200.00 100
2010-11 200.00 785.00 785.00 100
2011-12 1100.00 1773.24 1773.24 100
2012-13 1100.00 1100.00 1100.00 100
2013-14 1100.00 1100.00 1097.60 100
2014-15 1100.00 8900.00 2225.00 25

The physical achievement of the scheme State Horticulture Mission is given below.

2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014-
Item 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
Planting material
(No.) 4 15 93 74 110 25 15 8 5 6
Vegetable seed
production (Ha) 30 - 55 50 74 7 142 30 13 25
Establishment of
new gardens (Ha) 84 9740 34583 25413 52319 26948 23496 8133 9839 8360
Rejuvenation/
replacement of
senile Plantations
(Ha) 225 13364 27723 21292 17570 8370 2134 1810 903 2633
Promotion of
ENM/ IPM (Ha) - 927 1042 8718 4321 3839 4586 4168 9057 1451
Organic farming
Adoption of
organic farming
(Ha) 269 983 4809 2782 5683 399 1626 278 850 3500
Vermi compost
units (No.) 50 1401 1188 939 1740 345 346 278 174 119
Organic
certification (Ha) 500 250 600 2000
Distribution of
honey bee
colonies (No.) 4000 20000 - 20219 7400 4784 14550 - 3063
HRD including
horticulture
institute (No. of
trainings
conducted) - 3 1404 6612 1027 16481 1184 9099 2229 1877
Establishment of
marketing
infrastructure - - 87 504 386 231 - 7 - 14

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 99

Horticulture
mechanisation - - - - - 336 1082 713 - 1360
Integrated post
harvest
management (No.
of technology
dissemination
conducted) - - - - - 3 65 7 - 10

8. Vegetable development- Macro Management (90% CSS)

This is a component of the Macro management scheme funded in 90:10

pattern by Govt of India for the development of vegetable cultivation in States. Govt of
India has withdrawn this component in 2005-06 and there was no budget provision
thereafter. The budget provision was in the head of account 2401-00-800-61 (05), and
the financial achievement is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

Year State Central State Central State Central
2005-06 5.00 45.00 5.00 45.00 0.37 3.33 7

9. Fruit development- Macro Management (90% CSS)

This is a 90% centrally sponsored macro management scheme for improving the
production of fruits in the State and the fund was provided under the head of account
2401-00-800-61 (06). This scheme is withdrawn by Govt of India in 2005-06. The
financial achievement is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

Year State Central State Central State Central
2005-06 20.00 180.00 20.00 180.00 0.29 2.61 1

10. Horticulture Mission (100% CSS)

This plan scheme is implemented in 2006-07 only and the budget provision was
under the plan head 2401-00-119-88. The financial performance is given below. (Rs.
in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2006-07 0.00 991.25 437.53 44

Page 100 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 11. Women in Agriculture – Macro management (90% CSS)

This scheme is implemented under the head of account 2401-00-800-61(08).

This scheme is intended for creation of employment in agriculture sector to women by
providing financial assistance for cultivation of plantain & banana, vegetables & fruits,
medicinal plants, garden plants, floriculture, anthurium etc and for starting
manufacturing enterprises in bee culture, mushroom culture, vermi compost etc. This
scheme was implemented from 2005-06 to 2008-09 during the study period. The
financial performance of this scheme is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2005-06 36.50 328.50 36.50 328.50 28.86 259.74 79
2006-07 30.00 270.00 30.00 270.00 21.23 191.05 71
2007-08 3.78 34.04 3.78 34.04 1.87 16.83 49
2008-09 5.00 45.00 5.00 45.00 3.92 35.26 78

The physical achievement is given below.

Item 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Training to farm women
430 180 10 390
group
Training to officers 3 8 0 NA

12. Cashew development- Macro management (90% CSS)

This 90% centrally sponsored scheme has budget provision in 2005-06 year
only and is under the head of account 2401-00-800-61 (04). The physical achievement
is rehabilitation for 974.5 hectares of cashew plantation area. The financial progress is
shown below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2005-06 50.00 450.00 50.00 450.00 37.35 336.15 75

13. Macro management schemes (90%CSS)- Floriculture

This is also a macro management CSS with 90% support from Govt of India
implemented in 2005-06 for the development of floriculture in Kerala. The plan head

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 101

of this programme is 2401-00-800-61 (17) and the financial progress is shown below.
(Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2005-06 21.00 189.00 21.00 189.00 0.67 6.03 3

14. Macro management schemes (90%CSS)- Medicinal and aromatic plants

This is another 90% CSS macro management scheme intended for the development
of medicinal and aromatic plants implemented in 2005-06. The budget head was
2401-00-800-61 (18) and there was no achievement. The budget details are as follows.
(Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2005-06 5.00 45.00 5.00 45.00 0.00 0.00 0

15. Macro management schemes (90%CSS)- One time ACA for the uplift of
Urban/ Rural farmers through the devpt of floriculture/ medicinal plants
and intercrops/ mixed crops

This is another 90% CSS scheme implemented in 2005-06 for uplifting farmers
through cultivation of medicinal plants, mixed crops and flowering plants. The head of
account is 2401-00-800-61 (21) and the financial progress is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2005-06 0.00 0.00 50.00 450.00 48.86 439.74 98

16. Floriculture

This development scheme for floriculture in Kerala was implemented in 2006-

07 under the plan head 2401-00-108-40. The financial achievement was 100%. The
details are as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2006-07 100.00 100.00 100.00 100

Page 102 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

Chapter 10

SPICES AND PLANTATION CROPS

Spice is one of the key areas where Kerala dominates in the global market in
view of its intrinsic quality. The State is known for its vast area of spice plantations.
All the spices have some or other medicinal value. Kerala spices acquired a wide fame
across the universe for its aroma and flavour. The major export items of spices from
Kerala are pepper, ginger, nutmeg etc. State continues to enjoy the monopoly in area
and production of pepper. The State’s spice trade to western world begins from the
arrival of Vasco Da Gama, a Portuguese explorer in 1498 in Kozhikode.

10.1 Plantation crops

The State has a substantial share in the four plantation crops viz rubber, tea,
coffee and cardamom. These four crops together occupy 7.05 lakh hectares accounting
for 34 percent of the net cropped area in the State and 38 percent of the area under
these crops in the country. Kerala accounts for 83.7 percent of the total production of
rubber, 60.7 percent of cardamom, 21.9 percent of coffee and 5.3 percent of tea in the
country.

10.2 World scenario in tea production

Tea cultivation in India was introduced by the British when they found that
climate and soil conditions of the State’s hilly areas are very much suitable for its
cultivation. Today, India is the 2nd largest tea producer after China in the world with
12 % export share in international market. The country is the fourth largest tea
exporter in the world. In 2013-14, India’s tea production was 1209 million kilograms
and this account for 24 percent of total production in the whole world. The total area
under tea plantations in all India is 5.64 lakh hectares.

Quantity: in Million Kg

Production Export
Country Quantity % share Quantity % share
China 1924 39 332 18
India 1209 24 219 12
Kenya 432 9 494 26
Sree Lanka 340 7 309 17
Others 1011 21 509 27
Total 4916 100 1863 100

Source: Tea Board, India, Annual Report 2013-14

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 103

10.3 Tea production in various Sates in India

The total production of tea in the country during 2013-14 was 12.08 lakh
tonnes. Kerala is in fourth position in area and production of tea in India. Assam is
the leading producer of tea with 53.9% share followed by West Bengal (24.9% share).
Assam accounts for 6.29 lakh tonnes of tea production in 2013-14. The area and
production of tea by different States in India during the year 2013-14 is given in the
following table.

Area (in ‘000 Production (in Production

State Area share
hectares) Million Kg) share
Assam 304.4 53.97 629.05 52.04
West Bengal 140.44 24.90 312.10 25.82
Other north
12.29 2.18 23.92 1.98
eastern States
Tamil Nadu 69.62 12.34 174.71 14.45
Kerala 35.01 6.21 63.48 5.25
Karnataka 2.22 0.39 5.52 0.46
All India 563.98 100.00 1208.78 100.00

Source: Tea Board, India, Annual Report 2013-14

Share in area and production of tea in various States in India

2013-14
60
Area share Production share
50
Percentage

40

30

20

10

0
Assam West Bengal Tamil Nadu Kerala Other north Karnataka
eastern States

10.4 Kerala’s share in tea production in India

The share of the State in tea production is in a declining trend even though the
all India area and production of tea is increasing. By comparing the facts and figures
of tea cultivation in 1955-56 with 2013-14, we can see that the area has increased by
73.3% and production by 76.4% in the country. But the State’s contribution in area

Page 104 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

has declined by 49.4%. The production share of Kerala has been increased from 5
percent in 1956-57 to 5.3 percent in 2013-14. Idukki district is leading in cultivation
of tea in Kerala followed by Wayanad, Thiruvananthapuram, Palakkad, Kollam and
Thrissur. The following table shows the share of Kerala in tea cultivated area and its
production in the country in 1955-56, 1995-96 and 2013-14 and the rate of change
among them during the period.

Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes

Area Production
Year
Kerala India % share Kerala India % share
1956-57 39910 325360 12.27 34180 685200 4.99
1995-96 34656 430888 8.04 64802 749888 8.64
2013-14 35010 563980 6.21 63480 1208780 5.25
% Variation during
1956-2014 -12.28 73.34 -49.39 85.72 76.41 5.28

10.5 Growth of tea plantations in Kerala since 1955

The area and production of tea in the State since from its formation in 1956 is
given in the following table. Both the area and production showed a varied trend over
the years. During this period the production of tea was maximum in 1996-97 with
69319 tonnes and the area sown was maximum in 1965-66 with 39921 hectares.

Area in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes

Year Area Production

1955-56 33826 26615
1965-66 39921 43567
1975-76 36412 43215
1985-86 34711 53104
1996-97 34656 69319
2005-06 35043 56384
2006-07 35365 53659
2007-08 36131 51754
2008-09 36557 51726
2009-10 36845 57810
2010-11 36965 57291
2011-12 37028 57904
2012-13 30205 62963
2013-14 35010 63480
2014-15 30205 65174

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 105

 The following trend chart depicts the fall and rise in figures of area and
production of tea right from the formation of the State of Kerala.

Area and production of tea in Kerala from 1956

80000
Area in Hectares/ Production in

70000
60000
50000
Tonnes

40000
30000
20000 Area Production
10000
0
2005-06
1955-56

1965-66

1975-76

1985-86

1996-97

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

2014-15
10.6 Production of coffee in Kerala

Kerala occupies 85359 hectares of area under coffee cultivation and has an
annual production of 67700 tonnes as per the data pertaining to the agricultural year
2014-15. During the year 2012-13, India has produced 3.2 lakh tonnes of coffee out of
the world production of 84.5 lakh tonnes and the country’s share is 3.8 percent with a
ranking of 7th position after Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia, Indonesia, Ethiopia and
Mexico. And the State’s contribution in coffee production in the country is about 22
percent. It is a highly export oriented crop and more than 80 percent of the domestic
production in the country is exported.

During the period of 1956-57 the area under coffee in the State was 18640
hectares with about 18 percent share in the total area under coffee in India. At that
time the production share of coffee was only 10 percent with 4340 tonnes. The area
and production of coffee in the State during the period 2005-2015 is shown below.

Page 106 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes

Year Area % variation Production % variation

2005-06 84644 0.00 60175 10.82
2006-07 84571 -0.09 59475 -1.16
2007-08 84115 -0.54 48650 -18.20
2008-09 84696 0.69 57200 17.57
2009-10 84796 0.12 59250 3.58
2010-11 84931 0.16 65650 10.80
2011-12 85359 0.50 68175 3.85
2012-13 85359 0.00 68175 0.00
2013-14 85359 0.00 66645 -2.24
2014-15 85359 0.00 67700 1.58

The trend line showing the variation of area and production of coffee during the
period is depicted in the chart given below. During the period the lowest production is
recorded in 2007-08.

Trend in area and production of coffee in Kerala

90
Area in '000 Hectares, Production in

80

70
'000 MT

60

50
Area Production

40
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

10.7 Cardamom production in Kerala

Kerala, the land of spices, is dominating in the production of cardamom in our

country and due to its intrinsic quality this has much demand in international market
and so we got much foreign exchange from its export to other countries. During 1951-
52, Kerala had 50% share in area under cultivation of cardamom in the country, and
now it has decreased to 43%. While considering the production side, Kerala had 56%
in 1951-52 and now it is 61%. The area under cultivation in the State has increased

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 107

by 76% during this period, but the production has increased by 1388% due to the
increased productivity.

Area (in Hectares) Production (in MT)

Kerala India % share Kerala India % share
1951-52 22557 45070 50.05 800 1430 55.94
1995-96 43320 83700 51.76 4185 6338 66.03
2013-14 39730 92840 42.79 12910 21280 60.67
% change from
1951-52 76.13 105.99 -14.51 1513.75 1388.11 8.46

The following table gives the area and production of cardamom in Kerala right
from 1956-57 till 2013-14.

Area (in Production (in

Year Hectares) Tonnes)
1956-57 28328 1240
1960-61 29000 980
1965-66 33000 1050
1975-76 47000 2050
1985-86 61000 3340
1988-89 64000 2750
1995-96 43320 4185
1999-00 39730 6585
2005-06 41367 9765
2006-07 41362 8545
2007-08 39763 7031
2008-09 41588 8550
2009-10 41593 7800
2010-11 41242 7935
2011-12 41600 10222
2012-13 41600 11350
2013-14 39730 12910
2014-15 39730 16000

The following trend chart depicts the fall and rise in area and production of
cardamom in the State from 1956-57 to 2014-15. We can see that the gap between the
trend lines of area sown and quantity of production reduced and both lines crossed in
1995-96 then increased over the years except in 2006-07, 2007-08 and 2009-10
during which there was a fall.

Page 108 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Area and production of cardamom in Kerala- trend from 1956-
18000
57 to 2014-15
Area in '0 hectares, Production in MT

16000 Area (in '0 Ha) Production

14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

2014-15
1956-57

1960-61

1965-66

1975-76

1985-86

1988-89

1995-96

1999-00

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10
10.8 District wise production of cardamom in Kerala

The following table gives the change in area and production of cardamom in the
districts in Kerala from 1999-00 to 2014-15. During this period the State has
witnessed a decrease of 4.24 percent in area under this spice but an increase in
production by 143 percent. Idukki district dominates both in area and production of
cardamom and has a share of 94 percent in production followed by Wayanad (4.3%)
and Palakkad (1.8%).

Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes

1999-00 2004-05 2014-15

District Area Production Area Production Area Production
Kollam 0 0 7 0 0 0
Pathanamthitta 664 61 664 82 665 8
Kottayam 200 21 200 25 85 5
Idukki 32667 6077 32856 7931 31810 15000
Palakkad 2919 180 2756 229 2755 290
Malappuram 70 0 70 3 70 2
Kozhikkode 220 0 220 0 220 5
Wayanad 4108 245 4110 345 4125 690
Kannur 128 0 128 0 0 0
Kasaragod 515 1 367 1 0 0
Total 41491 6585 41378 8616 39730 16000

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 109

10.9 Area and production of cardamom in other States in India

The area and production of cardamom in producing States in the country during the
year 2013-14 and their share is given below.

Area (in % share in Production % share in

State Hectares) area (in MT) production
Karnataka 18680 20.12 1510 7.10
Kerala 39730 42.79 12910 60.67
Nagaland 3200 3.45 1500 7.05
Sikkim 22760 24.52 3690 17.34
Tamil Nadu 5160 5.56 950 4.46
West Bengal 3310 3.57 720 3.38
All India 92840 100.00 21280 100.00

Source: National horticulture database 2014, M/o Agriculture, Govt of India

The State wise share in production of cardamom based on the data for the year
2013-14 is given in the following pie graph. Our State dominates in the production of
this spice in India with 61 percent share followed by Sikkim with 17 percent.

Share of States in production of cardamom in 2013-14

Karnataka
5% 3% 7%
Kerala

17% Nagaland

Sikkim

7% Tamil Nadu

61% West Bengal

10.10 Rubber cultivation in Kerala

Rubber plant is not the native plant of Kerala or India. Due to similar climate
conditions in Kerala, Dutch colonials introduced this cash crop in Kerala. Kerala is the
leading producer of rubber in the country, but the contribution of the State is

Page 110 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

declining. The following table gives the area and production of rubber in the State
since its formation in 1956.

Area (in Production

Year Hectares) (in MT)
1955-56 78457 21680
1960-61 122628 23175
1965-66 154878 46953
1975-76 205383 128769
1985-86 312000 184563
1995-96 443300 476495
1999-00 469924 572820
2005-06 494400 739225
2006-07 502240 780405
2007-08 512045 753135
2008-09 517475 783485
2009-10 525408 745510
2010-11 534230 770580
2011-12 539565 798940
2012-13 539565 800050
2013-14 548225 648220
2014-15 549955 507700

The trend in area cultivated and production of natural rubber in our State from
1955-56 to 2014-15 is shown in the line chart given below. Compared to area cropped,
the production was low in the beginning and it increased continuously, crossed the
area trend line in 1990s, and recorded short falls in 2007-08 and 2009-10 and a
sharp decline in 2013-14 and 2014-15. The overall growth in area under rubber
cultivation in Kerala during 1955-2015 was 601 percent and that of production was
2242 percent.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 111

 Area and production of rubber in Kerala from 1956
1000
Area in '000 Hacters, Production in

Area Production
800

600
'000 MT

400

200

0
1955-56

1960-61

1965-66

1975-76

1985-86

1995-96

1999-00

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

2014-15
10.11 Share of Kerala in rubber production in India

During 1965-66, our State’s share in area under rubber crop was 94 percent,
after 30 years it became 86 percent and now it has reduced by 70.5 percent even
though the area cropped has increased by 254 percent. While going to the production
side, the share of Kerala has increased from 93 percent to 94 percent during 1965-96
and now reduced to 84 percent. The net rate of decline in percentage share of
production of rubber from Kerala is 10 percent. The reduction in share of Kerala is
due to the increase in rubber cultivation in other States in the country. The share of
the State in area and production of rubber in India in 1965-66, 1995-96 and 2013-14
is given in the following table.

Area (in Hectares) Production (in MT)

Year
Kerala India % share Kerala India % share
1965-66 154878 164713 94.02 46953 50530 92.92
1995-96 443300 515572 85.98 476495 506910 94.00
2013-14 548225 778400 70.43 648220 774000 83.75
% Growth from
253.97 372.34 -25.06 1280.57 1431.76 -9.87
1965-66

10.12 Productivity of rubber in India

The average yield of rubber (in Kg per Hectare) in the country during the period
from 2004-05 to 2013-14 is given below. The data shows a varying trend over the
years and a sudden fall in 2013-14.

Page 112 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Pfoductivity of rubber in India- trend from 2004-06

1900
1841
1806 1813
1796 1799
1879 1867 1775
Yield in Kg/ Hectare

1800

1705
1700

1600 1629

1500
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

10.13 Production and consumption of natural rubber in India

The production, consumption, imports and export of natural rubber in the

country during the period 2004-2014 is given in the following table. It can be seen
that the consumption is increasing and not in a proportion of production. (Unit in
Tonnes)

Year Production Consumption Import Export

2004-05 749665 755405 72835 46150
2005-06 802625 801110 42285 73830
2006-07 852895 820305 89799 56545
2007-08 825345 861455 86394 60353
2008-09 864500 871720 77762 46926
2009-10 831400 930565 177130 25090
2010-11 861950 947715 190692 29851
2011-12 903700 964415 214433 27145
2012-13 913700 972705 262753 30594
2013-14 774000 981520 360263 5398

Source: Rubber Board, India

10.14 Pepper cultivation in Kerala

The Western Ghats of Kerala is the native of black pepper. India is the major
producer, consumer and exporter of black pepper in the world. During 1955-56,
Kerala was accounted for 90246 hectares of area under pepper with 97 percent share
in the country’s pepper cultivated area. Kerala still continues to maintain its monopoly

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 113

in area and production of black pepper. The table given below gives the area,
production and productivity of black pepper cultivation in Kerala and all India during
the year from 2005-06 to 2014-15 as per the data available from the State and central
Govt sources.

Unit: Area in Hectare, Production: in Tonnes, Yield: in Kg/ Hectare

Area Production Productivity

Year Kerala India Kerala India Kerala India
2005-06 237998 260230 87605 92900 368 357
2006-07 216709 245960 64264 69010 297 281
2007-08 175679 197000 41952 47060 239 239
2008-09 153711 238710 33991 47400 221 199
2009-10 171489 195920 42459 51020 248 260
2010-11 172182 184000 45267 52000 263 183
2011-12 85335 200300 37501 40600 445 203
2012-13 84707 124600 46298 52600 547 422
2013-14 84065 121700 29408 48700 350 400
2014-15 85431 - 40690 - 476 -

Sources: Department of Economics & Statistics, Govt of Kerala & Agriculture Statistics at
a Glance 2014, M/o Agriculture, Govt of India

The methodology of estimation of area under pepper has been revised by an

expert committee constituted by the Department of Economics and Statistics in 2010-
11 (Old stand per hectare of pepper was 560 and new stand per hectare 1111). This
resulted in a downward fall of area under pepper from 2011-12 and hence the
productivity level of Kerala has increased.

While considering the district wise production of pepper, Kottayam district

contributed the biggest share in 1956-57, and now it is Idukki district, followed by
Wayanad. Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are the other major States engaged in
production of black pepper.

Page 114 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Trend in area and production of pepper in Kerala
250
Area in '000 Ha, Production in '000 MT

Area Production
200

150

100

50

0
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

10.15 Kerala’s share in pepper production

During the year 1957-58, the State has accounted for 97 percent share in both
area and production of pepper in India. Now the area share has been declined to 68
percent and production share to 58 percent. During the period of 56 years, the area
under pepper in the State has been declined by 6.86 percent and the production has
increased by 15.8 percent. The following table shows the figures of area and
production of pepper in Kerala and India during the above mentioned period.

Area (in '000 Ha) Production (in '000 MT)

Year
Kerala India % share Kerala India % share
1957-58 90.25 92.68 97.38 25.40 26.00 97.69
2013-14 84.06 123.81 67.89 29.41 50.87 57.81
% Variation -6.86 33.60 -30.28 15.79 95.65 -40.82

10.16 Ginger cultivation in Kerala

During 1957-58 Kerala was accounted for 9272 hectares of area under ginger
with 58.7 percent share in the country. The production share of ginger in 1956-57 was
65.7 percent. Now, the share has declined to 3.4 percent in area and 3.3 percent in
production. The total area under ginger cultivation in Kerala in 2014-15 is 4800
hectares and the production is 22989 tonnes. The area, production and productivity of
ginger in the State during the period of ten years from 2005-06 to 2014-15 and their
percentage variation over the previous year is given in the following table.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 115

 Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes, Yield: in Kg/ Hectare

Year Area % variation Production % variation Productivity

2005-06 12226 22.4 56288 24.2 4604
2006-07 11082 -9.4 42496 -24.5 3835
2007-08 8865 -20.0 31726 -25.3 3579
2008-09 7421 -16.3 30809 -2.9 4152
2009-10 5408 -27.1 28603 -7.2 5289
2010-11 6088 12.6 33197 16.1 5453
2011-12 6908 13.5 37125 11.8 5374
2012-13 4505 -34.8 22064 -40.6 4898
2013-14 4538 0.7 21521 -2.5 4742
2014-15 4800 5.77 22989 6.82 4789

The following table gives a comparison in area under ginger cultivation in the
country as a whole and its production during the last five years from 2009-10. The
State’s contribution in ginger cultivation and its production is decreasing over the
years.

Area: in ‘000 Hectares, Production: in ‘000 MT

Area Production
Year Kerala India % Kerala India %
2009-10 5.41 108.0 5.0 28.60 385 7.4
2010-11 6.09 149.1 4.1 33.20 702 4.7
2011-12 6.91 155.0 4.5 37.13 756 4.9
2012-13 4.51 136.0 3.3 22.06 683 3.2
2013-14 4.54 140.0 3.2 21.52 688 3.1

Source: M/o Agriculture & Cooperation, Govt of India

While considering the productivity of cured ginger at all India level, the average
yield per hectare in kilogram is 4914 during 2013-14. The all India productivity is
higher than the State yield rate and shows an increasing trend. The national
productivity of ginger is 5022 in 2012-13 and 4877 in 2011-12.

10.17 Turmeric cultivation in Kerala

The area, production and yield rate of cured turmeric in the State during the
last 10 years is provided in the following table. From 2007-08 onwards both cropped
area and production is decreasing except in 2011-12.

Page 116 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes, Yield: in Kg/ Hectare

Year Area % variation Production % variation Productivity

2005-06 3384 17.46 8237 31.92 2434
2006-07 3917 15.75 9980 21.16 2548
2007-08 3155 -19.45 7434 -25.51 2356
2008-09 2782 -11.82 6364 -14.39 2288
2009-10 2438 -12.37 6066 -4.68 2488
2010-11 2391 -1.93 6198 2.18 2592
2011-12 2970 24.22 7946 28.2 2675
2012-13 2628 -11.52 6904 -13.11 2627
2013-14 2430 -7.53 6253 -9.43 2573
2014-15 2470 1.64 6820 9.07 2761

The trend chart showing the change in area, production and productivity of
turmeric in the State from 2005-06 to 2014-15 is given below. The path of area and
production shows a same proportion over the years.

Trend in area, production and productivity of turmeric in

12000 Kerala
Area Production Productivity
Hectare/ MT/ Kg per Hectare

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

The all India area under turmeric and its production during the last five years
from 2009-10 and the State’s share is shown in the table given below. The
contribution of the State in turmeric cultivation (both area and production) is
decreasing over the years and the share is just one percent in area and 0.5 percent in
production.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 117

 Area: in ‘000 Hectares, Production: in ‘000 MT

Area Production
Year Kerala India % Kerala India %
2009-10 2.44 181.0 1.3 6.07 793 0.8
2010-11 2.39 195.1 1.2 6.20 993 0.6
2011-12 2.97 219.0 1.4 7.95 1167 0.7
2012-13 2.63 194.0 1.4 6.90 971 0.7
2013-14 2.43 232.7 1.0 6.25 1229 0.5

Source: M/o Agriculture & Cooperation, Govt of India

The all India productivity of cured ginger is much higher than the State yield
rate, and is 4381, 5090, 5328, 5005 and 5252 during 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12,
2012-13 and 2013-14 respectively.

10.18 Cultivation of clove in Kerala

Clove is another important spice produced in Kerala and from this we get much
foreign currency. The area under cultivation of clove, its production and productivity
during the period 2005-2015 is give below.

Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes, Productivity: in Kg/ Hectare

Year Area % variation Production % variation Productivity

2005-06 937 11.41 61 15.09 65
2006-07 1102 17.61 73 19.67 66
2007-08 1252 13.61 82 12.33 65
2008-09 1101 -12.06 73 -10.98 66
2009-10 1206 9.54 84 15.07 70
2010-11 1123 -6.88 90 7.14 80
2011-12 939 -16.38 69 -23.33 74
2012-13 912 -2.88 68 -1.45 75
2013-14 1018 11.62 77 13.24 76
2014-15 1073 5.40 77 0.00 72

The area and production of this spice shows a varying trend over the years. The
following graph depicts the trend in area sown (in ‘0 Hectares) and quantity produced
(in Tonnes) during the period. Both the trend lines show the same proportion in rise
and fall except in 2010-11.

Page 118 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Trend in area and production of clove in Kerala

140
Area in '0 Hectares, Production in MT

120

100

80

60

40
Production Area
20

0
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

10.19 Cultivation of nutmeg in the State

The following table shows the data on area cultivated by nutmeg, its production
and productivity over the years from 2005-06 to 2014-15. The data shows that both
area and production are continuously increasing over the years except some minor
decline in 2007-08 and 2009-10. But the productivity shows a varying trend.

Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes, Productivity: in Kg/ Hectare

Year Area % variation Production % variation Productivity

2005-06 10984 1.89 2746 1.70 250
2006-07 13494 22.85 11361 313.73 842
2007-08 14921 10.58 11217 -1.27 752
2008-09 16187 8.48 11249 0.29 695
2009-10 15931 -1.58 11269 0.18 707
2010-11 17545 10.13 11911 5.70 679
2011-12 18161 3.51 12059 1.24 664
2012-13 18462 1.66 12528 3.89 679
2013-14 19627 6.31 13212 5.46 673
2014-15 20627 5.10 14193 7.42 688

The graph showing the trend of above time series data on area and production
of nutmeg is given below.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 119

 Trend in area and production of nutmeg in Kerala
25
Area in '000 Hectares, Yield in '000

20

15
MT

10

5
Area Production
0
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

10.20 Cultivation of tamarind in Kerala

The area, production and productivity of tamarind in our State are given in the
following table.

Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes, Productivity: in Kg/ Hectare

Year Area % variation Production % variation Productivity

2005-06 18747 -4.18 28777 -3.90 1535
2006-07 16876 -9.98 26188 -9.00 1552
2007-08 13821 -18.10 21345 -18.49 1544
2008-09 12889 -6.74 20164 -5.53 1564
2009-10 12708 -1.40 19627 -2.66 1544
2010-11 11924 -6.17 31794 61.99 2666
2011-12 14879 24.78 26991 -15.11 1814
2012-13 13572 -8.78 18492 -31.49 1363
2013-14 13172 -2.95 44680 141.62 3392
2014-15 11240 -14.67 37300 -16.52 3318

The trend chart showing the area and production of tamarind in the State
during the period of 10 years from 2004-05 is given below.

Page 120 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Area in '000 Hectares, Production in '000 Trend in area and production of tamarind in Kerala
50
Area Production
40

30
MT

20

10

0
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

10.21 Garlic cultivation in Kerala

Garlic is another one spice produced in the State. This spice is cultivated in
Idukki district only. The area and production of garlic from 2005-06 to 2014-15 in
Kerala is shown in the following table.

Area: in Hectares and Production: in Tonnes

Year Area % variation Production % variation

2005-06 65 -78.76 1105 -78.76
2006-07 221 240.00 3757 240.00
2007-08 350 58.37 5950 58.37
2008-09 320 -8.57 5440 -8.57
2009-10 336 5.00 5712 5.00
2010-11 165 -50.89 1508 -73.60
2011-12 155 -6.06 1417 -6.03
2012-13 72 -53.55 658 -53.56
2013-14 146 102.78 1314 99.70
2014-15 75 -48.63 625 -52.43

Both area and production of garlic show a varying trend during the period. The
trend chart is shown below.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 121

 Trend in area and production of garlic in Kerala
700
Area in Ha, Production in '0 MT

600
Area Production
500

400

300

200

100

0
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

10.22 Cultivation of green chillies in Kerala

Green chillies are used as a vegetable and spice. Chillies powder is commonly
used in India and western countries. The area, production and productivity of green
chillies in the State during the last ten years is given below.

Area: in Hectares and Production: in Tonnes

Year Area % variation Production % variation

2005-06 1231 49.57 1192 53.81
2006-07 1415 14.95 1364 14.43
2007-08 1398 -1.20 1340 -1.76
2008-09 1601 14.52 1553 15.90
2009-10 1501 -6.25 1302 -16.16
2010-11 1393 -7.20 1348 3.53
2011-12 1322 -5.10 1283 -4.82
2012-13 1337 1.13 1287 0.31
2013-14 1336 -0.07 1283 -0.31
2014-15 1584 18.56 1491 16.21

The trend in area and production of green chillies in the State is depicted in the
chart given below. Both the area and production was maximum in 2008-09 during the
period, thereafter a declining trend is seen.

Page 122 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Trend in area and production of green chillies
20
Area in '00 Hectares, Prodution '00 MT

16

12

Area Production
4

0
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

10.23 Production of arecanut in Kerala

The State occupies 96686 hectares of area under cultivation of arecanut and a
production of 125926 metric tonnes during the year 2014-15. Kerala contributed 22
percent area and 16 percent production in the cultivation of arecanut in the country.
During the period of 1956-57, the State occupied 57 percent share in area under
arecanut in the country and 46.2 percent in production. The total area under arecanut
in Kerala in 1956-57 was 60461 hectares. The area and production of arecanut in
Kerala from 2005-06 to 2014-15 is shown in the following table.

Area: in Hectares and Production: in Tonnes

Year Area % variation Production % variation Productivity

2005-06 108590 0.95 119309 8.13 1099
2006-07 102078 -6.00 109968 -7.83 1077
2007-08 99787 -2.24 114690 4.29 1149
2008-09 97492 -2.30 125654 9.56 1289
2009-10 99188 1.74 116763 -7.08 1177
2010-11 99384 0.20 99909 -14.43 1001
2011-12 104548 5.20 121623 21.73 1163
2012-13 101775 -2.65 118233 -2.79 1162
2013-14 100008 -1.74 100018 -15.41 1000
2014-15 96686 -3.32 125926 25.90 1302

The trend in area and production of arecanut in the State is depicted in the
chart given below. The production was maximum in 2014-15 and least in 2010-11.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 123

 Area in Lakh Ha, Production in Lakh MT
Trend in area and production of arecanut in Kerala
1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0

0.9
Area Production
0.8
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

10.24 Schemes on development of spices and plantation crops

The plan schemes implemented by the department of agriculture for the

development of spices and plantation crops in the State during the period from 2005-
06 to 2014-15 through State budget is explained below.

1. Pepper development- Macro management scheme (90% CSS)

This 90% centrally sponsored scheme has budget provisions in 2005-06 and
2006-07 only and the head of account is 2401-00-800-61 (02). The financial progress
is as follow. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2005-06 200.00 1800.00 200.00 1800.00 47.35 426.15 24
2006-07 0.00 0.00 0.28 2.47 0.18 1.64 66

2. Control of yellowing in arecanut – Macro management (75% CSS)

This 90% centrally sponsored macro management scheme has budget provision
in 2005-06 and 2006-07 and was under the head of account 2401-00-800-61 (20), but
implemented in 2005-06 only. The financial achievement is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2005-06 0.00 219.00 0.00 219.00 0.00 218.98 100
2006-07 200.00 600.00 80.00 720.00 0.00 0.00 0

Page 124 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 3. Macro management schemes (90%CSS)- Other spices (ginger & turmeric)

This is a macro management scheme of Govt of India with 90% financial support
for the development of spices ginger and turmeric. The scheme was implemented in
2005-06 and 2006-07. The head of account is 2401-00-800-61 (03) and the financial
progress is shown below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2005-06 100.00 900.00 100.00 900.00 0.03 0.00 0
2006-07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.39 3.55 -

4. Pepper package in Wayanad

Agrarian economy of Wayanad district is dominated by pepper and coffee

production. A pepper rehabilitation package was introduced in Wayanad to revitalize
the pepper economy of the district. This scheme is implemented in 2010-11 and 2011-
12 under the plan head 2401-00-108-37. The financial performance of this scheme is
as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2010-11 600.00 600.00 550.71 92
2011-12 650.00 650.00 645.25 99

5. Development of spices

Spice crops account for a predominant position in the agrarian economy of the
State. Apart from foreign exchange earnings, organic spices as well as value added
spices like oils and oleoresins are assuming significance. This State plan scheme for
the development of spice crops in the State is implemented from 2012-13 to 2014-15
under the head of account 2401-00-108-59. The financial progress is given below. (Rs.
in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2012-13 1900.00 1338.40 1002.50 75
2013-14 1600.00 1600.00 1595.13 100
2014-15 1525.00 1525.00 1437.55 94

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 125

Chapter 11

CROP INSURANCE AND

FARMER’S WELFARE

Keeping in view the risk involved in agricultural production and to insure the
farming community against various risks, State and Central governments have
introduced many crop insurance schemes covering various notified crops in Kerala.
The financial and available physical progress in these schemes implemented during
the period from 2005-06 to 2014-15 are summarised in this chapter.

Debt relief schemes and other farmer’s welfare schemes are also mentioned in
this chapter. The schemes are the following.

1. Crop insurance fund including paddy crop insurance – production risk

management

Twenty five crops are covered under this insurance scheme. Paddy, coconut,
arecanut, cardamom, cashew, pepper, plantain, rubber, pineapple, coffee, tapioca, tea,
ginger, turmeric, cocoa, groundnut, sesame, vegetables, nutmeg, clove, betel leaves,
tubers, pulses, sugarcane and tobacco are the crops covered for insurance. The
insurance claim will be disbursed for damage of crops due to drought, flood, landslide,
earthquake, thunderstorm, forest fire, hurricane, wild life attack, sea attack, etc. The
outlay provided in the budget for this scheme is in the head of account 2401-00-110-
99. The financial achievement is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 75.00 75.00 75.00 100
2006-07 100.00 100.00 100.00 100
2007-08 100.00 100.00 100.00 100
2008-09 100.00 100.00 100.00 100
2009-10 100.00 100.00 100.00 100
2010-11 100.00 100.00 100.00 100
2011-12 100.00 100.00 100.00 100
2012-13 920.00 920.00 920.00 100
2013-14 570.00 570.00 570.00 100
2014-15 500.00 500.00 500.00 100

Page 126 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

The component wise physical achievement of this scheme is given below.

Premium amount Claim

Farmers enrolled collected (Rs. in Claim issued amount (Rs.
Year (in No.) Lakhs) (no. of farmers) in Lakhs)
2005-06 3932 - - -
2006-07 12295 - - -
2007-08 9847 4.82 4035 30.55
2008-09 36171 49.77 3326 85.05
2009-10 27532 50.48 - 80.95
2010-11 58341 17.17 685 17.95
2011-12 39373 3.95 4599 4.36
2012-13 36260 50.96 4653 184.76
2013-14 141776 107.27 13697 918.00
2014-15 131950 125.68 4369 305.38

2. National Agricultural Insurance Programme

With a view to provide financial support to farmers in the event of loss/ failure
of any of the notified crops in the notified areas as a result of natural calamities, pests
and diseases, NAIS was introduced during the year 1999-2000 year in place of
erstwhile Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme (CCIS). Six crops are covered under
this national insurance scheme; they are paddy, banana and plantain, tapioca,
turmeric, ginger and pineapple. The budget amount is provided in the head of account
2401-00-110-97. The financial performance is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 100.00 274.89 233.11 85
2006-07 200.00 160.00 16.59 10
2007-08 200.00 120.00 114.07 95
2008-09 100.00 267.23 267.23 100
2009-10 150.00 150.00 77.90 52
2010-11 150.00 150.00 150.00 100
2011-12 150.00 150.00 0.00 0
2013-14 100.00 100.00 100.00 100

The cumulative physical achievement since inception of the scheme NAIS is as

follows.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 127

 1 No. of farmers covered 461282
2 Area covered 414742 hectares
3 Sum insured 87179.13 lakhs
4 Premium collected 1881.85 lakhs
5 Claims issued 2868.11 lakhs
6 No. of famers benefitted 85315

3. Coconut Palm Insurance Scheme (CPIS)

This insurance scheme is implemented from 2008-09 onwards and is

administered jointly by Agriculture Insurance Company of India Ltd, Coconut
Development Board and State Govt. The insurance coverage is being given to yielding
coconut aging from 7 to 60 years for all tall varieties of palm and to age group of 4 to
60 years for dwarf and hybrid varieties. The amount is utilized for paying 25% of the
insurance premium amount. The head of account of this scheme is 2401-00-110-95.
The financial performance of this scheme is given below (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2008-09 100.00 50.00 0.00 0
2009-10 25.00 25.00 25.00 100
2010-11 25.00 25.00 0.00 0
2011-12 25.00 25.00 0.00 0
2013-14 25.00 25.00 0.00 0

The cumulative physical achievement in Kerala (as on 31-12-2014) is as follows.

1 No. of farmers insured 52063

2 No. of palms insured 2081126
3 Sum insured 22469.28 lakhs
4 Gross premium collected 118.40 lakhs
5 Claim settled 256.88 lakhs
6 No. of farmers benefitted 5799

4. Govt of India supported insurance scheme (One time ACA)

National Crop Insurance Scheme (NCIP) was revamped in 2013-14 and the
ongoing schemes namely NAIS, WBCIS & CPIS have been merged with the scheme.
This scheme is implemented in 2014-15 year only. The head of account of this scheme
is 2401-00-110-87. The financial performance of this scheme is as follows. (Rs. In
Lakhs)

Page 128 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %
2014-15 100.00 100.00 100.00 100

5. Contingency programme to meet natural calamities

This scheme is implemented from 2006-07 onwards. The objective of this

scheme is for procurement and creation of buffer stock of short term duration varieties
and high yield varieties of seeds and distribution among the farmers affected with
natural calamities. Kerala State Seed Development Agency (KSSDA) is the authority
entrusted with the procurement and creation of stock of seeds. The budget provision is
under the head of account 2401-00-800-91. The financial performance is given below.
(Rs. In Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2006-07 25.00 25.00 23.81 95.2
2007-08 20.00 1220.00 1220.78 100
2008-09 20.00 1300.00 1299.43 100
2009-10 20.00 20.00 20.09 100
2010-11 50.00 50.00 50.41 101
2011-12 50.00 105.00 105.97 101
2012-13 79.00 212.41 210.70 99
2013-14 80.00 80.00 97.40 122
2014-15 300.00 240.00 117.91 49

The physical achievement of this scheme is given below.

Year 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014-
07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
Quantity of
seeds distributed 226.5 153.2 144.1 211.04 540.9 509.5 316 1219.6 1219.6
(in MT)

6. Weather based insurance

With the objective of bringing more farmers under crop insurance fold and to
overcome the shortcoming regarding delay in settlement of claims etc under NAIS, a
pilot scheme WBCIS (weather based crop insurance scheme) was announced by Govt
of India in 2007-08. WBICS indents to provide insurance protection to the farmers
against adverse weather incidence, such as deficient and excess rainfall, high or low
temperature, humidity etc which are deemed to impact adversely the crop production.
This scheme is implemented in 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12 and 2013-14. The head of

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 129

account in which the budget outlay provided is 2401-00-110-94. The financial
performance is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2009-10 25.00 65.20 65.20 100
2010-11 25.00 25.00 25.00 100
2011-12 25.00 100.00 100.00 100
2013-14 50.00 50.00 50.00 100

The cumulative physical achievement of this scheme in Kerala is given below

1 No. of farmers insured 98584

2 Area insured 70868 hectares
3 Sum insured 21405 lakhs
4 Gross premium 2208.87 lakhs
5 Claims settled 1455.81 lakhs
6 No. of farmers benefitted 59034

7. Paddy crop insurance

This insurance scheme for paddy is implemented in 2010-11 and 2011-12 years
only. The head of account is 2401-00-110-92. The financial performance is (Rs. in
Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2010-11 500.00 500.00 500.00 100
2011-12 400.00 400.00 400.00 100

8. Setting up of automatic weather stations for implementing weather

insurance

An amount of Rs.55 lakhs is provided in the budget head 2401-00-110-89 in 2013-

14 year only for establishing automatic rain gauges in the State for augmenting
weather network for implementing weather insurance in more Blocks, but not
implemented. The financial detail of this scheme is given below. (Rs. In Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2013-14 55.00 55.00 0.00 0

Page 130 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 9. Vegetable crop insurance

Agriculture is often characterized by higher variability of production outcomes

due to external factors like weather, pests and diseases, disasters etc. This scheme for
vegetable crop insurance for supporting the vegetable development programme is
implemented in 2013-14 under the head of account 2401-00-110-90. The financial
progress is as follows. (Rs. In Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2013-14 150.00 150.00 150.00 100

10. Farmers counseling centres

This is a 100% centrally sponsored scheme implemented in 2007-08 and 2008-

09 years only and was under the head of account 2401-00-800-44. The financial
performance is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2007-08 50.00 50.00 49.86 100
2008-09 50.00 50.00 0.00 0

The physical achievement in 2007-08 is

Item 2007-08
Farmers counseling centres (No.) 1000
No. of farmers participated 26951

11. Special support scheme for farm sector- Debt relief commission

A Debt Relief Commission has been set up in the State as per the Debt Relief
Act 2006 for identifying distress affected districts and crops based on the analysis,
representations and special sittings. This is a State plan scheme implemented in the
State during 2007-08 to 2011-12 under the head of account 2401-00-104-86 (01) for
providing financial support to indebted farmers. The financial progress is as follows.
(Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2007-08 5000.00 5000.00 38.65 1
2008-09 5000.00 3320.00 2364.04 71
2009-10 1603.00 1603.00 1600.22 100
2010-11 1000.00 2500.00 2428.08 97
2011-12 800.00 800.00 800.00 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 131

 12. Special support scheme for farm sector- Credit support

This plan scheme is implemented during period from 2006-07 to 2008-09 for
helping the farming community with credit support and the plan fund is provided
under the heads of account 2401-00-104-86 (02) and 2401-00-104-86. The financial
progress is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

2401-00-104-86 (02)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2007-08 1000.00 1000.00 61.40 6
2008-09 550.00 550.00 30.56 6

2401-00-104-86

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2006-07 5679.00 15679.00 12964.80 83

13. Farmer's welfare programme

This State scheme is implemented in the State during the years from 2008-09
to 2011-12 for the purpose to mobilize a corpus fund seeking contributions from
various agencies involved in agricultural development programmes for the welfare of
farmers and agricultural labourers. The outlay provided is the corpus fund from the
State share. The budget provision was under the plan head 2401-00-109-79. The
financial progress is (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2008-09 100.00 500.00 500.00 100
2009-10 150.00 150.00 150.02 100
2010-11 208.00 208.00 208.00 100
2011-12 208.00 208.00 208.00 100

14. Farmers welfare fund board

This State sector plan scheme has been implementing from 2012-13 and the
budget support is under the plan head 2401-00-109-76. However no financial
progress is recorded during the period. The details are given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2012-13 250.00 175.00 0.00 0
2013-14 250.00 125.00 0.00 0
2014-15 25.00 25.00 0.00 0

Page 132 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

Chapter 12

FARM MECHANISATION AND

INFRASTRUCTURE

12.1 Mechanisation in production of major crops in Kerala

The extend of usage of machineries in production of major agricultural

produces in the State based on the findings of the cost of cultivation survey conducted
by the State Department of Economics and Statistics is analysed here. The crops
covered under this survey are paddy, coconut, arecanut, banana, tapioca, ginger,
turmeric and pepper. The crop wise percentage share in total cost of production by
machinery labour cost from 2004-05 to 2013-14 is given in the following table.

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Crop
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
Paddy-
10.3 10.4 9.6 10.5 11.0 14.0 15.3 10.4 14.9 11.0
Autumn
Paddy-
11.0 10.3 11.0 12.5 13.7 12.9 15.6 12.1 13.3 13.4
Winter
Paddy-
11.1 11.7 11.7 12.2 14.0 15.2 16.0 10.2 11.7 7.4
Summer
Coconut 1.9 2.0 0.4 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.5
Arecanut 3.2 2.7 1.6 1.4 1.9 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.8
Tapioca 0.9 1.0 1.5 0.8 1.6 1.9 0.6 0.0 0.6 1.4
Banana 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.5 1.6 1.1 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.1
Pepper 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
Ginger 0.4 0.8 1.3 0.8 2.3 4.4 2.3 1.8 1.5 1.2
Turmeric 0.4 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.5

The crop wise actual cost of machinery labour per hectare in the production of
major crops in the State during the period 2004-2014 is given in the following table.
Paddy and ginger are the major crops utilizing machineries in farming compared to
other crops. (Rs. per hectare)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 133

 2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Crop
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
Paddy-
2161 2185 2281 2534 3282 4471 5601 3898 5934 6505
Autumn
Paddy-
2292 2185 2823 3528 4397 4938 7115 5094 6467 7452
Winter
Paddy-
2803 2625 2831 3403 4562 5553 6702 4387 5383 4239
Summer
Coconut 444 479 110 347 279 305 253 0 183 288
Arecanut 1152 801 574 665 931 623 0 0 178 501
Tapioca 354 293 600 412 799 1077 390 0 415 1121
Banana 949 702 175 705 1602 1416 269 0 846 228
Pepper 55 156 53 62 48 43 0 0 22 45
Ginger 233 591 913 754 2336 6120 3053 1874 1596 1316
Turmeric 151 483 292 107 102 845 305 0 581 445

While considering the total labour cost of hired human labour, animal labour
and machine labour on cultivation of various crops, the share of machine labour is
increasing for paddy in all seasons. The remaining crops show a varying trend. The
following table gives the percentage of machine labour on this aspect.

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Crop
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
Paddy-
Autumn 17.9 17.7 17.2 19.5 19.6 25.6 24.7 17.3 24.3 17.5
Paddy-
Winter 18.6 17.4 18.4 21.6 23.7 22.7 25.8 21.6 23.7 22.7
Paddy-
Summer 21.2 20.4 19.7 21.5 24.7 26.2 27.9 16.3 20.8 12.7
Coconut 3.9 4.1 0.9 2.7 1.9 1.7 1.3 0.0 0.7 1.0
Arecanut 7.0 5.9 3.9 3.9 5.1 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.6
Tapioca 1.9 2.1 3.3 2.0 3.5 4.4 1.2 0.0 1.3 2.8
Banana 3.2 2.2 0.6 1.8 5.3 3.1 0.7 0.0 1.5 0.4
Pepper 0.5 1.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
Ginger 1.2 2.8 4.0 2.3 7.1 12.7 7.4 5.1 4.2 3.0
Turmeric 0.8 2.7 2.0 0.6 0.5 3.0 1.1 0.0 1.7 1.1

12.2 Schemes on farm mechanisation and infrastructure support

In order to tackle the labour shortage problem in farming sector and to reduce
the cost of cultivation, mechanisation has been adopted by the State and a number of
plan schemes were formulated by both State and Central Governments in this regard.
Agro Industries Corporation in the State is the main agency for the development and
supply of farm machineries for the State need.

Page 134 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 For providing soil testing services for the effective use of fertilizer and manure to
various crops, soil testing laboratories, fertilizer quality testing laboratories and
pesticide testing laboratories are functioning in Kerala and financial assistances have
been provided to them through State plan budget. The plan schemes catering the
above aspects implemented by the department from 2005-06 to 2014-15 are
summarised in this chapter. The financial progress and available physical
achievements are also quantified along with this.

1. Modernisation of departmental laboratories

One of the major services offered by the department to farming community is soil
testing for fertility analysis and fertilizer testing for quality control analysis of inputs
and pesticide testing and seed testing. These are critical components which
significantly affect the production and productivity of crops. The outlay provided in
this scheme is for modernizing and strengthening of existing laboratories by providing
latest equipments and for setting up of new laboratories. This scheme is implemented
under the head of account 2401-00-105-86. The financial performance is given below.
(Rs. In Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 150.00 82.50 59.06 72
2006-07 100.00 100.00 99.43 99
2007-08 100.00 100.00 98.58 99
2008-09 150.00 150.00 140.43 94
2009-10 150.00 150.00 150.15 100
2010-11 400.00 400.00 375.45 94
2011-12 735.00 535.00 508.85 95
2012-13 440.00 356.00 242.29 68
2013-14 65.00 65.00 60.01 92
2014-15 100.00 84.24 28.59 34

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 135

The physical achievements are as follows (Unit in No.)

Fertilizer Pesticide Organic manure Bio

sample sample Soil sample sample fertilizer
collected collected collected collected collected
2006-07 4789 1830 248293 747 310
2007-08 4319 1482 201890 510 142
2008-09 7008 1724 257061 742 37
2009-10 6319 1647 231335 315 42
2010-11 2735 1414 162470 61 101
2011-12 2414 1092 181627 177 48
2012-13 2989 1329 131908 50 25
2013-14 3082 1331 81154 68 57
2014-15 2787 1046 65280 30 19

2. Small farm mechanisation – Macro management (90% CSS)

This 90% central assistance scheme is intended for procurement of farm

machineries, propagation of mechanisation in agriculture and to improve the
infrastructure facilities in padasekharams, research and development on farm
machineries, conduct of training programmes on use of machineries, etc. This is
implemented from 2006-07 to 2013-14. This scheme is implemented under the plan
head 2401-00-800-61 (12). The financial achievement of this scheme is as follows. (Rs.
in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2006-07 49.58 0.00 49.58 446.22 44.35 399.18 89
2007-08 10.00 90.00 16.00 144.00 15.39 138.52 96
2008-09 30.00 270.00 30.00 270.00 28.11 253.03 94
2009-10 10.00 90.00 10.00 90.00 9.92 89.27 99
2010-11 10.00 90.00 25.50 229.50 24.80 223.19 97
2011-12 20.00 180.00 20.00 180.00 19.15 172.34 96
2012-13 20.00 180.00 20.00 180.00 14.95 134.55 75
2013-14 15.00 135.00 15.00 135.00 0.00 0.00 0

Page 136 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

The physical achievement is (in number)

Specialized
Manually Self power
Power operated PP equip propelled driven Other
tiller tools ments Tractor machines equipments machines
2006-07 496 2000 836 15 - - 10584
2007-08 73 2133 4593 4 44 219 343
2008-09 38 1097 3363 9 8 16 79
2009-10 31 289 1861 9 17 203 41
2010-11 131 447 1268 - 82 933 2209
2011-12 106 475 596 8 8 671 1917
2012-13 48 265 338 5 - 455 1687

3. Watershed development (NWDPRA)- Macro management (90% CSS)

This is a 90% centrally sponsored macro management scheme for the

development of watersheds in the State. The outlay provided is for providing livelihood
support activities for landless, capacity building, soil and water conservation activities
and demonstration of new technologies. The budget provision was under the head of
account 2401-00-800-61 (13) and the financial achievement is given below. (Rs. in
Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2005-06 20.00 180.00 70.00 630.00 72.07 648.63 103
2006-07 129.15 1162.35 129.15 1162.35 142.68 1284.14 110
2007-08 100.00 900.00 100.00 900.00 82.95 746.58 83
2008-09 100.00 900.00 100.00 900.00 68.97 620.75 69
2009-10 70.00 630.00 70.00 630.00 37.46 337.18 54
2010-11 70.00 630.00 54.70 492.30 39.82 358.41 73
2011-12 40.00 360.00 40.00 360.00 33.77 304.04 84
2012-13 40.00 360.00 40.00 360.00 45.99 413.92 115
2013-14 60.00 540.00 60.00 540.00 0.49 4.41 1

4. Establishment of bio control labs (100% CSS)

The budget provision for this plan scheme was provided under the head of
accounts 2401-00-107-80 and 2401-00-800-38 in 2005-06 to 2008-09, but no
expenditure. The budget provision in each head is given below. (Rs. In Lakhs)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 137

2401-00-107-80

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 70.00 35.00 0.00 0
2006-07 10.00 0.00 0.00 0

2401-00-800-38

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2008-09 15.00 10.00 0.00 0

5. Promotion and strengthening of agriculture mechanisation (100% CSS)

This scheme was implemented from 2006-07 to 2012-13 for the purpose of
promotion and strengthening of mechanisation in farming sector. The budget
provision was through the head 2401-00-113-85. The financial progress is given
below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2006-07 10.00 16.72 16.72 100
2007-08 10.00 6.00 0.00 0
2008-09 10.00 10.00 8.99 90
2009-10 10.00 10.00 0.00 0
2010-11 20.00 10.00 9.89 99
2011-12 20.00 20.00 0.00 0
2012-13 20.00 20.00 20.02 100

6. Establishment of pesticide testing lab (100% CSS)

This is a 100% CSS scheme implemented in 2008-09 only and the fund support
is through the budget head 2401-00-800-39. The financial progress is (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2008-09 18.97 11.38 0.00 0

7. Development and strengthening of infrastructure facilities for production

and distribution of quality seeds (100% CSS)

This is a 100% CSS scheme implemented from 2009-10 to 2011-12 under the
plan head 2401-00-103-80. The financial progress is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Page 138 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %
2009-10 0.00 606.00 606.00 100
2010-11 100.00 100.00 0.00 0
2011-12 10.00 10.00 0.00 0

8. Sub mission on agricultural mechanisation (100% CSS)

This is a 100 percent centrally sponsored scheme implemented from 2013-14.

The budget provision is through the head 2401-00-113-81. The financial progress is
given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2013-14 500.00 500.00 56.85 11
2014-15 1000.00 750.00 0.00 0

9. Quality control of fertilizers and pesticides- Additional facilities for

existing laboratories

This scheme for providing facilities in quality control labs under agriculture
department has been implemented in 2005-06 and 2006-07. The budget provision was
under the head 2401-00-105-97 and the financial progress is (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 15.00 15.00 14.80 99
2006-07 15.00 15.00 14.84 99

10. Small Farm mechanisation and agriculture engineering services

The mechanisation of agricultural operations needs reforms towards upland

agriculture. A special support is required for the development of machines suited for
garden land agriculture, import of equipments suited for the undulating terrain as well
as to support R&D on small farm mechanisation. The outlay is for garden land
mechanisation. The budget provision was under the plan heads 4401-00-113-99 and
2401-00-113-90. The financial performance of this scheme is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

4401-00-113-99

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 5.00 5.00 5.00 100
2006-07 5.00 5.00 5.00 100
2007-08 4.24 4.24 4.23 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 139

2401-00-113-90

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 70.00 70.00 65.76 94
2006-07 20.00 20.00 19.27 96
2008-09 50.00 50.00 42.78 86
2009-10 50.00 50.00 49.93 100
2010-11 200.00 200.00 176.16 88
2011-12 100.00 100.00 98.38 98

11. Establishment of modern laboratories

One of the major services offered by the department of agriculture to farming

community is soil testing for fertility analysis and fertilizer testing for quality control
analysis. The outlay provided under this scheme is for establishing modern
laboratories and the funds are provided under the head of account 4401-00-107-97.
The financial progress is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 150.00 150.00 28.49 19
2006-07 100.00 100.00 22.60 23
2007-08 100.00 95.76 86.08 90
2008-09 50.00 50.00 42.21 84
2009-10 50.00 50.00 48.94 98
2010-11 100.00 100.00 20.24 20
2011-12 60.00 60.00 42.88 71
2012-13 60.00 60.00 52.65 88
2013-14 435.00 326.25 251.43 77
2014-15 375.00 337.50 214.17 63

12. Rural Infrastructure Development Fund Projects (RIDF)

This NABARD assisted scheme was implemented from 2006-07 to 2011-12

under the plan head 4401-00-104-96 for the development of farms under the
department. The financial performance is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2006-07 1500.00 900.00 0.00 0
2007-08 1000.00 750.00 0.00 0
2008-09 500.00 500.00 0.00 0
2009-10 500.00 250.00 100.00 40
2010-11 100.00 100.00 0.00 0
2011-12 100.00 100.00 41.00 41

Page 140 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 13. Establishment of Agriculture Export Zone

This scheme is implemented in 2005-06 and 2006-07 under the head of account
2401-00-800-52. The financial progress is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 475.00 237.50 4.20 2
2006-07 175.00 15.00 15.00 100

14. Loans to Agro Industries Corporation (KAIC)

This scheme for providing loan support to KAIC was implemented in 2005-06
and 2006-07. The budget provision was through the plan heads 6401-00-800-82 and
6401-00-190-96. The financial progress of each head is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

6401-00-800-82

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 0.00 150.00 239.99 160
2006-07 0.00 80.00 80.00 100

6401-00-190-96

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2009-10 0.00 215.00 215.00 100

15. RIDF projects

This NABARD assisted RIDF project has been implementing from 2006-07
under the plan head of account 4435-01-101-97 for the development of market
infrastructure. The financial performance over the years is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2006-07 500.00 500.00 0.00 0
2007-08 2600.00 500.00 0.00 0
2008-09 500.00 250.00 0.00 0
2009-10 500.00 500.00 34.58 7
2010-11 500.00 500.00 0.00 0
2011-12 500.00 500.00 36.99 7
2012-13 500.00 500.00 500.24 100
2013-14 500.00 500.00 492.59 99
2014-15 0.00 415.60 415.25 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 141

 16. Innovative agricultural mechanisation (One time ACA)- Assistance for
Agriculture department

This is a one time ACA support scheme implemented in 2008-09 in Kerala under
the plan head 2401-00-113-84. The financial progress is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2008-09 100.00 100.00 100.00 100

Page 142 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

Chapter 13

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND

COMMUNICATION

Agricultural extension is one of the driving forces that are responsible for
growth of agricultural productivity by transferring latest scientific based improved
agricultural technologies to the farmers and ultimately strengthen the State economy.
However, for agricultural development of a country, technology development through
research and technology transfer through extension is unavoidable. The technology
transfer, however, does not take place in a vacuum but it is done through a well
organized extension system. The latter is a continuous process of passing on useful
and required information to the farmers and then assisting them to utilize effectively
new knowledge and skills for increasing their production and income. Keeping in view
the importance of agriculture extension and communication for the technology
transfer to the farmers, government is implementing a number of State and Central
plan schemes every year. The following are the schemes under this category
implemented through the department of Agriculture from 2005-06 to 2014-15.

1. Macro management schemes (90%CSS)- Agricultural extension and

training

This is a 90% centrally sponsored plan scheme implemented in 2005-06 only

during the reference period. The budget outlay was provided under the head of
account 2401-00-800-61 (07). The financial progress is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2005-06 8.00 72.00 8.00 72.00 0.18 1.62 2

2. Macro management schemes (90%CSS)- Information technology

This 90% CSS macro management scheme is implemented in the State from
2005-06 to 2007-08 by providing fund under the head 2401-00-800-61 (14) and Govt
of India have withdrawn it in 2007-08. The financial progress is given below. (Rs. in
Lakhs)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 143

 Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts
Year State Central State Central State Central %
2005-06 40.00 360.00 40.00 360.00 10.35 93.15 26
2006-07 0.00 0.00 5.42 48.78 5.42 48.78 100
2007-08 1.20 10.80 1.20 10.80 3.68 33.08 306

3. Agrisnet (100% CSS)

Agrisnet is a 100% centrally funded scheme implemented in 2006-07 only and the
budget provision is under the plan head 2401-00-109-82. The financial progress is as
follows (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2006-07 1000.00 1000.00 20.55 2

4. Other 90% CSS- Support to State extension programme for extension

reforms

This scheme is also indented for extension activities and the funding pattern is 90:10
(Central: State). The budget outlay was under the head 2401-00-800-35 (01). This
scheme was implemented in 3 years from 2009-10. Though this is a CSS only State
provision was in the budget. The financial progress is shown below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2009-10 50.00 0.00 50.00 0.00 50.00 0.00 100
2010-11 50.00 0.00 50.00 0.00 50.00 0.00 100
2011-12 150.00 0.00 150.00 0.00 111.17 0.00 74

5. Agricultural extension and communication- SAMETI

This is a State plan scheme for providing financial support to SAMETI for
agricultural extension and training services in the State. The fund set apart is for
purchase of equipments, honorarium for experts and setting up of high level training
facilities. The fund was provided in the plan head 2401-00-800-42 and is implemented
in 4 years from 2008-09. The financial performance is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2008-09 100.00 100.00 100.10 100
2009-10 60.00 160.00 160.00 100
2010-11 60.00 60.00 60.00 100
2011-12 100.00 100.00 100.00 100

Page 144 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 6. Agricultural extension and communication- Kisan project

Kisan project is a State scheme implemented in Kerala from 2009-10 to 2011-

12 with the collaboration of IIITMK. The television based programmes and
development of a portal are the major components of the programme. The plan fund is
provided under the head of account 2401-00-800-36. The financial progress is given
below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2009-10 25.00 25.00 25.00 100
2010-11 35.00 35.00 35.00 100
2011-12 40.00 40.00 40.00 100

7. Agricultural extension and communication- Kerala Agriculture University

This is State sector plan scheme implemented by the department through

Kerala Agriculture University for supporting the extension initiatives of the department
of agriculture. The budget head of this scheme is 2401-00-109-78 and is implemented
from 2010-11 to 2013-14. The financial progress is as follows (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2010-11 50.00 50.00 50.00 100
2011-12 50.00 50.00 0.00 0
2012-13 75.00 75.00 0.00 0
2013-14 100.00 50.00 16.93 34

8. Agricultural extension and communication- ATMA call centres (one time

ACA)

This is a one time Additional Central Assistance plan scheme implemented in

2014-15 FY for providing extension and communication services to farmers by
establishing ATMA call centre based advisory services. The components include a
centralized call centre jointly at directorate managed by an agency selected for the
purpose, and 14 district centres linked to block level information centres. The budget
head is 2401-00-109-73 and the financial progress is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2014-15 500.00 500.00 500.00 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 145

 9. Agricultural extension and communication- Agro service centres

Lack of skilled and unskilled agricultural labourers and high wages are the
major threats faced by farmers in taking up cultivation. Moreover availability of
labourer at the peak period of cultivation is another factor. This leads to high cost of
cultivation and minimise return from agriculture which tempt farmer to move away
from the agriculture profession. An alternative to this problem is mechanisation and
making available the required machineries along with other services for cultural
operations at the right time. ASC has been established in selected Blocks to facilitate
integration of services like mechanisation, soil testing support and other technology
based services. This State plan scheme is implemented from 2006-07 to 2011-12
under the plan head 2401-00-113-86. The outlay and expenditure of this scheme is
given below (Rs. in Lakhs).

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2006-07 100.00 100.00 0.00 0
2007-08 20.00 20.00 20.00 100
2008-09 20.00 20.00 19.87 99
2009-10 20.00 20.00 19.89 99
2010-11 25.00 25.00 21.98 88
2011-12 15.00 15.00 12.02 80

10. Agro service centres and service delivery

The Block level set up and Panchayat level Krishi Bhavans were established in
the State in 1987 with core minimum technical man power and practically no
administrative staff support. This plan scheme is implemented from 2013-14 for the
purpose of setting up of Agro Service Centres in selected Blocks in the State to
facilitate integration of services like mechanisation, ATMA based extension, credit
support, weather advisory services, soil testing support and other technology based
services by providing labour force support and machinery support to farming activities
in the operational area. The head of account associated with this scheme are 4401-00-
113-98 and 2401-00-113-83. The financial progress is (Rs. in Lakhs)

4401-00-113-98

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2013-14 805.00 805.00 729.19 91
2014-15 980.00 564.40 520.78 92

Page 146 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

2401-00-113-83

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2012-13 2000.00 1400.00 965.69 69
2013-14 295.00 295.00 259.53 88
2014-15 1770.00 1327.50 924.55 70

11. Farm information and communication

This scheme aims at the development of information and dissemination through

the use of mass and electronic media including web based services. This plan scheme
is implemented in all years and the fund provided is for the activities such as conduct
of seminars, publication of brochures, programmes through AIR etc conducted by the
Farm Information Bureau in the State. The budget outlay was under the heads of
account 4401-00-109-99 and 2401-00-109-84. The financial progress of each head is
as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

4401-00-109-99

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2007-08 10.00 10.00 9.98 100
2010-11 25.00 25.00 6.50 26
2011-12 25.00 25.00 0.00 0
2012-13 25.00 25.00 25.00 100
2013-14 25.00 25.00 25.00 100
2014-15 25.00 25.00 0.00 0

2401-00-109-84

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 100.00 100.00 98.73 99
2006-07 100.00 100.00 99.29 99
2007-08 105.00 105.00 105.02 100
2008-09 115.00 115.00 115.03 100
2009-10 120.00 120.00 118.87 99
2010-11 165.00 165.00 164.28 100
2011-12 225.00 225.00 222.53 99
2012-13 325.00 325.00 323.33 99
2013-14 350.00 350.00 347.60 99
2014-15 375.00 375.00 375.00 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 147

 12. Application of Information Technology

This State plan scheme is implemented in 4 years from 2008-09 for providing IT
enabled support for agriculture extension activities. The head of account is 2401-00-
800-41 and the financial progress is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2008-09 15.00 15.00 12.10 81
2009-10 15.00 15.00 14.17 94
2010-11 25.00 25.00 24.87 99
2011-12 200.00 200.00 147.76 74

13. Strengthening agricultural extension and communication

Farmers are the end users of all agricultural technology. The success of all
agricultural development strategies depends on the adoption of scientific technology
by farmers. In order to improve the income of the farmers, a field visit oriented
extension system is essential in the State. The extension will address the farming
systems in all dimensions including marketing, soil testing, agro meteorology and
water management advisory services. This scheme is implemented under the head of
account 2401-00-109-80, from the year 2007-08 onwards. The financial achievement
is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2007-08 115.00 115.00 112.43 98
2008-09 155.00 155.00 149.20 96
2009-10 195.00 152.95 136.12 89
2010-11 442.00 355.12 225.05 63
2011-12 705.00 705.00 704.87 100
2012-13 1725.00 1553.45 1244.23 80
2013-14 2400.00 2400.00 1960.96 82
2014-15 3500.00 2627.75 2150.32 82

The physical achievement of this scheme is given below (in number)

District level Orientation activities,

Year seminar, interface farmers day etc.
2007-08 25 528
2008-09 50 1008
2009-10 48 1076
2010-11 29 1076
2011-12 18 993
2012-13 21 1073
2013-14 22 968
2014-15 46 1075

Page 148 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

ATMA Plus

ATMA Plus is implemented from 2014-15 year only under the head of account
2401-00-109-80 as a component of the scheme Strengthening Agricultural Extension
for providing additional support of the central scheme ATMA (50% centrally sponsored)
by including the State’s own component.

Physical achievement of ATMA plus during the year 2014-15 is

Demonstration 867
Farms school 290
Farm field school 120
Integrated farming system 76
Post surveillance groups 174

LEADS

LEADS is a pilot project on field visit based extension system, centered around
LEAD farmer and satellite farmer, implemented under the head of account 2401-00-
109-80 as another component of the scheme Strengthening Agricultural Extension.
The concept is based on scientific delineation of the districts into Agro Ecological Zone
and Agro Ecological Units. KAU, IIITMK, SAMETI and Krishi Vijnan Kendras are
associated with this programme on integration with the ATMA framework. Paddy,
coconut, banana and vegetables are the crops covered under this project.

14. Support of state extension programme for extension reforms – Macro

management scheme (90% CSS)

This 90% centrally sponsored scheme is implemented in 2006-07 to 2008-09

only and the budget provision was under the head of account 2401-00-800-61 (22).
The financial achievement is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2006-07 20.00 180.00 20.00 180.00 0.46 4.11 2
2007-08 10.00 90.00 10.00 90.00 6.25 56.28 63
2008-09 50.00 450.00 30.00 270.00 11.84 106.60 39

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 149

Chapter 14

MARKETING AND STORAGE

Marketing and storage is another major activity for the continuous and
increased production of agricultural commodities. This helps to procure the produces
from farmers and to supply to the consumers at the right time at right price. This
chain activity helps the farmers to get maximum price for his produces and also to
prevent the farming community to migrate in to other non agricultural sector
activities.

14.1 Market wholesale price

The yearly average of the monthly averages of market wholesale price of

important agricultural commodities collected from different centres in the districts in
Kerala during 2005-06 and 2013-14, and their price growth during the period are
given in the following table. (in Rs.)

%
SI No Name of Commodity Unit 2005-06 2013-14 increase
1 Coconut without husk 1000 No. 4918 9385 91
2 Arecanut Ripe 1000 No. 558 1367 145
3 Tapioca Raw Qtl 482 1977 310
4 Tapioca Dry Qtl 1346 4186 211
5 Ginger Qtl 1640 8064 392
6 Ginger Dry Qtl 7555 13985 85
7 Banana Qtl 1358 4473 229
8 Turmeric Qtl 4184 7150 71
9 Pineapple Qtl 899 3150 251
10 Betal leaves 100 No. 11 23 109
11 Sesamum Qtl 2772 10141 266
12 Rubber Qtl 7134 16263 128

14.2 Farm retail price

The yearly average of the monthly averages of farm retail prices of different
agricultural commodities collected from different selected centres in the districts in
Kerala during the agricultural year 2005-06 and 2013-14 are given below. (in Rs.)

Page 150 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 SI No Name of Commodity Unit 2005-06 2013-14 % variation
1 Paddy Kg 6.34 18.56 193
2 Coconut 1 No 5.42 11.63 115
3 Arecanut 1 No 0.53 1.07 102
4 Pepper (dry) Kg 64.75 466.19 620
5 Tapioca Kg 5.02 18.27 264
6 Ginger Dry Kg 89.74 80.58 -10
7 Banana Ripe Kg 14.13 33.67 138
8 Mango Green Kg 12.30 24.33 98
9 Pineapple 1 No 6.54 19.25 194
10 Tamarind Kg 28.09 90.57 222
11 Turmaric Kg 39.35 64.26 63
12 Brinjal Kg 8.38 14.64 75
13 Cucumber Kg 5.64 11.00 95
14 Ladies finger Kg 8.42 22.27 164
15 Pampkim Kg 5.03 10.55 110
16 Betal leaves 10 No 2.65 5.39 103
17 Elephant foot yam Kg 7.05 17.90 154

14.3 Farm wholesale price

The yearly average of the averages of the fortnightly prices on wholesale rates of
agricultural commodities collected from selected centers in the districts in Kerala
during the agricultural year 2005-06 and 2013-14 and their percentage growth during
the period is given below. (in Rs.)

SI No Item Unit 2005-06 2013-14 % growth

1 Paddy Qtl 612 1613 164
2 Pepper(D) Qtl 5980 49634 730
3 Ginger(D) Qtl 6613 14005 112
4 Ginger Qtl 1271 8056 534
5 Turmeric(D) Qtl 3587 6918 93
6 Banana Qtl 1248 3459 177
7 Plantain Qtl 644 2742 326
8 Cashew Qtl 2899 6426 122
9 Tapioca Qtl 433 1717 297
10 Coconut (WH) 100 495 1113 125
11 Arecanut 100 44 99 125

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 151

14.4 Farm harvest price of paddy in Kerala and major states in India

The following table shows the farm harvest price of paddy in Kerala and other
major rice producing States in the country during the period from 2005-06 to 2010-
11. (in Rs. per quintal)

State 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

Kerala 599 689 798 947 1064 1200
Tamil Nadu 494 503 698 868 926 991
AP 517 650 670 977 1139 990
Karnataka 546 603 678 859 962 1058
Maharashtra - - - 867 1012 1153
MP 531 - 787 903 1196 1165
Gujarat 669 751 816 901 1065 1074
Punjab 913 966 720 1336 1457 1092
West Bengal 546 608 695 731 882 1043
UP 580 635 580 818 941 888

Source: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Govt of India (http://agricoop.nic.in)

14.5 Schemes on marketing and storage

The plan schemes implemented from 2005-06 to 2014-15 for the purpose of
providing marketing, storage and warehousing facilities for the agricultural
commodities produced in the State are explained below. The schemes wise financial
and available physical achievements are also provided along with.

1. Grading and quality control of agricultural commodities

This scheme is implemented from the year 2005-06 to 2011-12. The budget
provision is under the head of account 2435-01-102-99. The main objective of this
scheme is to grade and certify the agriculture produces by conducting quality control
tests. For this purpose 10 Agmark testing and grading laboratories are working in the
State. Agmark certificates for the graded commodities such as coconut oil, gingely oil,
honey, spice powders, rice, wheat powder and ghee are being issued from the
Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, Govt of India. The financial performance
during the period is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Page 152 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %
2005-06 10.00 5.00 4.60 92
2006-07 10.00 10.00 9.55 96
2007-08 10.00 10.00 5.29 53
2008-09 10.00 10.00 8.00 80
2009-10 10.00 10.00 8.45 85
2010-11 10.00 10.00 5.36 54
2011-12 10.00 10.00 6.94 69

The physical achievement in grading of commodities is as follows. (Quantity in

Quintals)

Coconut Sesame
Item oil oil Honey Spices Ghee Asafoatida
2005-06 5826 196 1142 2570 192 -
2006-07 5475 139 673 1815 152 18
2007-08 5735 90 1479 3199 148 93
2008-09 12452 11 1365 2952 164 116
2009-10 15207 15 113 6892 109 139
2010-11 17898 173 1303 5452 104 121
2011-12 18713 41 1368 160 252 9346

2. Market Intervention support for Price stabilization

This scheme is implemented from 2005-06 to 2011-12 under the heads of

account 2435-01-101-85 and 6401-00-800-73. The main objective of this scheme is to
assist the farmers by ensuring the price stability of agricultural commodities during
the harvest season. The programmes conducted under this scheme are conduct of fare
markets, giving assistance for procurement of produces from farmers, assistance for
arranging market facilities etc. The financial achievement is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

2435-01-101-85

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 440.00 592.68 595.88 101
2006-07 340.00 1109.46 1069.41 96
2007-08 1555.00 1321.75 178.97 14
2008-09 350.00 300.00 207.06 69
2009-10 350.00 315.00 282.86 90
2010-11 505.00 505.00 494.98 98
2011-12 350.00 906.85 901.47 99

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 153

6401-00-800-73

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2006-07 17.00 17.00 0.00 0

3. Agricultural Marketing and quality control- Macro management (90% CSS)

This 90% centrally sponsored macro management scheme was implemented in

2005-06 only and the budget provision was in the head of account 2401-00-800-61
(15). The financial achievement is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2005-06 33.00 297.00 33.00 297.00 7.15 64.35 22

The physical achievement of this scheme is as follows. (Unit in Numbers)

1 Market survey 1
2 Training to officers 21
3 Training to farmers 20
4 Seminars 3
5 Development of market infrastructure 4
6 Value addition and agro processing 16

4. Strengthening market development

Appropriate and effective linkages by the producers and sellers continue to be

weak in the State. Market infrastructure, lack of sufficient market intelligence and
institutional support are to be improved. The outlay provided under this plan scheme
is for setting up of a network of markets and associated infrastructure like go downs,
cold storage facilities including processing infrastructure. This scheme is implemented
from 2007-08 to 2014-15 under the heads of account 2435-01-800-99 and 2435-01-
101-85. The head of account wise outlay and achievement is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Page 154 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

2435-01-800-99

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2007-08 850.00 637.50 18.81 3
2008-09 510.00 300.00 8.00 3
2009-10 25.00 25.00 25.00 100
2010-11 175.00 175.00 136.15 78
2011-12 310.00 310.00 269.97 87
2012-13 2500.00 2250.00 1859.55 83
2013-14 1385.00 1385.00 1198.19 87
2014-15 1355.00 1219.50 1033.22 85

2435-01-101-85

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2012-13 500.00 4517.00 4506.62 100
2013-14 500.00 3028.78 3071.51 101
2014-15 1000.00 2100.00 2094.25 100

5. VFPCK for expansion of farmers market

This plan scheme is implemented from 2007-08 to 2011-12 for promotion of

marketing of vegetables and fruits through VFPCK. The budget provision was under
the head 2435-01-800-98. The outlay and expenditure is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2007-08 100.00 100.00 100.00 100
2008-09 100.00 100.00 100.00 100
2009-10 100.00 100.00 100.00 100
2010-11 300.00 300.00 300.00 100
2011-12 450.00 450.00 450.00 100

6. Establishment of storage and warehousing facilities through Agro

Industries Corporation

This plan scheme for establishing storage and warehousing facilities like go
downs, farmers markets for fruits and vegetables through Kerala Agro Industries
Corporation was implemented from 2007-08 to 2011-12 and the budget provision was
under the plan head 2435-01-800-97. The financial progress is given below. (Rs. in
Lakhs)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 155

 Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %
2007-08 25.00 25.00 25.00 100
2008-09 25.00 25.00 25.00 100
2009-10 25.00 25.00 25.00 100
2010-11 25.00 25.00 25.00 100
2011-12 25.00 25.00 25.00 100

7. Assistance to Kerala State Warehousing Corporation for creating storage

and warehousing facilities

This plan scheme was implemented in 2007-08 for creation of warehousing

facilities in KSWC. The budget head is 2435-01-800-96 and the financial progress is
given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2007-08 25.00 25.00 25.00 100

8. World Trade Organisation (WTO) Cell (Sustainable agricultural trade

security system)

A WTO cell has been constituted in the State to prepare background papers
related to WTO and regional trade agreements and to advice the State governments on
theses aspects. The outlay provided is for organising workshops, seminars and
awareness programmes on WTO related aspect and for taking up of studies on trade
related issues. This scheme was implemented from 2005-06 to 2011-12. The budget
provision of this plan scheme is through the head of account 2401-00-800-48 and the
financial progress is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 20.00 20.00 2.38 12
2006-07 15.00 15.00 0.50 3
2007-08 10.00 8.50 3.33 39
2008-09 10.00 10.00 5.97 60
2009-10 10.00 10.00 4.91 49
2010-11 5.00 5.00 2.45 49
2011-12 5.00 5.00 4.27 85

9. Price stabilization fund

Budget provision for this State plan scheme under the head 2415-01-101-94
was provided in 2005-06, but no financial achievement. The details are as follows. (Rs.
in Lakhs)

Page 156 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %
2005-06 15.00 15.00 0.00 0

10. Commodity safety net scheme

This plan scheme was implemented in 2009-10 and the budget provision was
under the head 2401-00-800-34. The financial performance is as follows. (Rs. in
Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2009-10 1000.00 1000.00 1019.33 102

11. Kerala State Warehousing Corporation- share capital contribution

This scheme for providing share capital contribution to KSWC has been
implementing in the State from 2005-06 onwards. The budget support is through the
plan head 4408-02-190-99. The financial progress is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 75.00 50.00 0.00 0
2006-07 50.00 50.00 0.00 0
2007-08 25.00 25.00 25.00 100
2008-09 50.00 50.00 50.00 100
2009-10 50.00 50.00 50.00 100
2010-11 50.00 50.00 0.00 0
2011-12 50.00 50.00 50.00 100
2012-13 50.00 50.00 50.00 100
2013-14 50.00 50.00 0.00 0
2014-15 50.00 50.00 0.00 0

12. Integrated Agriculture Complex (One time ACA)

This one time ACA scheme has been implementing from 2013-14 for
establishing an integrated agricultural complex and the budget provision is through
the head 2401-00-109-75. The financial progress is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2013-14 1000.00 500.00 0.00 0
2014-15 0.00 200.01 200.00 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 157

 13. Agri Malls (one time ACA)

The financial support for this plan scheme is through the plan head 4435-00-
101-94. Budget provision was provided in 2014-15, but no financial achievement. The
details are given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2014-15 500.00 375.00 0.00 0

14. Pilot Project for Keramrutham and Kerachakkara (KAU Neera Production)

This plan scheme for the production of ‘neera’ from coconut has been
implementing from 2013-14. The budget provision is through the plan head 2401-00-
108-30. The financial progress is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2013-14 0.00 45.00 45.00 100
2014-15 0.00 50.00 50.00 100

15. Investment in Nadukkara Agro processing (Nadukkara Agro Industries

Corporation Ltd)

This State plan scheme is implemented in 2005-06 and the budget provision
was through the plan head 4401-00-190-95. The financial performance is as follows.
(Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 7.00 7.00 7.00 100

Page 158 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

Chapter 15

OTHER PLAN PROGRAMMES

The plan schemes implemented by the Department of Agriculture during the

period from 2005-06 to 2014-15 but not mentioned in the previous chapters of this
report are covered here. They are crop development schemes of crops other than
paddy, coconut, vegetables, fruits, spices and plantation crops, plant protection
oriented programmes, fertilizer management programmes, bio gas development,
irrigation, Wayanad and Kuttanad packages etc. The financial progress based on
budget documents and department records and available physical progress are also
summarised along with.

1. Integrated pest management

IPM will be effective only under the umbrella of a full fledged system. The main
objective of this scheme is the establishment of a pest surveillance system in a phased
manner for the effective management and control of pest affected diseases in
agricultural crops. Establishment of light traps including solar traps, rodent control,
mobile agro clinics, IPM training etc are the main components of this scheme. This
scheme is implemented under the head of account 2401-00-107-83. This programme
is implemented up to the year 2012-13. The financial performance is as follows. (Rs.in
Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 46.00 46.00 37.91 82
2006-07 50.00 50.00 45.28 91
2007-08 50.00 50.00 47.25 94
2008-09 50.00 50.00 47.72 95
2009-10 50.00 50.00 39.23 78
2010-11 50.00 50.00 47.14 94
2011-12 50.00 50.00 48.15 96
2012-13 100.00 90.50 57.42 63

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 159

The physical achievement of this programme is as follows.

Establishment Mobile Roddent IPM

of light traps agro clinics control training Solar light
Year (No.) (No.) (No.) (No.) traps (No.)
2005-06 80 5 - - -
2006-07 79 12 14 - -
2007-08 80 14 14 50 50
2008-09 80 14 14 - 50
2009-10 80 12 14 35 -
2010-11 80 12 24 14 -
2011-12 79 11 30 14 -
2012-13 78 1 60 28 -

2. Production and distribution of quality planting materials- Agricultural

farms

The main objective of this scheme is the production and distribution of quality
seeds, seedlings and other plating materials of paddy, coconut, vegetables, pulses,
tubers, spices, fruits, garden plants and medicinal plants for augmenting the
production of agricultural commodities in the State. For this purpose, 33 seed
production centres, 10 district farms, 10 special farms and 8 coconut seedlings
production centres, and thus altogether 61 agricultural farms are working in Kerala.
This scheme is implemented under the head of account 2401-00-104-91 and 4401-00-
104-98. The financial progress is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

2401-00-104-91

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 160.00 160.00 158.44 99
2006-07 120.00 120.00 119.42 100
2007-08 110.00 110.00 109.96 100
2008-09 110.00 110.00 109.97 100
2009-10 0.00 110.00 108.55 99
2010-11 175.00 175.00 169.70 97
2011-12 200.00 200.00 196.34 98
2012-13 660.00 660.00 608.57 92
2013-14 620.00 620.00 515.39 83
2014-15 1075.00 810.00 770.05 95

Page 160 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 4401-00-104-98

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 40.00 40.00 39.23 98
2006-07 30.00 30.00 27.36 91
2007-08 15.00 15.00 14.94 100
2008-09 15.00 15.00 14.53 97
2009-10 15.00 15.00 14.75 98
2010-11 25.00 25.00 21.98 88
2011-12 25.00 25.00 25.00 100
2012-13 40.00 38.00 14.25 38
2013-14 230.00 230.00 231.13 100
2014-15 375.00 337.50 291.23 86

3. Seed Authority- Production and distribution of quality planting materials

This scheme is implemented in 5 consecutive years from 2007-08. The head of

account is 2401-00-103-83. The financial achievement is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2007-08 75.00 75.00 75.00 100
2008-09 50.00 50.00 50.00 100
2009-10 50.00 50.00 50.00 100
2010-11 50.00 50.00 50.00 100
2011-12 25.00 25.00 25.02 100

4. Kerala Agricultural University for planting material programme

This scheme is implemented in four years from 2007-08 to 2011-12, except

2009-10. The budget outlay was provided under heads of account 2401-00-103-79
(2010-11 and 2011-12) and 2415-01-277-91 (2007-08 and 2008-09). The financial
performance is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

2401-00-103-79

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2010-11 50.00 50.00 50.00 100
2011-12 50.00 50.00 50.00 100

2415-01-277-91

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2007-08 75.00 75.00 75.00 100
2008-09 50.00 50.00 50.00 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 161

 5. National project on biogas development (100% CSS)

This is a 100% centrally sponsored scheme implemented under the budget head
2810-00-105-99 and 2810-01-101-99. It is started in 1983-84 under the guidelines of
Ministry of Non-conventional and Renewable Energy, Govt of India. The main
objectives of this scheme are to solve the deficiency of cooking fuel, control of
environmental pollutions, reduce the health issues due to the use of firewood for
cooking, to reduce the deforestation for firewood, to increase the use of bio manure
obtained as a byproduct from bio gas plants for agricultural production etc. The
amount earmarked in the budget is used for giving subsidy for construction of bio gas
plants in rural areas and for conducting training programmes. The financial
achievement is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

2810-00-105-99

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2010-11 120.00 120.00 125.39 104
2011-12 250.00 363.00 365.55 101
2012-13 300.00 300.00 250.04 83
2013-14 350.00 350.00 206.18 59
2014-15 350.00 350.00 213.01 61

2810-01-101-99

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 100.00 100.00 80.19 80
2006-07 100.00 100.00 105.75 106
2007-08 100.00 100.00 117.17 117
2008-09 100.00 100.00 106.03 106
2009-10 120.00 120.00 130.75 109
2010-11 120.00 0.00 0.00 0

Page 162 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

The physical achievement during the period is

No. of biogas plants No. of training

Year constructed programmes conducted
2005-06 1943 -
2006-07 3712 -
2007-08 2414 -
2008-09 2303 49
2009-10 2579 51
2010-11 2591 52
2011-12 2183 51
2012-13 1990 50
2013-14 1307 40
2014-15 1584 50

6. Control of root bud disease in Kozhikkode district (50% CSS)

This 50% centrally sponsored scheme is implemented in the State in 2005-06 only.
The budget provision was in the head of account 2401-00-108-43. The financial
progress is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

Year State Central State Central State Central
2005-06 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 100

7. Integrated scheme of oil seeds, pulses and maize (ISOPOM) (75% CSS)

This 75 % centrally sponsored scheme is implemented from the year 2005-06 to

2011-12 under the head of account 2401-00-112-97. The financial achievement is
given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2005-06 15.00 45.00 15.00 45.00 5.00 15.00 33
2006-07 15.00 45.00 15.00 45.00 10.49 31.48 70
2007-08 15.00 45.00 9.00 27.00 0.00 0.00 0
2008-09 2.50 7.50 2.50 7.50 0.00 0.00 0
2009-10 2.50 7.50 20.00 60.00 20.00 60.00 100
2010-11 2.50 7.50 11.74 35.22 11.74 35.22 100
2011-12 2.50 7.50 2.50 7.50 2.50 7.50 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 163

 8. Seed replacement scheme under special package programme (100% CSS)

This is a 100% centrally sponsored scheme implemented in 2007-08 year only

and the budget provision was under the head of account 2401-00-103-81. The
financial performance is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2007-08 192.00 192.00 191.91 100

The physical achievement of this scheme was the supply of 2651 tonnes of seeds.

9. Integrated cereal development programme in coarse cereal based cropping

system- Macro management (90% CSS)

This 90% central assistance macro management scheme is implemented in

2006-07 only, and the budget provision was in the head of account 2401-00-800-61
(24). The financial achievement is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2006-07 20.15 181.35 20.15 181.35 4.52 40.70 22

10. Balanced and integrated use fertilizers- Macro management (90% CSS)

This is a 90% centrally sponsored macro management scheme implemented

from 2006-07 to 2008-09 and the budget provision was under the head of account
2401-00-800-61 (23). The financial achievement is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2006-07 28.00 252.00 28.00 252.00 35.83 322.43 128
2007-08 8.80 79.20 8.80 79.20 3.07 27.61 35
2008-09 20.00 180.00 15.00 135.00 9.14 82.29 61

The physical achievement is

Item 2006-07 2007-08

Distribution of green manure seeds (MT) 1267 266
Vermin compost units (No.) 3923 1408
Soil testing campaign (No.) 896 651

Page 164 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 11. Establishment of regional nurseries (50% CSS)

This is a 50% central support scheme implemented from 2006-07, the budget head
is 2401-00-108-42. The financial progress is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2006-07 37.50 37.50 37.50 37.50 31.11 31.11 83
2007-08 37.50 37.50 37.50 37.50 25.64 25.65 68
2008-09 37.50 37.50 37.50 37.50 31.19 31.18 83
2009-10 12.50 12.50 44.55 44.55 37.12 37.12 83
2010-11 12.50 12.50 35.00 35.00 34.15 34.15 98
2011-12 12.50 12.50 30.00 30.00 29.56 29.54 99
2013-14 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 100
2014-15 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 14.99 14.99 100

12. Macro management schemes (90%CSS)- Concurrent monitoring and

evaluation

This Govt of India supported macro management scheme is for monitoring and
evaluation of various activities implemented in 2005-06. The head of account of this
programme is 2401-00-800-61 (19) and the financial progress is given below. (Rs. in
Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2005-06 1.50 13.50 1.50 13.50 0.00 0.00 0

13. Micro irrigation (90% CSS)

Micro irrigation is a 90% CSS programme implemented from 2006-07 to 2009-

10 under the plan head 2401-00-800-45. The objective of this scheme is to minimize
the conveyance losses of water such as deep percolation, run off and soil erosion. The
outlay provided is for micro irrigation, drip and sprinkle irrigation with pump sets. The
financial progress is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2006-07 50.00 450.00 80.00 720.00 35.73 31.63 8
2007-08 20.00 180.00 26.00 234.00 25.17 226.54 97
2008-09 20.00 180.00 20.00 180.00 1.16 10.39 6
2009-10 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 165

 14. Women in agriculture (100% CSS)

This is a 100% CSS plan scheme implemented in 2005-06 for enhancing the
participation of women in agriculture activities. The budget provision was under the
plan head 2401-00-800-73. The financial progress is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 15.00 15.00 4.97 33

15. Other 90% CSS- Micro irrigation

This is a 90% CSS scheme implemented from 2009-10 under the plan head
2401-00-800-35 (02). Even though this is a partially centrally sponsored programme,
no central provision was in the State budget. The year wise financial progress is as
follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2009-10 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 100
2010-11 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 100
2011-12 1.00 0.00 40.20 0.00 39.43 0.00 98
2012-13 110.00 0.00 110.00 0.00 99.02 0.00 90
2013-14 100.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 33.06 0.00 33
2014-15 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 97.50 0.00 98

16. NeGP- Agriculture (by SDG) (90% CSS)

This 90% centrally sponsored scheme is implemented in 2013-14 only and

the budget outlay was under the plan head 2401-00-800-22. The financial
performance is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts

Year State Central State Central State Central %
2013-14 27.74 249.68 27.74 249.68 27.71 249.38 100

17. Seed infrastructure (100% CSS)

This is a 100% centrally sponsored programme of Govt of India implemented in

3 consecutive years from 2006-07 under the plan head 2401-00-103-85. The financial
progress is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Page 166 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %
2006-07 100.00 100.00 0.00 0
2007-08 50.00 30.00 0.00 0
2008-09 0.00 10.62 10.62 100

18. National project on organic farming (100% CSS)

This is another 100% CSS scheme implemented from 2006-07 up to 2011-12

in the State for the promotion of organic cultivation. The demand for organic farming
is increasing in the world and the State is having potential to utilize these emerging
opportunities for the development and export of such food. Organic farming not only
increases the income of farmers as the organic produces get a premium price but also
help in improving towards sustainable agriculture and aims at production of quality
and safe agricultural produces which contain no chemical residues following
ecofriendly production methods. The plan head of account of this scheme is 2401-00-
105-84 and the financial progress is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2006-07 200.00 200.00 62.51 31
2007-08 10.00 10.00 0.00 0
2008-09 10.00 10.00 10.00 100
2009-10 10.00 10.00 10.00 100
2010-11 50.00 50.00 30.72 61
2011-12 50.00 50.00 0.00 0

19. Human Resources Development in Horticulture (100% CSS)

This is another 100% CSS implemented in the State in 2005-06 and 2007-
08. The budget provision was under the head of account 2401-00-800-53. The
financial progress is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 2.00 2.00 0.00 0
2007-08 1.00 1.00 1.00 100

20. Post harvest technology and management (100% CSS)

This central sector scheme is implemented in 2011-12 and 2012-13 under the
head of account 2401-00-109-77. The financial performance is as follows. (Rs. in
Lakhs)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 167

 Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %
2011-12 14.05 14.05 0.03 0
2012-13 15.00 15.00 14.05 94

21. Grass root level support system for Agriculture development at

Panchayat level and restructuring the Agriculture Department at State
and District level

This State plan scheme is implemented under the heads of account 2401-00-
001-89 and 4401-00-001-99. The scheme period and its financial progress is given
below.

2401-00-001-89

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 30.00 30.00 29.09 97
2006-07 80.00 80.00 49.83 62

4401-00-001-99

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 20.00 20.00 19.98 100
2006-07 20.00 20.00 19.93 100

22. Kerala Agriculture University for on farm trials and frontline

demonstrations

On farm trials and front line demonstrations are parts of agricultural extension.
This is a State plan scheme implemented through Kerala Agriculture University from
2007-08 to 2011-12 under the budget head 2415-01-277-90. The financial progress is
given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2007-08 25.00 25.00 25.00 100
2008-09 25.00 25.00 25.00 100
2009-10 25.00 25.00 25.00 100
2010-11 25.00 25.00 25.00 100
2011-12 25.00 50.00 50.00 100

Page 168 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 23. Human Resources development- Training support to field functionaries
of department and Panchayats

This scheme aims for imparting managerial training to officers in the areas
like financial management, technical management and knowledge management to
upgrade the technical and managerial competitiveness. This plan scheme is
implemented in all the years in the reference period and the head of account
associated is 2415-01-277-98. The financial progress is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 100.00 100.00 88.89 89
2006-07 100.00 90.00 85.32 95
2007-08 10.00 10.00 10.31 103
2008-09 15.00 15.00 14.72 98
2009-10 20.00 20.00 19.10 96
2010-11 50.00 50.00 47.73 95
2011-12 150.00 150.00 88.57 59
2012-13 150.00 143.90 125.43 87
2013-14 150.00 138.90 121.97 88
2014-15 230.00 210.00 142.38 68

24. Promotion of Hi-tech Innovative Agriculture

This State sector plan scheme implemented in 2005-06 and 2006-07 was
under the plan 2401-00-800-67. The financial performance is given below. (Rs. in
Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 100.00 50.00 7.88 16
2006-07 50.00 50.00 33.76 68

25. Value addition and post harvest management (Vision 2010)

The scheme period and financial components of this State plan scheme is
given below. The budget provision was under the head 2401-00-108-41. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2006-07 800.00 800.00 432.50 54

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 169

 26. Development of Kuttanad wetland ecosystem including Idukki district

The outlay provided in this scheme is for the implementation of selected

components under Idukki and Kuttanad packages and for meeting the operational
costs covering the meetings of steering committee, Kuttanad Prosperity Council,
establishment costs and monitoring costs. The implementation period and year wise
allocation and expenditure of this scheme are given below. The budget head is 2401-
00-800-40. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2008-09 50.00 50.00 50.00 100
2009-10 83.00 83.00 83.00 100
2010-11 500.00 300.00 0.00 0
2011-12 50.00 45.00 0.00 0

27. Public participation in agricultural production programme

This scheme is implemented in 2005-06 and 2006-07 under the plan head
2415-01-277-97. The financial progress is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 70.00 56.00 44.13 79
2006-07 70.00 63.00 48.07 76

28. Sustainable trade security system- Virtual University

The budget allocation to this plan scheme was in 2005-06 and 2006-07 and
the scheme head is 2415-01-277-92. The financial progress is as follows. (Rs. in
Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 100.00 50.00 93.99 188
2006-07 100.00 25.00 0.00 0

29. Nagarathil oru Nattinpuram

This plan scheme was implemented in 2005-06 and 2006-07 and the head of
account is 2401-00-119-87. The financial progress is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 200.00 100.00 41.53 42
2006-07 200.00 50.00 45.07 90

Page 170 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 30. Organic farming and safe to eat food production

Organic farming is an emerging area in the country and the export potential of
organic products is increasing across the world. The components of the scheme
include assistance for organic certification, empowerment of clusters, promotional
assistance for clusters, green manuring, model units for OM operation, compost units
and safe to eat food production. This is a State plan scheme implemented in all years
except in 2007-08, 2008-09 and 2009-10 under the head of account 2401-00-105-85.
The financial progress is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2005-06 200.00 166.00 193.28 116
2006-07 200.00 200.00 199.30 100
2010-11 100.00 100.00 96.96 97
2011-12 500.00 500.00 449.93 90
2012-13 1000.00 657.00 279.79 43
2013-14 1000.00 1000.00 975.08 98
2014-15 1000.00 900.00 337.00 37

31. Weather Advisory services

This State sector scheme was implemented in 2007-08 only and the budget
allocation was through the head of account 2401-00-110-96. The financial progress is
as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2007-08 10.00 10.00 10.00 100

32. Rashtriya Krsishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) (ACA)

This is a special central assistance scheme of the Government of India,

primarily aimed at evolving a strategy to rejuvenate the agriculture sector of the State.
The objectives of the scheme, in general, are to provide incentives to the State for
increasing public investment in agriculture and allied sectors, and in particular, (1) to
ensure that agriculture for the State and districts are prepared based on agro-climatic
conditions, availability of technology and natural resources; (2) to make sure that local
needs/crops/priorities are better reflected in the agricultural plan of the State; (3)to
reduce yield gaps in important crops through focused interventions; (4) maximisation
of returns to farmers in agriculture and allied sectors; (5) to bring about quantifiable
changes in production and productivity of various components of agriculture and
allied sectors by addressing them in a holistic manner. This is implemented from
2008-09 in Kerala and the budget allocation is through the plan head 2401-00-800-
37. The year wise allocation and expenditure are given below (Rs. in Lakhs).

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 171

 Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %
2008-09 1000.00 5540.00 8485.41 153
2009-10 6011.00 11092.00 10922.78 98
2010-11 12000.00 12022.00 12019.81 100
2011-12 22500.00 22500.00 21134.35 94
2012-13 25875.00 25875.00 25255.14 98
2013-14 34076.00 24076.00 23681.31 98
2014-15 45500.00 43918.23 30070.00 68

33. Kissan Sree

Kissan Sree is a State plan scheme implemented in 2008-09 and 2009-10

under the plan head 2401-00-110-93. The year wise financial progress is as follows.
(Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2008-09 0.00 83.33 72.91 88
2009-10 0.00 62.45 62.45 100

34. Climate change adaptation

Climate change induced increase in temperature and rainfall variability and

extreme weather events are projected to produce a rise in crop failure, pests and
disease outbreaks and degradation of soil resources. Climate change impacts and
associated vulnerability are of particular concern for agriculture in the State. This
State sector scheme is implemented in 2011-12 under the plan head 2401-00-107-79.
The financial progress is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2011-12 300.00 200.00 195.00 98

35. Development of pulses and tubers

The development of pulses is the main component assuring the food security
of the State. The traditional area of cultivation of pulses for their intensification so as
to retain the past story of cultivation is envisaged in this programme. This State
scheme for development of pulses and tubers is implemented in 2012-13 and 2013-14
under the head of account 2401-00-112-96. The financial progress is given below. (Rs.
in Lakhs)

Page 172 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %
2012-13 150.00 150.00 149.99 100
2013-14 25.00 25.00 25.00 100

36. Hi-Tech Agriculture

Poly houses with low cost technology have been employed successfully to
grow vegetables round the year. Green house technology is practiced in the State by
very few entrepreneurs. Expansion of seedlings production in plastic perforated trays
under favourable microclimate created in cost effective low cost structures.
Standardization of new growing media for optimum plant growth, refined technology
need to be fine-tuned to suit different agro climatic conditions. This State plan scheme
is implemented from 2012-13 to 2014-15 and the budget allocation is through the
heads of account 2401-00-800-35 (02) and 2401-00-113-82. The head of account wise
financial achievement is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

2401-00-800-35 (02)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2014-15 100.00 75.00 0.00 0

2401-00-113-82

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2012-13 1200.00 1200.00 1197.90 100
2013-14 1200.00 1200.00 927.89 77
2014-15 600.00 600.00 426.50 71

37. Soil health management and productivity improvement

The improvement of soil health is essential for augmenting crop productivity

considering the depleted nutrient status of the soil resources of the State. The result of
soil test based nutrient management is popularized with appropriate link with input
agencies. This scheme for the management of soil health and improvement of
productivity in agriculture is implemented from 2012-13 onwards and the budget
head is 2401-00-800-28. The financial progress is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2012-13 700.00 400.00 109.19 27
2013-14 400.00 400.00 314.86 79
2014-15 3090.00 2472.00 2058.86 83

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 173

 38. Crop health management

Notwithstanding the success in controlling the insect pests, diseases and

weeds, pesticides adversely affect public health and environment. Residues of
pesticides in food crops often been reported to exceed their acceptable limits. The new
approach of crop health management will bring together management towards
sustainable ecosystems and people’s health through good plant protection practices.
This plan scheme for crop health management s implemented from 2013-14 under the
plan head 2401-00-107-78. The financial progress is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2013-14 1300.00 975.00 849.36 87
2014-15 1335.00 1068.00 812.50 76

39. Restructuring of PSUs in agriculture sector

This special scheme for restructuring of PSUs engaged in agriculture sector is

implemented in 2008-09 only. The budget provision was through the plan head 2401-
10-190-93 and its financial progress is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2008-09 15.00 15.00 15.00 100

40. Assistance for Kerala Agricultural University (ACA)

This ACA scheme for providing financial assistance to Kerala Agriculture

University was implemented in 2008-09 under the budget head 2415-01-277-88. The
financial progress is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2008-09 300.00 300.00 299.86 100

41. Assistance to Paddico, Palakkad

Assistance to Paddico, a rice development agency in Palakkad district has

been provided under this scheme through the head of account 2401-00-195-98 in
2007-08. The financial progress is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2007-08 0.00 50.00 50.00 100

Page 174 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 42. Cropping system research in Kerala

This scheme is implemented in 2011-12 under the plan head 2401-00-102-

81 and its financial progress is 100%. The details are as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2011-12 200.00 200.00 200.00 100

43. 13th Finance Commission award

Kuttanad package is implemented with the support of Govt of India and State
plans for the revival of Kuttanad wetland ecosystems. The major component of this
package is the strengthening of the outer bund. The outlay provided is for the
implementation of selected components of Kuttanad package approved under 13th
Finance Commission award. The head of account is 2401-00-800-32 and the financial
progress is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2011-12 7500.00 7500.00 5506.00 73
2012-13 7500.00 7500.00 5683.17 76
2013-14 7500.00 5450.00 4916.55 90
2014-15 7500.00 7500.00 7500.00 100

44. Value Addition

This is a State scheme implemented under the heads of account 2408-01-

800-81 and 2435-01-800-94. The scheme period and the financial progress under
each head are as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

2408-01-800-81

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2013-14 10.00 10.00 10.00 100

2435-01-800-94

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2012-13 1500.00 1317.00 1111.11 84
2013-14 340.00 340.00 180.00 53
2014-15 315.00 283.51 240.00 85

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 175

 45. Pilot scheme on income support

This is a State plan scheme implemented under the budget head 2401-00-
800-26. The scheme period and its financial component are given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2012-13 400.00 320.00 0.00 0
2013-14 500.00 250.00 0.00 0

46. Kuttanad heritage project

Kuttanad package is implemented from 2013-14 under the plan head 2401-
00-800-23 for the development of Kuttanad wetland ecosystem. The financial progress
is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2013-14 500.00 250.00 100.00 40
2014-15 500.00 45.00 0.00 0

47. Wayanad package

Wayanad package is implemented in the State from 2012-13 onwards under

the plan head 2401-00-800-27. The financial progress is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2012-13 2500.00 2500.00 2253.18 90
2013-14 1900.00 1900.00 1500.27 79
2014-15 1900.00 1805.00 856.81 47

48. School Bio Gas

This new scheme is implemented in 2014-15 under the budget head 2401-
00-109-71. The financial performance is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2014-15 0.00 514.04 418.76 81

49. Integrated Agri Garden scheme

This scheme is implemented in 20014-15 under budget head 2401-00-104-

81. The financial progress is as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Original outlay Revised outlay Accounts %

2014-15 0.00 259.89 259.88 100

Page 176 An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala

 ANNEXURES

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 177

 1. State Plan schemes- Outlay and Expenditure from the years 2005-06 to 2014-15 (Rs. in Lakhs)

Sl 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Production and
1 distribution of quality 2401-00-104-91 160 160 158.44 99 120 120 119.42 100 110 110 109.96 100
planting materials-
Agricultural farms 4401-00-104-98 40 40 39.23 98 30 30 27.36 91 15 15 14.94 100
Production and
distribution of quality
2
planting materials- VFPCK
Kerala 2401-00-103-82 50 50 50.01 100
Production and
distribution of quality
3
planting materials- Seed
authority 2401-00-103-83 75 75 75 100
Kerala Agricultural
4 2401-00-103-79
University for planting
material programme 2415-01-277-91 75 75 75 100
Grass root level support
system for Agriculture
development at
5
Panchayat level and
restructuring the
Agriculture Dept at State 2401-00-001-89 30 30 29.09 97 80 80 49.83 62
and District level 4401-00-001-99 20 20 19.98 100 20 20 19.93 100

6 Integrated Pest
Management System 2401-00-107-83 46 46 37.91 82 50 50 45.28 91 50 50 47.25 95
Sustainable development
of rice based farming
7 system through group
action (Integrated food
crop production) 2401-00-102-90 1800 1800 1577.5 88 1800 1850 1838.24 99 1425 1425 1406.59 99

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 178

 2008-09 to 2010-11 BE- Budget Estimate, RE- Revised Estimate, Accts- Accounts, %- % of Accts against RE

Sl 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Production and
1 distribution of quality 2401-00-104-91 110 110 109.97 100 0 110 108.55 99 175 175 169.7 97
planting materials-
Agricultural farms 4401-00-104-98 15 15 14.53 97 15 15 14.75 98 25 25 21.98 88
Production and
distribution of quality
2
planting materials-
VFPCK Kerala 2401-00-103-82 25 25 25 100
Production and
distribution of quality
3
planting materials- Seed
authority 2401-00-103-83 50 50 50 100 50 50 50 100 50 50 50 100
Kerala Agricultural
4 2401-00-103-79 50 50 50 100
University for planting
material programme 2415-01-277-91 50 50 50 100
Grass root level support
system for Agriculture
development at
5
Panchayat level and
restructuring the
Agriculture Dept at State 2401-00-001-89
and District level 4401-00-001-99

6 Integrated Pest
Management System 2401-00-107-83 50 50 47.72 95 50 50 39.23 78 50 50 47.14 94
Sustainable development
of rice based farming
7 system through group
action (Integrated food
crop production) 2401-00-102-90 2000 2000 1999.72 100 2300 2300 2288.7 100 2900 2900 2892.14 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 179

 State Plan Schemes 1 to 7, 2011-12 to 2013-14

Sl 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
Production and
1 distribution of quality 2401-00-104-91 200 200 196.34 98 660 660 608.57 92 620 620 515.39 83
planting materials-
Agricultural farms 4401-00-104-98 25 25 25 100 40 38 14.25 38 230 230 231.13 100
Production and
distribution of quality
2
planting materials-
VFPCK Kerala 2401-00-103-82
Production and
distribution of quality
3
planting materials- Seed
authority 2401-00-103-83 25 25 25.02 100
Kerala Agricultural
4 2401-00-103-79 50 50 50 100
University for planting
material programme 2415-01-277-91
Grass root level support
system for Agriculture
development at
5
Panchayat level and
restructuring the
Agriculture Dept at State 2401-00-001-89
and District level 4401-00-001-99

6 Integrated Pest
Management System 2401-00-107-83 50 50 48.15 96 100 90.5 57.42 63
Sustainable development
of rice based farming
7 system through group
action (Integrated food
crop production) 2401-00-102-90 2900 2900 2898.65 100 5000 5000 4910.14 98 5000 5000 4939.62 99

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 180

State Plan Schemes 1 to 7, 2014-15 and Total for 10 years

Sl 2014-15 Ten Years Total

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Expr % BE RE Expr %
1 2 3 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

1 Production and distribution of 2401-00-104-91 1075 810 770.05 95 3230 3075 2866.39 93
quality planting materials-
Agricultural farms 4401-00-104-98 375 337.5 291.23 86 810 770.5 694.4 90
Production and distribution of
2 quality planting materials-
VFPCK Kerala 2401-00-103-82 75 75.01 100
Production and distribution of
3 quality planting materials-
Seed authority 2401-00-103-83 250 250.02 100
Kerala Agricultural University
4 2401-00-103-79 100 100 100
for planting material
programme 2415-01-277-91 125 125 100
Grass root level support
system for Agriculture
5 development at Panchayat
level and restructuring the
Agriculture Dept at State and 2401-00-001-89 110 110 78.92 72
District level 4401-00-001-99 40 40 39.91 100

6 Integrated Pest Management

System 2401-00-107-83 446 436.5 370.1 85
Sustainable development of
rice based farming system
7 through group action
(Integrated food crop
production) 2401-00-102-90 3352 3352 3313.52 99 28477 28527 28064.82 98

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 181

 State Plan Schemes 8 to 16, 2005-06 to 2007-08

Sl 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Quality control of
fertilizers and pesticides-
Additional facilities for
8 existing laboratories 2401-00-105-97 15 15 14.8 99 15 15 14.84 99
9 Coconut development 2401-00-103-87 455 455 449.73 99 1023 1023 1014.96 99 1120 1120 1114.41 100
Development of
vegetables- Vegetable
promotion through dept of
10 agriculture 2401-00-119-85
Promotion of vegetable
cultivation through VFPCK
11 in selected districts 2401-00-119-92 400 400 405.71 101 400 300 250 83
Agricultural extension and
communication-
Strengthening agricultural
12 extension 2401-00-109-80 115 115 112.43 98
Agricultural extension and
13 communication- SAMETI 2401-00-800-42
Agricultural extension and
communication- Kisan
14 project 2401-00-800-36
Agricultural extension and
communication- Kerala
15 Agriculture University 2401-00-109-78
Agricultural extension and
communication- ATMA call
16 centres (one time ACA) 2401-00-109-73

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 182

 State Plan Schemes 8 to 16, 2008-09 to 2010-11

Sl 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Quality control of
fertilizers and pesticides-
Additional facilities for
8 existing laboratories 2401-00-105-97
9 Coconut development 2401-00-103-87 1500 1500 1469.61 98 1525 1525 1510.06 99 3000 3000 2864.07 95
Development of
vegetables- Vegetable
promotion through dept of
10 agriculture 2401-00-119-85 60 191.88 186.29 97 125 125 124.8 100 307 307 286.31 93
Promotion of vegetable
cultivation through VFPCK
11 in selected districts 2401-00-119-92 40 40 40 100 75 75 75 100 225 225 225 100
Agricultural extension and
communication-
Strengthening agricultural
12 extension 2401-00-109-80 155 155 149.2 96 195 152.95 136.12 89 442 355.12 225.05 63
Agricultural extension and
13 communication- SAMETI 2401-00-800-42 100 100 100.1 100 60 160 160 100 60 60 60 100
Agricultural extension and
communication- Kisan
14 project 2401-00-800-36 25 25 25 100 35 35 35 100
Agricultural extension and
communication- Kerala
15 Agriculture University 2401-00-109-78 50 50 50 100
Agricultural extension and
communication- ATMA call
16 centres (one time ACA) 2401-00-109-73

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 183

 State Plan Schemes 8 to 16, 2011-12 to 2013-14

Sl 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
Quality control of
fertilizers and pesticides-
Additional facilities for
8 existing laboratories 2401-00-105-97
9 Coconut development 2401-00-103-87 3000 3000 2941.44 98 4500 4276 4478.17 105 5000 5000 6686.45 134
Development of
vegetables- Vegetable
promotion through dept
10 of agriculture 2401-00-119-85 350 350 345.59 99 4250 4313.7 4307.18 100 5625 5625 5346.69 95
Promotion of vegetable
cultivation through VFPCK
11 in selected districts 2401-00-119-92 325 325 325 100 600 600 600 100
Agricultural extension and
communication-
Strengthening agricultural
12 extension 2401-00-109-80 705 705 704.87 100 1725 1553.45 1244.23 80 2400 2400 1960.96 82
Agricultural extension and
13 communication- SAMETI 2401-00-800-42 100 100 100 100
Agriculture extension and
communication- Kisan
14 project 2401-00-800-36 40 40 40 100
Agricultural extension and
communication- Kerala
15 Agriculture University 2401-00-109-78 50 50 0 0 75 75 0 0 100 50 16.93 34
Agricultural extension and
communication- ATMA call
16 centres (one time ACA) 2401-00-109-73

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 184

State Plan Schemes 8 to 16, 2014-15 and 10 years total

Sl 2014-15 10 years Total

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Expr %
1 2 3 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Quality control of
fertilizers and pesticides-
Additional facilities for
8 existing laboratories 2401-00-105-97 30 30 29.64 99
9 Coconut development 2401-00-103-87 4500 4500 2508.07 56 25623 25399 25036.97 99
Development of
vegetables- Vegetable
promotion through dept
10 of agriculture 2401-00-119-85 6400 6400 5912.56 92 17117 17312.58 16509.42 95
Promotion of vegetable
cultivation through VFPCK
11 in selected districts 2401-00-119-92 2065 1965 1920.71 98
Agricultural extension and
communication-
Strengthening agricultural
12 extension 2401-00-109-80 3500 2627.75 2150.32 82 9237 8064.27 6683.18 83
Agricultural extension and
13 communication- SAMETI 2401-00-800-42 320 420 420.1 100
Agricultural extension and
communication- Kisan
14 project 2401-00-800-36 100 100 100 100
Agricultural extension and
communication- Kerala
15 Agriculture University 2401-00-109-78 275 225 66.93 30
Agricultural extension and
communication- ATMA call
16 centres (one time ACA) 2401-00-109-73 500 500 500 100 500 500 500 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 185

 State Plan Schemes 17 to 24, 2005-06 to 2007-08

Sl 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
17 Agro service centres 2401-00-113-86 100 100 0 0 20 20 20 100
18 Farm information and 4401-00-109-99 10 10 9.98 100
communication 2401-00-109-84 100 100 98.73 99 100 100 99.29 99 105 105 105.02 100
On farm trials, frontline
demonstrations and
19 participatory technology
development- Assistance
to VFPCK 2401-00-109-81 25 25 25 100
Kerala Agriculture
University for on farm
20
trials and frontline
demonstrations 2415-01-277-90 25 25 25 100
Application of
21
Information Technology 2401-00-800-41
Small Farm 4401-00-113-99 5 5 5 100 5 5 5 100 4.24 4.24 4.23 100
22 mechanisation and
agriculture engineering
services 2401-00-113-90 70 70 65.76 94 20 20 19.27 96
Human Resources
development- Training
support to field
23
functionaries of
department and
Panchayats 2415-01-277-98 100 100 88.89 89 100 90 85.32 95 10 10 10.31 103
Production risk
management- Crop
24
insurance fund including
paddy crop insurance 2401-00-110-99 75 75 75 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 186

 State Plan Schemes 17 to 24, 2008-09 to 2010-11

Sl 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
17 Agro service centres 2401-00-113-86 20 20 19.87 99 20 20 19.89 99 25 25 21.98 88
18 Farm information and 4401-00-109-99 25 25 6.5 26
communication 2401-00-109-84 115 115 115.03 100 120 120 118.87 99 165 165 164.28 100
On farm trials, frontline
demonstrations and
19 participatory technology
development- Assistance
to VFPCK 2401-00-109-81 25 25 25 100
Kerala Agriculture
University for on farm
20
trials and frontline
demonstrations 2415-01-277-90 25 25 25 100 25 25 25 100 25 25 25 100
Application of Information
21
Technology 2401-00-800-41 15 15 12.10 81 15 15 14.17 94 25 25 24.87 99
Small Farm mechanisation 4401-00-113-99
22
and agriculture
engineering services 2401-00-113-90 50 50 42.78 86 50 50 49.93 100 200 200 176.16 88
Human Resources
development- Training
support to field
23
functionaries of
department and
Panchayats 2415-01-277-98 15 15 14.72 98 20 20 19.1 96 50 50 47.73 95
Production risk
management- Crop
24
insurance fund including
paddy crop insurance 2401-00-110-99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 187

 State Plan Schemes 17 to 24, 2011-12 to 2013-14

Sl 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
17 Agro service centres 2401-00-113-86 15 15 12.02 80
18 Farm information and 4401-00-109-99 25 25 0 0 25 25 25 100 25 25 25 100
communication 2401-00-109-84 225 225 222.53 99 325 325 323.33 99 350 350 347.6 99
On farm trials, frontline
demonstrations and
19 participatory technology
development- Assistance
to VFPCK 2401-00-109-81
Kerala Agriculture
University for on farm
20
trials and frontline
demonstrations 2415-01-277-90 25 50 50 100
Application of
21
Information Technology 2401-00-800-41 200 200 147.76 74
Small Farm 4401-00-113-99
22 mechanisation and
agriculture engineering
services 2401-00-113-90 100 100 98.38 98
Human Resources
development- Training
support to field
23
functionaries of
department and
Panchayats 2415-01-277-98 150 150 88.57 59 150 143.9 125.43 87 150 138.9 121.97 88
Production risk
management- Crop
24
insurance fund including
paddy crop insurance 2401-00-110-99 100 100 100 100 920 920 920 100 570 570 570 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 188

State Plan Schemes 17 to 24, 2014-15 and total for 10 years

Sl 2014-15 Total for 10 years

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Expr % BE RE Expr %
1 2 3 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
17 Agro service centres 2401-00-113-86 200 200 93.76 47
18 Farm information and 4401-00-109-99 25 25 0 0 135 135 66.48 49
communication 2401-00-109-84 375 375 375 100 1980 1980 1969.68 99
On farm trials, frontline
demonstrations and
19 participatory technology
development- Assistance to
VFPCK 2401-00-109-81 50 50 50 100
Kerala Agriculture University
20 for on farm trials and frontline
demonstrations 2415-01-277-90 125 150 150 100
Application of Information
21
Technology 2401-00-800-41 255.00 255.00 198.90 78
22 Small Farm mechanisation and 4401-00-113-99 14.24 14.24 14.23 100
agriculture engineering services 2401-00-113-90 490 490 452.28 92
Human Resources
development- Training support
23
to field functionaries of
department and Panchayats 2415-01-277-98 230 210 142.38 68 975 927.8 744.42 80
Production risk management-
24 Crop insurance fund including
paddy crop insurance 2401-00-110-99 500 500 500 100 2665 2665 2665 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 189

 State Plan Schemes 25 to 35, 2005-06 to 2007-08

Sl 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
National agricultural
25
insurance programme 2401-00-110-97 100 274.89 233.11 85 200 160 16.59 10 200 120 114.07 95
Govt of India supported
26 insurance scheme (One
time ACA) 2401-00-110-87
27 Coconut crop insurance 2401-00-110-95
Contingency programme
28 to meet natural
calamities 2401-00-800-91 25 25 23.81 95 20 1220 1220.78 100
29 Weather based insurance 2401-00-110-94
30 Paddy crop insurance 2401-00-110-92
31 Vegetable crop insurance 2401-00-110-90
Setting up of automatic
weather stations for
32
implementing weather
insurance 2401-00-110-89
Kerala State Horticultural
Products development
33
corporation- share
capital contribution 4401-00-190-97 5 30 30 100 50 50 50 100 5 55 55 100
State Horticulture
34
Mission- State share 2401-00-119-86 300 300 300 100
Promotion of Hi-tech
35
Innovative Agriculture 2401-00-800-67 100 50 7.88 16 50 50 33.76 68

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 190

 State Plan Schemes 25 to 35, 2008-09 to 2010-11

Sl 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
National agricultural
25
insurance programme 2401-00-110-97 100 267.23 267.23 100 150 150 77.9 52 150 150 150 100
Govt of India
supported insurance
26
scheme (One time
ACA) 2401-00-110-87
Coconut crop
27
insurance 2401-00-110-95 100 50 0 0 25 25 25 100 25 25 0 0
Contingency
28 programme to meet
natural calamities 2401-00-800-91 20 1300 1299.43 100 20 20 20.09 100 50 50 50.41 101
Weather based
29
insurance 2401-00-110-94 25 65.2 65.2 100 25 25 25 100
30 Paddy crop insurance 2401-00-110-92 500 500 500 100
Vegetable crop
31
insurance 2401-00-110-90
Setting up of automatic
weather stations for
32
implementing weather
insurance 2401-00-110-89
Kerala State
Horticultural Products
33 development
corporation- share
capital contribution 4401-00-190-97 10 10 10 100 10 10 10 100 10 10 10 100
State Horticulture
34
Mission- State share 2401-00-119-86 200 1326.6 1326.6 100 200 200 200 100 200 785 785 100
Promotion of Hi-tech
35
Innovative Agriculture 2401-00-800-67

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 191

 State Plan Schemes 25 to 35, 2011-12 to 2013-14

Sl 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
National agricultural
25
insurance programme 2401-00-110-97 150 150 0 0 100 100 100 100
Govt of India supported
26 insurance scheme (One
time ACA) 2401-00-110-87
27 Coconut crop insurance 2401-00-110-95 25 25 0 0 25 25 0 0
Contingency programme
28 to meet natural
calamities 2401-00-800-91 50 105 105.97 101 79 212.41 210.7 99 80 80 97.4 122
Weather based
29
insurance 2401-00-110-94 25 100 100 100 50 50 50 100
30 Paddy crop insurance 2401-00-110-92 400 400 400 100
Vegetable crop
31
insurance 2401-00-110-90 150 150 150 100
Setting up of automatic
weather stations for
32
implementing weather
insurance 2401-00-110-89 55 55 0 0
Kerala State
Horticultural Products
33 development
corporation- share
capital contribution 4401-00-190-97 10 10 10 100
State Horticulture
34
Mission- State share 2401-00-119-86 1100 1773.24 1773.24 100 1100 1100 1100 100 1100 1100 1097.6 100
Promotion of Hi-tech
35
Innovative Agriculture 2401-00-800-67

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 192

State Plan Schemes 25 to 35, 2014-15 and total for 10 years

Sl 2014-15 Total for 10 years

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Expr % BE RE Expr %
1 2 3 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
National agricultural
25
insurance programme 2401-00-110-97 1150 1372.12 958.9 70
Govt of India supported
26 insurance scheme (One
time ACA) 2401-00-110-87 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
27 Coconut crop insurance 2401-00-110-95 200 150 25 17
Contingency programme
28
to meet natural calamities 2401-00-800-91 300 240 117.91 49 644 3252.41 3146.5 97
29 Weather based insurance 2401-00-110-94 125 240.2 240.2 100
30 Paddy crop insurance 2401-00-110-92 900 900 900 100
31 Vegetable crop insurance 2401-00-110-90 150 150 150 100
Setting up of automatic
weather stations for
32
implementing weather
insurance 2401-00-110-89 55 55 0 0
Kerala State Horticultural
Products development
33
corporation- share capital
contribution 4401-00-190-97 25 25 100 100 200 200 100
State Horticulture Mission-
34
State share 2401-00-119-86 1100 8900 2225 25 5300 15484.84 8807.44 57
Promotion of Hi-tech
35
Innovative Agriculture 2401-00-800-67 150 100 41.64 42

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 193

 State Plan Schemes 36 to 46, 2005-06 to 2007-08

Sl 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Establishment of
36 modern laboratories 4401-00-107-97 150 150 28.49 19 100 100 22.6 23 100 95.76 86.08 90
Modernisation of
departmental
37 laboratories 2401-00-105-86 150 82.5 59.06 72 100 100 99.43 99 100 100 98.58 99
Value addition and post
harvest management
38 (Vision 2010) 2401-00-108-41 800 800 432.5 54
39 Floriculture 2401-00-108-40 100 100 100 100
Rural Infrastructure
Development Fund
40 Projects (RIDF) 4401-00-104-96 1500 900 0 0 1000 750 0 0
Development of
Kuttanad wetland
ecosystem including
41 Idukki district 2401-00-800-40
Public participation in
agriculture production
42 programme 2415-01-277-97 70 56 44.13 79 70 63 48.07 76
Establishment of
43 Agriculture Export Zone 2401-00-800-52 475 237.5 4.2 2 175 15 15 100
Sustainable trade
security system- Virtual
44 University 2415-01-277-92 100 50 93.99 188 100 25 0 0
Nagarathil oru
45 Nattinpuram 2401-00-119-87 200 100 41.53 42 200 50 45.07 90
46 Loans to Agro Industries 6401-00-800-82 150 239.99 160 80 80 100
Corporation (KAIC) 6401-00-190-96

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 194

 State Plan Schemes 36 to 46, 2008-09 to 2010-11

Sl 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Establishment of
36 modern laboratories 4401-00-107-97 50 50 42.21 84 50 50 48.94 98 100 100 20.24 20
Modernisation of
departmental
37 laboratories 2401-00-105-86 150 150 140.43 94 150 150 150.15 100 400 400 375.45 94
Value addition and post
harvest management
38 (Vision 2010) 2401-00-108-41
39 Floriculture 2401-00-108-40
Rural Infrastructure
Development Fund
40 Projects (RIDF) 4401-00-104-96 500 500 0 0 500 250 100 40 100 100 0 0
Development of
Kuttanad wetland
ecosystem including
41 Idukki district 2401-00-800-40 50 50 50 100 83 83 83 100 500 300 0 0
Public participation in
agriculture production
42 programme 2415-01-277-97
Establishment of
43 Agriculture Export Zone 2401-00-800-52
Sustainable trade
security system- Virtual
44 University 2415-01-277-92
Nagarathil oru
45 Nattinpuram 2401-00-119-87
46 Loans to Agro Industries 6401-00-800-82
Corporation (KAIC) 6401-00-190-96 0 215 215 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 195

 State Plan Schemes 36 to 46, 2011-12 to 2013-14

Sl 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
Establishment of
36 modern laboratories 4401-00-107-97 60 60 42.88 71 60 60 52.65 88 435 326.25 251.43 77
Modernisation of
departmental
37 laboratories 2401-00-105-86 735 535 508.85 95 440 356 242.29 68 65 65 60.01 92
Value addition and post
harvest management
38 (Vision 2010) 2401-00-108-41
39 Floriculture 2401-00-108-40
Rural Infrastructure
Development Fund
40 Projects (RIDF) 4401-00-104-96 100 100 41 41
Development of
Kuttanad wetland
ecosystem including
41 Idukki district 2401-00-800-40 50 45 0 0
Public participation in
agriculture production
42 programme 2415-01-277-97
Establishment of
43 Agriculture Export Zone 2401-00-800-52
Sustainable trade
security system- Virtual
44 University 2415-01-277-92
Nagarathil oru
45 Nattinpuram 2401-00-119-87
Loans to Agro 6401-00-800-82
46 Industries Corporation
(KAIC) 6401-00-190-96

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 196

State Plan Schemes 36 to 46, 2014-15 and total for 10 years

Sl 2014-15 Total for 10 years

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Expr % BE RE Expr %
1 2 3 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Establishment of modern
36 laboratories 4401-00-107-97 375 337.5 214.17 63 1480 1329.51 809.69 61
Modernisation of
37 departmental laboratories 2401-00-105-86 100 84.24 28.59 34 2390 2022.74 1762.84 87
Value addition and post
harvest management
38 (Vision 2010) 2401-00-108-41 800 800 432.5 54
39 Floriculture 2401-00-108-40 100 100 100 100
Rural Infrastructure
Development Fund
40 Projects (RIDF) 4401-00-104-96 3700 2600 141 5
Development of Kuttanad
wetland ecosystem
41 including Idukki district 2401-00-800-40 683 478 133 28
Public participation in
agriculture production
42 programme 2415-01-277-97 140 119 92.2 77
Establishment of
43 Agriculture Export Zone 2401-00-800-52 650 252.5 19.2 8
Sustainable trade security
44 system- Virtual University 2415-01-277-92 200 75 93.99 125
Nagarathil oru
45 Nattinpuram 2401-00-119-87 400 150 86.6 58
46 Loans to Agro Industries 6401-00-800-82 0 230 319.99 139
Corporation (KAIC) 6401-00-190-96 0 215 215 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 197

 State Plan Schemes 47 to 58, 2005-06 to 2007-08

Sl 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Organic farming and safe
47
to eat food production 2401-00-105-85 200 166 193.28 116 200 200 199.3 100
48 Weather Advisory services 2401-00-110-96 10 10 10 100
Payment to Coconut
Development Board
49 [Control of
Eridiophydmite in
coconut] (see AGR 059) 2401-00-800-43 1000 1000 1000 100 0 211 211 100
Rashtriya Krsishi Vikas
50
Yojana (RKVY) (ACA) 2401-00-800-37
Share capital contribution
to KSPDC for
51 implementing the scheme
Harithavipanam of
Horticorp 4401-00-119-99
52 Kissan Sree 2401-00-110-93
Pepper package in
53
Wayanad 2401-00-108-37
Climate change
54
adaptation 2401-00-107-79
Development of pulses
55
and tubers 2401-00-112-96
Vegetable development-
56
support to VFPCK 2401-00-119-81
57 Development of spices 2401-00-108-59
Agro service centres and 4401-00-113-98
58
service delivery
2401-00-113-83

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 198

 State Plan Schemes 47 to 58, 2008-09 to 2010-11

Sl 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Organic farming and safe
47
to eat food production 2401-00-105-85 100 100 96.96 97
48 Weather Advisory services 2401-00-110-96
Payment to Coconut
Development Board
49
[Control of Eridiophydmite
in coconut] (see AGR 059) 2401-00-800-43
Rashtriya Krsishi Vikas
50
Yojana (RKVY) (ACA) 2401-00-800-37 1000 5540 8485.41 153 6011 11092 10922.78 98 12000 12022 12019.81 100
Share capital contribution
to KSPDC for implementing
51 the scheme
Harithavipanam of
Horticorp 4401-00-119-99 500 500 100
52 Kissan Sree 2401-00-110-93 83.33 72.91 88 62.45 62.45 100
Pepper package in
53
Wayanad 2401-00-108-37 600 600 550.71 92
54 Climate change adaptation 2401-00-107-79
Development of pulses
55
and tubers 2401-00-112-96
Vegetable development-
56
support to VFPCK 2401-00-119-81
57 Development of spices 2401-00-108-59
58 Agro service centres and 4401-00-113-98
service delivery 2401-00-113-83

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 199

 State Plan Schemes 47 to 58, 2011-12 to 2013-14

Sl 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
Organic farming and safe
47
to eat food production 2401-00-105-85 500 500 449.93 90 1000 657 279.79 43 1000 1000 975.08 98
Weather Advisory
48
services 2401-00-110-96
Payment to Coconut
Development Board
49 [Control of
Eridiophydmite in
coconut] (see AGR 059) 2401-00-800-43
Rashtriya Krsishi Vikas
50
Yojana (RKVY) (ACA) 2401-00-800-37 22500 22500 21134.35 94 25875 25875 25255.14 98 34076 24076 23681.31 98
Share capital
contribution to KSPDC
51 for implementing the
scheme Harithavipanam
of Horticorp 4401-00-119-99
52 Kissan Sree 2401-00-110-93
Pepper package in
53
Wayanad 2401-00-108-37 650 650 645.25 99
Climate change
54
adaptation 2401-00-107-79 300 200 195 98
Development of pulses
55
and tubers 2401-00-112-96 150 150 149.99 100 25 25 25 100
Vegetable development-
56
support to VFPCK 2401-00-119-81 600 600 600 100
57 Development of spices 2401-00-108-59 1900 1338.4 1002.5 75 1600 1600 1595.13 100
58 Agro service centres and 4401-00-113-98 805 805 729.19 91
service delivery 2401-00-113-83 2000 1400 965.69 69 295 295 259.53 88

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 200

State Plan Schemes 47 to 58, 2014-15 and total for 10 years

Sl 2014-15 Total for 10 years

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Expr % BE RE Expr %
1 2 3 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Organic farming and safe to
47
eat food production 2401-00-105-85 1000 900 337 37 4000 3523 2531.34 72
48 Weather Advisory services 2401-00-110-96 10 10 10 100
Payment to Coconut
Development Board [Control
49
of Eridiophydmite in
coconut] (see AGR 059) 2401-00-800-43 1000 1211 1211 100
Rashtriya Krsishi Vikas Yojana
50
(RKVY) (ACA) 2401-00-800-37 45500 43918.23 30070 68 146962 145023.2 131568.8 91
Share capital contribution to
KSPDC for implementing the
51
scheme Harithavipanam of
Horticorp 4401-00-119-99 0 500 500 100
52 Kissan Sree 2401-00-110-93 0 145.78 135.36 93
53 Pepper package in Wayanad 2401-00-108-37 1250 1250 1195.96 96
54 Climate change adaptation 2401-00-107-79 300 200 195 98
Development of pulses and
55
tubers 2401-00-112-96 175 175 174.99 100
Vegetable development-
56
support to VFPCK 2401-00-119-81 600 600 600 100 1200 1200 1200 100
57 Development of spices 2401-00-108-59 1525 1525 1437.55 94 5025 4463.4 4035.18 90
58 Agro service centres and 4401-00-113-98 980 564.4 520.78 92 1785 1369.4 1249.97 91
service delivery 2401-00-113-83 1770 1327.5 924.55 70 4065 3022.5 2149.77 71

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 201

 State Plan Schemes 59 to 66, 2005-06 to 2007-08

Sl 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
2401-00-800-35
59 Hi-Tech Agriculture (02)
2401-00-113-82
Soil health
management and
productivity
60 improvement 2401-00-800-28
Crop health
61 management 2401-00-107-78
Grading and quality
control of agricultural
62 commodities 2435-01-102-99 10 5 4.6 92 10 10 9.55 96 10 10 5.29 53
Risk management in 2435-01-101-85 440 592.68 595.88 101 340 1109.46 1069.41 96 1555 1321.75 178.97 14
market and market
development- Market
63 intervention support
for price stabilization 6401-00-800-73 17 17 0 0
64 Strengthening market 2435-01-800-99 850 637.5 18.81 3
development 2435-01-101-85
VFPCK for expansion
65 of farmers market 2435-01-800-98 100 100 100 100
Establishment of
storage and
warehousing facilities
through Agro
66 Industries Corporation 2435-01-800-97 25 25 25 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 202

 State Plan Schemes 59 to 66, 2008-09 to 2010-11

Sl 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
2401-00-800-35
59 Hi-Tech Agriculture (02)
2401-00-113-82
Soil health
management and
productivity
60 improvement 2401-00-800-28
Crop health
61 management 2401-00-107-78
Grading and quality
control of agricultural
62 commodities 2435-01-102-99 10 10 8 80 10 10 8.45 85 10 10 5.36 54
Risk management in 2435-01-101-85 350 300 207.06 69 350 315 282.86 90 505 505 494.98 98
market and market
development- Market
63 intervention support
for price stabilization 6401-00-800-73
64 Strengthening market 2435-01-800-99 510 300 8 3 25 25 25 100 175 175 136.15 78
development 2435-01-101-85
VFPCK for expansion
65 of farmers market 2435-01-800-98 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 300 300 300 100
Establishment of
storage and
warehousing facilities
through Agro
66 Industries Corporation 2435-01-800-97 25 25 25 100 25 25 25 100 25 25 25 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 203

 State Plan Schemes 59 to 66, 2011-12 to 2013-14

Sl 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
2401-00-800-35
59 Hi-Tech Agriculture (02)
2401-00-113-82 1200 1200 1197.9 100 1200 1200 927.89 77
Soil health
management and
productivity
60 improvement 2401-00-800-28 700 400 109.19 27 400 400 314.86 79
Crop health
61 management 2401-00-107-78 1300 975 849.36 87
Grading and quality
control of agricultural
62 commodities 2435-01-102-99 10 10 6.94 69
Risk management in 2435-01-101-85 350 906.85 901.47 99
market and market
development- Market
63 intervention support
for price stabilization 6401-00-800-73
64 Strengthening market 2435-01-800-99 310 310 269.97 87 2500 2250 1859.55 83 1385 1385 1198.19 87
development 2435-01-101-85 500 4517 4506.62 100 500 3028.78 3071.51 101
VFPCK for expansion
65 of farmers market 2435-01-800-98 450 450 450 100
Establishment of
storage and
warehousing facilities
through Agro
Industries
66 Corporation 2435-01-800-97 25 25 25 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 204

State Plan Schemes 59 to 66, 2014-15 and total for 10 years

Sl 2014-15 Total for 10 years

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Expr % BE RE Expr %
1 2 3 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
2401-00-800-35
59 Hi-Tech Agriculture (02) 100 75 0 0 100 75 0 0
2401-00-113-82 600 600 426.5 71 3000 3000 2552.29 85
Soil health management
and productivity
60 improvement 2401-00-800-28 3090 2472 2058.86 83 4190 3272 2482.91 76
61 Crop health management 2401-00-107-78 1335 1068 812.5 76 2635 2043 1661.86 81
Grading and quality control
of agricultural
62 commodities 2435-01-102-99 70 65 48.19 74
Risk management in 2435-01-101-85 3890 5050.74 3730.63 74
market and market
development- Market
63 intervention support for
price stabilization 6401-00-800-73 17 17 0 0
64 Strengthening market 2435-01-800-99 1355 1219.5 1033.22 85 7110 6302 4548.89 72
development 2435-01-101-85 1000 2100 2094.25 100 2000 9645.78 9672.38 100
VFPCK for expansion of
65 farmers market 2435-01-800-98 1050 1050 1050 100
Establishment of storage
and warehousing facilities
through Agro Industries
66 Corporation 2435-01-800-97 125 125 125 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 205

 State Plan Schemes 67 to 76, 2005-06 to 2007-08

Sl 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Assistance to Kerala State
Warehousing Corporation
67
for creating storage and
warehousing facilities 2435-01-800-96 25 25 25 100
World Trade Organisation
(WTO) Cell (Sustainable
68
agricultural trade security
system) 2401-00-800-48 20 20 2.38 12 15 15 0.5 3 10 8.5 3.33 39
69 RIDF projects 4435-01-101-97 500 500 0 0 2600 500 0 0
Special support scheme
70 for farm sector- Debt relief 2401-00-104-86
commission (01) 5000 5000 38.65 1
Special support scheme 2401-00-104-86
71
for farm sector- Credit (02) 1000 1000 61.4 6
support 2401-00-104-86 5679 15679 12964.8 83
Farmer's welfare
72
programme 2401-00-109-79
Restructuring of PSUs in
73
agriculture sector 2401-10-190-93
Innovative agricultural
mechanisation (One time
74
ACA)- Assistance for
Agriculture dept 2401-00-113-84
Assistance for Kerala
75 Agricultural University
(ACA) 2415-01-277-88
76 Price stabilization fund 2415-01-101-94 15 15 0 0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 206

 State Plan Schemes 67 to 76, 2008-09 to 2010-11

Sl 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Assistance to Kerala State
Warehousing Corporation
67
for creating storage and
warehousing facilities 2435-01-800-96
World Trade Organisation
(WTO) Cell (Sustainable
68
agricultural trade security
system) 2401-00-800-48 10 10 5.97 60 10 10 4.91 49 5 5 2.45 49
69 RIDF projects 4435-01-101-97 500 250 0 0 500 500 34.58 7 500 500 0 0
Special support scheme
70 for farm sector- Debt 2401-00-104-86
relief commission (01) 5000 3320 2364.04 71 1603 1603 1600.22 100 1000 2500 2428.08 97
Special support scheme 2401-00-104-86
71
for farm sector- Credit (02) 550 550 30.56 6
support 2401-00-104-86
Farmer's welfare
72
programme 2401-00-109-79 100 500 500 100 150 150 150.02 100 208 208 208 100
Restructuring of PSUs in
73
agriculture sector 2401-10-190-93 15 15 15 100
Innovative agricultural
mechanisation (One time
74
ACA)- Assistance for
Agriculture dept 2401-00-113-84 100 100 100 100
Assistance for Kerala
75 Agricultural University
(ACA) 2415-01-277-88 300 300 299.86 100
76 Price stabilization fund 2415-01-101-94

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 207

 State Plan Schemes 67 to 76, 2011-12 to 2013-14

Sl 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
Assistance to Kerala State
Warehousing Corporation
67
for creating storage and
warehousing facilities 2435-01-800-96
World Trade Organisation
(WTO) Cell (Sustainable
68
agricultural trade security
system) 2401-00-800-48 5 5 4.27 85
69 RIDF projects 4435-01-101-97 500 500 36.99 7 500 500 500.24 100 500 500 492.59 99
Special support scheme
70 for farm sector- Debt 2401-00-104-86
relief commission (01) 800 800 800 100
Special support scheme 2401-00-104-86
71
for farm sector- Credit (02)
support 2401-00-104-86
Farmer's welfare
72
programme 2401-00-109-79 208 208 208 100
Restructuring of PSUs in
73
agriculture sector 2401-10-190-93
Innovative agricultural
mechanisation (One time
74
ACA)- Assistance for
Agriculture dept 2401-00-113-84
Assistance for Kerala
75 Agricultural University
(ACA) 2415-01-277-88
76 Price stabilization fund 2415-01-101-94

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 208

State Plan Schemes 67 to 76, 2014-15 and total for 10 years

Sl 2014-15 Total for 10 years

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Expr % BE RE Expr %
1 2 3 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Assistance to Kerala State
Warehousing Corporation for
67
creating storage and
warehousing facilities 2435-01-800-96 25 25 25 100
World Trade Organisation
(WTO) Cell (Sustainable
68
agricultural trade security
system) 2401-00-800-48 75 73.5 23.81 32
69 RIDF projects 4435-01-101-97 0 415.6 415.25 100 6100 4165.6 1479.65 36
Special support scheme for
70 farm sector- Debt relief 2401-00-104-86
commission (01) 13403 13223 7230.99 55
2401-00-104-86
71
Special support scheme for (02) 1550 1550 91.96 6
farm sector- Credit support 2401-00-104-86 5679 15679 12964.8 83
72 Farmer's welfare programme 2401-00-109-79 666 1066 1066.02 100
Restructuring of PSUs in
73
agriculture sector 2401-10-190-93 15 15 15 100
Innovative agricultural
mechanisation (One time
74
ACA)- Assistance for
Agriculture dept 2401-00-113-84 100 100 100 100
Assistance for Kerala
75
Agricultural University (ACA) 2415-01-277-88 300 300 299.86 100
76 Price stabilization fund 2415-01-101-94 15 15 0 0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 209

 State Plan Schemes 77 to 89, 2005-06 to 2007-08

Sl 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Assistance to Paddico,
77
Palakkad 2401-00-195-98 0 50 50 100
78 Food security project 2401-00-102-82
Commodity safety net
79
scheme 2401-00-800-34
Cropping system research
80
in Kerala 2401-00-102-81
13th Finance Commission
81
Award 2401-00-800-32
Kerala State Warehousing
82 corporation- share capital
contribution 4408-02-190-99 75 50 0 0 50 50 0 25 25 25 100
83 Value Addition 2408-01-800-81
2435-01-800-94
Farmers welfare fund
84
board 2401-00-109-76
Pilot scheme on income
85
support 2401-00-800-26
Integrated Agriculture
86
Complex (One time ACA) 2401-00-109-75
87 Kuttanad heritage project 2401-00-800-23
88 Agri Malls (one time ACA) 4435-00-101-94
89 Wayanad package 2401-00-800-27

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 210

 State Plan Schemes 77 to 89, 2008-09 to 2010-11

Sl 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Assistance to Paddico,
77
Palakkad 2401-00-195-98
78 Food security project 2401-00-102-82 3600 3600 3592.29 100 2800 2665 2590.64 97
Commodity safety net
79
scheme 2401-00-800-34 1000 1000 1019.33 102
Cropping system
80
research in Kerala 2401-00-102-81
13th Finance Commission
81
Award 2401-00-800-32
Kerala State
Warehousing
82
corporation- share
capital contribution 4408-02-190-99 50 50 50 100 50 50 50 100 50 50 0 0
83 Value Addition 2408-01-800-81
2435-01-800-94
Farmers welfare fund
84
board 2401-00-109-76
Pilot scheme on income
85
support 2401-00-800-26
Integrated Agriculture
86
Complex (One time ACA) 2401-00-109-75
Kuttanad heritage
87
project 2401-00-800-23
Agri Malls (one time
88
ACA) 4435-00-101-94
89 Wayanad package 2401-00-800-27

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 211

 State Plan Schemes 77 to 89, 2011-12 to 2013-14

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Sl
No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
Assistance to Paddico,
77
Palakkad 2401-00-195-98
78 Food security project 2401-00-102-82 2800 2636 2562.69 97
Commodity safety net
79
scheme 2401-00-800-34
Cropping system
80
research in Kerala 2401-00-102-81 200 200 200 100
13th Finance
81
Commission Award 2401-00-800-32 7500 7500 5506 73 7500 7500 5683.17 76 7500 5450 4916.55 90
Kerala State
Warehousing
82
corporation- share
capital contribution 4408-02-190-99 50 50 50 100 50 50 50 100 50 50 0 0
83 Value Addition 2408-01-800-81 10 10 10 100
2435-01-800-94 1500 1317 1111.11 84 340 340 180 53
Farmers welfare fund
84
board 2401-00-109-76 250 175 0 0 250 125 0
Pilot scheme on income
85
support 2401-00-800-26 400 320 0 0 500 250 0
Integrated Agriculture
86 Complex (One time
ACA) 2401-00-109-75 1000 500 0
Kuttanad heritage
87
project 2401-00-800-23 500 250 100 40
Agri Malls (one time
88
ACA) 4435-00-101-94
89 Wayanad package 2401-00-800-27 2500 2500 2253.18 90 1900 1900 1500.27 79

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 212

State Plan Schemes 77 to 89, 2014-15 and total for 10 years

2014-15 Total for 10 years

Sl
No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Expr % BE RE Expr %
1 2 3 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Assistance to Paddico,
77
Palakkad 2401-00-195-98 0 50 50 100
78 Food security project 2401-00-102-82 9200 8901 8745.62 98
Commodity safety net
79
scheme 2401-00-800-34 1000 1000 1019.33 102
Cropping system research in
80
Kerala 2401-00-102-81 200 200 200 100
13th Finance Commission
81
Award 2401-00-800-32 7500 7500 7500 100 30000 27950 23605.72 84
Kerala State Warehousing
82 corporation- share capital
contribution 4408-02-190-99 50 50 0 0 500 475 225 47
83 Value Addition 2408-01-800-81 10 10 10 100
2435-01-800-94 315 283.51 240 85 2155 1940.51 1531.11 79
84 Farmers welfare fund board 2401-00-109-76 25 25 0 0 525 325 0 0
Pilot scheme on income
85
support 2401-00-800-26 900 570 0 0
Integrated Agriculture
86
Complex (One time ACA) 2401-00-109-75 200.01 200 100 1000 700.01 200 29
87 Kuttanad heritage project 2401-00-800-23 500 45 0 0 1000 295 100 34
88 Agri Malls (one time ACA) 4435-00-101-94 500 375 0 0 500 375 0 0
89 Wayanad package 2401-00-800-27 1900 1805 856.81 47 6300 6205 4610.26 74

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 213

 State Plan Schemes 90 to 94, 2005-06 to 2007-08

Sl 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Pilot Project for
Keramrutham and
Kerachakkara (KAU
90 Neera Production) 2401-00-108-30
Investment in
Nadukkara Agro
processing
(Nadukkara Agro
Industries
91 Corporation Ltd) 4401-00-190-95 7 7 7 100
93 School Bio Gas 2401-00-109-71
Integrated Agri
94 Garden scheme 2401-00-104-81
TOTAL 5433 5352.57 4651.29 87 15244 25001.46 19899.13 80 16269.24 14898.75 5932.09 40

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 214

 State Plan Schemes 90 to 94, 2008-09 to 2010-11

Sl 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

No SCHEME NAME Head of Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Pilot Project for
Keramrutham and
90
Kerachakkara (KAU 2401-00-
Neera Production) 108-30
Investment in
Nadukkara Agro
processing
91
(Nadukkara Agro
Industries 4401-00-
Corporation Ltd) 190-95
2401-00-
93
School Bio Gas 109-71
Integrated Agri 2401-00-
94
Garden scheme 104-81
TOTAL 14320 19809.04 20004.35 101 19417 24698.6 23752.34 96 28322 30507.12 28817.15 94

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 215

 State Plan Schemes 90 to 94, 2011-12 to 2013-14

Sl Head of 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

No SCHEME NAME Acct BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts % BE RE Accts %
1 2 3 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
Pilot Project for
Keramrutham and
90
Kerachakkara (KAU 2401-00-
Neera Production) 108-30 0 45 45 100
Investment in
Nadukkara Agro
processing
91
(Nadukkara Agro
Industries 4401-00-
Corporation Ltd) 190-95
2401-00-
93
School Bio Gas 109-71
Integrated Agri 2401-00-
94
Garden scheme 104-81
TOTAL 48523 49439.09 44847.12 91 68574 69898.36 64143.43 92 77866 66769.93 64039.64 96

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 216

State Plan Schemes 90 to 94, 2014-15 and Ten years total

Sl Head of 2014-15 Ten years total (2005-06 to 2014-15)

No SCHEME NAME Acct BE RE Expr % BE RE Expr %
1 2 3 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Pilot Project for
Keramrutham and
90
Kerachakkara (KAU Neera 2401-00-
Production) 108-30 0 50 50 100 0 95 95 100
Investment in Nadukkara
Agro processing
91
(Nadukkara Agro 4401-00-
Industries Corporation Ltd) 190-95 7 7 7 100
2401-00-
93
School Bio Gas 109-71 0 514.04 418.76 81 0 514.04 418.76 81
Integrated Agri Garden 2401-00-
94
scheme 104-81 0 259.89 259.88 100 0 259.89 259.88 100
TOTAL 92452 97216.67 69429.71 71 386420.2 403591.6 345516.3 86

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 217

2. Centrally Sponsored Schemes- Head of account wise outlay and expenditure from 2005-06 to 2014-15

Rs. in Lakhs

2005-06
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Production and distribution of

hybrid coconut seedlings (50%
1 CSS) 2401-00-108-96 18 18 18 18 15.06 15.07 84
Establishment of regional
2 nurseries (50% CSS) 2401-00-108-42
Control of bud root disease in
3 Kozhikkode district (50% CSS) 2401-00-108-43 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 100
Integrated scheme of oil seeds,
pulses, oil palms and maize
4 (ISOPOM) (75% CSS) 2401-00-112-97 15 45 15 45 5 15 33
Macro management schemes
5 (90%CSS)- Rice development 2401-00-800-61 (01) 260 2340 260 2340 147.09 1323.81 57
Macro management schemes
6 (90% CSS)- Pepper development 2401-00-800-61 (02) 200 1800 200 1800 47.35 426.15 24
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Other spices (ginger
7 & turmeric) 2401-00-800-61 (03) 100 900 100 900 0.03 0
Macro management schemes
8 (90% CSS)- Cashew development 2401-00-800-61 (04) 50 450 50 450 37.35 336.15 75
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Vegetable
9 development 2401-00-800-61 (05) 5 45 5 45 0.37 3.33 7

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 218

CSS- Schemes 1 to 9, 2006-07 BE- Budget Estimate, RE- Revised Estimate, %- % of Accounts against RE

2006-07
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Production and distribution of

hybrid coconut seedlings (50%
1 CSS) 2401-00-108-96 10 10 10 10 7.95 7.95 80
Establishment of regional
2 nurseries (50% CSS) 2401-00-108-42 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 31.11 31.11 83
Control of bud root disease in
3 Kozhikkode district (50% CSS) 2401-00-108-43
Integrated scheme of oil seeds,
pulses, oil palms and maize
4 (ISOPOM) (75% CSS) 2401-00-112-97 15 45 15 45 10.49 31.48 70
Macro management schemes
5 (90% CSS)- Rice development 2401-00-800-61 (01) 121.35 1092.15 121.35 1092.15 72.14 649.3 59
Macro management schemes
6 (90% CSS)- Pepper development 2401-00-800-61 (02) 0.28 2.47 0.18 1.64 66
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Other spices (ginger
7 & turmeric) 2401-00-800-61 (03) 0.39 3.55
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Cashew
8 development 2401-00-800-61 (04)
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Vegetable
9 development 2401-00-800-61 (05)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 219

CSS- Schemes 1 to 9, 2007-08

2007-08
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Production and distribution of

hybrid coconut seedlings (50%
1 CSS) 2401-00-108-96 10 10 10 10 8.69 8.69 87
Establishment of regional
2 nurseries (50% CSS) 2401-00-108-42 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 25.64 25.65 68
Control of bud root disease in
3 Kozhikkode district (50% CSS) 2401-00-108-43
Integrated scheme of oil seeds,
pulses, oil palms and maize
4 (ISOPOM) (75% CSS) 2401-00-112-97 15 45 9 27 0 0 0
Macro management schemes
5 (90%CSS)- Rice development 2401-00-800-61 (01) 110.5 994.5 110.5 994.5 99.91 899.17 90
Macro management schemes
6 (90% CSS)- Pepper development 2401-00-800-61 (02)
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Other spices (ginger
7 & turmeric) 2401-00-800-61 (03)
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Cashew
8 development 2401-00-800-61 (04)
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Vegetable
9 development 2401-00-800-61 (05)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 220

CSS- Schemes 1 to 9, 2008-09

2008-09
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Production and distribution of

hybrid coconut seedlings (50%
1 CSS) 2401-00-108-96 10 10 12.26 12.26 12.27 12.26 100
Establishment of regional
2 nurseries (50% CSS) 2401-00-108-42 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 31.19 31.18 83
Control of bud root disease in
3 Kozhikkode district (50% CSS) 2401-00-108-43
Integrated scheme of oil seeds,
pulses, oil palms and maize
4 (ISOPOM) (75% CSS) 2401-00-112-97 2.5 7.5 2.5 7.5 0 0 0
Macro management schemes
5 (90% CSS)- Rice development 2401-00-800-61 (01) 125 1125 125 1125 121.99 1097.87 98
Macro management schemes
6 (90% CSS)- Pepper development 2401-00-800-61 (02)
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Other spices (ginger
7 & turmeric) 2401-00-800-61 (03)
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Cashew
8 development 2401-00-800-61 (04)
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Vegetable
9 development 2401-00-800-61 (05)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 221

CSS- Schemes 1 to 9, 2009-10

2009-10
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Production and distribution of

hybrid coconut seedlings (50%
1 CSS) 2401-00-108-96 10 10 10 10 11.97 11.97 120
Establishment of regional
2 nurseries (50% CSS) 2401-00-108-42 12.5 12.5 44.55 44.55 37.12 37.12 83
Control of bud root disease in
3 Kozhikkode district (50% CSS) 2401-00-108-43
Integrated scheme of oil seeds,
pulses, oil palms and maize
4 (ISOPOM) (75%CSS) 2401-00-112-97 2.5 7.5 20 60 20 60 100
Macro management schemes
5 (90%CSS)- Rice development 2401-00-800-61 (01) 100 900 100 900 84.57 761.11 85
Macro management schemes
6 (90%CSS)- Pepper development 2401-00-800-61 (02)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Other spices (ginger
7 & turmeric) 2401-00-800-61 (03)

Macro management schemes

8 (90%CSS)- Cashew development 2401-00-800-61 (04)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Vegetable
9 development 2401-00-800-61 (05)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 222

CSS- Schemes 1 to 9, 2010-11

2010-11
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

Production and distribution of

hybrid coconut seedlings (50%
1 CSS) 2401-00-108-96 10 10 10 10 9.97 9.97 100
Establishment of regional
2 nurseries (50% CSS) 2401-00-108-42 12.5 12.5 35 35 34.15 34.15 98
Control of bud root disease in
3 Kozhikkode district (50% CSS) 2401-00-108-43
Integrated scheme of oil seeds,
pulses, oil palms and maize
4 (ISOPOM) (75%CSS) 2401-00-112-97 2.5 7.5 11.74 35.22 11.74 35.22 100
Macro management schemes
5 (90%CSS)- Rice development 2401-00-800-61 (01) 100 900 70 630 67.47 607.19 96
Macro management schemes
6 (90%CSS)- Pepper development 2401-00-800-61 (02)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Other spices (ginger
7 & turmeric) 2401-00-800-61 (03)

Macro management schemes

8 (90%CSS)- Cashew development 2401-00-800-61 (04)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Vegetable
9 development 2401-00-800-61 (05)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 223

CSS- Schemes 1 to 9, 2011-12

2011-12
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

Production and distribution of

hybrid coconut seedlings (50%
1 CSS) 2401-00-108-96 50 50 50 50 21.64 21.62 43
Establishment of regional
2 nurseries (50% CSS) 2401-00-108-42 12.5 12.5 30 30 29.56 29.54 99
Control of bud root disease in
3 Kozhikkode district (50% CSS) 2401-00-108-43
Integrated scheme of oil seeds,
pulses, oil palms and maize
4 (ISOPOM) (75%CSS) 2401-00-112-97 2.5 7.5 2.5 7.5 2.5 7.5 100
Macro management schemes
5 (90%CSS)- Rice development 2401-00-800-61 (01) 70 630 70 630 54.43 489.82 78
Macro management schemes
6 (90%CSS)- Pepper development 2401-00-800-61 (02)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Other spices (ginger
7 & turmeric) 2401-00-800-61 (03)

Macro management schemes

8 (90%CSS)- Cashew development 2401-00-800-61 (04)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Vegetable
9 development 2401-00-800-61 (05)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 224

CSS- Schemes 1 to 9, 2012-13

2012-13
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

Production and distribution of

hybrid coconut seedlings (50%
1 CSS) 2401-00-108-96 60 60 60 60 52.42 52.41 87
Establishment of regional
2 nurseries (50% CSS) 2401-00-108-42
Control of bud root disease in
3 Kozhikkode district (50% CSS) 2401-00-108-43
Integrated scheme of oil seeds,
pulses, oil palms and maize
4 (ISOPOM) (75%CSS) 2401-00-112-97
Macro management schemes
5 (90%CSS)- Rice development 2401-00-800-61 (01) 70 630 70 630 51.31 461.79 73
Macro management schemes
6 (90%CSS)- Pepper development 2401-00-800-61 (02)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Other spices (ginger
7 & turmeric) 2401-00-800-61 (03)

Macro management schemes

8 (90%CSS)- Cashew development 2401-00-800-61 (04)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Vegetable
9 development 2401-00-800-61 (05)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 225

CSS- Schemes 1 to 9, 2013-14

2013-14
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

Production and distribution of

hybrid coconut seedlings (50%
1 CSS) 2401-00-108-96 15 15 15 15 11.84 11.84 79
Establishment of regional
2 nurseries (50% CSS) 2401-00-108-42 15 15 15 15 15 15 100
Control of bud root disease in
3 Kozhikkode district (50% CSS) 2401-00-108-43
Integrated scheme of oil seeds,
pulses, oil palms and maize
4 (ISOPOM) (75%CSS) 2401-00-112-97
Macro management schemes
5 (90%CSS)- Rice development 2401-00-800-61 (01) 60 540 40 360 0.42 3.78 1
Macro management schemes
6 (90%CSS)- Pepper development 2401-00-800-61 (02)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Other spices (ginger
7 & turmeric) 2401-00-800-61 (03)

Macro management schemes

8 (90%CSS)- Cashew development 2401-00-800-61 (04)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Vegetable
9 development 2401-00-800-61 (05)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 226

CSS- Schemes 1 to 9, 2014-15

2014-15
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

Production and distribution of

hybrid coconut seedlings (50%
1 CSS) 2401-00-108-96 15 15 15 15 14.79 14.79 99
Establishment of regional
2 nurseries (50% CSS) 2401-00-108-42 15 15 15 15 14.99 14.99 100
Control of bud root disease in
3 Kozhikkode district (50% CSS) 2401-00-108-43
Integrated scheme of oil seeds,
pulses, oil palms and maize
4 (ISOPOM) (75%CSS) 2401-00-112-97
Macro management schemes
5 (90%CSS)- Rice development 2401-00-800-61 (01)
Macro management schemes
6 (90%CSS)- Pepper development 2401-00-800-61 (02)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Other spices (ginger
7 & turmeric) 2401-00-800-61 (03)

Macro management schemes

8 (90%CSS)- Cashew development 2401-00-800-61 (04)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Vegetable
9 development 2401-00-800-61 (05)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 227

CSS- Schemes 10 to 19, 2005-06

2005-06
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Macro management schemes
10 (90%CSS)- Fruit development 2401-00-800-61 (06) 20 180 20 180 0.29 2.61 1
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Agricultural extension
11 and training 2401-00-800-61 (07) 8 72 8 72 0.18 1.62 2
Macro management schemes
12 (90%CSS)- Women in agriculture 2401-00-800-61 (08) 36.5 328.5 36.5 328.5 28.86 259.74 79
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Small farm
13 mechanisation 2401-00-800-61 (12)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Watershed
14 development (NWDPRA) 2401-00-800-61 (13) 20 180 70 630 72.07 648.63 103
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Information
15 technology 2401-00-800-61 (14) 40 360 40 360 10.35 93.15 26
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Agricultural
16 marketing 2401-00-800-61 (15) 33 297 33 297 7.15 64.35 22
Macro management schemes
17 (90%CSS)- Floriculture 2401-00-800-61 (17) 21 189 21 189 0.67 6.03 3
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Medicinal and
18 aromatic plants 2401-00-800-61 (18) 5 45 5 45 0 0 0
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Concurrent
19 monitoring and evaluation 2401-00-800-61 (19) 1.5 13.5 1.5 13.5 0 0 0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 228

CSS- Schemes 10 to 19, 2006-07

2006-07
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Macro management schemes
10 (90%CSS)- Fruit development 2401-00-800-61 (06)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Agricultural extension
11 and training 2401-00-800-61 (07)
Macro management schemes
12 (90%CSS)- Women in agriculture 2401-00-800-61 (08) 30 270 30 270 21.23 191.05 71
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Small farm
13 mechanisation 2401-00-800-61 (12) 49.58 49.58 446.22 44.35 399.18 89
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Watershed
14 development (NWDPRA) 2401-00-800-61 (13) 129.15 1162.35 129.15 1162.35 142.68 1284.14 110
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Information
15 technology 2401-00-800-61 (14) 5.42 48.78 5.42 48.78 100
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Agricultural
16 marketing 2401-00-800-61 (15)
Macro management schemes
17 (90%CSS)- Floriculture 2401-00-800-61 (17)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Medicinal and
18 aromatic plants 2401-00-800-61 (18)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Concurrent
19 monitoring and evaluation 2401-00-800-61 (19)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 229

CSS- Schemes 10 to 19, 2007-08

2007-08
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Macro management schemes
10 (90%CSS)- Fruit development 2401-00-800-61 (06)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Agricultural extension
11 and training 2401-00-800-61 (07)
Macro management schemes
12 (90%CSS)- Women in agriculture 2401-00-800-61 (08) 3.78 34.04 3.78 34.04 1.87 16.83 49
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Small farm
13 mechanisation 2401-00-800-61 (12) 10 90 16 144 15.39 138.52 96
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Watershed
14 development (NWDPRA) 2401-00-800-61 (13) 100 900 100 900 82.95 746.58 83
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Information
15 technology 2401-00-800-61 (14) 1.2 10.8 1.2 10.8 3.68 33.08 306
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Agricultural
16 marketing 2401-00-800-61 (15)
Macro management schemes
17 (90%CSS)- Floriculture 2401-00-800-61 (17)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Medicinal and
18 aromatic plants 2401-00-800-61 (18)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Concurrent
19 monitoring and evaluation 2401-00-800-61 (19)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 230

CSS- Schemes 10 to 19, 2008-09

2008-09
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Macro management schemes
10 (90%CSS)- Fruit development 2401-00-800-61 (06)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Agricultural extension
11 and training 2401-00-800-61 (07)
Macro management schemes
12 (90%CSS)- Women in agriculture 2401-00-800-61 (08) 5 45 5 45 3.92 35.26 78
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Small farm
13 mechanisation 2401-00-800-61 (12) 30 270 30 270 28.11 253.03 94
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Watershed
14 development (NWDPRA) 2401-00-800-61 (13) 100 900 100 900 68.97 620.75 69
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Information
15 technology 2401-00-800-61 (14)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Agricultural
16 marketing 2401-00-800-61 (15)
Macro management schemes
17 (90%CSS)- Floriculture 2401-00-800-61 (17)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Medicinal and
18 aromatic plants 2401-00-800-61 (18)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Concurrent
19 monitoring and evaluation 2401-00-800-61 (19)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 231

CSS- Schemes 10 to 19, 2009-10

2009-10
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Macro management schemes
10 (90%CSS)- Fruit development 2401-00-800-61 (06)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Agricultural extension
11 and training 2401-00-800-61 (07)
Macro management schemes
12 (90%CSS)- Women in agriculture 2401-00-800-61 (08)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Small farm
13 mechanisation 2401-00-800-61 (12) 10 90 10 90 9.92 89.27 99
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Watershed
14 development (NWDPRA) 2401-00-800-61 (13) 70 630 70 630 37.46 337.18 54
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Information
15 technology 2401-00-800-61 (14)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Agricultural
16 marketing 2401-00-800-61 (15)
Macro management schemes
17 (90%CSS)- Floriculture 2401-00-800-61 (17)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Medicinal and
18 aromatic plants 2401-00-800-61 (18)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Concurrent
19 monitoring and evaluation 2401-00-800-61 (19)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 232

CSS- Schemes 10 to 19, 2010-11

2010-11
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Macro management schemes
10 (90%CSS)- Fruit development 2401-00-800-61 (06)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Agricultural extension
11 and training 2401-00-800-61 (07)
Macro management schemes
12 (90%CSS)- Women in agriculture 2401-00-800-61 (08)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Small farm
13 mechanisation 2401-00-800-61 (12) 10 90 25.5 229.5 24.8 223.19 97
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Watershed
14 development (NWDPRA) 2401-00-800-61 (13) 70 630 54.7 492.3 39.82 358.41 73
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Information
15 technology 2401-00-800-61 (14)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Agricultural
16 marketing 2401-00-800-61 (15)
Macro management schemes
17 (90%CSS)- Floriculture 2401-00-800-61 (17)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Medicinal and
18 aromatic plants 2401-00-800-61 (18)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Concurrent
19 monitoring and evaluation 2401-00-800-61 (19)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 233

CSS- Schemes 10 to 19, 2011-2

2011-12
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Macro management schemes
10 (90%CSS)- Fruit development 2401-00-800-61 (06)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Agricultural extension
11 and training 2401-00-800-61 (07)
Macro management schemes
12 (90%CSS)- Women in agriculture 2401-00-800-61 (08)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Small farm
13 mechanisation 2401-00-800-61 (12) 20 180 20 180 19.15 172.34 96
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Watershed
14 development (NWDPRA) 2401-00-800-61 (13) 40 360 40 360 33.77 304.04 84
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Information
15 technology 2401-00-800-61 (14)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Agricultural
16 marketing 2401-00-800-61 (15)
Macro management schemes
17 (90%CSS)- Floriculture 2401-00-800-61 (17)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Medicinal and
18 aromatic plants 2401-00-800-61 (18)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Concurrent
19 monitoring and evaluation 2401-00-800-61 (19)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 234

CSS- Schemes 10 to 19, 2012-13

2012-13
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Macro management schemes
10 (90%CSS)- Fruit development 2401-00-800-61 (06)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Agricultural extension
11 and training 2401-00-800-61 (07)
Macro management schemes
12 (90%CSS)- Women in agriculture 2401-00-800-61 (08)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Small farm
13 mechanisation 2401-00-800-61 (12) 20 180 20 180 14.95 134.55 75
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Watershed
14 development (NWDPRA) 2401-00-800-61 (13) 40 360 40 360 45.99 413.92 115
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Information
15 technology 2401-00-800-61 (14)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Agricultural
16 marketing 2401-00-800-61 (15)
Macro management schemes
17 (90%CSS)- Floriculture 2401-00-800-61 (17)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Medicinal and
18 aromatic plants 2401-00-800-61 (18)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Concurrent
19 monitoring and evaluation 2401-00-800-61 (19)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 235

CSS- Schemes 10 to 19, 2013-14

2013-14
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Macro management schemes
10 (90%CSS)- Fruit development 2401-00-800-61 (06)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Agricultural extension
11 and training 2401-00-800-61 (07)
Macro management schemes
12 (90%CSS)- Women in agriculture 2401-00-800-61 (08)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Small farm
13 mechanisation 2401-00-800-61 (12) 15 135 15 135 0 0 0
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Watershed
14 development (NWDPRA) 2401-00-800-61 (13) 60 540 60 540 0.49 4.41 1
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Information
15 technology 2401-00-800-61 (14)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Agricultural
16 marketing 2401-00-800-61 (15)
Macro management schemes
17 (90%CSS)- Floriculture 2401-00-800-61 (17)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Medicinal and
18 aromatic plants 2401-00-800-61 (18)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Concurrent
19 monitoring and evaluation 2401-00-800-61 (19)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 236

CSS- Schemes 10 to 19, 2014-15 (Macro management schemes implemented up to 2013-14 only)

2014-15
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Macro management schemes
10 (90%CSS)- Fruit development 2401-00-800-61 (06)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Agricultural extension
11 and training 2401-00-800-61 (07)
Macro management schemes
12 (90%CSS)- Women in agriculture 2401-00-800-61 (08)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Small farm
13 mechanisation 2401-00-800-61 (12)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Watershed
14 development (NWDPRA) 2401-00-800-61 (13)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Information
15 technology 2401-00-800-61 (14)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Agricultural
16 marketing 2401-00-800-61 (15)
Macro management schemes
17 (90%CSS)- Floriculture 2401-00-800-61 (17)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Medicinal and
18 aromatic plants 2401-00-800-61 (18)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Concurrent
19 monitoring and evaluation 2401-00-800-61 (19)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 237

CSS- Schemes 20 to 28, 2005-06

2005-06
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Control of yellowing
20 in Arecanut (75% CSS) 2401-00-800-61 (20) 0 219 0 219 0 218.98 100
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- One time ACA for the
uplift of Urban/ Rural farmers
through the devpt of
floriculture/ medicinal plants
21 and intercrops/ mixed crops 2401-00-800-61 (21) 50 450 48.86 439.74 98
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Support to State
extension programme for
22 extension reforms 2401-00-800-61 (22)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Balanced and
23 integrated use of fertilizers 2401-00-800-61 (23)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Integrated cereal
devpt programme in coarse
24 cereal based cropping system 2401-00-800-61 (24)
25 Micro irrigation (90% CSS) 2401-00-800-45
Women in agriculture (100%
26 CSS) 2401-00-800-73 15 15 4.97 33
Establishment of bio control 2401-00-107-80 70 35 0 0
27 labs (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-38

28 Agrisnet (100% CSS) 2401-00-109-82

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 238

CSS- Schemes 20 to 28, 2006-07

2006-07
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Control of yellowing
20 in Arecanut (75% CSS) 2401-00-800-61 (20) 200 600 80 720 0 0 0
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- One time ACA for the
uplift of Urban/ Rural farmers
through the devpt of
floriculture/ medicinal plants
21 and intercrops/ mixed crops 2401-00-800-61 (21)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Support to State
extension programme for
22 extension reforms 2401-00-800-61 (22) 20 180 20 180 0.46 4.11 2
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Balanced and
23 integrated use of fertilizers 2401-00-800-61 (23) 28 252 28 252 35.83 322.43 128
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Integrated cereal
devpt programme in coarse
24 cereal based cropping system 2401-00-800-61 (24) 20.15 181.35 20.15 181.35 4.52 40.7 22
25 Micro irrigation (90% CSS) 2401-00-800-45 50 450 80 720 35.73 31.63 8
Women in agriculture (100%
26 CSS) 2401-00-800-73
Establishment of bio control 2401-00-107-80 10 0 0 0
27 labs (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-38

28 Agrisnet (100% CSS) 2401-00-109-82 1000 1000 20.55 2

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 239

CSS- Schemes 20 to 28, 2007-08

2007-08
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Control of yellowing
20 in Arecanut (75% CSS) 2401-00-800-61 (20)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- One time ACA for the
uplift of Urban/ Rural farmers
through the devpt of
floriculture/ medicinal plants
21 and intercrops/ mixed crops 2401-00-800-61 (21)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Support to State
extension programme for
22 extension reforms 2401-00-800-61 (22) 10 90 10 90 6.25 56.28 63
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Balanced and
23 integrated use of fertilizers 2401-00-800-61 (23) 8.8 79.2 8.8 79.2 3.07 27.61 35
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Integrated cereal
devpt programme in coarse
24 cereal based cropping system 2401-00-800-61 (24)
25 Micro irrigation (90% CSS) 2401-00-800-45 20 180 26 234 25.17 226.54 97
Women in agriculture (100%
26 CSS) 2401-00-800-73
Establishment of bio control 2401-00-107-80
27 labs (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-38

28 Agrisnet (100% CSS) 2401-00-109-82

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 240

CSS- Schemes 20 to 28, 2008-09

2008-09
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Control of yellowing
20 in Arecanut (75% CSS) 2401-00-800-61 (20)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- One time ACA for the
uplift of Urban/ Rural farmers
through the devpt of
floriculture/ medicinal plants
21 and intercrops/ mixed crops 2401-00-800-61 (21)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Support to State
extension programme for
22 extension reforms 2401-00-800-61 (22) 50 450 30 270 11.84 106.6 39
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Balanced and
23 integrated use of fertilizers 2401-00-800-61 (23) 20 180 15 135 9.14 82.29 61
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Integrated cereal
devpt programme in coarse
24 cereal based cropping system 2401-00-800-61 (24)
25 Micro irrigation (90% CSS) 2401-00-800-45 20 180 20 180 1.16 10.39 6
Women in agriculture (100%
26 CSS) 2401-00-800-73
Establishment of bio control 2401-00-107-80
27 labs (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-38 15 10 0 0

28 Agrisnet (100% CSS) 2401-00-109-82

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 241

CSS- Schemes 20 to 28, 2009-10

2009-10
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Control of yellowing
20 in Arecanut (75% CSS) 2401-00-800-61 (20)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- One time ACA for the
uplift of Urban/ Rural farmers
through the devpt of
floriculture/ medicinal plants
21 and intercrops/ mixed crops 2401-00-800-61 (21)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Support to State
extension programme for
22 extension reforms 2401-00-800-61 (22)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Balanced and
23 integrated use of fertilizers 2401-00-800-61 (23)
Macro management schemes
(90%CSS)- Integrated cereal
devpt programme in coarse
24 cereal based cropping system 2401-00-800-61 (24)
25 Micro irrigation (90% CSS) 2401-00-800-45 1 0 0 0 0
Women in agriculture (100%
26 CSS) 2401-00-800-73
Establishment of bio control 2401-00-107-80
27 labs (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-38
28 Agrisnet (100% CSS) 2401-00-109-82

Note: Schemes 20 to 28 have no budget provision from 2010-11 to 2014-15

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 242

CSS- Schemes 29 to 37, 2005-06

2005-06
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Other 90% CSS- Support to State
extension programme for
29 extension reforms 2401-00-800-35 (01)

30 Other 90% CSS- Micro irrigation 2401-00-800-35 (02)

NeGP- Agriculture (by SDG)
31 (90% CSS) 2401-00-800-22

32 Seed infrastructure (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-85

National project on organic
33 farming (100% CSS) 2401-00-105-84
National project on biogas
development (100% CSS) 2810-00-105-99
34 2810-01-101-99 100 100 80.19 80
Promotion and strengthening of
agricultural mechanisation
35 (100% CSS) 2401-00-113-85
CDB scheme for integrated
farming in coconut holdings
36 (100% CSS) 2401-00-108-54 6000 6000 784.38 13
Human Resources Development
37 in Horticulture (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-53 2 2 0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 243

CSS- Schemes 29 to 37, 2006-07

2006-07
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Other 90% CSS- Support to State
extension programme for
29 extension reforms 2401-00-800-35 (01)

30 Other 90% CSS- Micro irrigation 2401-00-800-35 (02)

NeGP- Agriculture (by SDG)
31 (90% CSS) 2401-00-800-22

32 Seed infrastructure (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-85 100 100 0 0

National project on organic
33 farming (100% CSS) 2401-00-105-84 200 200 62.51 31
National project on biogas 2810-00-105-99
development (100% CSS)
34 2810-01-101-99 100 100 105.75 106
Promotion and strengthening of
agricultural mechanisation
35 (100% CSS) 2401-00-113-85 10 16.72 16.72 100
CDB scheme for integrated
farming in coconut holdings
36 (100% CSS) 2401-00-108-54 2506.55 2506.55 650.3 26
Human Resources Development
37 in Horticulture (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-53

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 244

CSS- Schemes 29 to 37, 2007-08

2007-08
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Other 90% CSS- Support to State
extension programme for
29 extension reforms 2401-00-800-35 (01)

30 Other 90% CSS- Micro irrigation 2401-00-800-35 (02)

NeGP- Agriculture (by SDG)
31 (90% CSS) 2401-00-800-22

32 Seed infrastructure (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-85 50 30 0 0

National project on organic
33 farming (100% CSS) 2401-00-105-84 10 10 0 0
National project on biogas
development (100% CSS) 2810-00-105-99
34 2810-01-101-99 100 100 0 117.17 117
Promotion and strengthening of
agricultural mechanisation
35 (100% CSS) 2401-00-113-85 10 6 0 0 0
CDB scheme for integrated
farming in coconut holdings
36 (100% CSS) 2401-00-108-54 2500 1750 0 967.2 55
Human Resources Development
37 in Horticulture (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-53 1 1 0 1 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 245

CSS- Schemes 29 to 37, 2008-09

2008-09
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Other 90% CSS- Support to State
extension programme for
29 extension reforms 2401-00-800-35 (01)

30 Other 90% CSS- Micro irrigation 2401-00-800-35 (02)

NeGP- Agriculture (by SDG)
31 (90% CSS) 2401-00-800-22

32 Seed infrastructure (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-85 10.62 10.62 100

National project on organic
33 farming (100% CSS) 2401-00-105-84 10 10 10 100
National project on biogas
development (100% CSS) 2810-00-105-99
34 2810-01-101-99 100 100 106.03 106
Promotion and strengthening of
agricultural mechanisation
35 (100% CSS) 2401-00-113-85 10 10 8.99 90
CDB scheme for integrated
farming in coconut holdings
36 (100% CSS) 2401-00-108-54 2500 1500 273.96 18
Human Resources Development
37 in Horticulture (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-53

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 246

CSS- Schemes 29 to 37, 2009-10

2009-10
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Other 90% CSS- Support to State
extension programme for
29 extension reforms 2401-00-800-35 (01) 50 50 50 0 100

30 Other 90% CSS- Micro irrigation 2401-00-800-35 (02) 1 1 1 0 100

NeGP- Agriculture (by SDG)
31 (90% CSS) 2401-00-800-22

32 Seed infrastructure (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-85

National project on organic
33 farming (100% CSS) 2401-00-105-84 10 10 10 100
National project on biogas 2810-00-105-99
development (100% CSS)
34 2810-01-101-99 120 120 130.75 109
Promotion and strengthening of
agricultural mechanisation
35 (100% CSS) 2401-00-113-85 10 10 0 0
CDB scheme for integrated
farming in coconut holdings
36 (100% CSS) 2401-00-108-54 400 433.22 430.5 99
Human Resources Development
37 in Horticulture (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-53

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 247

CSS- Schemes 29 to 37, 2010-11

2010-11
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Other 90% CSS- Support to State
extension programme for
29 extension reforms 2401-00-800-35 (01) 50 50 50 0 100

30 Other 90% CSS- Micro irrigation 2401-00-800-35 (02) 1 1 1 0 100

NeGP- Agriculture (by SDG)
31 (90% CSS) 2401-00-800-22

32 Seed infrastructure (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-85

National project on organic
33 farming (100% CSS) 2401-00-105-84 50 50 30.72 61
National project on biogas 2810-00-105-99 120 120 125.39 104
development (100% CSS)
34 2810-01-101-99 120 0 0
Promotion and strengthening of
agricultural mechanisation
35 (100% CSS) 2401-00-113-85 20 10 9.89 99
CDB scheme for integrated
farming in coconut holdings
36 (100% CSS) 2401-00-108-54 400 540 474.8 88
Human Resources Development
37 in Horticulture (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-53

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 248

CSS- Schemes 29 to 37, 2011-12

2011-12
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Other 90% CSS- Support to State
extension programme for
29 extension reforms 2401-00-800-35 (01) 150 150 111.17 0 74

30 Other 90% CSS- Micro irrigation 2401-00-800-35 (02) 1 40.2 39.43 0 98

NeGP- Agriculture (by SDG)
31 (90% CSS) 2401-00-800-22

32 Seed infrastructure (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-85

National project on organic
33 farming (100% CSS) 2401-00-105-84 50 50 0 0
National project on biogas 2810-00-105-99 250 363 365.55 101
development (100% CSS)
34 2810-01-101-99
Promotion and strengthening of
agricultural mechanisation
35 (100% CSS) 2401-00-113-85 20 20 0 0
CDB scheme for integrated
farming in coconut holdings
36 (100% CSS) 2401-00-108-54 500 500 264.23 53
Human Resources Development
37 in Horticulture (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-53

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 249

CSS- Schemes 29 to 37, 2012-13

2012-13
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Other 90% CSS- Support to State
extension programme for
29 extension reforms 2401-00-800-35 (01)

30 Other 90% CSS- Micro irrigation 2401-00-800-35 (02) 110 110 99.02 90
NeGP- Agriculture (by SDG)
31 (90% CSS) 2401-00-800-22

32 Seed infrastructure (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-85

National project on organic
33 farming (100% CSS) 2401-00-105-84
National project on biogas 2810-00-105-99 300 300 250.04 83
development (100% CSS)
34 2810-01-101-99
Promotion and strengthening of
agricultural mechanisation
35 (100% CSS) 2401-00-113-85 20 20 20.02 100
CDB scheme for integrated
farming in coconut holdings
36 (100% CSS) 2401-00-108-54 500 450 492.4 109
Human Resources Development
37 in Horticulture (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-53

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 250

CSS- Schemes 29 to 37, 2013-14

2013-14
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Other 90% CSS- Support to State
extension programme for
29 extension reforms 2401-00-800-35 (01)

30 Other 90% CSS- Micro irrigation 2401-00-800-35 (02) 100 100 33.06 33
NeGP- Agriculture (by SDG)
31 (90% CSS) 2401-00-800-22 27.74 249.68 27.74 249.68 27.71 249.38 100

32 Seed infrastructure (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-85

National project on organic
33 farming (100% CSS) 2401-00-105-84
National project on biogas 2810-00-105-99 350 350 206.18 59
development (100% CSS)
34 2810-01-101-99
Promotion and strengthening of
agricultural mechanisation
35 (100% CSS) 2401-00-113-85
CDB scheme for integrated
farming in coconut holdings
36 (100% CSS) 2401-00-108-54 600 600 519.47 87
Human Resources Development
37 in Horticulture (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-53

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 251

CSS- Schemes 29 to 37, 2014-15

2014-15
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Other 90% CSS- Support to State
extension programme for
29 extension reforms 2401-00-800-35 (01)

30 Other 90% CSS- Micro irrigation 2401-00-800-35 (02) 100 97.5 98

NeGP- Agriculture (by SDG)
31 (90% CSS) 2401-00-800-22

32 Seed infrastructure (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-85

National project on organic
33 farming (100% CSS) 2401-00-105-84
National project on biogas 2810-00-105-99 350 350 213.01 61
development (100% CSS)
34 2810-01-101-99
Promotion and strengthening of
agricultural mechanisation
35 (100% CSS) 2401-00-113-85
CDB scheme for integrated
farming in coconut holdings
36 (100% CSS) 2401-00-108-54 420 420 223.62 53
Human Resources Development
37 in Horticulture (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-53

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 252

CSS- Schemes 38 to 44, 2005-06

2005-06
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Seed replacement scheme
under special package
38 programme (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-81
Farmers counseling centres
39 (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-44
Establishment of pesticide
40 testing lab (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-39
Development and strengthening
of infrastructure facilities for
production and distribution of
41 quality seeds (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-80
Post harvest technology and
42 management (100% CSS) 2401-00-109-77
Sub mission on agricultural
43 mechanisation (100% CSS) 2401-00-113-81

44 Horticulture Mission (100% CSS) 2401-00-119-88

TOTAL 834.7 13670.7 934.7 14535.7 422.38 4725.6 33

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 253

CSS- Schemes 38 to 44, 2006-07

2006-07
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Seed replacement scheme
under special package
38 programme (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-81
Farmers counseling centres
39 (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-44
Establishment of pesticide
40 testing lab (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-39
Development and strengthening
of infrastructure facilities for
production and distribution of
41 quality seeds (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-80
Post harvest technology and
42 management (100% CSS) 2401-00-109-77
Sub mission on agricultural
43 mechanisation (100% CSS) 2401-00-113-81

44 Horticulture Mission (100% CSS) 2401-00-119-88 991.25 437.53 44

TOTAL 710.73 8206.9 626.43 10082.34 412.48 4340.41 44

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 254

CSS- Schemes 38 to 44, 2007-08

2007-08
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Seed replacement scheme
under special package
38 programme (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-81 192 192 0 191.91 100
Farmers counseling centres
39 (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-44 50 50 0 49.86 100
Establishment of pesticide
40 testing lab (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-39
Development and strengthening
of infrastructure facilities for
production and distribution of
41 quality seeds (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-80
Post harvest technology and
42 management (100% CSS) 2401-00-109-77
Sub mission on agricultural
43 mechanisation (100% CSS) 2401-00-113-81

44 Horticulture Mission (100% CSS) 2401-00-119-88

TOTAL 326.78 5384.04 332.78 4700.04 272.62 3506.09 75

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 255

CSS- Schemes 38 to 44, 2008-09

2008-09
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Seed replacement scheme
under special package
38 programme (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-81
Farmers counseling centres
39 (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-44 50 50 0 0
Establishment of pesticide
40 testing lab (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-39 18.97 11.38 0 0 0
Development and strengthening
of infrastructure facilities for
production and distribution of
41 quality seeds (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-80
Post harvest technology and
42 management (100% CSS) 2401-00-109-77
Sub mission on agricultural
43 mechanisation (100% CSS) 2401-00-113-81

44 Horticulture Mission (100% CSS) 2401-00-119-88

TOTAL 400 5908.97 377.26 4684.26 288.59 2659.23 58

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 256

CSS- Schemes 38 to 44, 2009-10

2009-10
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Seed replacement scheme
under special package
38 programme (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-81
Farmers counseling centres
39 (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-44
Establishment of pesticide
40 testing lab (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-39
Development and strengthening
of infrastructure facilities for
production and distribution of
41 quality seeds (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-80 606 606 100
Post harvest technology and
42 management (100% CSS) 2401-00-109-77
Sub mission on agricultural
43 mechanisation (100% CSS) 2401-00-113-81

44 Horticulture Mission (100% CSS) 2401-00-119-88

TOTAL 256 2190 306.55 2913.77 252.04 2473.9 85

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 257

CSS- Schemes 38 to 44, 2010-11

2010-11
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Seed replacement scheme
under special package
38 programme (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-81
Farmers counseling centres
39 (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-44
Establishment of pesticide
40 testing lab (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-39
Development and strengthening
of infrastructure facilities for
production and distribution of
41 quality seeds (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-80 100 100 0 0
Post harvest technology and
42 management (100% CSS) 2401-00-109-77
Sub mission on agricultural
43 mechanisation (100% CSS) 2401-00-113-81

44 Horticulture Mission (100% CSS) 2401-00-119-88

TOTAL 256 2460 257.94 2252.02 238.95 1908.93 86

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 258

CSS- Schemes 38 to 44, 2011-12

2011-12
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Seed replacement scheme
under special package
38 programme (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-81
Farmers counseling centres
39 (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-44
Establishment of pesticide
40 testing lab (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-39
Development and strengthening
of infrastructure facilities for
production and distribution of
41 quality seeds (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-80 10 10 0 0
Post harvest technology and
42 management (100% CSS) 2401-00-109-77 14.05 14.05 0.03 0
Sub mission on agricultural
43 mechanisation (100% CSS) 2401-00-113-81

44 Horticulture Mission (100% CSS) 2401-00-119-88

TOTAL 346 2084.05 402.7 2214.55 311.65 1654.67 75

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 259

CSS- Schemes 38 to 44, 2012-13

2012-13
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Seed replacement scheme
under special package
38 programme (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-81
Farmers counseling centres
39 (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-44
Establishment of pesticide
40 testing lab (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-39
Development and strengthening
of infrastructure facilities for
production and distribution of
41 quality seeds (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-80
Post harvest technology and
42 management (100% CSS) 2401-00-109-77 15 15 14.05 94
Sub mission on agricultural
43 mechanisation (100% CSS) 2401-00-113-81

44 Horticulture Mission (100% CSS) 2401-00-119-88

TOTAL 300 2065 300 2015 263.69 1839.18 91

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 260

CSS- Schemes 38 to 44, 2013-14

2013-14
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Seed replacement scheme
under special package
38 programme (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-81
Farmers counseling centres
39 (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-44
Establishment of pesticide
40 testing lab (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-39
Development and strengthening
of infrastructure facilities for
production and distribution of
41 quality seeds (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-80
Post harvest technology and
42 management (100% CSS) 2401-00-109-77
Sub mission on agricultural
43 mechanisation (100% CSS) 2401-00-113-81 500 500 56.85 11

44 Horticulture Mission (100% CSS) 2401-00-119-88

TOTAL 292.74 2944.68 272.74 2764.68 88.52 1066.91 38

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 261

CSS- Schemes 38 to 44, 2014-15

2014-15
Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3
Seed replacement scheme
under special package
38 programme (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-81
Farmers counseling centres
39 (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-44
Establishment of pesticide
40 testing lab (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-39
Development and strengthening
of infrastructure facilities for
production and distribution of
41 quality seeds (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-80
Post harvest technology and
42 management (100% CSS) 2401-00-109-77
Sub mission on agricultural
43 mechanisation (100% CSS) 2401-00-113-81 1000 750 0 0

44 Horticulture Mission (100% CSS) 2401-00-119-88

TOTAL 30 1800 130 1550 127.28 466.41 35

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 262

New Centrally sponsored schemes implemented in 2014-15 (not in Budget 2014-15, but allocation
obtained through additional authorization) Rs. in Lakhs

Sl RE Expr %
Name of scheme Scheme component Head of Acct
No State Central State Central
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2401-00-102-89 (01) General 193.13 193.13 100
National Food Security Mission
1 2401-00-789-99 (01) SCP 21.25 1.81 9
(NFSM)- Rice 100% CSS
2401-00-796-98 (01) TSP 2.38 0 0
Mission for Integrated 2401-00-789-96 SC 1000 250 25
2 Development of Horticulture National Horticulture
(MIDH) Mission (NHM) (85% CSS) 2401-00-796-95 ST 100 25 25
2401-00-109-72 (01) General 1407.78 1407.77 100
Sub Mission on Agricultural
3 2401-00-789-97 (01) SC 158.18 158.18 100
Extension (SAME)
2401-00-796-96 (01) ST 15.82 15.82 100
2401-00-113-81 1000 0 0
Sub Mission on Agricultural
4 2401-00-789-97 (02) SC 0 0
Mechanisation (SMAM)
2401-00-796-96 (02) ST 0 0
Integrated Scheme on Oil 2401-00-114-98 (03) 18.01 18 100
National Mission on Oil Seeds
5 Seeds, Oil Palm and Maize 2401-00-789-95 (03) SCP 4 4 100
and Oil Palm (NMOOP)
2401-00-796-94 (03) TSP 2 2 100
Soil Health Management 2401-00-104-79 (01) 0.01 0 0
On farm Water 2401-00-104-79 (02) General 337.51 337.5 100
Management 2401-00-789-98 (03) SCP 37.5 37.5 100
Rainfed area development 2401-00-104-79 (03) General 380 190 50
National Mission on Sustainable 2401-00-789-98 (01) SCP 80 40 50
6
Agriculture (NMSA) 2401-00-796-97 (01) TSP 40 20 50
Climate change and 2401-00-104-79 (03) General 0 0 0
sustainable agriculture 2401-00-789-98 (01) SCP 0 0 0
monitoring, modelling and
networking (CCSAMMN) 2401-00-796-97 (01) TSP 0 0 0
TOTAL 0 4797.57 0 2700.71 56

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 263

CSS- Scheme wise head wise Total Outlay and Expenditure for 10 years from 2005-06 to 2014-15

Total for 10 years

Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

Production and distribution of

hybrid coconut seedlings (50%
1 CSS) 2401-00-108-96 208 208 210.26 210.26 166.6 166.57 79
Establishment of regional
2 nurseries (50% CSS) 2401-00-108-42 180 180 252.05 252.05 218.76 218.74 87
Control of bud root disease in
3 Kozhikkode district (50% CSS) 2401-00-108-43 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 100
Integrated scheme of oil seeds,
pulses, oil palms and maize
4 (ISOPOM) (75% CSS) 2401-00-112-97 55 165 75.74 227.22 49.73 149.2 66
Macro management schemes
5 (90%CSS)- Rice development 2401-00-800-61 (01) 1016.85 9151.65 966.85 8701.65 699.33 6293.84 72
Macro management schemes
6 (90% CSS)- Pepper development 2401-00-800-61 (02) 200 1800 200.28 1802.47 47.53 427.79 24
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Other spices (ginger
7 & turmeric) 2401-00-800-61 (03) 100 900 100 900 0.42 3.55 0
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Cashew
8 development 2401-00-800-61 (04) 50 450 50 450 37.35 336.15 75
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Vegetable
9 development 2401-00-800-61 (05) 5 45 5 45 0.37 3.33 7

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CSS- Schemes 10 to 19, Total for 10 years

Total for 10 years

Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3 67 68 69 70 71 72 73
Macro management schemes
10 (90% CSS)- Fruit development 2401-00-800-61 (06) 20 180 20 180 0.29 2.61 1
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Agricultural
11 extension and training 2401-00-800-61 (07) 8 72 8 72 0.18 1.62 2
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Women in
12 agriculture 2401-00-800-61 (08) 75.28 677.54 75.28 677.54 55.88 502.88 74
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Small farm
13 mechanisation 2401-00-800-61 (12) 164.58 1035 186.08 1674.72 156.67 1410.08 84
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Watershed
14 development (NWDPRA) 2401-00-800-61 (13) 629.15 5662.35 663.85 5974.65 524.2 4718.06 79
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Information
15 technology 2401-00-800-61 (14) 41.2 370.8 46.62 419.58 19.45 175.01 42
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Agricultural
16 marketing 2401-00-800-61 (15) 33 297 33 297 7.15 64.35 22
Macro management schemes
17 (90% CSS)- Floriculture 2401-00-800-61 (17) 21 189 21 189 0.67 6.03 3
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Medicinal and
18 aromatic plants 2401-00-800-61 (18) 5 45 5 45 0 0 0
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Concurrent
19 monitoring and evaluation 2401-00-800-61 (19) 1.5 13.5 1.5 13.5 0 0 0

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CSS- Schemes 20 to 28, Total for 10 years

Total for 10 years

Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3 67 68 69 70 71 72 73
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Control of yellowing
20 in Arecanut (75% CSS) 2401-00-800-61 (20) 200 819 80 939 0 218.98 21
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- One time ACA for the
uplift of Urban/ Rural farmers
through the devpt of
floriculture/ medicinal plants
21 and intercrops/ mixed crops 2401-00-800-61 (21) 0 0 50 450 48.86 439.74 98
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Support to State
extension programme for
22 extension reforms 2401-00-800-61 (22) 80 720 60 540 18.55 166.99 31
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Balanced and
23 integrated use of fertilizers 2401-00-800-61 (23) 56.8 511.2 51.8 466.2 48.04 432.33 93
Macro management schemes
(90% CSS)- Integrated cereal
devpt programme in coarse
24 cereal based cropping system 2401-00-800-61 (24) 20.15 181.35 20.15 181.35 4.52 40.7 22
25 Micro irrigation (90% CSS) 2401-00-800-45 90 810 127 1134 62.06 268.56 26
Women in agriculture (100%
26 CSS) 2401-00-800-73 0 15 0 15 0 4.97 33
Establishment of bio control 2401-00-107-80 0 80 0 35 0 0 0
27 labs (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-38 0 15 0 10 0 0 0

28 Agrisnet (100% CSS) 2401-00-109-82 0 1000 0 1000 0 20.55 2

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 266

CSS- Schemes 29 to 37, Total for 10 years

Total for 10 years

Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3 67 68 69 70 71 72 73
Other 90% CSS- Support to State
extension programme for
29 extension reforms 2401-00-800-35 (01) 250 0 250 0 211.17 0 84

30 Other 90% CSS- Micro irrigation 2401-00-800-35 (02) 213 0 352.2 0 271.01 0 77
NeGP- Agriculture (by SDG)
31 (90% CSS) 2401-00-800-22 27.74 249.68 27.74 249.68 27.71 249.38 100

32 Seed infrastructure (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-85 0 150 0 140.62 0 10.62 8

National project on organic
33 farming (100% CSS) 2401-00-105-84 0 330 0 330 0 113.23 34
National project on biogas
2810-00-105-99 0 1370 0 1483 0 1160.17 78
34 development (100% CSS)
2810-01-101-99 0 640 0 520 0 539.89 104
Promotion and strengthening of
agricultural mechanisation
35 (100% CSS) 2401-00-113-85 0 100 0 92.72 0 55.62 60
CDB scheme for integrated
farming in coconut holdings
36 (100% CSS) 2401-00-108-54 0 16326.55 0 14699.77 0 5080.86 35
Human Resources Development
37 in Horticulture (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-53 0 3 0 3 0 1 33

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 267

CSS- Schemes 38 to 44, Total for 10 years

Total for 10 years

Sl BE RE Accounts %
No Name of scheme Head of Acct State Central State Central State Central
1 2 3 67 68 69 70 71 72 73
Seed replacement scheme
under special package
38 programme (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-81 0 192 0 192 0 191.91 100
Farmers counseling centres
39 (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-44 0 100 0 100 0 49.86 50
Establishment of pesticide
40 testing lab (100% CSS) 2401-00-800-39 0 18.97 0 11.38 0 0 0
Development and
strengthening of infrastructure
facilities for production and
distribution of quality seeds
41 (100% CSS) 2401-00-103-80 0 110 0 716 0 606 85
Post harvest technology and
42 management (100% CSS) 2401-00-109-77 0 29.05 0 29.05 0 14.08 48
Sub mission on agricultural
43 mechanisation (100% CSS) 2401-00-113-81 0 1500 0 1250 0 56.85 5

44 Horticulture Mission (100% CSS) 2401-00-119-88 0 0 0 991.25 0 437.53 44

TOTAL 3752.95 46714.34 3941.1 47712.36 2678.2 24641.33 53
New Schemes in 2014-15 0 0 0 4797.57 0 2700.71 56
Grand Total for 10 years 3752.95 46714.34 3941.1 52509.93 2678.2 27342.04 53

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 268

3. Land use pattern in Kerala from 2005-06 to 2014-15

Area in Hectares

Fallow
Total Land put other
geogra to non- Barren & than Other Gross
phical Forest agricul uncultiv Cultivable current Current uncultiv Net area cropped
Year area land tural use able land waste fallow fallow able land sown area
2005-06 3886287 1081509 370322 26457 66133 45171 70166 94046 2132483 2985727
2006-07 3886287 1081509 358684 26125 90288 47144 81651 99455 2101431 2917541
2007-08 3886287 1081509 371558 25527 92764 45214 82953 97733 2089029 2761094
2008-09 3886287 1081509 376155 24931 96193 45955 67759 104830 2088955 2694943
2009-10 3886287 1081509 371906 22046 98014 45374 76945 111778 2078715 2668678
2010-11 3886287 1081509 384174 19573 91665 51943 76028 109888 2071507 2647461
2011-12 3886287 1081509 399924 17552 95437 57670 77056 117007 2040132 2661757
2012-13 3886287 1081509 402577 16354 96596 55835 76744 108563 2048109 2591734
2013-14 3886287 1081509 405826 13655 97069 57346 70976 108912 2050994 2616670
2014-15 3886287 1081509 419828 12952 100676 54741 65329 109071 2042881 2624624

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 269

4. Share of area under each land use category from 2005-06 to 2014-15

Total Land put Fallow

geogra to non- Barren & other than Other
phical Forest agricul uncultivab Cultivable current Current uncultiva Net area
Year area land tural use le land waste fallow fallow ble land sown
2005-06 100 27.8 9.5 0.7 1.7 1.2 1.8 2.4 54.9
2006-07 100 27.8 9.2 0.7 2.3 1.2 2.1 2.6 54.1
2007-08 100 27.8 9.6 0.7 2.4 1.2 2.1 2.5 53.8
2008-09 100 27.8 9.7 0.6 2.5 1.2 1.7 2.7 53.8
2009-10 100 27.8 9.6 0.6 2.5 1.2 2.0 2.9 53.5
2010-11 100 27.8 9.9 0.5 2.4 1.3 2.0 2.8 53.3
2011-12 100 27.8 10.3 0.5 2.5 1.5 2.0 3.0 52.5
2012-13 100 27.8 10.4 0.4 2.5 1.4 2.0 2.8 52.7
2013-14 100 27.8 10.4 0.4 2.5 1.5 1.8 2.8 52.8
2014-15 100 27.8 10.8 0.3 2.6 1.4 1.7 2.8 52.6

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 270

5. Land use pattern- rate of change in area over the previous year from 2005-06 to 2014-15

Fallow
Total Land put other
geogra to non- Barren & than Other Net Gross
phical Forest agricul uncultiva Cultivable current Current uncultiva area cropped
Year area land tural use ble land waste fallow fallow ble land sown area

2005-06 0.0 0.0 4.1 -8.4 -5.6 10.4 2.2 9.7 -1.0 -0.4

2006-07 0.0 0.0 -3.1 -1.3 36.5 4.4 16.4 5.8 -1.5 -2.3

2007-08 0.0 0.0 3.6 -2.3 2.7 -4.1 1.6 -1.7 -0.6 -5.4

2008-09 0.0 0.0 1.2 -2.3 3.7 1.6 -18.3 7.3 0.0 -2.4

2009-10 0.0 0.0 -1.1 -11.6 1.9 -1.3 13.6 6.6 -0.5 -1.0

2010-11 0.0 0.0 3.3 -11.2 -6.5 14.5 -1.2 -1.7 -0.3 -0.8

2011-12 0.0 0.0 4.1 -10.3 4.1 11.0 1.4 6.5 -1.5 0.5

2012-13 0.0 0.0 0.7 -6.8 1.2 -3.2 -0.4 -7.2 0.4 -2.6

2013-14 0.0 0.0 0.8 -16.5 0.5 2.7 -7.5 0.3 0.1 1.0

2014-15 0.0 0.0 3.5 -5.1 3.7 -4.5 -8.0 0.1 -0.4 0.3

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 271

 6. Area under major agricultural crops in Kerala from 2005-06 to 2014-15

Area in Hectares

Year 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
Paddy
98256 83859 77533 79381 77249 70498 68135 63232 51922 63981
Autumn
Paddy
155629 143724 105958 105122 107485 91556 92735 86751 100824 88990
Winter
Paddy
21857 35946 45447 49762 49279 51133 47290 47294 46865 45188
Summer
Paddy Total 275742 263529 228938 234265 234013 213187 208160 197277 199611 198159
Jowar 2450 1827 3083 2306 2547 2208 280 148 150 173
Ragi 414 516 266 608 293 263 248 113 82 79
Sugarcane 1222 1161 2991 3392 2972 2845 2604 1742 2210 1517
Jack 94902 88358 85322 79288 78148 75189 90333 89702 90225 92203
Mango 87965 76709 69482 66754 63751 62200 75559 74462 77158 77301
Banana 61400 59143 59341 54739 51275 58671 59069 61011 62261 61936
Plantain 55222 53096 51367 50126 47802 49129 48747 48859 54512 56761
Pineapple 12775 12486 11262 10407 9827 10216 8932 8540 8002 8080
Papaya 18895 17693 17835 18080 16840 16156 16464 16197 16640 17999
Other fruits 10586 9468 10031 9903 10834 11130 12026 10938 10921 11721

Total fresh 341745 316953 304640 289297 278477 282691 311130 309709 319749 326001
fruits
Cashew 78285 70463 58381 53007 48972 43848 54052 52086 49105 45436
(dry fruit)
Total fruits 420030 387416 363021 342304 327449 326539 365182 361795 368854 371437
Green
1231 1415 1398 1601 1501 1393 1322 1337 1336 1584
Chilly

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 272

Area under crops…

Area in Hectares

Year 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
Pepper 237998 216709 175679 153711 171489 172182 85335 84707 84065 85431
Ginger 12226 11082 8865 7421 5408 6088 6908 4505 4538 4800
Turmeric 3384 3917 3155 2782 2438 2391 2970 2628 2430 2470
Cardamom 41367 41362 39763 41588 41593 41242 41600 41600 39730 39730
Arecanut 108590 102078 99787 97492 99188 99384 104548 101775 100008 96686
Tamarind 18747 16876 13821 12889 12708 11924 14879 13572 13172 11240
Clove 937 1102 1252 1101 1206 1123 934 912 1018 1073
Nutmeg 10984 13494 14921 16187 15931 17545 18161 18462 19627 20627
Garlic 65 221 350 320 336 165 155 72 146 75
Tapioca 90539 87128 83990 87241 74925 72284 74498 69586 67589 75493
Sweet
711 505 499 386 399 312 247 282 330 361
Potato
Drumstick 21138 19680 17698 17067 16917 16127 16452 15465 16356 17013
Groundnut 3299 2813 2911 1733 1340 1503 1712 784 710 480
Sesamum 600 732 533 576 608 519 197 260 265 262
Coconut 897833 872943 818812 787769 778618 770473 820867 798162 808647 793856
Cotton 2655 1300 1295 1152 1018 501 400 343 177 170
Betel Leaves 780 613 509 468 447 468 349 335 357 327
Tea 35043 35365 36131 36557 36845 36965 37028 30205 35010 30205
Coffee 84644 84571 84115 84696 84796 84931 85359 85359 85359 85359
Rubber 494400 502240 512045 517475 525408 534230 539565 539565 548225 549955
Cocoa 9570 10708 14404 15261 12113 12488 12764 13013 13257 13183

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 273

 7. Rate of change in area under crops in Kerala over the previous year from 2005-06 to 2014-15

2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014-
Year
06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
Paddy
-6.7 -14.7 -7.5 2.4 -2.7 -8.7 -3.4 -7.2 -17.9 23.2
Autumn
Paddy Winter 4.5 -7.6 -26.3 -0.8 2.2 -14.8 1.3 -6.5 16.2 -11.7
Paddy
-38.8 64.5 26.4 9.5 -1.0 3.8 -7.5 0.0 -0.9 -3.6
Summer
Paddy Total -4.9 -4.4 -13.1 2.3 -0.1 -8.9 -2.4 -5.2 1.2 -0.7
Jowar -4.5 -25.4 68.7 -25.2 10.5 -13.3 -87.3 -47.1 1.4 15.3
Ragi -70.1 24.6 -48.4 128.6 -51.8 -10.2 -5.7 -54.4 -27.4 -3.7
Sugarcane -36.4 -5.0 157.6 13.4 -12.4 -4.3 -8.5 -33.1 26.9 -31.4
Jack -2.7 -6.9 -3.4 -7.1 -1.4 -3.8 20.1 -0.7 0.6 2.2
Mango -2.9 -12.8 -9.4 -3.9 -4.5 -2.4 21.5 -1.5 3.6 0.2
Banana 4.3 -3.7 0.3 -7.8 -6.3 14.4 0.7 3.3 2.0 -0.5
Plantain 1.1 -3.8 -3.3 -2.4 -4.6 2.8 -0.8 0.2 11.6 4.1
Pineapple 0.7 -2.3 -9.8 -7.6 -5.6 4.0 -12.6 -4.4 -6.3 1.0
Papaya -2.1 -6.4 0.8 1.4 -6.9 -4.1 1.9 -1.6 2.7 8.2
Other fruits -4.2 -10.6 5.9 -1.3 9.4 2.7 8.1 -9.0 -0.2 7.3
Total fresh
-0.9 -7.3 -3.9 -5.0 -3.7 1.5 10.1 -0.5 3.2 2.0
fruits
Cashew (dry
-4.0 -10.0 -17.1 -9.2 -7.6 -10.5 23.3 -3.6 -5.7 -7.5
fruit)
Total fruits -1.5 -7.8 -6.3 -5.7 -4.3 -0.3 11.8 -0.9 2.0 0.7
Green Chilly 49.6 14.9 -1.2 14.5 -6.2 -7.2 -5.1 1.1 -0.1 18.6
Pepper 0.1 -8.9 -18.9 -12.5 11.6 0.4 -50.4 -0.7 -0.8 1.6
Ginger 22.4 -9.4 -20.0 -16.3 -27.1 12.6 13.5 -34.8 0.7 5.8

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 274

Rate of change in area under crops…

2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014-
Year
06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
Turmeric 17.5 15.8 -19.5 -11.8 -12.4 -1.9 24.2 -11.5 -7.5 1.6
Cardamom 0.0 0.0 -3.9 4.6 0.0 -0.8 0.9 0.0 -4.5 0.0
Arecanut 0.9 -6.0 -2.2 -2.3 1.7 0.2 5.2 -2.7 -1.7 -3.3
Tamarind -4.2 -10.0 -18.1 -6.7 -1.4 -6.2 24.8 -8.8 -2.9 -14.7
Clove 11.4 17.6 13.6 -12.1 9.5 -6.9 -16.8 -2.4 11.6 5.4
Nutmeg 1.9 22.9 10.6 8.5 -1.6 10.1 3.5 1.7 6.3 5.1
Garlic -78.8 240.0 58.4 -8.6 5.0 -50.9 -6.1 -53.5 102.8 -48.6
Tapioca 2.3 -3.8 -3.6 3.9 -14.1 -3.5 3.1 -6.6 -2.9 11.7
Sweet Potato -15.0 -29.0 -1.2 -22.6 3.4 -21.8 -20.8 14.2 17.0 9.4
Drumstick -4.1 -6.9 -10.1 -3.6 -0.9 -4.7 2.0 -6.0 6.4 3.4
Groundnut 145.1 -14.7 3.5 -40.5 -22.7 12.2 13.9 -54.2 -9.4 -32.4
Sesamum -32.0 22.0 -27.2 8.1 5.6 -14.6 -62.0 32.0 1.9 -1.1
Coconut -0.2 -2.8 -6.2 -3.8 -1.2 -1.0 6.5 -2.8 1.3 -1.8
Cotton 80.4 -51.0 -0.4 -11.0 -11.6 -50.8 -20.2 -14.3 -48.4 -4.0
Betel Leaves -12.5 -21.4 -17.0 -8.1 -4.5 4.7 -25.4 -4.0 6.6 -8.4
Tea 0.0 0.9 2.2 1.2 0.8 0.3 0.2 -18.4 15.9 -13.7
Coffee 0.0 -0.1 -0.5 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
Rubber 2.9 1.6 2.0 1.1 1.5 1.7 1.0 0.0 1.6 0.3
Cocoa 2.5 11.9 34.5 5.9 -20.6 3.1 2.2 2.0 1.9 -0.6

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 275

 8. Share of gross cropped area by each crop from the year 2005-06 to 2014-15

2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014-
Year
06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
Paddy
3.3 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.0 2.4
Autumn
Paddy Winter 5.2 4.9 3.8 3.9 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.9 3.4
Paddy
0.7 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7
Summer
Paddy Total 9.2 9.0 8.3 8.7 8.8 8.1 7.8 7.6 7.6 7.5
Jowar 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Ragi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sugarcane 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Jack 3.2 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.5
Mango 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9
Banana 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4
Plantain 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2
Pineapple 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Papaya 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7
Other fruits 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4
Total fresh
11.4 10.9 11.0 10.7 10.4 10.7 11.7 11.9 12.2 12.4
fruits
Cashew (dry
2.6 2.4 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.7 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.7
fruit)
Total fruits 14.1 13.3 13.1 12.7 12.3 12.3 13.7 14.0 14.1 14.2
Green Chilly 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1
Pepper 8.0 7.4 6.4 5.7 6.4 6.5 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.3
Ginger 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 276

Share of gross cropped area by each crop …

2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014-
Year
06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
Turmeric 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Cardamom 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5
Arecanut 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.7
Tamarind 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4
Clove 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nutmeg 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8
Garlic 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Tapioca 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.9
Sweet Potato 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Drumstick 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Groundnut 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sesamum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Coconut 30.1 29.9 29.7 29.2 29.2 29.1 30.8 30.8 30.9 30.2
Cotton 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Betel Leaves 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Tea 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.2
Coffee 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3
Rubber 16.6 17.2 18.5 19.2 19.7 20.2 20.3 20.8 21.0 21.0
Cocoa 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 277

 9. Index Numbers of area under crops in Kerala from 2007-08 to 2014-15

Base Year TE 2007-08=100 (Average area of each crop for the Triennium Ending 2007-08 = 100)

Year 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Paddy Autumn 89.6 91.7 89.3 81.5 78.7 73.1 60.0 73.9
Paddy Winter 78.4 77.8 79.6 67.8 68.6 64.2 74.6 65.9
Paddy Summer 132.0 144.6 143.2 148.6 137.4 137.4 136.2 131.3
Paddy Total 89.4 91.5 91.4 83.3 81.3 77.0 78.0 77.4
Jowar 125.7 94.0 103.8 90.0 11.4 6.0 6.1 7.1
Ragi 66.7 152.5 73.5 66.0 62.2 28.3 20.6 19.8
Sugarcane 167.0 189.4 165.9 158.8 145.4 97.2 123.4 84.7
Jack 95.3 88.6 87.3 84.0 100.9 100.2 100.8 103.0
Mango 89.0 85.5 81.7 79.7 96.8 95.4 98.9 99.0
Banana 99.0 91.3 85.5 97.8 98.5 101.8 103.8 103.3
Plantain 96.5 94.2 89.8 92.3 91.6 91.8 102.4 106.6
Pineapple 92.5 85.5 80.7 83.9 73.4 70.1 65.7 66.4
Papaya 98.3 99.7 92.8 89.1 90.8 89.3 91.7 99.2
Other fruits 100.0 98.8 108.0 111.0 119.9 109.1 108.9 116.9
Cashew (dry fruit) 84.6 76.8 70.9 63.5 78.3 75.4 71.1 65.8
Green Chilly 103.7 118.8 111.4 103.3 98.1 99.2 99.1 117.5
Pepper 83.6 73.2 81.6 81.9 40.6 40.3 40.0 40.7
Ginger 82.7 69.2 50.4 56.8 64.4 42.0 42.3 44.8
Turmeric 90.5 79.8 70.0 68.6 85.2 75.4 69.7 70.9
Cardamom 97.4 101.9 101.9 101.0 101.9 101.9 97.3 97.3

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 278

Index Numbers of area under crops …

Year 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Arecanut 96.4 94.2 95.8 96.0 101.0 98.3 96.6 93.4
Tamarind 83.9 78.2 77.1 72.3 90.3 82.3 79.9 68.2
Clove 114.1 100.4 109.9 102.4 85.1 83.1 92.8 97.8
Nutmeg 113.6 123.3 121.3 133.6 138.3 140.6 149.4 157.1
Garlic 165.1 150.9 158.5 77.8 73.1 34.0 68.9 35.4
Tapioca 96.3 100.0 85.9 82.9 85.4 79.8 77.5 86.6
Sweet Potato 87.3 67.5 69.8 54.6 43.2 49.3 57.7 63.1
Drumstick 90.7 87.5 86.7 82.7 84.3 79.3 84.4 87.2
Groundnut 96.8 57.6 44.6 50.0 56.9 26.1 23.6 16.0
Sesamum 85.7 92.7 97.8 83.5 31.7 41.8 42.6 42.1
Coconut 94.9 91.3 90.2 89.3 95.1 92.5 93.7 92.0
Cotton 74.0 65.8 58.2 28.6 22.9 19.6 10.1 9.7
Betel Leaves 80.3 73.8 70.5 73.8 55.0 52.8 56.3 51.6
Tea 101.7 102.9 103.8 104.1 104.3 85.1 98.6 85.1
Coffee 99.6 100.3 100.4 100.6 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1
Rubber 101.8 102.9 104.5 106.2 107.3 107.3 109.0 109.4
Cocoa 124.6 132.0 104.8 108.0 110.4 112.6 114.7 114.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 279

 10. Production of important agricultural crops in Kerala from 2005-06 to 2014-15

Unit: in Tonnes, coconut: in Million nuts, Cotton: no. of bales of 170 Kg each

Year 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
Rice
212520 191241 168108 192770 192050 170262 171662 161083 141234 161477
Autumn
Rice
357734 346763 251103 249101 272284 215011 248114 212607 285614 254450
Winter
Rice
59733 103571 109277 148370 134005 137465 149217 134609 137477 146165
Summer
Rice Total 629987 641575 528488 590241 598339 522738 568993 508299 564325 562092
Sweet
9013 6405 6343 4827 4575 4887 4159 4780 5451 5123
Potato
Tapioca 2568284 2518999 2556455 2712114 2525384 2408962 2547399 2458515 2479070 2943919
Coconut 6326 6054 5641 5802 5667 5287 5941 5799 5921 5947
Arecanut 119309 109968 114690 125654 116763 99909 121623 118233 100018 125926
Tamarind 28777 26188 21345 20164 19627 31794 26991 18492 44680 37300
Sesamum 210 294 171 309 206 228 76 98 88 89
Jowar 1248 929 1573 1177 1305 1128 219 116 119 128
Ragi 335 417 216 492 236 212 262 123 85 78
Sugarcane 9165 6582 15915 27548 28497 27184 26304 16572 22152 14853
Green
1192 1364 1340 1553 1302 1348 1283 1287 1283 1491
Chilly
Drumstick 18875 18435 17390 16658 15855 15838 16257 14877 15757 15976
Groundnut 2441 2081 2154 1282 992 1867 2152 976 868 692
Cotton 3452 1690 1680 1498 1324 731 640 572 284 279

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 280

Production of crops…

Unit: in Tonnes, Jack: in Million nuts

Year 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
Tea 56384 53659 51754 51726 57810 57291 57904 62963 63480 65174
Coffee 60175 59475 48650 57200 59250 65650 68175 68175 66645 67700
Rubber 739225 780405 753135 783485 745510 770580 798940 800050 648220 507700
Cardamom* 9765 8545 7031 8550 7800 7935 10222 11350 12910 16000
Cocoa 5362 5783 9447 8778 6198 8673 14317 13362 12323 14186
Betel Leaves 137392 45337 26242 22171 21833 20426 21029 23966 12554 12009
Clove 61 73 82 73 84 90 69 68 77 77
Nutmeg 2746 11361 11217 11249 11269 11911 12059 12528 13212 14193
Garlic 1105 3757 5950 5440 5712 1508 1417 658 1314 625
Black
87605 64264 41952 33991 42459 45267 37501 46298 29408 40690
Pepper
Cured
56288 42496 31726 30809 28603 33197 37125 22064 21521 22989
Ginger
Cured
8237 9980 7434 6364 6066 6198 7946 6904 6253 6820
Turmeric
Mango 511131 445423 408143 392916 373168 380859 460424 441033 457067 434129
Jack 350 333 309 290 281 301 272 300 294 293
Banana 491823 463766 439803 435979 406242 483667 514054 515607 531299 545431
Plantain 445333 435636 391896 399633 338546 353772 330634 351315 362395 468320
Pineapple 109325 102449 82782 87882 80777 85526 82336 72857 75562 77731
Papaya 85481 80491 80008 80494 109007 100772 96925 101207 103420 107200
Raw Cashew 68262 61680 52402 42334 35818 34752 36743 37919 33375 29715

Source: Department of Economics & Statistics, Kerala; * Spices Board, India

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 281

 11. Rate of change in production of crops in Kerala over the previous year from 2005-06 to 2014-15

2005- 2006- 2007- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014-

Year 2008-09
06 07 08 10 11 12 13 14 15
Rice Autumn -12.1 -10.0 -12.1 14.7 -0.4 -11.3 0.8 -6.2 -12.3 14.3
Rice Winter 6.6 -3.1 -27.6 -0.8 9.3 -21.0 15.4 -14.3 34.3 -10.9
Rice Summer -33.4 73.4 5.5 35.8 -9.7 2.6 8.5 -9.8 2.1 6.3
Rice Total -5.6 1.8 -17.6 11.7 1.4 -12.6 8.8 -10.7 11.0 -0.4
Sweet Potato -10.0 -28.9 -1.0 -23.9 -5.2 6.8 -14.9 14.9 14.0 -6.0
Tapioca 7.0 -1.9 1.5 6.1 -6.9 -4.6 5.7 -3.5 0.8 18.8
Coconut 5.4 -4.3 -6.8 2.9 -2.3 -6.7 12.4 -2.4 2.1 0.4
Arecanut 8.1 -7.8 4.3 9.6 -7.1 -14.4 21.7 -2.8 -15.4 25.9
Tamarind -3.9 -9.0 -18.5 -5.5 -2.7 62.0 -15.1 -31.5 141.6 -16.5
Sesamum -19.2 40.0 -41.8 80.7 -33.3 10.7 -66.7 28.9 -10.2 1.1
Jowar -4.7 -25.6 69.3 -25.2 10.9 -13.6 -80.6 -47.0 2.6 7.6
Ragi -70.1 24.5 -48.2 127.8 -52.0 -10.2 23.6 -53.1 -30.9 -8.2
Sugarcane -40.6 -28.2 141.8 73.1 3.4 -4.6 -3.2 -37.0 33.7 -32.9
Green Chilly 53.8 14.4 -1.8 15.9 -16.2 3.5 -4.8 0.3 -0.3 16.2
Drumstick -21.2 -2.3 -5.7 -4.2 -4.8 -0.1 2.6 -8.5 5.9 1.4
Groundnut 145.1 -14.7 3.5 -40.5 -22.6 88.2 15.3 -54.6 -11.1 -20.3
Cotton 45.7 -51.0 -0.6 -10.8 -11.6 -44.8 -12.4 -10.6 -50.3 -1.8
Tea 13.9 -4.8 -3.6 -0.1 11.8 -0.9 1.1 8.7 0.0 3.6
Coffee 10.8 -1.2 -18.2 17.6 3.6 10.8 3.8 0.0 -2.2 1.6
Rubber 7.0 5.6 -3.5 4.0 -4.8 3.4 3.7 0.1 -19.0 -21.7
Cardamom 13.3 -12.5 -17.7 21.6 -8.8 1.7 28.8 11.0 13.7 23.9

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 282

Rate of change in production of crops …

2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014-
Year
06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cocoa 5.9 7.9 63.4 -7.1 -29.4 39.9 65.1 -6.7 -7.8 15.1
Betel Leaves -12.8 -67.0 -42.1 -15.5 -1.5 -6.4 3.0 14.0 -47.6 -4.3
Clove 15.1 19.7 12.3 -11.0 15.1 7.1 -23.3 -1.4 13.2 0.0
Nutmeg 1.7 313.7 -1.3 0.3 0.2 5.7 1.2 3.9 5.5 7.4
Garlic -78.8 240.0 58.4 -8.6 5.0 -73.6 -6.0 -53.6 99.7 -52.4
Black Pepper 16.8 -26.6 -34.7 -19.0 24.9 6.6 -17.2 23.5 -36.5 38.4
Cured Ginger 24.2 -24.5 -25.3 -2.9 -7.2 16.1 11.8 -40.6 -2.5 6.8
Cured Turmeric 31.9 21.2 -25.5 -14.4 -4.7 2.2 28.2 -13.1 -9.4 9.1
Mango -2.7 -12.9 -8.4 -3.7 -5.0 2.1 20.9 -4.2 3.6 -5.0
Jack 0.6 -4.9 -7.2 -6.1 -3.1 7.1 -9.6 10.3 -2.0 -0.3
Banana 3.5 -5.7 -5.2 -0.9 -6.8 19.1 6.3 0.3 3.0 2.7
Plantain 7.0 -2.2 -10.0 2.0 -15.3 4.5 -6.5 6.3 3.2 29.2
Pineapple 7.3 -6.3 -19.2 6.2 -8.1 5.9 -3.7 -11.5 3.7 2.9
Papaya -2.4 -5.8 -0.6 0.6 35.4 -7.6 -3.8 4.4 2.2 3.7
Raw Cashew 12.7 -9.6 -15.0 -19.2 -15.4 -3.0 5.7 3.2 -12.0 -11.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 283

 12. Index Numbers of production of crops in Kerala from 2007-08 to 2014-15

Base Year TE 2007-08=100 (Average production of each crop for the Triennium Ending 2007-08 = 100)

Year 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Rice Autumn 88.2 101.1 100.7 89.3 90.1 84.5 74.1 84.7
Rice Winter 78.8 78.2 85.5 67.5 77.9 66.7 89.7 79.9
Rice Summer 120.3 163.3 147.5 151.3 164.2 148.1 151.3 160.9
Rice Total 88.1 98.4 99.7 87.1 94.8 84.7 94.1 93.7
Sweet Potato 87.4 66.5 63.1 67.4 57.3 65.9 75.1 70.6
Tapioca 100.3 106.4 99.1 94.5 100.0 96.5 97.3 115.5
Coconut 93.9 96.6 94.3 88.0 98.9 96.5 98.6 99.0
Arecanut 100.0 109.6 101.8 87.1 106.1 103.1 87.2 109.8
Tamarind 83.9 79.3 77.2 125.0 106.1 72.7 175.7 146.6
Sesamum 76.0 137.3 91.6 101.3 33.8 43.6 39.1 39.6
Jowar 125.8 94.2 104.4 90.2 17.5 9.3 9.5 10.2
Ragi 66.9 152.5 73.1 65.7 81.2 38.1 26.3 24.2
Sugarcane 150.8 261.0 270.0 257.6 249.2 157.0 209.9 140.7
Green Chilly 103.2 119.6 100.3 103.8 98.8 99.1 98.8 114.8
Drumstick 95.4 91.4 87.0 86.9 89.2 81.6 86.4 87.6
Groundnut 96.8 57.6 44.6 83.9 96.7 43.9 39.0 31.1
Cotton 73.9 65.9 58.2 32.1 28.1 25.2 12.5 12.3
Tea 96.0 95.9 107.2 106.2 107.4 116.7 116.7 120.8
Coffee 86.7 102.0 105.6 117.0 121.5 121.5 118.8 120.7
Rubber 99.4 103.4 98.4 101.7 105.5 105.6 85.6 67.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 284

Index Numbers of production of crops …

Year 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Cardamom 83.2 101.2 92.3 93.9 121.0 134.4 152.8 189.4
Cocoa 137.6 127.9 90.3 126.4 208.6 194.7 179.5 206.7
Betel Leaves 37.7 31.8 31.3 29.3 30.2 34.4 18.0 17.2
Clove 113.9 101.4 116.7 125.0 95.8 94.4 106.9 106.9
Nutmeg 132.9 133.3 133.5 141.1 142.9 148.4 156.5 168.1
Garlic 165.1 150.9 158.5 41.8 39.3 18.3 36.5 17.3
Black Pepper 64.9 52.6 65.7 70.1 58.0 71.7 45.5 63.0
Cured Ginger 72.9 70.8 65.7 76.3 85.3 50.7 49.5 52.8
Cured Turmeric 86.9 74.4 70.9 72.5 92.9 80.7 73.1 79.8
Mango 89.7 86.4 82.0 83.7 101.2 97.0 100.5 95.4
Jack 93.4 87.7 85.0 91.0 82.3 90.7 88.9 88.6
Banana 94.6 93.7 87.3 104.0 110.5 110.9 114.2 117.3
Plantain 92.4 94.2 79.8 83.4 77.9 82.8 85.4 110.4
Pineapple 84.3 89.5 82.3 87.1 83.9 74.2 77.0 79.2
Papaya 97.6 98.2 132.9 122.9 118.2 123.4 126.1 130.7
Raw Cashew 86.2 69.6 58.9 57.2 60.5 62.4 54.9 48.9

Note: For more details on methodology of Index Numbers of agricultural production, report on agricultural statistics
published by Govt of India may be referred.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 285

13. Productivity of principal crops in Kerala from 2005-06 to 2014-15

Unit: Kg per Hectare, for Coconut & Jack fruit: No. of nuts per Hectare

2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014-
Year
06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
Rice Autumn 2163 2281 2168 2428 2486 2415 2519 2547 2720 2524
Rice Winter 2299 2413 2370 2370 2533 2348 2676 2451 2833 2859
Rice Summer 2733 2881 2404 2982 2719 2688 3155 2846 2933 3235
Rice Total 2285 2435 2308 2520 2557 2452 2733 2577 2827 2837
Coconut 7046 6935 6889 7365 7278 6862 7237 7265 7322 7491
Tapioca 28367 28911 30438 31088 33737 33326 34419 35331 36679 38996
Banana 8010 7841 7411 7965 7923 8244 8703 8451 8533 8806
Plantain 8064 8205 7629 7973 7082 7201 6783 7190 6648 8251
Jack 3688 3769 3622 3658 3583 4003 3011 3344 3259 3178
Cocoa 560 540 656 575 512 695 1122 1027 930 1076
Pepper 368 297 239 221 248 263 445 547 350 476
Arecanut 1099 1077 1149 1289 1177 1001 1163 1162 1000 1302
Cashew 872 875 898 799 731 793 680 728 680 654
Sesamum 350 402 321 536 339 439 386 377 332 341

Source: Department of Economics & Statistics

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 286

14. Rate of change of productivity of crops over the previous year from 2005-06 to 2014-15

2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014-
Year 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
Rice Autumn -5.8 5.4 -4.9 12.0 2.4 -2.9 4.3 1.1 6.8 -7.2
Rice Winter 2.0 5.0 -1.8 0.0 6.9 -7.3 13.9 -8.4 15.6 0.9
Rice Summer 8.8 5.4 -16.5 24.0 -8.8 -1.1 17.4 -9.8 3.1 10.3
Rice Total -0.7 6.6 -5.2 9.1 1.5 -4.1 11.5 -5.7 9.7 0.3

Coconut 5.6 -1.6 -0.7 6.9 -1.2 -5.7 5.5 0.4 0.8 2.3

Tapioca 4.6 1.9 5.3 2.1 8.5 -1.2 3.3 2.6 3.8 6.3

Banana -0.8 -2.1 -5.5 7.5 -0.5 4.1 5.6 -2.9 1.0 3.2

Plantain 5.8 1.7 -7.0 4.5 -11.2 1.7 -5.8 6.0 -7.5 24.1

Jack 3.4 2.2 -3.9 1.0 -2.1 11.7 -24.8 11.1 -2.5 -2.5

Cocoa 3.3 -3.6 21.5 -12.3 -11.0 35.7 61.4 -8.5 -9.4 15.7

Pepper 16.5 -19.3 -19.5 -7.5 12.2 6.0 69.2 22.9 -36.0 36.0

Arecanut 7.1 -2.0 6.7 12.2 -8.7 -15.0 16.2 -0.1 -13.9 30.2

Cashew 17.4 0.3 2.6 -11.0 -8.5 8.5 -14.2 7.1 -6.6 -3.8

Sesamum 19.0 14.9 -20.1 67.0 -36.8 29.5 -12.1 -2.3 -11.9 2.7

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 287

15. Index Numbers of productivity of crops in Kerala from 2007-08 to 2014-15

Base Year TE 2007-08=100 (Average productivity of each crop for the Triennium Ending 2007-08 = 100)

Year 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Rice Autumn 98.4 110.2 112.8 109.6 114.3 115.6 123.4 114.5
Rice Winter 100.4 100.4 107.3 99.5 113.4 103.8 120.0 121.1
Rice Summer 90.0 111.5 101.7 100.6 118.1 106.5 109.7 121.0
Rice Total 98.5 107.6 109.1 104.7 116.7 110.0 120.7 121.1

Coconut 99.0 105.9 104.6 98.6 104.0 104.4 105.3 107.7

Tapioca 104.1 106.3 115.4 114.0 117.7 120.8 125.4 133.4

Banana 95.6 102.7 102.2 106.3 112.2 109.0 110.0 113.6

Plantain 95.8 100.1 88.9 90.4 85.1 90.3 83.5 103.6

Jack 98.1 99.1 97.0 108.4 81.5 90.5 88.2 86.1

Cocoa 112.1 98.2 87.5 118.7 191.7 175.5 158.9 183.8

Pepper 79.3 73.3 82.3 87.3 147.7 181.5 116.2 158.0

Arecanut 103.7 116.3 106.2 90.3 104.9 104.8 90.2 117.5

Cashew 101.9 90.6 82.9 89.9 77.1 82.6 77.1 74.2

Sesamum 89.7 149.9 94.8 122.7 107.9 105.4 92.8 95.3

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 288

16. Area, production and productivity of coconut in Kerala and India from 1955-56 to 2013-14

Area: in ‘000 Hectares, Production: in Million nuts, Productivity: in Nuts per Hectare

Area ('000 Hectares) Production (Million nuts) Productivity

Year Kerala India % share Kerala India % share Kerala India
1955-56 447.952 650 68.9 3099 4226 73.3 6919 6502
1956-57 459.733 660 69.7 3132 4383 71.5 6813 6641
1957-58 463.282 670 69.1 3199 4455 71.8 6904 6649
1958-59 475.690 690 68.9 3248 4589 70.8 6830 6651
1959-60 492.550 720 68.4 3365 4734 71.1 6832 6575
1960-61 500.769 720 69.6 3220 4639 69.4 6430 6443
1961-62 504.829 720 70.1 3247 4478 72.5 6432 6219
1962-63 539.270 800 67.4 3305 5017 65.9 6129 6271
1963-64 544.896 800 68.1 3262 4725 69.0 5986 5906
1964-65 558.991 850 65.8 3278 5043 65.0 5864 5933
1965-66 586.313 880 66.6 3293 5035 65.4 5616 5722
1966-67 609.600 890 68.5 3425 5192 66.0 5618 5834
1967-68 638.700 920 69.4 3593 5321 67.5 5625 5784
1968-69 686.100 990 69.3 3834 5546 69.1 5588 5602
1969-70 707.800 1030 68.7 3956 5859 67.5 5589 5688
1970-71 719.100 1050 68.5 3981 6075 65.5 5536 5786
1971-72 730.300 1090 67.0 4054 6124 66.2 5551 5618
1972-73 745.400 1100 67.8 3921 5997 65.4 5260 5452
1973-74 744.300 1100 67.7 3703 5851 63.3 4975 5319

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 289

Area, production and productivity of coconut…

Area ('000 Hectares) Production (Million nuts) Productivity

Year Kerala India % share Kerala India % share Kerala India
1974-75 748.200 1120 66.8 3719 6030 61.7 4971 5384
1975-76 693.000 1070 64.8 3439 5829 59.0 4962 5448
1976-77 694.985 1080 64.4 3343 5765 58.1 4817 5338
1977-78 699.119 1060 66.0 3367 5413 62.2 4816 5107
1978-79 660.628 1060 62.3 3211 5730 56.0 4861 5406
1979-80 662.657 1080 61.4 3032 5636 53.8 4576 5219
1980-81 651.370 1080 60.3 3008 5720 52.6 4618 5296
1981-82 666.618 1090 61.2 3006 5573 53.9 4509 5113
1982-83 674.378 1150 58.6 3184 6356 50.1 4721 5527
1983-84 682.281 1170 58.3 2602 5808 44.8 3814 4964
1984-85 687.483 1180 58.3 3453 6913 49.9 5023 5858
1985-86 704.682 1230 57.3 3377 6770 49.9 4792 5504
1986-87 706.107 1230 57.4 3173 6377 49.8 4494 5185
1987-88 775.365 1350 57.4 3346 7270 46.0 4315 5385
1988-89 816.880 1430 57.1 4215 8541 49.4 5160 5973
1989-90 832.174 1470 56.6 4358 9359 46.6 5237 6367
1990-91 870.022 1480 58.8 4232 9730 43.5 4864 6574
1991-92 863.061 1530 56.4 4641 10050 46.2 5377 6569
1992-93 877.012 1540 56.9 5124 11241 45.6 5843 7299
1993-94 882.293 1640 53.8 5192 11975 43.4 5885 7302
1994-95 910.960 1710 53.3 5336 13300 40.1 5858 7778

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 290

Area, production and productivity of coconut…

Area ('000 Hectares) Production (Million nuts) Productivity

Year
Kerala India % share Kerala India % share Kerala India
1995-96 914.370 1830 50.0 5155 12952 39.8 5638 7078
1996-97 902.104 1890 47.7 5276 13061 40.4 5849 6911
1997-98 884.344 1860 47.5 5209 12717 41.0 5890 6837
1998-99 882.288 1750 50.4 5132 12536 40.9 5817 7163
1999-00 925.035 1770 52.3 5680 12129 46.8 6140 6853
2000-01 925.783 1840 50.3 5536 12597 43.9 5980 6846
2001-02 905.718 1930 46.9 5479 12963 42.3 6049 6717
2002-03 899.198 1920 46.8 5709 12535 45.5 6349 6529
2003-04 898.498 1930 46.6 5876 12178 48.3 6540 6310
2004-05 899.267 1940 46.4 6001 12833 46.8 6673 6615
2005-06 897.833 1950 46.0 6326 14811 42.7 7046 7595
2006-07 872.943 1940 45.0 6054 15840 38.2 6935 8165
2007-08 818.812 1903 43.0 5641 14744 38.3 6889 7760
2008-09 787.769 1895 41.6 5802 10148 57.2 7365 5333
2009-10 778.618 1900 41.0 5667 10824 52.4 7278 5712
2010-11 770.473 1900 40.6 5287 15753 33.6 6862 8291
2011-12 820.867 2070 39.7 5941 20924 28.4 7237 10108
2012-13 798.162 2140 37.3 5799 22684 25.6 7265 10600
2013-14 808.647 2140 37.8 5921 22088 26.8 7322 10321

Sources: Economic Review, KSPB; Agricultural Statistics, Department of Economics & Statistics, Kerala and Agricultural
Statistics 2014, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, M/o Agriculture & Cooperation, Govt of India

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 291

17. Area, production and productivity of paddy/ rice in Kerala and India from 1955-56 to 2013-14

Area ('0000 Hectares) Production ('0000 MT) Productivity (in Kg/Ha)

Year Kerala India % share Kerala India % share Kerala India
1955-56 75.9368 3152 2.41 86.90 2756 3.15 1144 874
1956-57 76.2039 3228 2.42 87.32 2904 3.62 1345 900
1957-58 76.6774 3230 2.37 91.00 2553 3.56 1187 790
1958-59 76.8435 3317 2.32 93.94 3085 3.05 1222 930
1959-60 76.8976 3382 2.27 102.16 3168 3.22 1329 937
1960-61 77.8926 3413 2.28 105.07 3458 3.04 1349 1013
1961-62 75.2704 3469 2.17 98.82 3566 2.77 1313 1028
1962-63 80.2676 3569 2.25 107.59 3321 3.24 1340 931
1963-64 80.5083 3581 2.25 112.81 3700 3.05 1401 1033
1964-65 80.1121 3646 2.20 112.14 3931 2.85 1400 1078
1965-66 80.2329 3547 2.26 99.74 3059 3.26 1243 862
1966-67 79.9438 3525 2.27 108.40 3044 3.56 1356 863
1967-68 80.9544 3644 2.22 112.40 3761 2.99 1388 1032
1968-69 87.3871 3697 2.36 125.10 3976 3.15 1432 1076
1969-70 87.4059 3768 2.32 122.64 4043 3.03 1403 1073
1970-71 87.4830 3759 2.33 129.80 4222 3.07 1484 1123
1971-72 87.5157 3776 2.32 135.20 4307 3.14 1545 1141
1972-73 87.3704 3669 2.38 137.60 3924 3.51 1575 1070
1973-74 87.4675 3829 2.28 125.71 4405 2.85 1437 1151

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 292

Area, production and productivity of paddy/ rice…

Area ('0000 Hectares) Production ('0000 MT) Productivity (in Kg/Ha)

Year Kerala India % share Kerala India % share Kerala India
1974-75 88.1466 3789 2.33 133.39 3958 3.37 1513 1045
1975-76 87.6022 3948 2.22 132.94 4874 2.73 1518 1235
1976-77 85.4374 3851 2.22 125.40 4192 2.99 1468 1089
1977-78 84.0374 4028 2.09 129.46 5267 2.46 1541 1308
1978-79 79.9238 4048 1.97 127.27 5377 2.37 1592 1328
1979-80 79.3266 3942 2.01 129.97 4233 3.07 1638 1074
1980-81 80.1699 4015 2.00 127.19 5363 2.37 1587 1336
1981-82 80.6871 4071 1.98 133.94 5325 2.52 1661 1308
1982-83 77.8490 3826 2.03 130.62 4712 2.77 1678 1231
1983-84 74.0086 4124 1.79 120.79 6010 2.01 1632 1457
1984-85 73.0379 4116 1.77 125.59 5834 2.15 1720 1417
1985-86 67.8281 4114 1.65 117.31 6383 1.84 1729 1552
1986-87 66.3803 4117 1.61 113.38 6056 1.87 1708 1471
1987-88 60.4082 3881 1.56 103.26 5686 1.82 1709 1465
1988-89 57.7557 4173 1.38 101.26 7049 1.44 1753 1689
1989-90 58.3388 4217 1.38 114.12 7357 1.55 1956 1745
1990-91 55.9450 4269 1.31 108.66 7429 1.46 1942 1740
1991-92 54.1327 4265 1.27 106.04 7468 1.42 1959 1751
1992-93 53.7608 4178 1.29 108.49 7286 1.49 2018 1744
1993-94 50.7832 4254 1.19 100.39 8030 1.25 1977 1888
1994-95 50.3290 4281 1.18 97.51 8181 1.19 1937 1911

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 293

Area, production and productivity of paddy/ rice…

Area ('0000 Hectares) Production ('0000 MT) Productivity (in Kg/Ha)

Year Kerala India % share Kerala India % share Kerala India
1995-96 47.1150 4284 1.10 95.30 7698 1.24 2022 1797
1996-97 43.0826 4343 0.99 87.14 8173 1.07 2023 1882
1997-98 38.7122 4345 0.89 76.46 8254 0.93 1975 1900
1998-99 35.2631 4480 0.79 72.67 8608 0.84 2061 1921
1999-00 34.9774 4516 0.77 77.07 8968 0.86 2203 1986
2000-01 34.7455 4471 0.78 75.13 8498 0.88 2162 1901
2001-02 32.2368 4490 0.72 70.35 9334 0.75 2182 2079
2002-03 31.0521 4118 0.75 68.89 7182 0.96 2218 1744
2003-04 28.7340 4259 0.67 57.00 8853 0.64 1984 2078
2004-05 28.9974 4191 0.69 66.71 8313 0.80 2295 1984
2005-06 27.5742 4366 0.63 63.00 9179 0.69 2285 2102
2006-07 26.3529 4381 0.60 64.16 9336 0.69 2435 2131
2007-08 22.8938 4391 0.52 52.85 3669 1.44 2308 2202
2008-09 23.4265 4554 0.51 59.02 9918 0.60 2520 2178
2009-10 23.4013 4192 0.56 59.83 8909 0.67 2557 2125
2010-11 21.3187 4286 0.50 52.27 9598 0.54 2452 2239
2011-12 20.8160 4401 0.47 56.90 10530 0.54 2733 2393
2012-13 19.7277 4275 0.46 50.83 10524 0.48 2577 2462
2013-14 19.9611 4395 0.45 56.43 10654 0.53 2827 2424

Sources: Economic Review, KSPB; Agricultural Statistics, Department of Economics & Statistics, Kerala and Agricultural
Statistics 2014, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, M/o Agriculture & Cooperation, Govt of India

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 294

18. Cost of cultivation of Autumn Paddy (in Rs. per hectare) from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Component
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Hired human labour 9542 9782 10716 10265 13179 12719 16833 18605 18336 30689
2 Animal labour 379 353 294 217 311 304 286 87 153 56
3 Machine labour 2161 2185 2281 2534 3282 4471 5601 3898 5934 6505
4 Seed/ seedlings 1125 974 1004 1170 1206 1492 1170 1548 2120 2201
Farm yard manure &
5 2900 2946 2948 3028 2840 2939 2991 3622 3973 5895
chemical fertilizers
6 Plant protection 347 324 172 239 498 461 546 398 190 286
Land tax and
7 60 73 85 42 205 168 145 111 127 125
irrigation cess
Repair &
maintenance charges
8 330 251 668 600 411 558 843 1212 839 287
of implements,
machinery & building
Interest on working
9 878 888 928 915 1172 1287 1478 1495 1667 2511
capital
10 Other expenses 1113 1195 1142 841 2119 3348 2126 1737 2629 4587
Interest on fixed
11 1024 743 1909 3014 2426 1636 1777 1008 1092 1431
capital
Imputed value of
12 1204 1199 1580 1159 2213 2528 2861 3685 2871 4771
household labour
Total 21063 20913 23727 24024 29862 31911 36657 37406 39931 59344

Source: Department of Economics & Statistics

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 295

19. Cost of cultivation of Winter Paddy (in Rs. per hectare) from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Component
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Hired human labour 9663 9967 12183 12517 13883 16629 20202 18382 20700 25246
2 Animal labour 384 407 326 305 248 165 238 136 100 180
3 Machine labour 2292 2185 2823 3528 4397 4938 7115 5094 6467 7452
4 Seed/ seedlings 1239 1087 1176 1161 1441 1529 2044 1664 1913 2262
Farm yard manure &
5 2629 2823 3202 2989 3265 3891 4581 4885 6226 6483
chemical fertilizers
6 Plant protection 561 239 269 363 363 508 456 257 295 479
Land tax and irrigation
7 136 72 105 139 365 148 122 211 148 244
cess
Repair & maintenance
8 charges of implements, 302 340 496 677 615 772 883 1150 1928 452
machinery & building
Interest on working
9 892 890 1048 1113 1329 1565 1911 1673 1994 2356
capital
10 Other expenses 1072 1084 977 1406 2977 3633 3581 3039 4184 5012
11 Interest on fixed capital 729 902 1464 2313 1443 1686 1417 1825 1033 635
Imputed value of
12 987 1288 1578 1670 1873 2823 3125 3811 3804 4692
household labour
Total cost 20886 21284 25647 28181 32199 38287 45675 42127 48792 55493

Source: Department of Economics & Statistics

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 296

20. Cost of cultivation of Summer Paddy (in Rs. per hectare) from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Component
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Hired human labour 9976 9851 11443 12252 13771 15579 17211 22398 20378 29040
2 Animal labour 414 382 63 174 168 72 141 122 158 25
3 Machine labour 2803 2625 2831 3403 4562 5553 6702 4387 5383 4239
4 Seed/ seedlings 1081 1091 1220 1290 1471 1768 2123 1882 2269 2743
Farm yard manure &
5 2618 3134 2927 3467 3182 3290 4094 3721 5941 6766
chemical fertilizers
6 Plant protection 724 376 771 607 893 959 992 650 285 584
Land tax and irrigation
7 351 204 140 159 362 461 643 359 131 198
cess
Repair & maintenance
8 charges of implements, 410 196 167 337 340 377 515 1293 1365 527
machinery & building
Interest on working
9 1068 936 1038 1150 1374 1540 1752 1773 1922 2379
capital
10 Other expenses 3739 1322 1513 1801 3423 3584 3784 2293 3670 4173

11 Interest on fixed capital 723 723 855 1536 923 1097 1291 1122 1381 615

Imputed value of
12 1334 1597 1306 1825 2183 2286 2742 3185 3318 6041
household labour
Total 25241 22437 24274 28001 32652 36566 41990 43185 46201 57330

Source: Department of Economics & Statistics

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 297

 21. Cost of cultivation of Coconut (in Rs. per hectare) from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Component
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Hired human labour 10980 11069 11939 12559 14647 17126 19750 21305 27561 29900
2 Animal labour 31 30 18 46 70 0 0 0 0 0
3 Machine labour 444 479 110 347 279 305 253 0 183 288
4 Seed/ seedlings 132 26 27 67 228 128 289 408 221 437
Farm yard manure &
5 5659 5992 5240 6008 6097 7796 7258 6840 6879 11183
chemical fertilizers
6 Plant protection 44 74 33 207 15 17 96 45 178 85
Land tax and irrigation
7 80 86 88 78 91 104 94 180 131 188
cess
Repair & maintenance
8 charges of implements, 346 105 556 596 632 843 720 2976 1353 540
machinery & building
Interest on working
9 1729 1851 1830 2054 2243 2678 2957 3110 3719 4414
capital
10 Other expenses 1014 843 934 1303 1091 1409 1926 2947 2165 2242
11 Interest on fixed capital 1513 1458 3414 4682 5577 3905 4437 3493 1929 2348
Imputed value of
12 1647 1725 1651 2212 2949 3118 3536 3826 4619 6605
household labour
Total cost 23619 23738 25840 30159 33919 37429 41316 45130 48938 58230

Source: Department of Economics & Statistics

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 298

22. Cost of cultivation of Arecanut (in Rs. per hectare) from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Component
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Hired human labour 15265 12779 14245 16230 17331 19141 27965 25665 24687 29923
2 Animal labour 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 Machine labour 1152 801 574 665 931 623 0 0 178 501
4 Seed/ seedlings 24 24 0 115 49 246 45 283 364 473
Farm yard manure &
5 8926 7724 7066 9184 7891 9236 9796 6676 6939 8489
chemical fertilizers
6 Plant protection 211 91 675 522 665 1129 477 411 299 414
Land tax and irrigation
7 129 81 76 338 59 96 115 243 218 362
cess
Repair & maintenance
8 charges of implements, 500 390 843 1411 1438 1728 2209 2202 2760 1344
machinery & building
Interest on working
9 2661 2250 2348 2753 2905 3109 3928 3465 3467 4201
capital
10 Other expenses 1035 1082 922 811 2178 711 999 1615 2202 2205

11 Interest on fixed capital 1734 1934 6451 11106 10773 8166 13584 5689 3661 4935

Imputed value of
12 4019 2730 3547 2993 5029 3693 4279 5939 5019 7109
household labour
Total cost 35656 29886 36747 46128 49249 47878 63397 52188 49794 59956

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 299

23. Cost of cultivation of Tapioca (in Rs. per hectare) from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Component
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Hired human labour 18696 13476 17445 20516 21770 23306 31293 32053 31325 39458
2 Animal labour 13 46 1 0 63 221 0 0 0 0
3 Machine labour 354 293 600 412 799 1077 390 0 415 1121
4 Seed/ seedlings 1044 828 1073 1282 1557 1816 1757 2175 2704 3202
Farm yard manure &
5 7416 6118 7226 6484 6604 7132 6658 8163 13911 7267
chemical fertilizers
6 Plant protection 107 43 54 627 127 204 135 59 312 65
Land tax and irrigation
7 77 63 50 211 101 59 185 230 169 257
cess
Repair & maintenance
8 charges of implements, 215 137 251 517 908 1055 1543 1230 420 562
machinery & building
Interest on working
9 3008 2267 2846 3264 3402 3816 4250 4495 5380 5626
capital
10 Other expenses 2453 1865 2060 3320 3095 4401 2263 2502 5134 5145
11 Interest on fixed capital 1500 1320 3544 5884 5713 6132 5032 3698 570 724
Imputed value of
12 4785 3496 4735 6309 6285 7543 10101 10886 14634 16817
household labour
Total cost 39668 29952 39885 48826 50424 56762 63607 65491 74974 80244

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 300

 24. Cost of cultivation of Banana (in Rs. per hectare) from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Component
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Hired human labour 28647 31403 27330 39258 28455 43579 40388 48886 55830 61531
2 Animal labour 5 22 7 13 0 68 0 0 0 0
3 Machine labour 949 702 175 705 1602 1416 269 0 846 228
4 Seed/ seedlings 10935 11640 9367 9813 9470 12067 12200 13723 14646 22500
Farm yard manure &
5 25367 24201 23699 24184 19173 22334 24052 33086 33904 23371
chemical fertilizers
6 Plant protection 1118 1013 946 1964 1395 962 703 812 616 671
Land tax and
7 970 64 87 141 165 160 267 467 215 316
irrigation cess
Repair &
maintenance
charges of
8 327 137 288 1517 1123 1841 1314 1777 1984 1112
implements,
machinery &
building
Interest on working
9 6702 6898 7727 9784 7546 9457 9393 11645 11493 11684
capital
10 Other expenses 0 0 15745 21898 15367 14148 16317 19926 9087 8543
Interest on fixed
11 1424 1527 4319 11609 6031 6731 6120 7784 2201 1263
capital
Imputed value of
12 13046 8842 9655 10447 10806 14823 17491 21096 27711 24796
household labour
Total cost 89490 86449 99345 131333 101133 127586 128514 159202 158533 156015

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 301

25. Cost of cultivation of Pepper (in Rs. per hectare) from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Component
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Hired human labour 10859 10787 10632 12707 12858 20226 22465 29514 30147 40980
2 Animal labour 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 Machine labour 55 156 53 62 48 43 0 0 22 45
4 Seed/ seedlings 65 29 45 115 339 409 844 2061 309 297
Farm yard manure &
5 3273 6422 3586 4477 5163 5331 6714 6045 6960 6640
chemical fertilizers
6 Plant protection 35 50 133 151 163 206 369 727 356 309
Land tax and irrigation
7 68 92 65 95 57 67 113 242 237 267
cess
Repair & maintenance
8 charges of implements, 253 117 540 1184 1980 1695 2676 2590 2557 1158
machinery & building
Interest on working
9 1470 1788 1487 1822 1973 2736 3206 4117 4108 5138
capital
10 Other expenses 412 433 419 693 1163 1148 1665 2825 3285 3113
11 Interest on fixed capital 1850 1640 4665 13660 12673 11768 12352 9581 8177 1423
Imputed value of
12 2098 2568 4231 4222 5151 6361 8553 9284 10340 17147
household labour
Total cost 20438 24082 25856 39207 41568 49990 58957 66986 66498 76517

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 302

 26. Cost of cultivation of Ginger (in Rs. per hectare) from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Component
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Hired human labour 18954 20553 21848 31393 30428 41910 38333 34563 36816 42844
2 Animal labour 0 0 1 23 14 0 0 0 0 0
3 Machine labour 233 591 913 754 2336 6120 3053 1874 1596 1316
4 Seed/ seedlings 13858 20275 14913 16353 24440 26355 28072 22074 23528 28711
Farm yard manure &
5 19375 13814 12153 14497 14475 25054 22747 17193 12732 12902
chemical fertilizers
6 Plant protection 452 774 1211 997 835 906 1105 357 389 392
Land tax and irrigation
7 64 67 54 50 50 43 54 221 204 270
cess
Repair & maintenance
8 charges of implements, 211 160 925 1378 1337 1256 1537 2669 3028 1138
machinery & building
Interest on working
9 5287 5601 5338 6806 7654 10750 10048 8093 8150 8947
capital
10 Other expenses 0 0 2338 4042 4011 7153 7174 4870 6442 3307
11 Interest on fixed capital 1194 1719 3542 7487 6785 8226 10715 5368 2144 2475
Imputed value of
12 1607 6561 5200 7370 8633 10107 12551 9046 10138 10882
household labour
Total cost 61235 70115 68436 91150 100998 137880 135389 106328 105167 113184

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 303

27. Cost of cultivation of Turmeric (in Rs. per hectare) from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Component
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Hired human labour 17708 17116 14632 18186 18654 26884 27333 35507 34023 39548
2 Animal labour 0 12 3 29 0 183 0 0 0 0
3 Machine labour 151 483 292 107 102 845 305 0 581 445
4 Seed/ seedlings 9159 7094 6557 8307 8065 12492 11392 16889 15495 15189
Farm yard manure &
5 5254 8842 8375 8912 7239 10348 10019 10819 12626 15652
chemical fertilizers
6 Plant protection 24 237 104 115 62 327 222 756 256 343
Land tax and irrigation
7 95 68 65 63 216 558 305 359 175 250
cess
Repair & maintenance
8 charges of implements, 106 116 615 1236 1297 1477 3497 1634 2900 1574
machinery & building
Interest on working
9 3270 3507 3063 3673 3627 5275 5082 6672 6705 7563
capital
10 Other expenses 411 1287 668 1073 2147 1673 1552 2748 4064 4452
11 Interest on fixed capital 1060 1269 5499 9888 9658 12250 8317 2271 3646 2965
Imputed value of
12 2353 9014 8174 11177 10962 12913 19252 6754 9430 10173
household labour
Total cost 39591 49045 48047 62766 62029 85225 87276 84409 89901 98154

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 304

28. Crop wise total cost of cultivation per hectare from 2004-05 to 2013-14 (in Rs.)

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Crop
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Paddy- Autumn 21063 20913 23727 24024 29862 31911 36657 37406 39931 59344
2 Paddy- Winter 20886 21284 25647 28181 32199 38287 45675 42127 48792 55493
3 Paddy- Summer 25241 22437 24274 28001 32652 36566 41990 43185 46201 57330
4 Coconut 23619 23738 25840 30159 33919 37429 41316 45130 48938 58230
5 Arecanut 35656 29886 36747 46128 49249 47878 63397 52188 49794 59956
6 Tapioca 39668 29952 39885 48826 50424 56762 63607 65491 74974 80244
7 Banana 89490 86449 99345 131333 101133 127586 128514 159202 158533 156015
8 Pepper 20438 24082 25856 39207 41568 49990 58957 66986 66498 76517
9 Ginger 61235 70115 68436 91150 100998 137880 135389 106328 105167 113184
10 Turmeric 39591 49045 48047 62766 62029 85225 87276 84409 89901 98154

29. Crop wise rate of change in total cost of cultivation per hectare over the previous year (percentage)

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Crop
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Paddy- Autumn -4.2 -0.7 13.5 1.3 24.3 6.9 14.9 2.0 6.8 48.6
2 Paddy- Winter 0.3 1.9 20.5 9.9 14.3 18.9 19.3 -7.8 15.8 13.7
3 Paddy- Summer 15.3 -11.1 8.2 15.4 16.6 12.0 14.8 2.8 7.0 24.1
4 Coconut 2.7 0.5 8.9 16.7 12.5 10.3 10.4 9.2 8.4 19.0
5 Arecanut 31.5 -16.2 23.0 25.5 6.8 -2.8 32.4 -17.7 -4.6 20.4
6 Tapioca 15.1 -24.5 33.2 22.4 3.3 12.6 12.1 3.0 14.5 7.0
7 Banana 5.3 -3.4 14.9 32.2 -23.0 26.2 0.7 23.9 -0.4 -1.6
8 Pepper -14.4 17.8 7.4 51.6 6.0 20.3 17.9 13.6 -0.7 15.1
9 Ginger -1.5 14.5 -2.4 33.2 10.8 36.5 -1.8 -21.5 -1.1 7.6
10 Turmeric -11.7 23.9 -2.0 30.6 -1.2 37.4 2.4 -3.3 6.5 9.2

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 305

30. Crop wise value of output (products and by products) per hectare from 2004-05 to 2013-14 (in Rs.)

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Crop
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Paddy- Autumn 25018 24001 28752 23117 38624 42262 41517 46988 47825 67218
2 Paddy- Winter 23317 26224 31530 34817 43300 45680 56819 52547 53661 68643
3 Paddy- Summer 25921 25861 29756 28401 40652 38937 56146 51892 55789 70550
4 Coconut 36456 41746 41573 44438 45157 52580 64447 58447 58042 92304
5 Arecanut 45392 65755 67481 45724 56697 73058 104805 68520 68755 110201
6 Tapioca 53650 49377 65298 68906 79984 100285 137407 158096 164342 219033
7 Banana 117529 118229 150007 214796 206181 265565 273531 328464 397055 384288
8 Pepper 26042 32995 44389 55422 56234 71711 72206 144219 154488 161762
9 Ginger 61356 76215 92919 150958 186144 251939 215483 122196 139919 191234
10 Turmeric 42242 57279 51132 70350 92117 112138 100837 78321 89069 154764

31. Rate of change in value of output per hectare from the previous year from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Crop
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Paddy- Autumn -7.4 -4.1 19.8 -19.6 67.1 9.4 -1.8 13.2 1.8 40.5
2 Paddy- Winter 5.9 12.5 20.2 10.4 24.4 5.5 24.4 -7.5 2.1 27.9
3 Paddy- Summer 26.3 -0.2 15.1 -4.6 43.1 -4.2 44.2 -7.6 7.5 26.5
4 Coconut 2.6 14.5 -0.4 6.9 1.6 16.4 22.6 -9.3 -0.7 59.0
5 Arecanut -18.8 44.9 2.6 -32.2 24.0 28.9 43.5 -34.6 0.3 60.3
6 Tapioca 11.8 -8.0 32.2 5.5 16.1 25.4 37.0 15.1 4.0 33.3
7 Banana 2.1 0.6 26.9 43.2 -4.0 28.8 3.0 20.1 20.9 -3.2
8 Pepper 9.6 26.7 34.5 24.9 1.5 27.5 0.7 99.7 7.1 4.7
9 Ginger 22.9 24.2 21.9 62.5 23.3 35.3 -14.5 -43.3 14.5 36.7
10 Turmeric -0.7 35.6 -10.7 37.6 -11.8 80.8 -10.1 -22.3 13.7 73.8

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 306

32. Ratio of value of output and total cost expressed as a percentage from 2004-05 to 2013-14

[100 means parity in cost and output value, >100 means profitable, <100 means not profitable]

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Crop 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Paddy- Autumn 119 115 121 96 129 132 113 126 120 113
2 Paddy- Winter 112 123 123 124 134 119 124 125 110 124
3 Paddy- Summer 103 115 123 101 125 106 134 120 121 123
4 Coconut 154 176 161 147 133 140 156 130 119 159
5 Arecanut 127 220 184 99 115 153 165 131 138 184
6 Tapioca 135 165 164 141 159 177 216 241 219 273
7 Banana 131 137 151 164 204 208 213 206 250 246
8 Pepper 127 137 172 141 135 143 122 215 232 211
9 Ginger 100 109 136 166 184 183 159 115 133 169
10 Turmeric 107 117 106 112 149 132 116 93 99 158

Note: The above estimate is considering all the 12 cost components including interest on fixed capital, interest on
working capital and imputed value of household labour, but excluding interest on land value.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 307

33. Crop wise rate of change in cost of hired human labour over the previous year from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Crop
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Paddy- Autumn -8.8 2.5 9.5 -4.2 28.4 -3.5 32.3 10.5 -1.4 67.4
2 Paddy- Winter -1.2 3.1 22.2 2.7 10.9 19.8 21.5 -9.0 12.6 22.0
3 Paddy- Summer 6.6 -1.3 16.2 7.1 12.4 13.1 10.5 30.1 -9.0 42.5
4 Coconut 5.2 0.8 7.9 5.2 16.6 16.9 15.3 7.9 29.4 8.5
5 Arecanut 39.8 -16.3 11.5 13.9 6.8 10.4 46.1 -8.2 -3.8 21.2
6 Tapioca 19.6 -27.9 29.5 17.6 6.1 7.1 34.3 2.4 -2.3 26.0
7 Banana 20.8 9.6 -13.0 43.6 -27.5 53.2 -7.3 21.0 14.2 10.2
8 Pepper 13.7 -0.7 -1.4 19.5 1.2 57.3 11.1 31.4 2.1 35.9
9 Ginger -2.2 8.4 6.3 43.7 -3.1 37.7 -8.5 -9.8 6.5 16.4
10 Turmeric 43.3 -3.3 -14.5 24.3 2.6 44.1 1.7 29.9 -4.2 16.2

34. Crop wise rate of change in cost of machine labour over the previous year from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Crop
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Paddy- Autumn 1.5 1.1 4.4 11.1 29.5 36.2 25.3 -30.4 52.2 9.6
2 Paddy- Winter 6.8 -4.7 29.2 25.0 24.6 12.3 44.1 -28.4 27.0 15.2
3 Paddy- Summer 23.8 -6.4 7.8 20.2 34.1 21.7 20.7 -34.5 22.7 -21.3
4 Coconut 109.4 7.9 -77.0 215.5 -19.6 9.3 -17.0 -100.0 57.4
5 Arecanut 212.2 -30.5 -28.3 15.9 40.0 -33.1 -100.0 181.5
6 Tapioca -24.5 -17.2 104.8 -31.3 93.9 34.8 -63.8 -100.0 170.1
7 Banana 105.0 -26.0 -75.1 302.9 127.2 -11.6 -81.0 -100.0 -73.0
8 Pepper 183.6 -66.0 17.0 -22.6 -10.4 -100.0 104.5
9 Ginger 72.6 153.6 54.5 -17.4 209.8 162.0 -50.1 -38.6 -14.8 -17.5
10 Turmeric -97.9 219.9 -39.5 -63.4 -4.7 728.4 -63.9 -100.0 -23.4

Note: Blank box indicates that the machine labour is zero during the previous year.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 308

35. Crop wise rate of change in cost of farm yard manure and chemical fertilizer over the previous year
from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Crop
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Paddy- Autumn -16.6 1.6 0.1 2.7 -6.2 3.5 1.8 21.1 9.7 48.4
2 Paddy- Winter 4.2 7.4 13.4 -6.7 9.2 19.2 17.7 6.6 27.5 4.1
3 Paddy- Summer -4.3 19.7 -6.6 18.4 -8.2 3.4 24.4 -9.1 59.7 13.9
4 Coconut 4.2 5.9 -12.6 14.7 1.5 27.9 -6.9 -5.8 0.6 62.6
5 Arecanut 28.8 -13.5 -8.5 30.0 -14.1 17.0 6.1 -31.8 3.9 22.3
6 Tapioca 29.2 -17.5 18.1 -10.3 1.9 8.0 -6.6 22.6 70.4 -47.8
7 Banana 33.0 -4.6 -2.1 2.0 -20.7 16.5 7.7 37.6 2.5 -31.1
8 Pepper -12.1 96.2 -44.2 24.8 15.3 3.3 25.9 -10.0 15.1 -4.6
9 Ginger 1.7 -28.7 -12.0 19.3 -0.2 73.1 -9.2 -24.4 -25.9 1.3
10 Turmeric -31.7 68.3 -5.3 6.4 -18.8 42.9 -3.2 8.0 16.7 24.0

36. Crop wise rate of change in cost of seed/ seedlings over the previous year from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Crop
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Paddy- Autumn -2.4 -13.4 3.1 16.5 3.1 23.7 -21.6 32.3 37.0 3.8
2 Paddy- Winter 3.2 -12.3 8.2 -1.3 24.1 6.1 33.7 -18.6 15.0 18.2
3 Paddy- Summer -13.4 0.9 11.8 5.7 14.0 20.2 20.1 -11.4 20.6 20.9
4 Coconut 528.6 -80.3 3.8 148.1 240.3 -43.9 125.8 41.2 -45.8 97.7
5 Arecanut -35.1 0.0 -100.0 -57.4 402.0 -81.7 528.9 28.6 29.9
6 Tapioca 19.2 -20.7 29.6 19.5 21.5 16.6 -3.2 23.8 24.3 18.4
7 Banana 69.7 6.4 -19.5 4.8 -3.5 27.4 1.1 12.5 6.7 53.6
8 Pepper -87.1 -55.4 55.2 155.6 194.8 20.6 106.4 144.2 -85.0 -3.9
9 Ginger 11.7 46.3 -26.4 9.7 49.5 7.8 6.5 -21.4 6.6 22.0
10 Turmeric 32.8 -22.5 -7.6 26.7 -2.9 54.9 -8.8 48.3 -8.3 -2.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 309

37. Percentage share of each component to total cost of cultivation of Autumn Paddy from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Component
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Hired human labour 45.3 46.8 45.2 42.7 44.1 39.9 45.9 49.7 45.9 51.7
2 Animal labour 1.8 1.7 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.1
3 Machine labour 10.3 10.4 9.6 10.5 11.0 14.0 15.3 10.4 14.9 11.0
4 Seed/ seedlings 5.3 4.7 4.2 4.9 4.0 4.7 3.2 4.1 5.3 3.7
Farm yard manure &
5 13.8 14.1 12.4 12.6 9.5 9.2 8.2 9.7 9.9 9.9
chemical fertilizers
6 Plant protection 1.6 1.5 0.7 1.0 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.1 0.5 0.5
Land tax and irrigation
7 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2
cess
Repair & maintenance
8 charges of implements, 1.6 1.2 2.8 2.5 1.4 1.7 2.3 3.2 2.1 0.5
machinery & building
Interest on working
9 4.2 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.2
capital
10 Other expenses 5.3 5.7 4.8 3.5 7.1 10.5 5.8 4.6 6.6 7.7
11 Interest on fixed capital 4.9 3.6 8.0 12.5 8.1 5.1 4.8 2.7 2.7 2.4
Imputed value of
12 5.7 5.7 6.7 4.8 7.4 7.9 7.8 9.9 7.2 8.0
household labour
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 310

38. Percentage share of each component to total cost of cultivation of Winter Paddy from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Component
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Hired human labour 46.3 46.8 47.5 44.4 43.1 43.4 44.2 43.6 42.4 45.5
2 Animal labour 1.8 1.9 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.3
3 Machine labour 11.0 10.3 11.0 12.5 13.7 12.9 15.6 12.1 13.3 13.4
4 Seed/ seedlings 5.9 5.1 4.6 4.1 4.5 4.0 4.5 3.9 3.9 4.1
Farm yard manure &
5 12.6 13.3 12.5 10.6 10.1 10.2 10.0 11.6 12.8 11.7
chemical fertilizers
6 Plant protection 2.7 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.9
Land tax and irrigation
7 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4
cess
Repair & maintenance
8 charges of implements, 1.4 1.6 1.9 2.4 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.7 4.0 0.8
machinery & building
Interest on working
9 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.2
capital
10 Other expenses 5.1 5.1 3.8 5.0 9.2 9.5 7.8 7.2 8.6 9.0
11 Interest on fixed capital 3.5 4.2 5.7 8.2 4.5 4.4 3.1 4.3 2.1 1.1
Imputed value of
12 4.7 6.1 6.2 5.9 5.8 7.4 6.8 9.0 7.8 8.5
household labour
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 311

39. Percentage share of each component to total cost of cultivation of Summer Paddy from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Component
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Hired human labour 39.5 43.9 47.1 43.8 42.2 42.6 41.0 51.9 44.1 50.7
2 Animal labour 1.6 1.7 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0
3 Machine labour 11.1 11.7 11.7 12.2 14.0 15.2 16.0 10.2 11.7 7.4
4 Seed/ seedlings 4.3 4.9 5.0 4.6 4.5 4.8 5.1 4.4 4.9 4.8
Farm yard manure &
5 10.4 14.0 12.1 12.4 9.7 9.0 9.7 8.6 12.9 11.8
chemical fertilizers
6 Plant protection 2.9 1.7 3.2 2.2 2.7 2.6 2.4 1.5 0.6 1.0
Land tax and irrigation
7 1.4 0.9 0.6 0.6 1.1 1.3 1.5 0.8 0.3 0.3
cess
Repair & maintenance
8 charges of implements, 1.6 0.9 0.7 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2 3.0 3.0 0.9
machinery & building
Interest on working
9 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.1
capital
10 Other expenses 14.8 5.9 6.2 6.4 10.5 9.8 9.0 5.3 7.9 7.3
11 Interest on fixed capital 2.9 3.2 3.5 5.5 2.8 3.0 3.1 2.6 3.0 1.1
Imputed value of
12 5.3 7.1 5.4 6.5 6.7 6.3 6.5 7.4 7.2 10.5
household labour
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 312

40. Percentage share of each component to total cost of cultivation of Coconut from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Component
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Hired human labour 46.5 46.6 46.2 41.6 43.2 45.8 47.8 47.2 56.3 51.3
2 Animal labour 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 Machine labour 1.9 2.0 0.4 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.5
4 Seed/ seedlings 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.8
Farm yard manure &
5 24.0 25.2 20.3 19.9 18.0 20.8 17.6 15.2 14.1 19.2
chemical fertilizers
6 Plant protection 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1
Land tax and irrigation
7 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3
cess
Repair & maintenance
8 charges of implements, 1.5 0.4 2.2 2.0 1.9 2.3 1.7 6.6 2.8 0.9
machinery & building
Interest on working
9 7.3 7.8 7.1 6.8 6.6 7.2 7.2 6.9 7.6 7.6
capital
10 Other expenses 4.3 3.6 3.6 4.3 3.2 3.8 4.7 6.5 4.4 3.9
11 Interest on fixed capital 6.4 6.1 13.2 15.5 16.4 10.4 10.7 7.7 3.9 4.0
Imputed value of
12 7.0 7.3 6.4 7.3 8.7 8.3 8.6 8.5 9.4 11.3
household labour
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 313

41. Percentage share of each component to total cost of cultivation of Arecanut from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Component
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Hired human labour 42.8 42.8 38.8 35.2 35.2 40.0 44.1 49.2 49.6 49.9
2 Animal labour 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 Machine labour 3.2 2.7 1.6 1.4 1.9 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.8
4 Seed/ seedlings 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.7 0.8
Farm yard manure &
5 25.0 25.8 19.2 19.9 16.0 19.3 15.5 12.8 13.9 14.2
chemical fertilizers
6 Plant protection 0.6 0.3 1.8 1.1 1.4 2.4 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.7
Land tax and irrigation
7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.6
cess
Repair & maintenance
8 charges of implements, 1.4 1.3 2.3 3.1 2.9 3.6 3.5 4.2 5.5 2.2
machinery & building
Interest on working
9 7.5 7.5 6.4 6.0 5.9 6.5 6.2 6.6 7.0 7.0
capital
10 Other expenses 2.9 3.6 2.5 1.8 4.4 1.5 1.6 3.1 4.4 3.7
11 Interest on fixed capital 4.9 6.5 17.6 24.1 21.9 17.1 21.4 10.9 7.4 8.2
Imputed value of
12 11.3 9.1 9.7 6.5 10.2 7.7 6.7 11.4 10.1 11.9
household labour
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 314

42. Percentage share of each component to total cost of cultivation of Tapioca from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Component
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Hired human labour 47.1 45.0 43.7 42.0 43.2 41.1 49.2 48.9 41.8 49.2
2 Animal labour 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 Machine labour 0.9 1.0 1.5 0.8 1.6 1.9 0.6 0.0 0.6 1.4
4 Seed/ seedlings 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.6 3.1 3.2 2.8 3.3 3.6 4.0
Farm yard manure &
5 18.7 20.4 18.1 13.3 13.1 12.6 10.5 12.5 18.6 9.1
chemical fertilizers
6 Plant protection 0.3 0.1 0.1 1.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1
Land tax and irrigation
7 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3
cess
Repair & maintenance
8 charges of implements, 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.1 1.8 1.9 2.4 1.9 0.6 0.7
machinery & building
Interest on working
9 7.6 7.6 7.1 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.9 7.2 7.0
capital
10 Other expenses 6.2 6.2 5.2 6.8 6.1 7.8 3.6 3.8 6.8 6.4
11 Interest on fixed capital 3.8 4.4 8.9 12.1 11.3 10.8 7.9 5.6 0.8 0.9
Imputed value of
12 12.1 11.7 11.9 12.9 12.5 13.3 15.9 16.6 19.5 21.0
household labour
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 315

43. Percentage share of each component to total cost of cultivation of Banana from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Component
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Hired human labour 32.0 36.3 27.5 29.9 28.1 34.2 31.4 30.7 35.2 39.4
2 Animal labour 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 Machine labour 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.5 1.6 1.1 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.1
4 Seed/ seedlings 12.2 13.5 9.4 7.5 9.4 9.5 9.5 8.6 9.2 14.4
Farm yard manure &
5 28.3 28.0 23.9 18.4 19.0 17.5 18.7 20.8 21.4 15.0
chemical fertilizers
6 Plant protection 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4
Land tax and irrigation
7 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2
cess
Repair & maintenance
8 charges of implements, 0.4 0.2 0.3 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.3 0.7
machinery & building
Interest on working
9 7.5 8.0 7.8 7.4 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.5
capital
10 Other expenses 0.0 0.0 15.8 16.7 15.2 11.1 12.7 12.5 5.7 5.5
11 Interest on fixed capital 1.6 1.8 4.3 8.8 6.0 5.3 4.8 4.9 1.4 0.8
Imputed value of
12 14.6 10.2 9.7 8.0 10.7 11.6 13.6 13.3 17.5 15.9
household labour
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 316

44. Percentage share of each component to total cost of cultivation of Pepper from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Component
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Hired human labour 53.1 44.8 41.1 32.4 30.9 40.5 38.1 44.1 45.3 53.6
2 Animal labour 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 Machine labour 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
4 Seed/ seedlings 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.8 1.4 3.1 0.5 0.4
Farm yard manure &
5 16.0 26.7 13.9 11.4 12.4 10.7 11.4 9.0 10.5 8.7
chemical fertilizers
6 Plant protection 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 1.1 0.5 0.4
Land tax and irrigation
7 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.3
cess
Repair & maintenance
8 charges of implements, 1.2 0.5 2.1 3.0 4.8 3.4 4.5 3.9 3.8 1.5
machinery & building
Interest on working
9 7.2 7.4 5.8 4.6 4.7 5.5 5.4 6.1 6.2 6.7
capital
10 Other expenses 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.8 2.8 2.3 2.8 4.2 4.9 4.1
11 Interest on fixed capital 9.1 6.8 18.0 34.8 30.5 23.5 21.0 14.3 12.3 1.9
Imputed value of
12 10.3 10.7 16.4 10.8 12.4 12.7 14.5 13.9 15.5 22.4
household labour
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 317

45. Percentage share of each component to total cost of cultivation of Ginger from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Component
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Hired human labour 31.0 29.3 31.9 34.4 30.1 30.4 28.3 32.5 35.0 37.9
2 Animal labour 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 Machine labour 0.4 0.8 1.3 0.8 2.3 4.4 2.3 1.8 1.5 1.2
4 Seed/ seedlings 22.6 28.9 21.8 17.9 24.2 19.1 20.7 20.8 22.4 25.4
Farm yard manure &
5 31.6 19.7 17.8 15.9 14.3 18.2 16.8 16.2 12.1 11.4
chemical fertilizers
6 Plant protection 0.7 1.1 1.8 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.3
Land tax and irrigation
7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2
cess
Repair & maintenance
8 charges of implements, 0.3 0.2 1.4 1.5 1.3 0.9 1.1 2.5 2.9 1.0
machinery & building
Interest on working
9 8.6 8.0 7.8 7.5 7.6 7.8 7.4 7.6 7.7 7.9
capital
10 Other expenses 0.0 0.0 3.4 4.4 4.0 5.2 5.3 4.6 6.1 2.9
11 Interest on fixed capital 1.9 2.5 5.2 8.2 6.7 6.0 7.9 5.0 2.0 2.2
Imputed value of
12 2.6 9.4 7.6 8.1 8.5 7.3 9.3 8.5 9.6 9.6
household labour
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 318

46. Percentage share of each component to total cost of cultivation of Turmeric from 2004-05 to 2013-14

2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Component
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Hired human labour 44.7 34.9 30.5 29.0 30.1 31.5 31.3 42.1 37.8 40.3
2 Animal labour 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 Machine labour 0.4 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.5
4 Seed/ seedlings 23.1 14.5 13.6 13.2 13.0 14.7 13.1 20.0 17.2 15.5
Farm yard manure &
5 13.3 18.0 17.4 14.2 11.7 12.1 11.5 12.8 14.0 15.9
chemical fertilizers
6 Plant protection 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.9 0.3 0.3
Land tax and irrigation
7 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3
cess
Repair & maintenance
8 charges of implements, 0.3 0.2 1.3 2.0 2.1 1.7 4.0 1.9 3.2 1.6
machinery & building
Interest on working
9 8.3 7.2 6.4 5.9 5.8 6.2 5.8 7.9 7.5 7.7
capital
10 Other expenses 1.0 2.6 1.4 1.7 3.5 2.0 1.8 3.3 4.5 4.5
11 Interest on fixed capital 2.7 2.6 11.4 15.8 15.6 14.4 9.5 2.7 4.1 3.0
Imputed value of
12 5.9 18.4 17.0 17.8 17.7 15.2 22.1 8.0 10.5 10.4
household labour
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 319

47. Yearly average wage rate of agricultural labour in Kerala from 2006 to 2015

Figures in Rs.

Wage Type 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015*
Ploughing 233 266 290 337 370 427 504 587 632 671
Bunding 159 177 200 232 273 333 391 465 511 536
Sowing 148 159 175 204 244 299 354 427 467 497
Paddy Field
Labour (Men) Spraying 167 182 206 238 277 343 396 454 493 519
Insecticide
Harvesting 152 163 186 224 263 320 375 463 512 538
Others 154 171 196 225 270 331 385 466 526 569
Weeding 102 115 136 159 195 242 279 341 365 381
Paddy Field Transplanting 110 123 142 163 196 241 279 339 371 387
Labour
(Women) Harvesting 130 145 164 195 227 272 313 362 402 428
Others 121 136 151 169 201 253 299 350 381 399
Ploughing of
210 232 260 315 362 415 482 570 625 666
Garden Land
Other Tilling of
157 174 202 239 285 349 409 484 537 572
Agriculture Garden Land
labour (Men) Plucking of
275 314 340 372 419 492 547 612 694 744
Coconut
Others 159 175 203 236 283 347 409 483 524 562
Other Head Load 129 147 167 189 225 274 320 374 419 441
Agriculture
labour
(Women) Others 123 140 157 180 218 263 297 355 396 424

* Average of agricultural wages up to July 2015

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 320

48. Average farm wholesale price of important commodities in Kerala from 2005-06 to 2013-14

[Agricultural year, from July to June]

Item Unit 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
1 Paddy Qtl 612 667 788 921 993 1178 1106 1460 1613
2 Pepper(D) Qtl 5980 10731 12902 11476 13482 21047 31920 36257 49634
3 Ginger(D) Qtl 6613 4158 5685 7732 10022 13009 6992 8973 14005
4 Ginger Qtl 1271 1123 2055 3308 3364 3167 2043 4587 8056
5 Turmeric(D) Qtl 3587 3009 2432 3669 7781 12960 6957 5953 6918
6 Banana Qtl 1248 1334 1468 1565 1952 2104 2503 2946 3459
7 Plantain Qtl 644 709 718 782 1609 1755 1874 2301 2742
8 Cashew Qtl 2899 2464 3001 3686 3872 6104 5600 5019 6426
9 Tapioca Qtl 433 470 520 556 588 972 895 931 1717
Mango
10 (Raw) Qtl 823 1001 1323 985
11 Nutmeg Kg 122 174 274 346 321 310
Coconut
12 (WH) 100 495 473 486 544 463 762 775 613 1113
13 Arecanut 100 44 52 52 49 46 55 79 82 99
15 Sesamum Kg 42 52 40 50
16 Cloves Kg 300 293 372 797 712 895

Source: Department of Economics & Statistics, Kerala

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 321

49. Population of cultivators in Kerala as per 2011 census

Main Cultivators Marginal cultivators Total cultivators

Sl
No District Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female
1 Thiruvananthapuram 26756 22804 3952 12081 7703 4378 38837 30507 8330
2 Kollam 41467 37441 4026 15226 12035 3191 56693 49476 7217
3 Pathanamthitta 31590 28683 2907 9824 7814 2010 41414 36497 4917
4 Alappuzha 17805 15333 2472 7432 5346 2086 25237 20679 4558
5 Kottayam 42620 38673 3947 7371 5079 2292 49991 43752 6239
6 Idukki 85723 69676 16047 15194 7133 8061 100917 76809 24108
7 Ernakulam 41977 36158 5819 8446 5275 3171 50423 41433 8990
8 Thrissur 34791 28697 6094 6995 3920 3075 41786 32617 9169
9 Palakkad 59194 47813 11381 8611 4996 3615 67805 52809 14996
10 Malappuram 45710 42693 3017 11857 8829 3028 57567 51522 6045
11 Kozhikode 19905 17388 2517 6638 4401 2237 26543 21789 4754
12 Wayanad 46410 38861 7549 6349 3471 2878 52759 42332 10427
13 Kannur 30415 25055 5360 6134 3405 2729 36549 28460 8089
14 Kasaragod 20569 16271 4298 3163 1953 1210 23732 18224 5508
KERALA 544932 465546 79386 125321 81360 43961 670253 546906 123347

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 322

50. Population of agricultural labourers in Kerala as per 2011 census

Main Agricultural Marginal Agricultural Total Agricultural labourers

labourers labourers
Sl
No District Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female
1 Thiruvananthapuram 55785 46146 9639 38685 25411 13274 94470 71557 22913
2 Kollam 56640 47716 8924 35553 27085 8468 92193 74801 17392
3 Pathanamthitta 35216 29909 5307 20239 14321 5918 55455 44230 11225
4 Alappuzha 39491 26826 12665 32215 16091 16124 71706 42917 28789
5 Kottayam 44783 35287 9496 18269 10511 7758 63052 45798 17254
6 Idukki 112391 65852 46539 33307 14214 19093 145698 80066 65632
7 Ernakulam 49419 34256 15163 21972 11649 10323 71391 45905 25486
8 Thrissur 54538 35788 18750 19403 9534 9869 73941 45322 28619
9 Palakkad 195394 104522 90872 54555 24829 29726 249949 129351 120598
10 Malappuram 81841 69919 11922 35564 26232 9332 117405 96151 21254
11 Kozhikode 37555 31343 6212 26643 15925 10718 64198 47268 16930
12 Wayanad 69133 44833 24300 32497 15760 16737 101630 60593 41037
13 Kannur 59228 37371 21857 23760 10989 12771 82988 48360 34628
14 Kasaragod 27722 19324 8398 11052 6352 4700 38774 25676 13098
KERALA 919136 629092 290044 403714 228903 174811 1322850 857995 464855

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 323

51. District wise percentage of cultivators and agricultural labourers in rural area to total population of
cultivators/ agricultural labourers in Kerala as per 2011 census

Main Agricultural Marginal Agricultural

Main Cultivators Marginal cultivators labourers labourers
District T M F T M F T M F T M F
1 Thiruvananthapuram 82.2 82.2 82.5 75.4 77.2 72.4 72.3 71.7 75.3 71.8 69.9 75.6
2 Kollam 88.9 89.1 87.4 85.7 86.0 84.6 80.3 80.1 81.3 79.9 79.3 81.8
3 Pathanamthitta 97.0 96.8 98.3 96.5 96.3 97.5 95.2 95.0 96.3 96.2 95.8 97.2
4 Alappuzha 83.0 83.7 78.2 78.9 79.7 76.8 75.5 74.5 77.4 75.1 74.6 75.5
5 Kottayam 93.0 92.9 93.6 91.4 91.3 91.6 86.7 86.5 87.7 86.3 85.4 87.4
6 Idukki 99.3 99.3 99.7 99.6 99.4 99.8 99.1 98.8 99.6 99.3 98.9 99.6
7 Ernakulam 83.3 83.2 83.6 78.0 78.5 77.2 73.3 71.5 77.2 72.9 71.1 74.9
8 Thrissur 65.2 64.9 66.8 61.4 60.7 62.3 59.0 57.2 62.4 56.8 56.1 57.6
9 Palakkad 94.2 94.0 94.9 91.8 91.8 91.7 92.4 92.3 92.5 90.3 90.4 90.2
10 Malappuram 74.6 73.7 86.3 79.7 77.9 84.9 74.6 72.9 84.3 74.7 73.1 79.2
11 Kozhikode 75.9 75.6 77.8 66.3 66.1 66.7 58.3 57.6 61.5 55.4 55.3 55.4
12 Wayanad 99.6 99.5 99.9 99.7 99.7 99.6 98.7 98.7 98.8 99.2 99.0 99.3
13 Kannur 84.4 85.7 78.4 71.5 75.0 67.2 67.4 67.7 66.9 63.9 66.6 61.5
14 Kasaragod 88.1 87.8 88.9 84.2 84.4 83.7 76.9 77.7 74.9 78.5 79.0 77.9
KERALA 88.4 88.2 89.6 84.1 84.0 84.2 82.8 81.1 86.3 79.9 78.6 81.4

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 324

52. District wise percentage of cultivators and agricultural labourers to total population as per 2011 census

Total cultivators Total Agricultural labourers

Sl No District Total Male Female Total Male Female
1 Thiruvananthapuram 1.2 1.9 0.5 2.9 4.5 1.3
2 Kollam 2.2 4.0 0.5 3.5 6.0 1.3
3 Pathanamthitta 3.5 6.5 0.8 4.6 7.9 1.8
4 Alappuzha 1.2 2.0 0.4 3.4 4.2 2.6
5 Kottayam 2.5 4.5 0.6 3.2 4.7 1.7
6 Idukki 9.1 13.9 4.3 13.1 14.5 11.8
7 Ernakulam 1.5 2.6 0.5 2.2 2.8 1.5
8 Thrissur 1.3 2.2 0.6 2.4 3.1 1.7
9 Palakkad 2.4 3.9 1.0 8.9 9.5 8.3
10 Malappuram 1.4 2.6 0.3 2.9 4.9 1.0
11 Kozhikode 0.9 1.5 0.3 2.1 3.2 1.0
12 Wayanad 6.5 10.5 2.5 12.4 15.1 9.9
13 Kannur 1.4 2.4 0.6 3.3 4.1 2.6
14 Kasaragod 1.8 2.9 0.8 3.0 4.1 1.9
KERALA 2.0 3.4 0.7 4.0 5.4 2.7

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 325

53. Demand and consumption of pesticides in Kerala from 2012-13 to 2014-15

Unit in Tonnes

2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Item
Demand Consumption Demand Consumption Demand Consumption
Insecticides 117.76 260.83 175.09 555.01 488.73 326.96
Fungicides 448.22 411.13 370.02 477.19 429.46 401.05
Weedicides 24.54 22.46 20.21 140.36 126.32 165.10
Rodenticides and
fumigants 0.16 0.53 0.47 1.07 0.97 1.42
Plant growth regulators 0.61 16.98 15.28 114.50 103.05 15.74
Others 0.00 0.07 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 591.29 712.00 581.13 1288.13 1148.53 910.27

54. Crop wise consumption of pesticides in Kerala from 2012-13 to 2014-15 (in MT)

% of bio pesticide to
Chemical pesticides Bio pesticides Total total
2012- 2013- 2014- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2012- 2013- 2014-
Crop 13 14 15 13 14 15 13 14 15 13 14 15
Cereals
(Paddy) 215.00 285.09 106.54 44.00 147.08 168.09 259.00 432.17 274.63 16.99 34.03 61.21
vegetables 43.00 104.12 101.77 95.00 79.59 159.01 138.00 183.71 260.78 68.84 43.32 60.97
Spices 328.00 2.29 344.53 90.00 2.60 159.69 418.00 4.89 504.22 21.53 53.17 31.67
Coconut 24.00 190.76 155.00 9.00 60.80 30.00 33.00 251.56 185.00 27.27 24.17 16.22
Arecanut 30.00 21.26 9.34 0.00 1.85 5.65 30.00 23.11 14.99 0.00 8.01 37.69
Banana 34.00 68.25 137.21 9.00 122.79 66.50 43.00 191.04 203.71 20.93 64.27 32.64
Total 674.00 671.77 854.39 247.00 414.71 588.94 921.00 1086.48 1443.33 26.82 38.17 40.80

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 326

REFERNCES

1. Annual Plan (Budget document), various years from 2004-05 to 2015-16,

published by Finance Department, Kerala
2. 10th Five Year Plan Accounts 2004-2007, published by Finance Department,
Kerala
3. 11th Five Year Plan Accounts 2007-2012, published by Finance Department,
Kerala
4. GDP of Kerala and India 2004-05 to 2013-14, published by Department of
Economics & Statistics
5. Agricultural Statistics, various issues, published by Department of Economics &
Statistics
6. Reports on Cost of Cultivation of Important Crops in Kerala, published by
Department of Economics & Statistics
7. National Sample Survey Reports, published by NSSO, Govt of India
8. Economic Review, various issues, published by State Planning Board, Kerala
9. Household consumer expenditure across socio economic groups 2011-12, NSS
68th Round, National Sample Survey Office, Govt of India
10. Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India 2011-12, NSS 68th
Round, NSSO, Govt of India
11. Key Indicators of Situations of Agricultural households in India, NSS 70th
Round, 2013, NSSO, Govt of India
12. Household consumption of various goods and services in Kerala, NSS 66th
Round, 2009-10, published by Department of Economics & Statistics, Kerala
13. Annual Report 2014-15, M/o Agriculture & Cooperation, Govt of India
14. Agricultural Statistics 2013 and 2014, M/o Agriculture & Cooperation, Govt of
India
15. GDP of Kerala and India from 2004-05 to 2013-14, Department of Economics &
Statistics, Kerala
16. Website of Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation
www.mospi.nic.in
17. Website of Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperation www.agricoop.nic.in
18. Annual Report 2013-14, Tea Board, India
19. Website of Coffee Board, India www.indiacoffee.org
20. Website of Tea Board, India www.teaboard.gov.in

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala Page 327

ABBREVIATIONS

Acct Accounts
BE Budget Estimate
CSS Centrally Sponsored Scheme
DES Department of Economics & Statistics
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GSDP Gross State Domestic Product
Ha Hectare
Kg Kilogramme
M/o Ministry of
MPCE Monthly Percapita Consumption Expenditure
MT Metric Tonne
NDP Net State Domestic Product
NSS National Sample Survey
NSSO National Sample Survey Organisation
RE Revised Estimate
TE Term Ending
URP Uniform Reference period

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