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MGP 2023 | Cohort 5 | Half Length Test #18 (61116) | ………

(10 Questions | 125 Marks | Duration 1.5 Hours)

Instructions: All questions are compulsory. The number of marks carried by a question/part is
indicated against it. Quality of the answer is more important than the length of the answer.
funsZ'k % lHkh ç'u vfuok;Z gSaA çR;sd ç'u }kjk /kkfjr vadksa dks mlds lkeus bafxr fd;k x;k gSA mÙkj dh xq.koÙkk mÙkj
dh yackbZ dh rqyuk esa vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA

Q.1) Blue economy can become a tool to leverage the maritime resources for sustainable development;
however, it faces inherent challenges. Discuss. (10 marks, 150 words)

Cyw bd‚ukseh lrr fodkl ds fy, leqæh lalkèkuksa ds ykHk mBkus gsrq ,d midj.k cu ldrh gS( gkyk¡fd] ;g varfuZfgr
pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djrh gSA ppkZ djsaA ¼10 vad] 150 'kCn½

Q.2) Favourable conditions have facilitated the growth of the IT industry in India, at the same time,
un-favourable factors have led to its skewed concentration. Elaborate. (10 marks, 150 words)

vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa us Hkkjr esa vkbZVh m|ksx ds fodkl dks lqxe cuk;k gS] lkFk gh] çfrdwy dkjdksa us bldh fo"ke
ladsUæ.k dks tUe fn;k gSA foLr`r foospuk djsaA ¼10 vad] 150 'kCn½

Q.3) What do you mean by temperature inversion? Describing the suitable conditions for temperature
inversion, discuss its various impacts. (10 marks, 150 words)

rki O;qRØe.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ rki O;qRØe.k ds fy, mi;qä ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk o.kZu djrs gq, blds fofHkUu çHkkoksa
dh ppkZ djsaA ¼10 vad] 150 'kCn½

Q.4) Account for the periodic shortage of coal in the country in spite of its relative abundance and
recommend measures to address this problem. (10 marks, 150 words)

ns'k esa dks;ys dh lkisf{kd çpqjrk ds ckotwn bldh vkofèkd deh dk ys[kk&tks[kk djsa vkSj bl leL;k ds lekèkku ds
mik;ksa dh flQkfj'k djsaA ¼10 vad] 150 'kCn½

Q.5) Despite being rich in forest resources, why do tropical regions have limited growth of the
lumbering industry in comparison to temperate regions? (10 marks, 150 words)

ou lalkèkuksa esa le`) gksus ds ckotwn] le'khrks".k {ks=ksa dh rqyuk esa m".kdfVcaèkh; {ks=ksa esa ydM+h m|ksx dh lhfer o`f)
D;ksa gksrh gS\ ¼10 vad] 150 'kCn½

Q.6) What do you understand by air mass and fronts? Explain the different types of air masses and
fronts along with associated weather patterns. (15 marks, 250 words)

ok;q jkf'k vkSj okrkxz ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ fofHkUu çdkj ds ok;qjkf'k;ksa vkSj okrkxzksa dks lacafèkr ekSle çfr:iksa ds lkFk
le>kb,A ¼15 vad] 250 'kCn½

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MGP 2023 | Cohort 5 | Half Length Test #18 (61116) | ………

(10 Questions | 125 Marks | Duration 1.5 Hours)

Q.7) Renewable energy is becoming a beacon of sustainable growth in the long run; however, in the
near future, fossil fuels are indispensable for energy security in the country. Discuss.
(15 marks, 250 words)

uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ nh?kkZofèk esa lrr fodkl dk çrhd cu jgh gS( gkykafd] fudV Hkfo"; esa] ns'k esa ÅtkZ lqj{kk ds fy,
thok'e bZaèku vifjgk;Z gSaA ppkZ djsaA ¼15 vad] 250 'kCn½

Q.8) Assessing the significance of mangroves for coastal ecology and economy, examine the reasons
for their accelerated depletion. (15 marks, 250 words)

rVh; ikfjfLFkfrdh vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, eSaxzkso ds egRo dk vkdyu djrs gq,] muds Rofjr ºzkl ds dkj.kksa dh ijh{k.k
djsaA ¼15 vad] 250 'kCn½

Q.9) Enumerate the environmental impacts of destruction of urban wetlands and suggest measures
to protect and conserve wetlands in Indian cities. (15 marks, 250 words)

'kgjh vkæZHkwfe;ksa ds fouk'k ds i;kZoj.kh; çHkkoksa dh x.kuk djsa vkSj Hkkjrh; 'kgjksa esa vkæZHkwfe;ksa ds j{k.k vkSj laj{k.k ds
mik;ksa dk lq>ko nsaA ¼15 vad] 250 'kCn½

Q.10) Projects for inter-linking of rivers are an attractive solution to multi-dimensional problems
related to water management in the country. Explain. What are the various challenges and concerns
in its execution? (15 marks, 250 words)

ufn;ksa dks vkil esa tksMu+ s dh ifj;kstuk,a ns'k esa ty çcaèku ls lacafèkr cgqvk;keh leL;kvksa dk ,d vkd"kZd lekèkku
gSAa O;k[;k djsaA blds fØ;kUo;u esa fofHkUu pqukSfr;k¡ vkSj fpark,¡ D;k gSa\ ¼15 vad] 250 'kCn½

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MGP 2023 (Cohort 5)

Half length Test #18 – Solution

Instruction to Students

Answers provided in this booklet exceed the word limit so as to also act as source of
good notes on the topic.

Candidates must focus on the keywords mentioned in the answers and build answers
around them. Elaborate answers are given with the purpose that candidates
understand the topic better.

We have also adopted a grey box approach to provide context wherever necessary,
which is not to be considered a part of the answer.

For any feedback, please write to us at helpdesk@forumias.academy

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Q.1) Blue economy can become a tool to leverage the maritime resources for sustainable
development; however, it faces inherent challenges. Discuss.

Approach: Introduce the answer by defining blue economy. In the body, discuss how it can lead to
sustainable development. Next, highlight the challenges. Lastly, suggest some measures to promote the
blue economy. Conclude by emphasizing on the need for sustainable framework for blue economy.

Blue economy is defined as sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved
livelihoods, and jobs while preserving the health of ocean ecosystem. The blue economy can become
a tool for sustainable development as:
1. Energy security:
a. India has huge potential to develop tidal energy along Gulf of Kuchchh, Gulf of Cambay
and Sundarbans.
b. Exploration of methane hydrates can aid in meeting the goals of energy security.
2. Exploitation of deep-sea minerals: The minerals like cobalt, magnesium, rare-earth
elements, iron ores, etc. would reduce import to great extent. Polymetallic nodules can
substantially aid in economic growth.
3. Economic growth:
a. Blue economy can aid in capacity building and economic development of the tribes in
the coastal areas. E.g., Koli tribals in Maharashtra.
b. Extensive possibilities for the development of marine tourism. E.g., backwaters and
blue beaches of Goa and Kerala.
4. Marine fisheries: Blue economy can aid in the development of marine fisheries, adding to the
growth of fisheries industry/exports. E.g., Pradhan Mantri Matasya Yojana.
5. Connectivity: Blue economy offers tremendous opportunities for seamless connectivity,
leading to multi-modal transportation. E.g., Sagarmala initiative, PM-Gatishakti masterplan
etc., initiatives.

Though blue-economy offers opportunities for sustainable development, there are certain inherent
challenges, such as:
1. Limited capacity:
a. The lack of trained human resource for the exploitation of the marine resources is a
prime challenge. E.g., lack of training for high sea fishing.
b. Lack of technological know-how is also a seminal handicap. E.g., ship manufacturing,
deep sea mining/fishing etc.
2. Lack of corresponding research: Marine economics is yet to develop itself as a discipline in
educational institutions. Consequently, there is limited research and innovation in this sector.
3. Environmental factors:
a. Blue economy can lead to environmental destruction. E.g., extraction of PM-nodules
may lead to extinction of rare species.
b. Poor mitigation against cyclones, tsunamis can undo the benefits of blue economy.
c. Development of bule economy may lead to increased incidents of pollution like oil
spills etc.
4. Global factors: In absence of a global rules-based framework, blue economy may become a
factor for bilateral disputes between countries. E.g., fishermen issue between India and Sri-
Lanka.
5. Finance: Blue economy is a cost intensive sector. Lack of seamless credit may hamper its
adequate growth.

In order to promote blue economy, there is a need to:

1. Take mitigating steps against negative externalities like marine pollution.
2. Ensure adequate channels for credit/finance.
3. Build capacity of the human resource.
4. International coordination through global agencies to avoid dispute.

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5. Promote institutional research in impacts of blue economy.

Though blue economy provides avenues for development, there is a need to take comprehensive
measures to make it sustainable. (445 words)

Q.2) Favourable conditions have facilitated the growth of the IT industry in India, at the same time,
un-favourable factors have led to its skewed concentration. Elaborate.

Approach: Introduce the answer by defining the importance of IT industries. In the body, discuss that
factors that have contributed to its growth. Next, discuss factors that have led to its skewed distribution.
Lastly, recommend measures to ensure well-rounded growth of the IT sector. Conclude with emphasizing
role of IT in making India a leader in knowledge economy.

The IT industry in India has been a flag-bearer of socio-economic transformation of the country. The
factors that have led to the growth of the IT industry in India can be summarised as:
1. Familiarity with English language led to easy acquisition of IT related knowledge.
2. Coastal states like Karnataka, presents similar climatic conditions like Silicon Valley (USA),
encouraging entrepreneurs to set-up industry.
3. Innovative entrepreneurship has also contributed in establishing India as the hub of IT and
ITeS industry. E.g., Narayan Murthy of Infosys.
4. Availability of technically skilled manpower, especially in the metropolitan cities. E.g., IT hubs
in Bangalore, Chennai, Gurgaon etc.
5. Government policies:
a. 1991 LPG reforms.
b. Export Oriented Units (EOUs), Software Technical Parks (STPs) with supportive
infrastructure.
c. Removal of duties from import of IT products.
d. Make-in-India, smart Cities Mission, and Digital India.

Tier 2 and tier 3 cities have seen limited penetration of IT industries due to:
1. Poor supply chain infrastructure to complement the growth of IT industry has led to their
limited penetration in tier 2/3 cities.
2. Education/developmental indicators:
a. Prevalence of poverty, poor spending ability etc., restricts the customer base for IT
industries. E.g., difference between per capita income of Uttar Pradesh and
Karnataka.
b. Low educational outcomes, poor penetration of IT education has also diluted the
resource base, HR pool for the IT industries.
3. Harsh climatic conditions, prevalence of primary industries, and lack of an innovative
ecosystem has also resulted in poor spread of IT industries in north India. E.g., high share of
population engaged in agriculture in Punjab.
4. Corruption/poor-governance:
a. Lawlessness, corruption and poor governance keeps away investors.
b. High level of red-tapism in some states and non-responsive bureaucracy also mars
the potential of a region for becoming an IT hub.
5. Lack of infrastructure:
a. Poor penetration of internet facilities in the rural areas have restricted the growth of
IT industry in these regions.
b. Lack of connectivity makes it difficult for the human resource to relocate in these
areas. E.g., lack of air connectivity in Uttarakhand, North East etc.
c. In adequate and disruptive supply of power/electricity is major hinderance in
development of IT industries in these regions.

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In order to ensure a well-rounded growth of IT sector, there is a need to ensure:

1. Availability of skilled manpower through training and capacity building.
2. Growth by policy support. E.g., digital north-east vision 2022.
3. Infrastructure growth E.g., internet connectivity in all village panchayats.
4. Growth of start-ups, entrepreneurships etc., through credit support and hand holding.
5. Multimodal-connectivity. E.g., PM-GATISHAKTI masterplan.
IT industry is a tool to make India a leader in global knowledge economy. However, the need is to
ensure its well-rounded distribution in the country. (448 words)

Q.3) What do you mean by temperature inversion? Describing the suitable conditions for
temperature inversion, discuss its various impacts.

Approach: Introduce by defining temperature inversion. Also explain normal lapse rate. Draw a diagram.
Then, elaborate the conditions for it which are clear cloudless skies, winter nights and still air. In the
multidimensional impact part, mention fog formation, air drainage, impact on precipitation as well as
subsidiary impact like lower visibility, benefit and damage to crops, air pollution etc. Conclude by
highlighting the importance of inversion for addressing issues such as pollution

Temperature inversion refers to the phenomenon of reversal

of air temperature with increase in height. Under normal
circumstances, temperature decreases with increase in height
in the troposphere. This is known as normal lapse rate.
However, in case of temperature inversion, there is increase in
temperature as height increases.
The suitable conditions for temperature inversion are:
1. Long winter night: Loss of heat by terrestrial
radiation from the ground surface during night
exceeds the amount of incoming solar radiation. This
results in lower surface temperature.
2. Cloudless sky at night leads to more rapid heat loss
while slow movement of air prevents inter-mixing Fig: Temperature Inversion
of air.
3. Dry air near the ground limits the absorption of the radiated heat, resulting in lower
temperatures near the surface.

Temperature inversion has multidimensional impact, as discussed below:

1. Precipitation: Due to temperature inversion, convective clouds cannot rise high enough. This
restricts winter rainfall which is important for Rabi crops. Inversion induces atmospheric
stability in western margins of continents, creating arid conditions and desert ecosystems
such as in the Sahara desert.
2. Fog formation: Surface inversion leads to dense fog in the morning. Some crops such as coffee
plantations in Yemen hills of Arabia benefit as fog provides a protective layer from intense
solar irradiation. In urban areas, smoke and dust particles collect beneath the inversion layer,
leading to smog.
3. Increase in air pollution: Non-dispersal of air pollutants due to slow movement of air creates
toxic air-chambers around urban centers, for example the winter pollution around Delhi.
Smog lowers visibility which leads to delays in terrestrial and air travel, and accidents. High
density of particulate matters causes respiratory problems.
4. Frost damage: The dense cold air produced during the night in hills and mountains moves
down the slope to pile up in valley bottom with warm air above. This is called Air Drainage. It
leads to frost damage. As a result, apple growers in mountain states of Himalayas avoid lower
slopes.

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5. Telecommunication: Temperature inversion may disturb the radio signals in the region due
to refraction from layers above the cold air.
It is important to have a better understanding of temperature inversion as it impacts agriculture
sector, transport sector as well as affects pollution and needs to be studied for better management
of issues in those sectors. (383 words)

Q.4) Account for the periodic shortage of coal in the country in spite of its relative abundance and
recommend measures to address this problem.

Approach: Introduce the answer with data about coal reserves, production and consumption. In the body,
first list the reasons for periodic coal shortage. Then suggest measures for addressing the issue. Conclude
with summarised way forward.

Coal is India’s most abundant fossil fuel at around 344 billion tonnes. India is the 2nd largest producer
and consumer of coal in the world after China. However, despite the relative abundance of coal
reserves, the country often faces periodic shortages of coal due to following reasons:
1. Fall in Imports: High coal prices in international market, such as due to Ukraine crisis, made
imported coal-based thermal power economically unviable.
2. Weather: Sudden rise in peak load due to factors like early summer, heatwaves, etc. reduce
coal stocks at power plants. Flooding of mines during monsoon reduce domestic production
of coal.
4. Rising demand or electricity as the economy has recovered from pandemic. E.g., electricity
crossed consumption crossed 4 billion units per day of which 65-70% demand is met by coal.
5. Logistical Issues: Supply of coal is disrupted due to the reduced availability of railway rakes
to transport coal.
6. Inadequate mining: Monopoly of government-owned Coal India Limited results in inadequate
exploration and mining of coal. E.g., As per 2021 report of Parliamentary Standing Committee
on Energy, there is poor utilisation of coal blocks allocated to the power sector.

Government has introduced measures like Open acreage licensing progarmme, Hydrocarbon
Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) etc. that are helpful. Following additional measures can be
taken to address the problem of periodic shortage of coal:
1. Short term measures:
a) Real-time monitoring app to track coal stocks will help manage the temporary demand-
supply mismatch.
b) Import subsidies for the sector to mitigate the short-term surge in demand.
c) Faster clearance to pending projects to allow them to start production immediately.
d) Frequent Auctioning of mines to facilitate better utilization of coal reserves.
2. Long term measures:
a) Coordination: Real time coordination between NTPC, Railways, Coal India will ensure
smooth and timely supply of coal. E.g., PRAKASH portal.
b) Privatization of Coal India can improve the supply chain management, and reduce
excessive government control which results in inefficiencies.
c) Long-term contracts with major coal producing countries in the world like Russia,
Australia, Indonesia etc. for ensuring a steady supply of coal.
d) Burden sharing: Reducing share of coal in energy supply mix by turning towards greener
alternatives. E.g., investments in power storage infrastructure to manage peak demands
with renewable energy.
Periodic coal shortages are a management problem in our country. It requires augmentation of
domestic production capacity and improved coal management to ensure availability of coal at all times
of the year. (410 words)

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Q.5) Despite being rich in forest resources, why do tropical regions have limited growth of the
lumbering industry in comparison to temperate regions?

Approach: Introduce the answer by defining lumbering. Then describe locational factors for lumbering.
In the body, highlight reasons for limited growth of lumbering industry in tropical regions through
comparison with temperate regions in a table. Conclude with emphasis on scientific management and
sustainable use for tropical lumbering.

Lumbering refers to the commercial extraction of timber which forms an important economic
activity, employing a large number of people.
The lumbering industry is based on following locational factors:
a) Raw material: Most pulp mill and saw-mills are located near the jungles for efficiency as they
are weight-losing industries. E.g.,
2. Rivers that flow towards the direction of final market help to keep transport cost low. E.g.,
rivers connected to ports.
3. Infrastructure and technology facilitate the location of lumbering industry in population
scarce regions due to factors like mechanisation, efficiency, labour-saving function etc.
4. Market: Industries are located in close vicinity of markets. E.g., lumbering industry of southern
Canada serving demand for newsprint paper in USA.

The limited growth of lumbering industry in tropical regions vis-à-vis temperate regions is due to
following reasons:
Temperate Region Tropical Region
1. Homogeneity: Temperate region has homogeneous Tropical region has wide heterogeneity of
species which make extraction species. The forests are also dense, which
easier. E.g., mechanised operations. make it difficult to lay down roads.
2. Nature of Soft wood of temperate regions is Tropics are dominated by hardwood which
wood preferred material for its easy is difficult to process and transport. It also
workability. It floats on rivers which has fewer marketable applications,
makes it easy to transport. E.g., especially in furniture. E.g., teak,
pinewood, cedar etc. sandalwood etc.
3. Riverine Straight stretches and rapid river Meandering rivers in tropics have sharp
transport streams allow for easy transport. turns which makes transportation via
waterways more complex, requiring boats,
desilting for deepening of river etc.
4. Agricultural Temperate regions are agriculturally Growing trees for wood is not considered
Land poor. Lumbering is a good alternative attractive as it has long gestation period,
to agriculture compared to agriculture which allows for
multiple crops in a year.
5. Developed The adjacent countries of temperate Lack of well-developed market reduces
Markets forest have high per-capita income. economic potential of tropical lumbering
Consumer demand for wooden goods industry. E.g., development of applications
gives impetus to lumbering industry. based on tropical trees.
6. Forest Temperate forest lack big game Tropical forests are home to biodiversity
management animals, which makes commercial use hotspots, home to lions, elephants and
easier. tigers. Economic use of forests is
discouraged in favour of forest
conservation.

The more integrated, coordinated and organized approach for organization of the lumbering industry
in the temperate regions can provide important learnings for commercial lumbering in tropics based
on scientific principles for sustainable use. (415 words)

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Q.6) What do you understand by air mass and fronts? Explain the different types of air masses and
fronts along with associated weather patterns.

Approach: Introduce the answer with definition of air mass and fronts. In the body, list various air
masses and air fronts along with associated weather patterns in a table. Conclude with effect of air
masses and air fronts on weather across earth.

Air masses are huge pockets of air with distinct temperature, pressure and humidity compared to
surrounding air. Air masses can extend across thousands of kilometers in horizontal expanse, and
traverse from ground level to the stratosphere (16 kilometer above ground). Front, on the other hand is
the transition zone between different air masses as they come in contact.

The different types of air masses and associated weather patterns are as follows:
Sr. Air mass Weather Pattern
No.
1. Warm air-mass: Its a) It is characterized by anticyclonic conditions.
temperature is greater than b) It can create conditions for heat waves. E.g., air mass
the surface temperature of originating from African desert leads to high
area it moves over. temperature and heat waves across Europe.
2. Cold air mass: They have a) Cyclonic conditions are created if a cold air mass lies
very low temperature and partially over warm water surface and partially over
specific humidity. adjoining cold land surface.
b) In northern India, it makes weather foggy during
winter.
3. Maritime air mass: It forms It produces warm and humid conditions. E.g., along the
over water and is humid. Caribbean islands.
4. Continental air mass: It It produces hot and dry conditions. E.g., in the Southwest U.S.
forms over land and is dry. and Mexico.
5. Regional Air masses Temperate cyclones are formed when the warm and humid
airmasses from the tropics interact with dry and cold air
a) Continental Arctic (cA) masses from the poles.
b) Continental Polar (cP)
c) Continental Tropical
(cT)
d) Maritime Polar (mP)
e) Maritime Tropical (mT)

The different types of fronts along with associated weather patterns are as follows:
Sr.
Air Front Weather Pattern
No.
1. Cold Front: It develops when a cold Cold fronts are marked by strong winds, formation of
air mass replaces a warm air mass by cumulonimbus clouds and sudden drop in
advancing into it or the warm air temperature bringing heavy precipitation. E.g.,
mass retreats and cold air mass thunderstorm in USA.
advances.

2. Warm Front: When warm air mass As the warm air moves up the slope along the front, it
slowly ascends over the cold air condenses and causes moderate to gentle
mass, a gently sloping front is precipitation over a large area.
formed known as Warm Front.

3. Stationary Front: It forms when Stationary front produces clouds for prolonged
two contrasting air masses collide period due to upward movement of air leading to
and are unable to push against each prolonged precipitation.
other.

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4. Occluded Front: Occluded front is Weather along an occluded front is complex with a
formed when a cold air mass mixture of cold front type and warm front type
overtakes a warm air mass and goes weather. Such fronts are common in west Europe.
underneath it.

Earth’s major air masses originate in polar or subtropical latitudes. The middle latitudes constitute
essentially a zone of modification, interaction, and mixing of the polar and tropical air masses and
development of fronts. Together, air mass and fronts modify weather patterns across the Earth. (512
words)

Q.7) Renewable is becoming a beacon of sustainable growth in the long run; however, in the near
future, fossil fuels are indispensable for energy security in the country. Discuss.

Approach: Introduce the answer by defining renewable energy. In the next part, discuss how renewable
energy can be a beacon of sustainable growth. Next, discuss the importance of fossil fuels for energy
security. Lastly, suggest ways for green growth of the country. Conclude the answer by need for balancing
the need for growth with sustainability.

Renewable energy refers to the energy derived from the sources that can be replenished on a human
time-scale. In light of the rising temperatures due to climate change and its associated ill-effects,
renewable energy has become a beacon of sustainable growth as:
1. Renewable energy can lead to reduction in the emission of the Green House Gases (GHGs),
therefore, preventing the global rise in temperatures from reaching unsustainable levels.
2. Ascribing to renewable energy can aid in reversing the damage to the environment/ecology.
E.g., mining of coal leads to deforestation.
3. Renewable energy can aid in creating value/quality employment at the local level. E.g.,
development of solar photo-Voltic cells as sunrise industry.
4. Use of renewable energy can reverse the menace of environmental pollution. E.g., generation
of coal leads to harmful gases like SO2, and NO2.
5. Adoption of renewable energy can aid in meeting global commitments. E.g., INDCs

Though clean and renewable energy sources are the need of the future, the fossil fuels are inevitable
as:
1. India needs cheap source of energy to meet the imperative of development of its vast
population. E.g., energy is sine-qua-non in bringing millions of people out of poverty.
2. India’s target to achieve a five trillion USD economy calls for a continuous supply of energy.
E.g., use of coal, petroleum sources etc., for industrial growth.
3. Limited financial adequacy and technological know-how has led to poor penetration of
renewable energy in an effective/efficient manner. E.g., India has highlighted need for climate
finance to meet its INDCs in COP-26.
4. Limited reliability of the renewable energy sources to ensure a seamless supply of electricity
is also a matter of concern. E.g., poor grid connectivity of the renewable energy sources.
5. Integration in economy:
a. Transition to the renewable energy may lead to employment loss to many people. E.g.,
approximately 4 million people are engaged in coal related industries.
b. High use of petro-products in various industries, have made it indispensable.
6. Environmental challenges:
a. Development of hydro-power plant have adverse environmental consequences for
the river ecology. E.g., harmful for river biodiversity, occurrences of floods, droughts
etc.
b. Development of wind farms is also, according to the experts, said to have negative
impact upon aerial fauna. E.g., may obstruct pathways of exotic species.

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In order to ensure sustainable transition to greener technologies, there is a need to:

1. There is a requirement to develop capacity in order to boost technological research for clean
energy production. E.g., India-UK green energy collaboration.
2. The imperative is to partner with the like-minded countries for innovative solutions. E.g.,
India-EU partnership for development of green hydrogen.
3. There is need to boost the paradigm for clean coal technologies, electricity vehicle etc., to
reduce the negative impacts of fossils.
4. A greater reliance on nuclear energy, bio-fuels etc., can also herald a greener growth
trajectory for the country.
5. Behavioural changes in the people are also an important way for ensuring reduction of carbon
footprints of the country. E.g., transit oriented development, promoting public
transportation, afforestation drives etc.
6. The global west, developed countries should ensure a greater transfer of climate finance in
line with the commitments under the UNFCCC.
Green/renewable energy are an important tool to ensure sustainable development, however, the
same has to be done without affecting the commitment towards economic as well as social growth.
(553 words)

Q.8) Assessing the significance of mangroves for coastal ecology and economy, examine the reasons
for their accelerated depletion.

Approach: Introduce by defining mangroves and mentioning their ecological and economic value.
Structure the body of the answer in three parts. First discuss the significance of mangroves for coastal
ecology. Then discuss value of mangroves for coastal economy. Lastly, list the reasons for accelerated
depletion of mangroves. Conclude with suggestions for conservation of mangroves.

Mangroves are salt-tolerant vegetation that grows in intertidal regions of rivers and estuaries.
Mangroves are a unique ecosystem which offer ecological as well as economic utility for coastal areas.
The significance of mangroves for coastal ecology is as follows:
1. Ecosystem services: Mangroves help to maintain water quality by the uptake of pollutants and
cycling of nutrients.
2. Natural Coastal defence: The sturdy root systems of mangrove help form a natural barrier
against violent storm surges and tsunami. They perform protective role for communities at
risk from sea-level rise and severe weather events.
3. Carbon sinks: Mangroves are unparalleled in their capacity for carbon sequestration. E.g.,
they store 3-5 times more carbon in equivalent area than tropical forest.
4. Rich biodiversity: Mangroves provide a nutrient-rich breeding ground for numerous species
that thrive above and below the waterline. E.g., the famed Bengal tiger is found in Sundarbans
which is a mangrove forest.

The significance of mangroves for coastal economy is as under:

1. Wood: Mangrove trees are a reliable source of wood for construction which is prized for its
hardy resistance to rot and insects. The wood is also harvested commercially for pulp and
charcoal.
2. Medicinal Value: Plant extracts are collected by locals for their medicinal qualities. E.g.,
3. Livelihood support:
a) The leaves of mangrove trees are often used for animal fodder. Mangroves are also source
for forest produce like wax, honey etc.
b) The forest waters provide local fishermen with a rich supply of fish, crabs and shellfish to
sell for income. E.g., nearly 80% of the global fish catch relies on mangrove forests.
4. Promote ecotourism: As they are located near to coral reefs and sandy beaches, the forests
provide a rich environment for activities like sports fishing, kayaking and birdwatching tours.

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As per researchers at IISc, India has lost 40% of its mangrove area in the last century. The reasons for
accelerated depletion of mangroves are as follows:
1. Agriculture:
a) Conversion to agriculture, such as rice paddies, bio-fuel plantations etc. is a major
contributor to loss of mangroves.
b) Nutrients, pesticides, and other toxic chemicals from agricultural runoff cause damage
to mangroves.
2. Aquaculture: Pressure from coastal fishing is causing depletion of mangroves. 38% of global
mangrove loss has resulted from clearing for shrimp culture.
3. Development: Mangroves areas are cleared for residential needs, tourism, ports etc. They are
also degraded through fragmentation by roads along the coast.
4. Pollution: Urban runoff, sewage, and industrial waste ends up in the mangroves polluting
them. E.g., Plastic and other solid wastes cause stress to mangroves by suffocating aerial
roots and inhibiting new growth.
5. Climate change: Mangroves are very sensitive to changes in oceanic surface properties and
sea level rise, resulting from climate change.
Awareness generation, regular monitoring, mangrove afforestation and livelihood support for
communities living near mangroves can help reduce anthropogenic pressure on mangroves.
Collaboration with locals, coastal industries and global organisations like UNEP, Global Alliance for
Mangroves is needed to preserve mangroves. (497 words)

Q.9) Enumerate the environmental impacts of destruction of urban wetlands and suggest measures
to protect and conserve wetlands in Indian cities.

Approach: Introduce by defining urban wetlands and their importance. The body of the answer can be
structured in two parts. In the first part, mention the environmental impacts of destruction of urban
wetlands. Next, suggest measures to protect and conserve wetlands in Indian cities. Conclude with need
to address drivers of wetland loss for a climate-resilient future.

Wetlands refer to land areas which remain flooded with water, either seasonally or permanently.
Urban wetlands are found in and around cities. They contribute to the livability of cities and provide
services like improving the water quality, carbon sequestration, habitat for wildlife, etc.

As per Wetlands International, nearly 30% of the natural wetlands in India have been lost in the last
three decades. The environmental impacts of destruction of urban wetlands are as follows:
1. Habitat destruction: Wetlands habitats have become fragmented, reducing breeding grounds
for migratory birds, fishes, turtles etc.
2. Pollution: Wetlands act as natural water filters. Their destruction increases accumulation of
pollutants in natural ecosystem. E.g., heavy metal contamination of groundwater from
agricultural and industrial sources.
3. Receding water table: Wetlands destruction reduces seepage of surface runoff for
groundwater recharge. It causes water-distress in urban areas.
4. Biodiversity loss: As per UNESCO, the threat to wetlands will have an adverse impact on 40%
of the world’s flora and fauna that live or breed in wetlands.
5. Natural Hazards: Degradation of urban wetlands diminishes ecosystem capability to absorb
impact of natural hazards like floods, droughts, and storm surges. E.g., urban floods in Chennai
in December 2015.
6. Heat Island Effect: Destruction of wetland and their replacement with grey infrastructure of
glass and concrete buildings causes increased temperature in cities.

To protect and conserve wetlands in Indian cities, following measures can be pursued:
1. Capacity building: Install sewage-treatment plants for handling waste before dumping them
into waterbodies.

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2. Technology: Conservation and management through identification, mapping and monitoring

of lost or vulnerable wetland areas using remote sensing and GIS. E.g., National Wetland
Inventory and Assessment by ISRO which mapped around two lakh wetlands in India.
3. Enhanced sustainability of key sectors impacting wetlands’ health such as agriculture, tourism
etc. E.g., nano-urea in agriculture, electric boats for riverine transport etc.
4. Create a buffer zone around wetlands through afforestation. It would also improve health of
wetland ecosystem. Carry out de-encroachment of wetland areas to improve drainage
network of wetlands.
5. Create awareness about wetland conservation and wise use through education, Information
and communication Technology (ICT) and participation of civil society groups to create citizen
movement for conservation of wetlands. E.g., a public-spirited individual Ramveer Tanwar
revived 40 ponds in various states.
6. Integrated Policy: Mainstream wetlands ecosystem services and biodiversity into our
developmental policies and urban planning processes. E.g., schemes like Smart Cities Mission
and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation need to have wetland
conservation and green infrastructure as essential components.
There is need to address the drivers of wetland loss and degradation using local experiences and
expertise and a robust policy to transform the conditions of the wetlands in the country. Plans like the
green-blue policy with a focus on water bodies and the land around it are the future of urban planning.
Smart and innovative ideas along with increasing space for people’s participation in management of
urban wetlands are pre-requisites for building a climate-resilient future. (498 words)

Q.10) Projects for inter-linking of rivers are an attractive solution to multi-dimensional problems
related to water management in the country. Explain. What are the various challenges and concerns
in its execution?

Approach: Introduce the answer with definition of inter-linking of rivers. In the first part of the body of
the answer, explain multi-dimensional problems related to water-management in India. Then discuss
projects for inter-linking of rivers as attractive solution to problems of water-management. Lastly,
discuss challenges and concerns in execution of inter-linking of river projects. Conclude with need for
sustainable approach in managing demand, supply and consumption of water.

Inter-linking of rivers refers to projects for transferring water from one river to another to balance
water management between water-surplus and water-deficit regions. Government has launched
projects like the National River Linking Project (NRLP) to address problems of water-management in
the country.

Water-management in India suffers from following multidimensional problems:

1. Depleting sources: India is facing multidimensional challenges like depletion of groundwater
together with pollution of surface water, and also vanishing water bodies – ponds, lakes, tanks,
wetlands.
2. Urban Needs: There is increasing encroachment around water bodies due to pressure from
urbanisation and infrastructure needs. Water-stress results from demands of unsustainable
population burden on cities.
3. Agricultural Demands: Needs of food security, cultivation of water-intensive crops, and
agriculture development are increasing competition for water. E.g., inter-state river water
disputes.
4. There is wasteful consumption of water such as flood irrigation in agriculture and lack of
rainwater-harvesting in drought-prone regions and cities
5. Climate Change: The rising temperatures, droughts, erratic pattern of monsoon enhance
water-stress and pose threats like Day Zero crisis.

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6. Social Inequities: Women face the brunt of water-distress due to responsibility to fetch water
from miles away and effects on sanitation etc. Marginalised farmers are also among the most
affected by droughts and crop failures.

The projects for inter-linking of rivers offer attractive solution to multi-dimensional problem of
water-management in the country in following ways:
1. Transportaion and navigation: Interlinking of rivers will create a network of navigation
channels. Maintenance of river channels will improve basin management. E.g., cleaning of
Yamuna in Delhi.
5. Irrigation: Interlinking projects can mitigate drought conditions in rainfall-deficit
areas. E.g., interlinking of rivers has the potential to irrigate 35 million hectares of land in the
water-scarce western peninsula.
4. Sufficient water supply:
a) It can resolve the issue of drinking water scarcity in India. E.g., tap-water supply in
water-distressed areas under Jal Jeevan Mission.
b) Interlinking rivers have the potential to provide 64.8 billion cubic meters of water for
industrial use.
6. Flood control: The project is expected to eradicate the annual flooding problems in the
eastern India such as in Bihar and Assam.

While projects for inter-linking of rivers are promising in their potential, there are some challenges
and concerns associated with execution of the projects such as:
1. Disruption of life and livelihood: It will lead to loss of land, forests and fisheries on which
mostly poor and tribal people sustain their livelihood. The government needs to
address challenges of rehabilitation.
2. Environmental impact: Interlinking of different rivers may affect biodiversity and ecology of
various rivers. Water from polluted rivers can lead to inter-basin pollution of rivers in the
country.
3. Inter-state disputes: Water is a state subject. Implementation of NRLP depends on inter-state
co-operation. E.g., opposition of Punjab to Satluj-Yamuna link canal.
4. International aspects: Some of the inter-linking of rivers schemes has international
implications, with a possible impact on countries like Bhutan, Nepal and Bangladesh. E.g.,
Bangladesh has objected to transferring the Brahmaputra water to the Ganga.
5. Financial constraints: NRLP is a highly capital-intensive project estimated around Rs
5,60,000 crore. This does not include the costs of relief and rehabilitation.
Projects for inter-linking of rivers are an imperative in improving water-management in the country.
However, river interlinking is not a panache for issues in water management, which requires a
sustainable approach in supply, demand and consumption. (558 words)

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MGP 2023 (Cohort 5)

Half length Test #18 – Solution

छात्रों को निर्दे श

इस पस्ु तिका में दिए गए उत्तर शब्ि सीमा से अधिक हैं िाकक विषय पर अच्छे नोट्स के स्रोि के रूप
में भी कायय कर सके।

उम्मीििारों को उत्तर में उस्लिखिि महत्िपूर्य शब्िों पर ध्यान केंदिि करना चादहए और उनके चारों
ओर उत्तर की रचना करनी चादहए। वितिि
ृ उत्तर इस उद्िे श्य से दिए गए हैं कक उम्मीििार विषय को
बेहिर ढं ग से समझ सकें।

जहां आिश्यक है िहां हमने संिभय प्रिान करने के लिए एक ग्रे बॉक्स दृस्टिकोर् भी अपनाया है , स्जसे
उत्तर का दहतसा नह ं माना जाना चादहए।

ककसी भी प्रतिकिया के लिए, कृपया हमें helpdesk@forumias.academy पर अिगि कराएँ।

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Page 1 of 11

Q.1) Blue economy can become a tool to leverage the maritime resources for sustainable
development; however, it faces inherent challenges. Discuss.

Cyw bd‚ukseh lrr fodkl ds fy, leqæh lalkèkuksa ds ykHk mBkus gsrq ,d midj.k cu ldrh gS( gkyk¡fd] bls
varfuZfgr pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA ppkZ djsaA

n`f"Vdks.k % Cyw bdksu‚eh dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, mÙkj dk ifjp; nsaA eq[; Hkkx esa] ppkZ djsa fd ;g dSls lrr fodkl
dh vksj ys tk ldrk gSA blds ckn] pqukSfr;ksa ij çdk'k MkysaA var esa] Cyw bdksu‚eh dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, dqN
mik; lq>k,aA uhyh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, LFkk;h <kaps dh vko';drk ij cy nsrs gq, fu"d"kZ fudkysaA

Cyw bdksu‚eh dks egklkxjh; ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= ds LokLF; dks lajf{kr djrs gq, vkfFkZd fodkl] csgrj vkthfodk vkSj
ukSdfj;ksa ds fy, leqæh lalkèkuksa ds lrr mi;ksx ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA Cyw bdksu‚eh lrr fodkl ds
fy, ,d midj.k cu ldrh gS %
1. ÅtkZ lqj{kk %
a. Hkkjr esa dPN dh [kkM+h] [kaHkkr dh [kkM+h vkSj lqanjcu ds lkFk Tokjh; ÅtkZ fodflr djus dh
vikj laHkkouk,a gSa A
b. ehFksu gkbMªsV~l dh [kkst ÅtkZ lqj{kk ds y{;ksa dks iwjk djus esa lgk;rk dj ldrh gSA
2. xgjs leqæ esa [kfutksa dk nksgu % dksckYV] eSXuhf'k;e] nqyZHk&i`Foh rRo] ykSg v;Ld vkfn tSls [kfut
vk;kr dks dkQh gn rd de dj nsaxsA i‚yhesVsfyd uksMîwy vkfFkZd fodkl esa dkQh lgk;rk dj ldrs
gSAa
3. vkfFkZd fodkl %
a. uhyh vFkZO;oLFkk rVh; {ks=ksa esa tutkfr;ksa ds {kerk fuekZ.k vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl esa lgk;rk dj
ldrh gSA tSls] egkjk"Vª esa dksyh vkfnoklhA
b. leqæh i;ZVu ds fodkl dh O;kid laHkkouk,aA tSls] xksok vkSj dsjy ds i'p ty vkSj uhys leqæ
rVA
4. leqæh ekfRL;dh % Cyw bdksu‚eh leqæh ekfRL;dh ds fodkl esa lgk;rk dj ldrh gS] ftlls ekfRL;dh
m|ksx@fu;kZr ds fodkl esa o`f) gksxhA tSls] çèkkuea=h eRL; ;kstukA
5. dusfDVfoVh % Cyw bdksu‚eh fuckZèk dusfDVfoVh ds fy, tcjnLr volj çnku djrh gS] ftlls eYVh&eksMy
ifjogu gksrk gSA tSls] lkxjekyk igy] ih,e&xfr'kfä ekLVjIyku vkfnA

;|fi uhyh vFkZO;oLFkk lrr fodkl ds volj çnku djrh gS] dqN varfuZfgr pqukSfr;k¡ gS]a tSls %
1. lhfer {kerk %
a. leqæh lalkèkuksa ds nksgu ds fy, çf'kf{kr ekuo lalkèku dh deh ,d çeq[k pqukSrh gSA mnkgj.k
ds fy,] mPp leqæh eNyh idM+us ds fy, çf'k{k.k dh dehA
b. rduhdh tkudkjh dk vHkko Hkh ,d ekSfyd ckèkk gSA tSls] tgkt fuekZ.k] xgjs leqæ esa
[kuu@eNyh idM+us vkfnA
2. rnuq:ih vuqlaèkku dk vHkko % leqæh vFkZ'kkL= dks vHkh Hkh 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa esa ,d fo"k; ds :i esa fodflr
gksuk ckdh gSA urhtru] bl {ks= esa lhfer vuqlaèkku vkSj uokpkj gSA
3. i;kZoj.kh; dkjd %
a. Cyw bdksu‚eh i;kZoj.kh; fouk'k dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ih,e&uksMîwYl ds
fu"d"kZ.k ls nqyZHk çtkfr;ksa dk foyksiu gks ldrk gSA
b. pØokrksa] lqukeh ds f[kykQ detksj 'keu Cyw bdksu‚eh ds ykHkksa dks de dj ldrk gSA
c. Cyw bdksu‚eh ds fodkl ls çnw"k.k dh ?kVukvksa esa o`f) gks ldrh gS tSls leqnz esa rsy QSyko vkfnA
4. oSfÜod dkjd % oSfÜod fu;e&vkèkkfjr <kaps ds vHkko esa] Cyw bdksu‚eh ns'kksa ds chp f}i{kh; fooknksa dk
dkjd cu ldrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk ds chp eNqvkjksa dk eqíkA
5. foÙk % Cyw bdksu‚eh ,d ykxr xgu {ks= gSA fuckZèk _.k dh deh bldh i;kZIr o`f) dks ckfèkr dj ldrh
gSA

Cyw bdksu‚eh dks c<+kok nsus ds fy,] fuEufyf[kr dh vko';drk gS %

1. leqæh çnw"k.k tSlh udkjkRed ckárkvksa ds fo#) 'keu djus okys dne mBkukA
2. _.k@foÙk ds fy, i;kZIr lk/ku lqfuf'pr djukA
3. ekuo lalkèku dh {kerk dk fuekZ.kA
4. fookn ls cpus ds fy, oSfÜod ,tsafl;ksa ds ekè;e ls varjkZ"Vªh; leUo;A
5. Cyw bdksu‚eh ds çHkkoksa esa laLFkkxr vuqlaèkku dks c<+kok nsukA

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Page 2 of 11

gkykafd Cyw bdksu‚eh fodkl ds jkLrs eqgS;k djkrh gS] ysfdu bls fVdkÅ cukus ds fy, O;kid mik; djus dh
t:jr gSA

Q.2) Favourable conditions have facilitated the growth of the IT industry in India, at the same
time, un-favourable factors have led to its skewed concentration. Elaborate.

vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa us Hkkjr esa vkbZVh m|ksx ds fodkl dks lqxe cuk;k gS] lkFk gh] çfrdwy dkjdksa us bldh fo"ke
ladsUæ.k dks tUe fn;k gSA foLr`r foospuk djsaA

–f"Vdks.k % vkbZVh m|ksxksa ds egRo dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, mÙkj dk ifjp; nsaA eq[; Hkkx esa] mu dkjdksa ij ppkZ
djsa ftUgksaus blds fodkl esa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA blds ckn] mu dkjdksa ij ppkZ djsa ftuds dkj.k bldk fo"ke forj.k
gqvk gSA var esa] vkbZVh {ks= ds lokZaxh.k fodkl dks lqfuf'pr djus ds mik;ksa dh flQkfj'k djsaA Hkkjr dks Kku
vFkZO;oLFkk esa vxz.kh cukus esa lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh dh Hkwfedk ij cy nsrs gq, lekiu dhft,A

Hkkjr esa vkbZVh m|ksx ns'k ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd ifjorZu dk èotokgd jgk gSA Hkkjr esa vkbZVh m|ksx ds fodkl dks
c<+kok nsus okys dkjdksa dks la{ksi esa çLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS %
1. vaxzsth Hkk"kk ls ifjfpr gksus ls vkbZVh ls lacafèkr Kku dk vklkuh ls iz;ksx djuk lgt gqvkA
2. dukZVd tSls rVh; jkT;] flfyd‚u oSyh ¼;w,l,½ tSlh leku tyok;q ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks n'kkZrs gS]a m|fe;ksa
dks m|ksx LFkkfir djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djrs gSaA
3. uoksUes"kh m|ferk us Hkkjr dks vkbZVh vkSj vkbZVhbZ,l m|ksx ds dsaæ ds :i esa LFkkfir djus esa Hkh ;ksxnku
fn;k gSA tSls] baQksfll ds ukjk;.k ewfrZA
4. rduhdh :i ls dq'ky tu'kfä dh miyCèkrk] fo'ks"kdj egkuxjksa esaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] cSx a yksj] psUubZ]
xqM+xkao vkfn esa vkbZVh gcA
5. ljdkj dh uhfr;ka
a. 1991 ,yihth lqèkkjA
b. fu;kZr mUeq[k bdkb;ka ¼bZvks;w½] l‚¶Vos;j rduhdh ikdZ ¼,lVhih½ lgk;d cqfu;knh <kaps dk
fodklA
c. vkbZVh mRiknksa ds vk;kr ls 'kqYd gVkukA
d. esd&bu&bafM;k] LekVZ flVht fe'ku vkSj fMftVy bafM;kA

fV;j 2 vkSj fV;j 3 'kgjksa esa vkbZVh m|ksxksa dh lhfer iSB fuEu dkj.kksa ls ns[kh xbZ gS %
1. vkbZVh m|ksx ds fodkl ds iwjd ds fy, detksj vkiwfrZ J`a[kyk cqfu;knh <kaps ds dkj.k fV;j 2@3 'kgjksa
esa mudh lhfer igqap gks ikbZ gS A
2. f'k{kk@fodklkRed ladsrd %
a. xjhch dh O;kidrk] fuEu O;; {kerk vkfn] vkbZVh m|ksxksa ds fy, xzkgd vkèkkj dks çfrcafèkr djrh
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] mÙkj çns'k vkSj dukZVd dh çfr O;fä vk; ds chp dk varj A
b. de 'kSf{kd ifj.kke] vkbZVh f'k{kk dh [kjkc igqap us vkbZVh m|ksxksa ds fy, lalkèku vkèkkj] ,pvkj
iwy dks Hkh detksj dj fn;k gSA
3. dBksj tyok;q ifjfLFkfr;ksa] çkFkfed m|ksxksa dh O;kidrk vkSj ,d uohu ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dh deh ds dkj.k
Hkh mÙkj Hkkjr esa vkbZVh m|ksxksa dk detksj çlkj gqvk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] iatkc esa —f"k esa yxh vkcknh
dk mPp fgLlkA
4. Hkz"Vkpkj@detksj 'kklu %
a. vjktdrk] Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj fuEu ntsZ dk 'kklu fuos'kdksa dks nwj j[krk gSA
b. mPp Lrj dh ykyQhrk'kkgh vkSj xSj&mÙkjnk;h ukSdj'kkgh Hkh fdlh {ks= dh vkbZVh gc cuus dh
{kerk dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA
5. cqfu;knh <kaps dh deh %
a. baVjusV lqfoèkkvksa dh [kjkc igqap us bu {ks=ksa esa vkbZVh m|ksx ds fodkl dks çfrcafèkr dj fn;k
gSA
b. dusfDVfoVh dh deh ds dkj.k ekuo lalkèku dks bu {ks=ksa esa LFkkukarfjr djuk eqf'dy gks tkrk
gSA tSls] mÙkjk[kaM] mÙkj iwoZ vkfn esa gokbZ laidZ dh dehA
c. fctyh dh vi;kZIr vkSj vfu;fer vkiwfrZ bu {ks=ksa esa vkbZVh m|ksxksa ds fodkl esa cM+h ckèkk gSA

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vkbZVh {ks= ds ,d iw.kZ fodkl dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,] ;g lqfuf'pr djus dh vko';drk gS %
1. çf'k{k.k vkSj {kerk fuekZ.k ds ekè;e ls dq'ky tu'kfä dh miyCèkrkA
2. uhfr leFkZu ls fodkl] tSls] fMftVy u‚FkZ&bZLV fotu 2022A
3. cqfu;knh <kaps dk fodkl tSls] lHkh xzke iapk;rksa esa baVjusV dusfDVfoVh A
4. ØsfMV liksVZ vkSj gSM
a gksfYMax ds ekè;e ls LVkVZ&vi] m|ferk vkfn dk fodklA
5. eYVhe‚My&dusfDVfoVhA tSls] ih,e&xfr'kfä ekLVjIykuA
vkbZVh m|ksx Hkkjr dks oSfÜod Kku vFkZO;oLFkk esa vxz.kh cukus dk ,d midj.k gSA gkykafd] ns'k esa bldk vPNh
rjg ls forj.k lqfuf'pr djus dh vko';drk gSA

Q.3) What do you mean by temperature inversion? Describing the suitable conditions for
temperature inversion, discuss its various impacts.

rki O;qRØe.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ rki O;qRØe.k ds fy, mi;qä ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk o.kZu djrs gq, blds fofHkUu
çHkkoksa dh ppkZ djsaA

–f"Vdks.k % rkieku O;qRØe dks ifjHkkf"kr djds ifjp; nsaA lkekU; gzkl nj dks Hkh le>k,aA ,d vkjs[k cuk,aA fQj]
blds fy, 'krksZa dks foLrkj ls crk,a tSls Li"V ckny jfgr vkleku] lfnZ;ksa dh jkrsa vkSj 'kkar gok gSaA cgqvk;keh
çHkko Hkkx esa] dksgjs dk fuekZ.k] ok;q ty fudklh dk mYys[k djsaA o"kkZ ij çHkko ds lkFk&lkFk lgk;d çHkko tSls
de n`';rk] Qlyksa dks ykHk vkSj {kfr] ok;q çnw"k.k vkfnA çnw"k.k tSls eq íksa dks lacksfèkr djus ds fy, O;qRØe.k ds
egRo ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, fu"d"kZ fudkysaA

rkieku O;qRØe ÅapkbZ esa o`f) ds lkFk gok ds rkieku esa ifjorZu gksus
dh ?kVuk dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] {kksHkeaMy esa
ÅapkbZ c<+us ds lkFk rkieku ?kVrk gSA bls lkekU; ºzkl nj ds :i esa
tkuk tkrk gSA gkykafd] rkieku O;qRØe.k gksus dh fLFkfr esa] ÅapkbZ c<+us
ij rkieku esa o`f) gksrh gSA
rkieku O;qRØe.k ds fy, mi;qä ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gSa %
1. yach lfnZ;ksa dh jkr % jkr ds nkSjku tehu dh lrg ls LFkyh;
fofdj.k }kjk xeÊ dk gzkl vkus okys lkSj fofdj.k dh ek=k ls
vfèkd gksrk gSA blls lrg dk rkieku de gksrk gSA
2. jkr esa ckny jfgr vkdk'k vfèkd rhoz Å"ek gkfu dh vksj ys
tkrk gS tcfd gok dh èkheh xfr gok ds vkil esa feyus ls jksdrh gSA
3. tehu ds ikl dh 'kq"d gok fofdjf.kr xeÊ ds vo'kks"k.k dks lhfer dj nsrh gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i lrg
ds ikl rkieku de gks tkrk gSA
rkieku O;qRØe.k dk cgqvk;keh çHkko gksrk gS] tSlk fd uhps ppkZ dh xbZ gS %
1. o"kZ.k % rkieku ds O;qRØe.k gksus ds dkj.k] laoguh ckny i;kZIr :i ls Åij ugha mB ldrs gSAa ;g lfnZ;ksa
dh o"kkZ dks çfrcafèkr djrk gS tks jch Qlyksa ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA O;qRØe.k egk}hiksa ds if'peh fdukjksa esa
ok;qeM
a yh; fLFkjrk dks çsfjr djrk gS] 'kq"d ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj lgkjk jsfxLrku tSls jsfxLrkuh ikfjfLFkfrdh
ra= dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA
2. dksgjk cuuk % O;qRØe.k ls lrg ij lqcg ds le; ?kuk dksgjk gksrk gSA vjc dh ;eu igkfM+;ksa esa d‚Qh ds
ckxku tSlh dqN Qlysa ykHkkfUor gksrh gSa D;ksafd dksgjk rhoz lkSj fofdj.k ls ,d lqj{kkRed ijr çnku
djrk gSA 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa] O;qRØe ijr ds uhps èkqvka vkSj èkwy ds d.k tek gksrs gSa] ftlls Le‚x curk gSA
3. ok;q çnw"k.k esa o`f) % gok dh èkheh xfr ds dkj.k ok;q çnw"kdksa ds xSj&QSyko ls 'kgjh dsaæksa ds vklikl
fo"kkä ok;q&d{k curs gS]a mnkgj.k ds fy, fnYyh ds vklikl lnÊ dk çnw"k.kA Le‚x –';rk dks de djrk
gS ftlls LFkyh; vkSj gokbZ ;k=k esa nsjh vkSj nq?kZVuk gksrh gSA ikfVZdqysV eSVj dk mPp ?kuRo Üolu lacaèkh
leL;kvksa dk dkj.k curk gSA
4. ikys ls gksus okyh {kfr % jkr ds le; igkM+ksa vkSj igkM+ksa esa mRiUu gksus okyh ?kuh BaMh gok <yku ls uhps
dh vksj c<+rh gS vkSj Åij dh vksj xeZ gok ds lkFk ?kkVh ds ry esa tek gks tkrh gSA bls ,;j Mªsust dgk
tkrk gSA blls ikyk ds fuekZ.k ls Qlyksa dks uqdlku gksrk gSA urhtru] fgeky; ds ioZrh; jkT;ksa esa lsc
mRiknd fupyh <ykuksa esa lsc mxkus ls cprs gSAa
5. nwjlapkj % BaMh gok ds Åij dh ijrksa ls viorZu ds dkj.k rkieku O;qRØe.k {ks= esa jsfM;ks ladsrksa dks ckf/kr
dj ldrk gSA
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rkieku O;qRØe.k dh csgrj le> gksuk egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd ;g —f"k {ks=] ifjogu {ks= dks çHkkfor djrk gS vkSj lkFk
gh çnw"k.k dks çHkkfor djrk gS vkSj mu {ks=ksa esa bu n'kkvksa ds csgrj çcaèku ds fy, vè;;u djus dh vko';drk
gSA

Q.4) Account for the periodic shortage of coal in the country in spite of its relative abundance
and recommend measures to address this problem.

ns'k esa dks;ys dh lkisf{kd çpqjrk ds ckotwn bldh vkofèkd deh dk o.kZu djsa vkSj bl leL;k ds lekèkku ds fy,
mik; lq>k,a aA

–f"Vdks.k % dks;yk HkaMkj] mRiknu vkSj [kir ds ckjs esa MsVk ds lkFk mÙkj dk ifjp; nsaA eq[; Hkkx esa igys vkofèkd
dks;ys dh deh ds dkj.kksa dh lwph cuk,aA fQj leL;k ds lekèkku ds fy, mik; lq>k,aA la{ksi esa vkxs c<+us ds
rjhds ds lkFk lekIr djsaA

yxHkx 344 fcfy;u Vu ds lkFk dks;yk Hkkjr dk lcls çpqj ek=k okyk thok'e bZaèku gSA Hkkjr phu ds ckn nqfu;k
esa dks;ys dk nwljk lcls cM+k mRiknd vkSj miHkksäk gSA gkykafd] dks;ys ds HkaMkj ds lkis{k cgqrk;r ds ckotwn]
ns'k dks vDlj fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa ls dks;ys dh vkofèkd deh dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS %
1. vk;kr esa fxjkoV % varjjk"Vªh; cktkj esa mPp dks;ys dh dhersa ] tSls fd ;wØsu ladV ds dkj.k vk;kfrr
dks;yk vkèkkfjr rki fo|qr dks vkfFkZd :i ls vO;ogk;Z cuk fn;kA
2. ekSle % 'kq#vkrh xeÊ] xeÊ dh ygjksa vkfn tSls dkjdksa ds dkj.k ekax esa vpkud o`f) A fctyh la;a=ksa esa
dks;ys dk LV‚d de djsaA ekulwu ds nkSjku [knkuksa esa ck<+ vkus ls dks;ys dk ?kjsyw mRiknu de gks tkrk
gSA
3. egkekjh ds ckn c<+rh fo|qr ekaxA mnkgj.k ds fy,] fctyh dh [kir çfr fnu 4 fcfy;u ;wfuV dks ikj
dj xbZ] ftlesa ls 65&70 izfr'kr ekax dks;ys ls iwjh gksrh gSA
4. y‚ftfLVd eqís % dks;ys ds ifjogu ds fy, jsyos jsd dh miyCèkrk de gksus ds dkj.k dks;ys dh vkiwfrZ
ckfèkr gSA
5. vi;kZIr [kuu % ljdkj ds LokfeRo okyh dksy bafM;k fyfeVsM ds ,dkfèkdkj ds ifj.kkeLo:i vi;kZIr
vUos"k.k vkSj dks;ys dk [kuu gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ÅtkZ ij lalnh; LFkk;h lfefr dh 2021 dh fjiksVZ
ds vuqlkj] fctyh {ks= dks vkoafVr dks;yk Cy‚dksa dk {kerk ls de mi;ksx gqvk gSA

ljdkj us vksiu ,djst ykblsaflax çksxzke] gkbMªksdkcZu ,DlIyksjs'ku ,aM ykblsaflax i‚fylh ¼,pbZ,yih½ vkfn tSls
mik; is'k fd, gSa tks ennxkj gSAa dks;ys dh vkofèkd deh dh leL;k dk lekèkku djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr vfrfjä
mik; fd, tk ldrs gSa %
1. y?kq vofèk mik; %
a. jh;y&Vkbe e‚fuVfjax ,si vLFkk;h ekax&vkiwfrZ vlarqyu dks çcafèkr djus esa enn djsxkA
b. ekax esa vYidkfyd mNky dks de djus ds fy, bl {ks= ds fy, vk;kr lfClMhA
c. rsth ls eatwjh nsus ds fy, mUgsa rqjar mRiknu 'kq: djus dh vuqefr nh tk,A
d. dks;yk HkaMkj ds csgrj mi;ksx dks lqxe cukus ds fy, [kkuksa dh ckj&ckj uhykeh djukA
2. nh?kZdkfyd mik; %
a. leUo; % ,uVhihlh] jsyos] dksy bafM;k ds chp okLrfod le; esa leUo; ls dks;ys dh lqpk:
vkSj le; ij vkiwfrZ lqfuf'pr gksxhA tSls] çdk'k iksVZyA
b. futhdj.k vkiwfrZ J`a[kyk çcaèku esa lqèkkj dj ldrk gS] vkSj vR;fèkd ljdkjh fu;a=.k dks de dj
ldrk gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i v{kerk nwj gksxhA
c. dks;ys dh fLFkj vkiwfrZ lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, :l] v‚LVªsfy;k] baMksusf'k;k vkfn tSls nqfu;k ds
çeq[k dks;yk mRiknd ns'kksa ds lkFk nh?kZdkfyd vuqcaèkA
d. cMZu 'ks;fjax % gfjr fodYiksa dh vksj eqM+dj ÅtkZ vkiwfrZ feJ.k esa dks;ys dh fgLlsnkjh dks de
djuk A mnkgj.k ds fy,] v{k; ÅtkZ ds lkFk pje ekaxksa dks çcafèkr djus ds fy, fctyh HkaMkj.k
cqfu;knh <kaps esa fuos'kA
le;&le; ij dks;ys dh deh çcaèku dh leL;k gSA o"kZ ds gj le; dks;ys dh miyCèkrk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,
?kjsyw mRiknu {kerk esa o`f) vkSj csgrj dks;yk çcaèku dh vko';drk gSA

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Q.5) Despite being rich in forest resources, why do tropical regions have limited growth of the
lumbering industry in comparison to temperate regions?

ou lalkèkuksa esa le`) gksus ds ckotwn] le'khrks".k {ks=ksa dh rqyuk esa m".kdfVcaèkh; {ks=ksa esa ydM+h m|ksx dh lhfer
o`f) D;ksa gS\

–f"Vdks.k % dk"B drZu m|ksx dks ifjHkkf"kr djds mÙkj dk ifjp; nsaA fQj dk"B drZu m|ksx ds fy, LFkkuh;
dkjdksa dk o.kZu djsaA eq[; Hkkx esa] ,d rkfydk ekè;e ls le'khrks".k {ks=ksa dh rqyuk esa m".kdfVcaèkh; {ks=ksa esa dk"B
drZu m|ksx ds lhfer fodkl ds dkj.kksa ij çdk'k MkysaA m".kdfVcaèkh; dk"B drZu m|ksx ds fy, oSKkfud çcaèku
vkSj lrr mi;ksx ij tksj nsrs gq, fu"d"kZ fy[ksaA

dk"B drZu m|ksx ydM+h ds okf.kfT;d mi;ksx dks lanfHkZr djrk gS tks ,d egRoiw.kZ vkfFkZd xfrfofèk gS] ftlesa
cM+h la[;k esa yksx dk;Zjr gSaA
dk"B drZu m|ksx fuEufyf[kr LFkkuh; dkjdksa ij vkèkkfjr gS %
1. dPpk eky % vfèkdka'k yqxnh fey vkSj vkjk feysa de mRiknu ykxr ds fy, taxyksa ds ikl fLFkr gksrs gSa
D;ksafd os otu ºzkl okys m|ksx gSAa
2. vafre cktkj dh fn'kk dh vksj cgus okyh ufn;ka ifjogu ykxr dks de djus esa enn djrh gSaA tSls]
canjxkgksa ls tqMh+ ufn;k¡A
3. volajpuk vkSj çkS|ksfxdh e'khuhdj.k] n{krk] Je&cpr dk;Z vkfn tSls dkjdksa ds dkj.k tula[;k nqyZHk
{ks=ksa esa ydM+h m|ksx ds LFkku dh vuqdwy lqfoèkk çnku djrh gSA
4. cktkj % m|ksx cktkjksa ds utnhd fLFkr gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] nf{k.kh dukMk dk ydM+h m|ksx la;qä jkT;
vesfjdk esa U;wtfçaV isij dh ekax dks iwjk djrk gSA

le'khrks".k {ks=ksa dh rqyuk esa m".kdfVcaèkh; {ks=ksa esa ydM+h m|ksx dh lhfer o`f) fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa ls gS %
le'khrks".k {ks= m".kdfVca/kh; {ks=
1. le:irk le'khrks".k {ks=ksa esa dk"B dh ltkrh; m".kdfVcaèkh; {ks= esa çtkfr;ksa dh O;kid fofoèkrk gSA
% çtkfr;ka feyrh gSa tks fu"d"kZ.k dks taxy Hkh ?kus gS]a ftlls ifjogu ekxZ cukuk eqf'dy gks
vklku cukrh gSAa tSls] ;a=h—r tkrk gSA
lapkyuA
2. dk"B dh le'khrks".k {ks=ksa dh eqyk;e ydM+h m".kdfVcaèkh; {ks=ksa esa dBksj ydM+h dk vfèkD; gS ftls
izÑfr bldh cgqi;ksxh dk;Z {kerk ds dkj.k lalkfèkr djuk vkSj ifjogu djuk eqf'dy gSA ;g fcØh
vuqdwy lkexzh gSA ;g ufn;ksa ij rSjrk ;ksX; o de vuqç;ksx Hkh gSa] [kkldj QuÊpj esaA tSls]
gS ftlls ifjogu djuk vklku gks lkxkSu] panu vkfnA
tkrk gSA tSls] ikbuoqM] nsonkj vkfnA
3. unh lhèkk foLrkj vkSj rhoz unh èkkjk,a m".k dfVcaèk esa cgus okyh ufn;ksa esa rhoz eksM+ gksrs gSa
ifjogu ifjogu dks vklku curh gSaA tks tyekxksZa ds ekè;e ls ifjogu dks vfèkd tfVy
cukrs gS]a ukoksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS] unh dks xgjk
djus ds fy, xkn fudkyus dh vko';drk gksrh gS
vkfnA
4. Ñf"k Hkwfe le'khrks".k {ks= —f"k {ks= esa xjhc gSaA ydM+h ds fy, isM+ mxkuk vkd"kZd ugha ekuk tkrk gS
dk"B drZu —f"k dk ,d vPNk fodYi D;ksafd blesa —f"k dh rqyuk esa yach Qly vofèk gksrh
gSA gS] tks ,d o"kZ esa dbZ Qlyksa dks mxk;k tk ldrk gSA
5. fodflr le'khrks".k ou ds fudVorÊ ns'kksa esa m".kdfVcaèkh; {ks=ksa esa lqfodflr cktkj dk vHkko ydM+h
cktkj çfr O;fä vk; vfèkd gSA ydM+h ds m|ksx dh vkfFkZd {kerk dks de djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds
lkeku dh miHkksäk ekax vfèkd ls dk"B fy,] m".kdfVcaèkh; isMk+ sa ij vkèkkfjr vuqç;ksxksa dk
m|ksx dks çksRlkgu feyrk gSA fodklA
6. ou le'khrks".k ou esa [krjukd tkuojksa dh m".kdfVcaèkh; ou tSo fofoèkrk okys g‚VLi‚V] 'ksjksa]
izca/ku deh gksrh gS] ftlls O;kolkf;d gkfFk;ksa vkSj ck?kksa ds vkJ; gksrk gSA ou laj{k.k ds uke
mi;ksx vklku gks tkrk gSA ij ouksa ds vkfFkZd mi;ksx dks grksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk
gSA

le'khrks".k {ks=ksa esa ydM+h m|ksx ds laxBu ds fy, vfèkd ,dh—r] lefUor vkSj laxfBr –f"Vdks.k fVdkÅ mi;ksx
ds fy, oSKkfud fl)karksa ds vkèkkj ij m".kdfVcaèkh; {ks=ksa esa okf.kfT;d ydM+h ds fy, egRoiw.kZ f'k{kk çnku dj
ldrk gSA

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Q.6) What do you understand by air mass and fronts? Explain the different types of air masses
and fronts along with associated weather patterns.

ok;q jkf'k vkSj okrkxz ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ fofHkUu çdkj ds ok;qjkf'k;ksa vkSj okrkxzksa dks lacafèkr ekSle çfr:iksa ds
lkFk le>kb,A

–f"Vdks.k % mÙkj ds ifjp; esa] ok;qjkf'k;ksa vkSj okrkxz dh ifjHkk"kk fy[ksaA eq[; Hkkx esa] ,d rkfydk esa lacafèkr ekSle
izfr:i ds lkFk fofHkUu ok;qjkf'k;ka vkSj okrkxz dh lwph cuk,aA lEiw.kZ foÜo ds ekSle ij ok;qjkf'k;ksa vkSj okrkxz ds
çHkko dks fu"d"kZ esa fy[ksaA

ok;qjkf'k vklikl dh ok;q dh rqyuk esa fHkUu rkieku] ncko vkSj vkæZrk ds lkFk ok;q ds fo'kky lewg gSAa ok;q o;qjkf'k
dh {kSfrt foLrkj esa gtkjksa fdyksehVj rd foLr`r gksrk gS] vkSj yEcor foLrkj tehuh ls lerki eaMy ¼tehu ls
16 fdyksehVj Åij½ rd gks ldrk gSA nwljh vksj] lkeus fofHkUu ok;qjkf'k;ksa ds chp laØe.k {ks= curk gS] D;ksafd os
laidZ esa vkrs gSaA

fofHkUu çdkj ds ok;qjkf'k;k¡ vkSj lacfa èkr ekSle izfr:i bl çdkj gSa %
Sr. No. ok;q jkf'k;ka ekSle izfr:i
1. xeZ ok;qjkf'k % bldk rkieku ml {ks= a) ;g çfrpØokr fLFkfr;ksa dh fo'ks"krk gSA
ds lrgh rkieku ls vfèkd gksrk gS] b) ;g xeÊ dh ygjksa ds fy, fLFkfr;ka iSnk dj ldrk gSA
ftl {ks= esa og pyrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] vÝhdh jsfxLrku ls mRiUu ok;qjkf'k;k¡
c) iwjs ;wjksi esa mPp rkieku vkSj xeÊ dh ygjksa dh pisV esa
yk nsrk gSA
2. BaMh ok;qjkf'k % blds ikl fuEu a) pØokrh ifjfLFkfr;ka rc mRiUu gksrh gSa tc BaMh ok;qjkf'k;ka
rkieku vkSj fof'k"V vkæZrk gksrk gSA vkaf'kd :i ls xeZ ty dh lrg ij vkSj vkaf'kd :i ls
vklikl dh BaMh Hkwfe dh lrg ij pyrh gSA
b) mÙkj Hkkjr esa] ;g lfnZ;ksa ds nkSjku ekSle dks dqgjk;qä
dj nsrk gSA
3. leqæh ok;qjkf'k % ;g ty ds Åij ;g xeZ vkSj vkæZ fLFkfr mRiUu djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
curk gS vkSj vkæZ gksrk gSA dSfjfc;kbZ }hiksa ds lkFkA
4. egk}hih; ok;q j kf'k;k¡ % ;g Hkw fe ij ;g xeZ vkSj 'kq"d fLFkfr iSnk djrk gSA mnk-] nf{k.k&if'pe
mRiUu gksrk gS vkSj 'kq"d gksrk gSA ;w-,l- vkSj esfDldks esaA
5. {ks=h; ok;qjkf'k;ka le'khrks".k pØokr rc curs gSa tc m".k dfVcaèk ls xeZ vkSj
a) egk}hih; vkdZfVd (cA) vkæZ ok;qjkf'k;k¡ è#oksa ls 'kq"d vkSj BaMh ok;qjkf'k;ksa ds lkFk
b) egk}hih; èkzqoh; (cP) ijLij fØ;k djrh gSaA
c) egk}hih; m".kdfVcaèkh;
(cT)
d) leqæh èkqzoh; (mP)
e) leqæh m".kdfVcaèkh; (mT)

fofHkUu izdkj ds okrkxz ds lkFk&lkFk lacaf/kr ekSle izfr:i bl izdkj gSa %

Sr. No. okrkxz ekSle izfr:i

1. 'khr okrkxz % ;g rc fodflr gksrk gS tc 'khr okrkxz çcy gok,a] dik"kh&o"kkZ es?kksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj
'khry vkSj Hkkjh ok;qjkf'k vkØked :i esa rkieku esa vpkud fxjkoV ds dkj.k Hkkjh o"kkZ djkrh gSA
m".k ,oa gYdh ok;qjkf'k dks Åij mBk nsrh tSls] la;qä jkT; vesfjdk esa rfM+r~ >a>kA
gS ftlesa xeZ ok;qjkf'k ihNs gV tkrk gS
vkSj BaMh ok;qjkf'k vkxs c<+rk gSA
2. m".k okrkxz % tc xeZ ok;qjkf'k;ka èkhjs&èkhjs tSls gh m".k ok;q lkeus <yku ij tkrh gS] ;g la?kfur
BaMh ok;qjkf'k ij p<+rk gS] rks èkhjs&èkhjs gksrh gS vkSj ,d cM+s {ks= esa eè;e ls èkheh o"kkZ dk dkj.k
,d <ky okyk okrkxz dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS curh gSA
ftls m".k okrkxz ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
3. LFkkbZ okrkxz % ;g rc curk gS tc nks ok;q ds mèoZ xfr ds dkj.k LFkkbZ okrkxz yacs le; rd
foijhr ok;qjkf'k vkil esa Vdjkrs gSa vkSj ckny mRiUu djrk gS ftlls yacs le; rd o"kkZ gksrh
gSA
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,d nwljs ds fo#) èkDdk nsus esa vleFkZ

gksrs gSaA
4. vfèkfo"V okrkxz % vfèkfo"V okrkxz rc vfèkfo"V okrkxz 'khr okrkxz vkSj m".k okrkxz feJ.k ds
curk gS tc 'khr okrkxz m".k okrkxz dh lkFk ,d tfVy ekSle dh n'kk,a mRiUu djrk gSA if'peh
vis{kk rhoz xfr ls pydj m".k okrkxz ls ;wjksi esa bl rjg ds okÙkkxz vke gSAa
fey tkrk gS vkSj èkjkry ds lkFk m".k
ok;q dk laidZ lekIr gks tkrk gSA

i`Foh ds çeq[k ok;qjkf'k;ka èkzqoh; ;k miks".kdfVcaèkh; v{kka'kksa esa mRiUu gksrs gSAa eè; v{kka'k vfuok;Z :i ls èkzqoh; vkSj
m".kdfVcaèkh; o;qjkf'k;k¡ vkSj okrkxz ds fodkl ds ifjorZu] laidZ vkSj feJ.k dk ,d {ks= cukrs gSAa lkFk esa] o;qjkf'k
vkSj okrkxz i`Foh ij ekSle ds izfr:i dks çHkkfor djrs gSAa

Q.7) Renewable energy is becoming a beacon of sustainable growth in the long run; however, in
the near future, fossil fuels are indispensable for energy security in the country. Discuss.

uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ nh?kkZofèk esa lrr fodkl dk çrhd cu jgh gS( gkykafd] fudV Hkfo"; esa] ns'k esa ÅtkZ lqj{kk ds
fy, thok'e bZaèku vifjgk;Z gSaA ppkZ djsaA

–f"Vdks.k % uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, mÙkj dk ifjp; nsaA vxys Hkkx esa] ppkZ djsa fd v{k; ÅtkZ
lrr fodkl dk ,d çdk'kLraHk dSls gks ldrk gSA blds ckn] ÅtkZ lqj{kk ds fy, thok'e bZaèku ds egRo ij ppkZ
djsaA var esa] ns'k ds gfjr fodkl ds mik; lq>k,aA laèkkj.kh;rk ds lkFk fodkl dh vko';drk dks larqfyr djus
dh vko';drk ds vkèkkj ij mÙkj dk lekiu dhft,A

uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ mu lzksrksa ls çkIr ÅtkZ dks lanfHkZr djrh gS ftUgsa ekuo le; ds lkFk fQj ls mRiUu dj ldrk
gSA tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj blls tqM+s nq"çHkkoksa ds dkj.k c<+rs rkieku ds vkyksd esa] uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ lrr fodkl
dk ,d çrhd cu xbZ gS %
1. uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ xzhu gkml xSlksa ¼th,pth½ ds mRltZu esa deh yk ldrh gS] blfy,] rkieku esa oSfÜod
o`f) dks vfLFkj Lrj rd igqapus ls jksdrh gSA
2. v{k; ÅtkZ dk mYys[k i;kZoj.k@ikfjfLFkfrdh dks gksus okys uqdlku dks de djus esa enn dj ldrk gSA
tSls] dks;ys ds [kuu ls ouksa dh dVkbZ gksrh gSA
3. v{k; ÅtkZ LFkkuh; Lrj ij ewY;@xq.koÙkk okys jkstxkj l`ftr djus esa lgk;rk dj ldrh gSA mnkgj.k
ds fy,] uoksfnr fodkl'khy m|ksx ds :i esa lkSj QksVks&oksfYVd dksf'kdkvksa dk fodklA
4. v{k; ÅtkZ dk mi;ksx i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k ds [krjs dks de dj ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] dks;ys ds mRiknu
ls SO2] vkSj NO2 tSlh gkfudkjd xSlsa fudyrh gSAa
5. v{k; ÅtkZ dks viukus ls oSfÜod çfrc)rkvksa dks iwjk djus esa enn fey ldrh gSA mnk-] vkbZ,uMhlh

;|fi LoPN vkSj uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ lzksr Hkfo"; dh vko';drk gSa] fQj Hkh thok'e bZaèku vifjgk;Z gSa %
1. Hkkjr dks viuh fo'kky tula[;k ds fodkl dh vfuok;Zrk dks iwjk djus ds fy, ÅtkZ ds lLrs lzksr dh
vko';drk gSA tSls] yk[kksa yksxksa dks xjhch ls ckgj fudkyus esa ÅtkZ vfuok;Z gSA
2. Hkkjr dk ikap fVªfy;u vejhdh Mkyj dh vFkZO;oLFkk gkfly djus dk y{; ÅtkZ dh fujarj vkiwfrZ dh
ekax djrk gSA tSls] vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds fy, dks;ys] isVªksfy;e lzksrksa vkfn dk mi;ksxA
3. lhfer foÙkh; i;kZIrrk vkSj rduhdh tkudkjh ds dkj.k v{k; ÅtkZ dh çHkkoh@dq'ky rjhds ls igqap de
gqbZ gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr us COP&26 esa vius INDCs dks iwjk djus ds fy, tyok;q foÙk dh
vko';drk ij çdk'k Mkyk gSA
4. fctyh dh fuckZèk vkiwfrZ lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ lzksrksa dh lhfer foÜoluh;rk Hkh fpark
dk fo"k; gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] v{k; ÅtkZ lzksrksa dh [kjkc fxzM dusfDVfoVhA
5. vFkZO;oLFkk esa ,dhdj.k %
a. v{k; ÅtkZ esa ifjorZu ls dbZ yksxksa dks jkstxkj dk uqdlku gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
yxHkx 4 fefy;u yksx dks;ys ls lacafèkr m|ksxksa esa yxs gq, gSAa
b. fofHkUu m|ksxksa esa isVªks mRiknksa ds vR;fèkd mi;ksx us bls vifjgk;Z cuk fn;k gSA
6. i;kZoj.kh; pqukSfr;ka %
a. ty&fo|qr la;a= ds fodkl ls unh dh ikfjfLFkfrdh ij çfrdwy i;kZoj.kh; çHkko iM+rs gSaA tSls]
unh tSo fofoèkrk ds fy, gkfudkjd] ck<+] lw[kk vkfn dh ?kVuk,¡A

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b. fo'ks"kKksa ds vuqlkj iou QkeksZa ds fodkl Hkh vkdk'kh; thoksa ij udkjkRed çHkko iM+rk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] fons'kh çtkfr;ksa ds ekxZ esa ckèkk Mky ldrk gSA

gfjr çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds fy, lrr ifjorZu lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,] fuEufyf[kr dh vko';drk gS %
1. LoPN ÅtkZ mRiknu ds fy, rduhdh vuqlaèkku dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, {kerk fodflr djus dh vko';drk
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr&;wds gfjr ÅtkZ lg;ksxA
2. uoksUes"kh lekèkkuksa ds fy, leku fopkjèkkjk okys ns'kksa ds lkFk lk>snkjh djuk vfuok;Z gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
gfjr gkbMªkstu ds fodkl ds fy, Hkkjr&;wjksih; la?k dh lk>snkjhA
3. thok'eksa ds udkjkRed çHkkoksa dks de djus ds fy, LoPN dks;yk çkS|ksfxfd;ksa] fctyh okgu vkfn ds
çfreku dks c<+kok nsus dh vko';drk gSA
4. ijek.kq ÅtkZ] tSo&bZaèku vkfn ij vfèkd fuHkZjrk Hkh ns'k ds fy, gfjr fodkl iFk dh 'kq#vkr dj ldrh
gSA
5. ns'k ds dkcZu QqVfçaV esa deh lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, yksxksa esa O;ogkj ifjorZu Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ rjhdk gSA
tSls] ikjxeu mUeq[k fodkl] lkoZtfud ifjogu dks c<+kok nsuk] ouhdj.k vfHk;ku vkfnA
6. oSfÜod if'pe] fodflr ns'kksa dks ;w,u,Qlhlhlh ds rgr çfrc)rkvksa ds vuq:i tyok;q foÙk dk vfèkd
ls vfèkd gLrkarj.k lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg,A
lrr fodkl lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, gfjr@uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ ,d egRoiw.kZ midj.k gS] gkykafd] vkfFkZd vkSj
lkekftd fodkl ds çfr çfrc)rk dks çHkkfor fd, fcuk ,slk gh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

Q.8) Assessing the significance of mangroves for coastal ecology and economy, examine the
reasons for their accelerated depletion.

rVh; ikfjfLFkfrdh vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, eSaxzkso ds egRo dk vkdyu djrs gq,] muds Rofjr ºzkl ds dkj.kksa dh
ijh{k.k djsaA

–f"Vdks.k % eSaxzkso dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, vkSj muds ikfjfLFkfrd vkSj vkfFkZd ewY; egÙo dk mYys[k djrs gq, ifjp;
nhft,A mÙkj ds eq[; Hkkx dh lajpuk rhu Hkkxksa esa djsaA igys Hkkx esa] rVh; ikfjfLFkfrdh ds fy, eSaxzkso ds egRo
dh ppkZ dhft,A fQj rVh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, eSaxzkso ds egÙo ij ppkZ djsaA var esa] eSaxzkso ds Rofjr ºzkl ds dkj.kksa
dh lwph cukb,A eSaxzkso ds laj{k.k ds fy, lq>koksa ds lkFk mÙkj dk lekiu dhft,A

eSaxzkso yo.k&lfg".kq ouLifr gSa tks ufn;ksa vkSj Tokjuneq[k ds varTokZjh; {ks=ksa esa mxrs gSAa eSaxzkso ,d vf}rh;
ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= gS tks rVh; {ks=ksa ds fy, ikfjfLFkfrd vkSj lkFk gh vkfFkZd mi;ksfxrk çnku djrk gSA
rVh; ikfjfLFkfrdh ds fy, eSaxzkso dk egRo bl çdkj gS %
1. ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= lsok,a % eSaxzkso çnw"kdksa ds vo'kks"k.k vkSj iks"kd rRoksa ds pØ.k }kjk ty dh xq.koÙkk cuk,
j[kus esa enn djrs gSaA
2. çk—frd rVh; j{kk % eSaxzkso dh etcwr tM+ ç.kkyh fgald rwQku vkSj lqukeh ds f[kykQ ,d çk—frd
vojksèk cukus esa enn djrh gSA os leqæ ds Lrj esa o`f) vkSj xaHkhj ekSle dh ?kVukvksa ls tksf[ke esa leqnk;ksa
ds fy, lqj{kkRed Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
3. dkcZu flad % eSaxzkso dkcZu i`FkDdj.k ds fy, viuh {kerk esa vf}rh; gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] os m".kdfVcaèkh;
ou dh rqyuk esa lerqY; {ks= esa 3&5 xquk vfèkd dkcZu tek djrs gSaA
4. le`) tSo fofoèkrk % eSaxzkso dbZ çtkfr;ksa ds fy, iks"kd rRoksa ls Hkjiwj vkJ; çnku djrs gSa tks tyry ds
Åij vkSj uhps iuirh gSAa mnkgj.k ds fy,] çfl) caxky Vkbxj lqanjcu esa ik;k tkrk gS tks ,d eSaxzkso
ou gSA
rVh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, eSaxzkso dk egRo bl çdkj gS %
1. ydM+h % eSaxzkso isM+ dk"B fuekZ.k ds fy, ,d foÜoluh; lzksr gSa tks lM+kaèk vkSj dhM+ksa ds dBksj çfrjksèk ds
fy, lqj{kk çnku djrk gSAa ydM+h dks yqxnh vkSj ydM+h ls dks;yk fuekZ.k ds fy, O;kolkf;d dk;Z ds
fy, Hkh dkVk tkrk gSA
2. vkS"kèkh; egRo % LFkkuh; yksxksa }kjk vkS"kèkh; xq.kksa ds fy, ikSèkksa ds vdZ ,d= fd, tkrs gSaA
3. vkthfodk leFkZu %
a. eSaxzkso isM+ksa dh ifÙk;ksa dk mi;ksx vDlj i'kqvksa ds pkjs ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA eSaxzkso ou mRiknksa
tSls ekse] 'kgn vkfn dk Hkh lzksr gSaA

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b. eSaxzkso ouh; ty LFkkuh; eNqvkjksa dks vk; dh o`f) ds fy, eRL;u] dsdM+ksa vkSj 'ka[k dh çpqj
vkiwfrZ çnku djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] oSfÜod eRL;u dk yxHkx 80 izfr'kr eSaxzkso ouksa ij
fuHkZj djrk gSA
4. ikfjfLFkfrd i;ZVu dks c<+kok nsuk % pwfa d os çoky fHkfÙk;ksa vkSj jsrhys leqæ rVksa ds ikl fLFkr gSa] blfy,
;g eRL;u] d;kfdax vkSj cMZo‚fpax Vwj tSlh xfrfofèk;ksa ds fy, ,d le`) okrkoj.k çnku djrs gSaA

IISc ds 'kksèkdrkZvksa ds vuqlkj] fiNyh 'krkCnh esa Hkkjr us vius eSaxzkso {ks= dk 40 izfr'kr {ks= dh deh dh gSA eSaxzkso
ds Rofjr ºzkl ds dkj.k bl çdkj gSa %
1. —f"k %
a. —f"k esa ifjorZu] tSls èkku] tSo&bZaèku o`{kkjksi.k vkfn eSaxzkso ds ºzkl esa ,d çeq[k ;ksxnkudrkZ gSaA
b. nwf"kr —f"k tyçokg ls iks"kd rRo] dhVuk'kd vkSj vU; tgjhys jlk;u eSaxzkso dks uqdlku igqapkrs
gSAa
2. tyh; —f"k % rVh; {ks=ksa esa eRL;u esa o`f) ds dkj.k eSaxzkso dk ºzkl gks jgk gSA >haxk ikyu ds fy, eSaxzkso
dh dVkbZ ds ifj.kkeLo:i oSfÜod eSaxzkso dk 38% ºzkl gqvk gSA
3. fodkl % eSaxzkso ouksa dks vkoklh; t:jrksa] i;ZVu] canjxkgksa vkfn ds fy, lkQ fd;k tkrk gSA rV ds fdukjs
lM+dksa }kjk fo[kaMu ds ekè;e ls Hkh bldk ºzkl gks jgk gSA
4. çnw"k.k % 'kgjh nwf"kr tyçokg] lhost vkSj vkS|ksfxd dpjk eSaxzkso esa tkdj mUgsa çnwf"kr dj jgk gSA mnkgj.k
ds fy,] IykfLVd vkSj vU; Bksl vif'k"V vkdk'kh; tM+ksa {kfr dj vkSj ubZ o`f) dks jksddj eSaxzkso ds {ks=
dks ºzkl dj jgk gSA
5. tyok;q ifjorZu % eSaxzkso tyok;q ifjorZu ds ifj.kkeLo:i leqæh lrg ds xq.kksa esa ifjorZu vkSj leqæ ds
ty Lrj esa o`f) ds çfr cgqr laosnu'khy gksrs gSaA
eSaxzkso ds fudV jgus okys leqnk;ksa ds fy, tkx:drk l`tu] fu;fer fuxjkuh] eSaxzkso oujksi.k vkSj vkthfodk leFkZu
ls eSaxzkso ij ekuotfur ncko dks de djus esa enn fey ldrh gSA eSaxzkso dks lajf{kr djus ds fy, LFkkuh; yksxks]a
rVh; m|ksxksa vkSj ;w,ubZih] Xykscy vyk;al Q‚j eSaxzkso tSls oSfÜod laxBuksa ds lkFk lg;ksx dh vko';drk gSA

Q.9) Enumerate the environmental impacts of destruction of urban wetlands and suggest
measures to protect and conserve wetlands in Indian cities.

'kgjh vkæZHkwfe;ksa ds fouk'k ds i;kZoj.kh; çHkkoksa dh x.kuk djsa vkSj Hkkjrh; 'kgjksa esa vkæZHkwfe;ksa ds j{k.k vkSj laj{k.k
ds mik;ksa dk lq>ko nsaA

–f"Vdks.k % 'kgjh vkæZHkwfe;ksa vkSj muds egRo dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, ifjp; nsaA mÙkj ds eq[; Hkkx dks nks Hkkxksa esa
lajfpr fd;k tk ldrk gSA igys Hkkx esa] 'kgjh vkæZHkwfe;ksa ds fouk'k ds i;kZoj.kh; çHkkoksa dk mYys[k dhft,A blds
ckn] Hkkjrh; 'kgjksa esa vkæZHkwfe;ksa dh j{kk vkSj laj{k.k ds mik; lq>k,aA tyok;q&yphys Hkfo"; ds fy, vkæZHkwfe ds
uqdlku ds izpkyu dkjdksa dks lacksfèkr djus dh vko';drk ds lkFk fu"d"kZ fudkysaA

osVySaM~l mu Hkwfe {ks=ksa dks lanfHkZr djrs gSa tks ikuh ls Hkjs jgrs gS]a ;k rks ekSleh ;k LFkk;h :i lsA 'kgjh vkæZHkwfe
'kgjksa esa vkSj mlds vklikl ikbZ tkrh gSA os 'kgjksa dh jgus dh {kerk esa ;ksxnku djrs gSa vkSj ikuh dh xq.koÙkk esa
lqèkkj] dkcZu i`FkDdj.k] oU;thoksa ds fy, vkokl vkfn tSlh lsok,a çnku djrs gSaA
osVySaM~l baVjus'kuy ds vuqlkj] fiNys rhu n'kdksa esa Hkkjr esa yxHkx 30 izfr'kr çk—frd vkæZHkwfe u"V gks xbZ gSA
'kgjh vkæZHkwfe;ksa ds fouk'k ds i;kZoj.kh; çHkko bl çdkj gSa %
1. i;kZokl dk fouk'k % vkæZHkwfe ds vkokl [kafMr gks x, gS]a ftlls çoklh if{k;ksa] eNfy;ksa] dNqvksa vkfn ds
çtuu ds vkèkkj de gks x, gSaA
2. çnw"k.k % vkæZHkwfe çk—frd ty fQYVj ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA muds fouk'k ls çk—frd ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=
esa çnw"kdksa dk lap; c<+ tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] —f"k vkSj vkS|ksfxd lzksrksa ls Hkwty dk Hkkjh èkkrq
lan"w k.kA
3. ?kVrh ty rkfydk % vkæZHkwfe fouk'k Hkwty iquHkZj.k ds fy, lrgh viokg ds fjlko dks de djrk gSA
blls 'kgjh
4. tSo fofoèkrk dk uqdlku % ;wusLdks ds vuqlkj] vkæZHkwfe ds [krjs dk nqfu;k ds 40% ouLifr;ksa vkSj thoksa ij
çfrdwy çHkko iM+sxk tks vkæZHkwfe esa jgrs gSa ;k çtuu djrs gSaA
5. çk—frd [krjs % 'kgjh vkæZHkwfe dk {kj.k] ck<+] lw[kk vkSj rwQku tSls çk—frd [krjksa ds çHkko dks vo'kksf"kr
djus ds fy, ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dh {kerk dks de dj nsrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] fnlacj 2015 esa psUubZ esa
'kgjh ck<+A
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6. ghV vkbySaM çHkko % vkæZHkwfe dk fouk'k vkSj dkap vkSj daØhV dh bekjrksa ds xzs cqfu;knh <kaps ds lkFk muds
çfrLFkkiu ds dkj.k 'kgjksa esa rkieku esa o`f) gksrh gSA

Hkkjrh; 'kgjksa esa vkæZHkwfe;ksa dh j{kk vkSj laj{k.k ds fy, fuEufyf[kr mik; viuk, tk ldrs gSa %
1. {kerk fuekZ.k % vif'k"Vksa dks ty fudk;ksa esa Mkyus ls igys mUgsa laHkkyus ds fy, lhost&mipkj la;a=
LFkkfir djsaA
2. çkS|ksfxdh % fjeksV lsaflax vkSj thvkbZ,l dk mi;ksx djds [kks, ;k detksj vkæZHkwfe {ks=ksa dh igpku]
ekufp=.k vkSj fuxjkuh ds ekè;e ls laj{k.k vkSj çcaèkuA mnkgj.k ds fy,] bljks }kjk jk"Vªh; vkæZHkwfe lwph
vkSj ewY;kadu ftlus Hkkjr esa yxHkx nks yk[k vkæZHkwfe dk ekufp=.k fd;kA
3. —f"k] i;ZVu vkfn tSls vkæZHkwfe ds LokLF; dks çHkkfor djus okys çeq[k {ks=ksa dh c<+h gqbZ fLFkjrkA tSls]
Ñf"k esa uSuks&;wfj;k] unh ds ifjogu ds fy, fctyh dh ukosa vkfnA
4. oujksi.k ds ekè;e ls vkæZHkwfe ds pkjksa vksj cQj tksu cuk,aA ;g vkæZHkwfe ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= ds LokLF; esa
Hkh lqèkkj djsxkA vkæZHkwfe ds ty fudklh usVodZ esa lqèkkj ds fy, vkæZHkwfe {ks=ksa dk vfrØe.k gVkukA
5. vkæZHkwfe ds laj{k.k ds fy, tu vkanksyu fufeZr djus ds fy, f'k{kk] lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh ¼vkbZlhVh½
vkSj ukxfjd lekt lewgksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ds ekè;e ls vkæZHkwfe laj{k.k vkSj cqf)eku mi;ksx ds ckjs esa
tkx:drk iSnk djukA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d tu&mRlkgh O;fä jkeohj raoj us fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa 40 rkykcksa
dks iqutÊfor fd;kA
6. ,dh—r uhfr % gekjh fodkl uhfr;ksa vkSj 'kgjh fu;kstu çfØ;kvksa esa eq[;èkkjk vkæZHkwfe ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=
lsok,a vkSj tSo fofoèkrkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] LekVZ flVh fe'ku vkSj dk;kdYi vkSj 'kgjh ifjorZu ds fy,
vVy fe'ku tSlh ;kstukvksa esa vko';d ?kVdksa ds :i esa vkæZHkwfe laj{k.k vkSj gfjr cqfu;knh <kaps dh
vko';drk gSA
LFkkuh; vuqHkoksa vkSj fo'ks"kKrk vkSj ns'k esa vkæZHkwfe dh fLFkfr;ksa dks cnyus ds fy, ,d etcwr uhfr dk mi;ksx
djds vkæZHkwfe ds uqdlku vkSj fxjkoV ds pkydksa dks lacksfèkr djus dh vko';drk gSA ty fudk;ksa vkSj mlds
vklikl dh Hkwfe ij è;ku nsus okyh xzhu&Cyw uhfr tSlh ;kstuk,a 'kgjh fu;kstu dk Hkfo"; gSAa 'kgjh vkæZHkwfe ds
çcaèku esa yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, c<+rh txg ds lkFk LekVZ vkSj vfHkuo fopkj tyok;q&yphys Hkfo"; ds fuekZ.k
ds fy, iwoZ&vko';drk,a gSaA

Q.10) Projects for inter-linking of rivers are an attractive solution to multi-dimensional

problems related to water management in the country. Explain. What are the various challenges
and concerns in its execution?

ufn;ksa dks vkil esa tksMu+ s dh ifj;kstuk,a ns'k esa ty çcaèku ls lacafèkr cgqvk;keh leL;kvksa dk ,d vkd"kZd
lekèkku gSaA O;k[;k djsaA blds fØ;kUo;u esa fofHkUu pqukSfr;k¡ vkSj fpark,¡ D;k gSa\

–f"Vdks.k % ufn;ksa dks vkil esa tksM+us dh ifjHkk"kk ds lkFk mÙkj dk ifjp; nsaA mÙkj ds eq[; Hkkx ds igys Hkkx esa
Hkkjr esa ty&çcaèku ls lacafèkr cgqvk;keh leL;kvksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A fQj ty&çcaèku dh leL;kvksa ds vkd"kZd
lekèkku ds :i esa ufn;ksa dks vkil esa tksMu+ s dh ifj;kstukvksa ij ppkZ djsaA var esa] unh ifj;kstukvksa dks vkil esa
tksM+us dh pqukSfr;ksa vkSj fparkvksa ij ppkZ djsaA ikuh dh ekax] vkiwfrZ vkSj [kir ds çcaèku esa LFkk;h –f"Vdks.k dh
vko';drk ds lkFk fu"d"kZ fudkysaA

ufn;ksa dks vkil esa tksM+us ls rkRi;Z ty&vfèk'ks"k vkSj ty&deh okys {ks=ksa ds chp ty çcaèku dks larqfyr djus ds
fy, ,d unh ls nwljh unh esa ikuh LFkkukarfjr djus dh ifj;kstukvksa ls gSA ljdkj us ns'k esa ty çcaèku dh
leL;kvksa ds lekèkku ds fy, jk"Vªh; unh tksM+ ifj;kstuk ¼,uvkj,yih½ tSlh ifj;kstuk,a 'kq: dh gSAa
Hkkjr esa ty çcaèku fuEufyf[kr cgqvk;keh leL;kvksa ls xzLr gS %
1. ?kVrs lzksr % Hkkjr cgqvk;keh pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk dj jgk gS tSls lrgh ty ds çnw"k.k ds lkFk&lkFk Hkwty
dh deh] vkSj yqIr gks jgs ty fudk; & rkykc] >hy] VSad] vkæZHkwfeA
2. 'kgjh t:jrsa % 'kgjhdj.k vkSj cqfu;knh <kaps dh t:jrksa ds ncko ds dkj.k ty fudk;ksa ds vklikl
vfrØe.k c<+ jgk gSA ty&ruko 'kgjksa ij tula[;k ds lrr~ Hkkj dh ek¡xksa dk ifj.kke gSA
3. —f"k lacaèkh ekaxsa % [kk| lqj{kk dh t:jrsa] ty&xgu Qlyksa dh [ksrh vkSj —f"k fodkl ls ikuh ds fy,
çfrLièkkZ c<+ jgh gSA tSls] varjkZT;h; unh ty fooknA
4. —f"k esa ck<+ flapkbZ vkSj lw[kkxzLr {ks=ksa vkSj 'kgjksa esa o"kkZ ty lap;u dh deh tSls ikuh dh cckZnh gksrh
gSA
5. tyok;q ifjorZu % c<+rk rkieku] lw[kk] ekulwu dk vfuf'pr izfr:i ty&ruko dks c<+krk gS vkSj Ms thjks
ladV tSls
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6. lkekftd vlekurk,a % ehyksa nwj ls ikuh ykus dh ftEesnkjh vkSj LoPNrk vkfn ij çHkko ds dkj.k efgykvksa
dks ty&ladV dk [kkfe;ktk Hkqxruk iM+rk gSA gkf'k, ij jgus okys fdlku Hkh lw[ks vkSj Qly dh foQyrk
ls lcls vfèkd çHkkfor gksrs gSaA

ufn;ksa dks vkil esa tksMu+ s dh ifj;kstuk,a ns'k esa ty çcaèku dh cgqvk;keh leL;k dk vkd"kZd lekèkku fuEufyf[kr
rjhdksa ls çLrqr djrh gSa %
1. ifjogu vkSj usfoxs'ku % ufn;ksa dks vkil esa tksMu + s ls usfoxs'ku pkSuyksa dk ,d usVodZ rS;kj gksxkA unh
ekxks± ds j[kj[kko ls csflu çcaèku esa lqèkkj gksxkA tSls] fnYyh esa ;equk dh lQkbZA
2. flapkbZ % baVjfyafdax ifj;kstuk,a o"kkZ dh deh okys {ks=ksa esa lw[ks dh fLFkfr dks de dj ldrh gSaA mnkgj.k
ds fy,] ufn;ksa dks vkil esa tksMu+ s ls ikuh dh deh okys if'peh çk;}hi esa 35 fefy;u gsDVs;j Hkwfe dks
flafpr djus dh {kerk gSA
3. i;kZIr ikuh dh vkiwfrZ %
a. ;g Hkkjr esa is;ty dh deh ds eqís dks gy dj ldrk gSA tSls] ty thou fe'ku ds rgr ty
ladVxzLr {ks=ksa esa uy&ty vkiwfrZA
b. baVjfyafdax ufn;ksa esa vkS|ksfxd mi;ksx ds fy, 64-8 fcfy;u D;wfcd ehVj ikuh miyCèk djkus
dh {kerk gSA
4. ck<+ fu;a=.k % bl ifj;kstuk ls iwoÊ Hkkjr tSls fcgkj vkSj vle esa okf"kZd ck<+ dh leL;k lekIr gksus dh
mEehn gSA

tgka ufn;ksa dks vkil esa tksM+us dh ifj;kstuk,a viuh {kerk esa vk'kktud gSa] ogha ifj;kstukvksa ds fu"iknu ls tqM+h
dqN pqukSfr;ka vkSj fpark,a Hkh gSa tSls %
1. thou vkSj vkthfodk esa O;oèkku % blls Hkwfe] taxy vkSj eRL; ikyu dk uqdlku gksxk] ftl ij T;knkrj
xjhc vkSj vkfnoklh yksx viuh vkthfodk pykrs gSAa ljdkj dks iquokZl dh pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus dh t:jr
gSA
2. i;kZoj.kh; çHkko % fofHkUu ufn;ksa dks vkil esa tksMu + s ls fofHkUu ufn;ksa dh tSo fofoèkrk vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh
çHkkfor gks ldrh gSA çnwf"kr ufn;ksa ds ikuh ls ns'k esa ufn;ksa dk varj&csflu çnw"k.k gks ldrk gSA
3. varjkZT;h; fookn % ty jkT; dk fo"k; gSA ,uvkj,yih dk dk;kZUo;u varjkZT;h; lg;ksx ij fuHkZj djrk
gSA tSls] lryqt&;equk fyad ugj dk iatkc dk fojksèkA
4. varjkZ"Vªh; igyw % ufn;ksa dks vkil esa tksM+us dh dqN ;kstukvksa ds varjjk"Vªh; fufgrkFkZ gS]a ftldk HkwVku]
usiky vkSj ckaXykns'k tSls ns'kksa ij laHkkfor çHkko iM+ ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ckaXykns'k us czãiq= ds
ikuh dks xaxk esa LFkkukarfjr djus ij vkifÙk trkbZ gSA
5. foÙkh; ckèkk,a % ,uvkj,yih ,d vR;fèkd iwt a h&xgu ifj;kstuk gS ftldk vuqeku yxHkx 5]60]000 djksM+
#i;s gSA blesa jkgr vkSj iquokZl dh ykxr 'kkfey ugha gSA

ns'k esa ty çcaèku esa lqèkkj ds fy, ufn;ksa dks vkil esa tksM+us dh ifj;kstuk,a vfuok;Z gSAa gkykafd] unh dks vkil
esa tksM+uk ty çcaèku ds eqíksa ds fy, dksbZ igsyh ugha gS] ftlds fy, vkiwfrZ] ekax vkSj [kir esa ,d LFkk;h –f"Vdks.k
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

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