BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
Topic: Pollution
Submitted by: Esha
Class: XII
School: Swami Vivekananda Academy for Educational Excellence
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Esha of Class XII has successfully completed the Biology
investigatory project titled "Pollution" during the academic session 2025-26 under the
guidance of the Biology teacher.
Signature of Teacher: __________________
Signature of Principal: ________________
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Biology teacher for guiding me
through this project. I am also thankful to my school, Swami Vivekananda Academy for
Educational Excellence, and my parents and friends for their support and encouragement
throughout this project.
INDEX
1. Introduction
2. Types of Pollution
3. Causes and Effects
4. Case Studies / Examples
5. Preventive Measures
6. Conclusion
7. Bibliography
1. Introduction
Pollution refers to the contamination of the natural environment which causes adverse
changes. It can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or
light. Pollution is often the result of human activities and can have serious consequences
on human health, wildlife, and climate.
2. Types of Pollution
a) Air Pollution: Caused by emissions from factories, vehicles, and burning of fossil
fuels.
b) Water Pollution: Caused by industrial waste, sewage discharge, and oil spills.
c) Soil Pollution: Caused by disposal of industrial and household waste and excessive use
of fertilizers.
d) Noise Pollution: Caused by traffic, industrial activities, and loudspeakers.
e) Light Pollution: Caused by excessive artificial lighting.
3. Causes and Effects
Major causes include urbanization, industrialization, deforestation, and overpopulation.
The effects range from health problems like asthma and cancer to environmental damage
like climate change, acid rain, and extinction of species.
4. Case Studies / Examples
Example 1: The Bhopal Gas Tragedy – one of the worst industrial disasters causing air
pollution and health hazards.
Example 2: The Yamuna River Pollution – industrial and sewage waste leading to severe
water pollution.
5. Preventive Measures
• Use of public transport and electric vehicles.
• Proper waste segregation and recycling.
• Treatment of industrial waste.
• Use of environment-friendly products.
• Spreading awareness and stricter environmental laws.
6. Conclusion
Pollution is a growing threat to the environment and human life. Immediate actions, strict
policies, and public awareness are essential to combat its harmful effects and preserve the
planet for future generations.
7. Bibliography
• NCERT Biology Textbook
• Wikipedia.org
• Environment journals
• Government pollution control reports
