144 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression

MINI-TEST 4: STRUCTURE
Directions: The following sentences are incomplete. Beneath each of these sentences, there are
four words or phrases marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best
completes the sentence.
1. by Anna Baldwin in 1878.
_ _~ (A) The invention of the vacuum milking machine
_ _~ (B) That the vacuum milking machine was invented
_ _~ (C) The vacuum milking machine, which was invented
_ _~ (D) The vacuum milking machine was invented
2. Dry cleaning is the process _ _ _ _~ clothes are cleaned in liquids other than water.
_ _ (A) hy
____ (B) which through
___ (C) hy which
_ _ (D) through
3. Sand dunes are made of loose sand _ _ _ __ up by the action of the wind.
_ _ (A) it huilds
_ _ (8) huilds
_ _ (C) is huilding
_ _~ (D) built

1. hookjubiiee, which was hased on the life of her great-grandmother, Margaret

Walker was awarded the Pulitzer Prize.
_~ ___ (A) For her
_ _ (B) Her
_ _~ (C) It was her
_ _ (D) That her

5. Job specialization takes place _ _ _ _ _~ of production is separated into occupations.

_ _~ (A) whenever the work is
_ _~ (B) when the work
_ . _ (C) is when the work
_ _~ (D) whenever working
 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 145

6. _ _ _ _ _ _ are hot is a common misconception.

_ _ (A) All deserts
_ _ _ (B) All deserts which
___ (C) Of all deserts
___ (D) That all deserts
7. imaginative stories about the origin of the game of chess.
___ (A) "'Ian)' of the
_ _ (B) "'lany
___ (C) There are many
_ _ CD) Of the many
8. one of Canada's greatest engineering projects, is a twenty-seven mile long
waterway between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.
___ (A) Because the Welland Ship Canal is
_ _ (B) The Welland Ship Canal is
_ _ (C) That the Welland Ship Canal is
_ _ (D) The WeIland Ship Canal,
9. A deep-tissue massage is a type of massage therapy _ _ _ _ _ _ on one part of the body, such
as the lower back.
___ (A) its concentration is
_ _ _ (B) concentrating
___ CC) why it concentrates
___ CD) to be concentrated
10. One of the most powerful optical telescopes, the "Big Eye" at Mt. Palomar, _ _ _ _ _ _ a two-
hundred-inch mirror.
_ _ (A) has
_ _ (B) that has
_ _ (C) with
_ _ (D) which
11. Elfego Baca, legendary Mexican-American folk hero, was a lawman in New
Mexico in the late 1880's.
_ _ (A) a
___ CB) who, as a
___ CC) was a
___ CD) and he was a
12, _ _ _ _ _ _ relatively inexpensive, the metal pewter can be fashioned into beautiful and
useful objects.
___ (A) Even it is
_ _ (B) Despite
___ (C) Nevertheless, it is
_ _ CD) Although
13. is a general category that includes all mental states and activities.
___ (A) What do psychologists call cognition
_ _ _ (B) Psychologists call it cognition
___ CC) \Vhat psychologists call cognition
___ (D) Cognition, as it is called by psychologists, which
146 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression

14. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote four novels, _ _ _ _ _ _ The Scarlet Letter, became an American
literary classic.
___ (A) of which one,
___ (B) which one
___ (C) one of which,
___ (D) one was
15. about four years for a new aircraft model to move from the preliminary design
stage to the full-production stage.
_ _ (A) It takes
_ _ (B) Taking
_ _ (C) That takes
_ _ (D) To take
174 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression

MINI-TEST 5: STRUCTURE
Directions: The following sentences are incomplete. Beneath each of these sentences, there are
four words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best
completes the sentence.
1. , an organism must be able to adapt to changing factors in its environment.
_ _ (A) If survival
_ _ _ (B) For surviving
___ (C) To survive
___ (D) It survives
2. The art of landscape architecture is ______ that of architecture itself.
_ _ _ (A) almost as old as
_ _ (B) as almost old
___ (C) almost as old than
___ (D) old as almost
3. The Mummers' Parade has ______ every year in Philadelphia on New Year's Day since
1901.
_ _ (A) holding
_ _ (B) been holding
_ _ (C) held
_ _ (D) been held
4. Rarely more than ftfty miles from the coast.
___ (A) redwood trees grow
___ (B) redwood trees do grow
___ (C) grow redwood trees
___ (D) do redwood trees grow

5. Microorganisms live in extreme conditions of heat and cold where ______ other
organisms can survive.
_ _ (A) not
_ _ _ (B) never
_ _ (C) no
_ _ (D) none
6. The higher one rises in the atmosphere, ______ the temperature generally becomes.
_ _ (A) colder than
_ _ (B) the colder
___ (C) the colder as
___ (D) is colder
 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 175

7. Medical researchers are constantly looking for ways to control, _ _ _ _ _ _ , and cure
diseases.
___ (A) prevention
_ _ (B) preventing
_ _ (C) prevent
_ _ _ (D) to prevent

8. Nerve cells, or neurons, in the human body.

___ (A) the most complex cells are
_ _ _ (B) are the most complex cells
___ (C) most complex the cells are
___ (D) most are the complex cells
9. Released in 1915,
___ (A) D. W Griffith made an epic fUm about the Civil War, Birth of a Nation
_ _ _ (B) the Civil War was the subject of D. W Griffith's epic ftlm, Birth of a Nation
___ (C) D. W Griffith's epic film Birth of a Nation was about the Civil War
___ (D) the subject of D. W Griffith's epic ftlm Birth of a Nation was the Civil War
10. on barren slopes can help prevent erosion.
___ (A) Planting trees
___ (B) For trees to be planted
___ (C) In order to plant trees
___ (D) Trees are planted
11. Vermont is the only state in New England an Atlantic coastline.
___ (A) without
_ _ (B) not with
_ _ (C) which not having
___ (D) doesn't have
12. In 1867, Hiram R. Revels the first black to be elected to the u.s. Senate.
___ (A) becoming
_ _ _ (B) became
___ (C) to have become
_ _ (D) has become
13. Jupiter's moons can be easily seen through _ _ _ _ _ _ binoculars or a small telescope .
........,--- (A) either
_ _ (B) if
_ _ (C) whether
_ _ (D)or
14. The Colorado beetle is a beautiful insect, _ _ _ _ _ _ it causes a great deal of damage to food
crops.
_ _ (A) but
_ _ (B) what
- - ( C ) or
_ _ (D) that
15. Judge Francis Hopkins is probably best known as a signer of the Declaration of Independence,
but he also excelled as a poet, , and an orator.
___ (A) as a musician
_ _ (B) by playing music
___ (C) a musician
_ _ _ (D) he played music
 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 225

MINI-TEST 6: WRITTEN EXPRESSION

Directions: The sentences below have four underlined words or phrases, (A), (B), (C), and (D).
Identify the one underlined expression that must be changed for the sentence to be correct. Then
find the number of the question on your answer sheet and fill in the space corresponding to the
letter.
Time: 12 minutes

1. Bricks can be made from many difference types of clay.

--A-- --B-- C -uo
2. Despite most mushrooms are edible, some species cause serious poisoning.
A B ----c- D

_____ 3. Judges in dog shows rate dogs on such points as their colorful, posture, shape, and size.
A B C D

4. The medicine of prehistoric people probably consisted of a mixture of scientific

A B
practices, superstitions, and religious believes.
C D

5. The game backgammon has been playing for thousands of years.

A B C D

6. One of the greatest of An~erican automobile designer was Harley Earl.

A l:I C ---0-

_____ 7. Before the late eighteenth century, most textiles were done at home.
--A-- B -c-,- D

___ 8. Political science. alike the other social sciences, is not an exact science.
--A- --B-- C D
226 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression

___ 9. About 8,000 years ago, people began using animals to carry themselves and their
A B C 0

belongings.

10. Storks constantly rearrange their nests to keep their eggs safety, dry, and warm.
A B C D

11. In its purely state, hydrochloric acid is a gas, but!! is almost always used as a solution
--A- BCD

in water.

___ 12. Animals that hibernate usually eat large numbers of food in the autumn.
A B C 0

___ 13. Many folk songs have been written about railroads and railroads workers.
-A- -B- C 0

14. Some plants and insects exhibit so high degree of interdependence that the elimination
A B

of one results in the elimination of the other.

--C-
o

___ 15. Lightly, sandy soil absorbs water more quickly than clay or loam.
--A- B C D

16. Fannie Farmer, an educator and cooking expert, she wrote the first distinctively
A B C 0
American cookbook.

___ 17. The rhesus monkey has been widely used in biological, psychological, and medicine
T--B- C 0

research.

18. During the Depression of the 1930's, many artists were giving jobs by the Federal Arts
A -B- c-----O-
Project.

___ 19. Crocodiles are sometimes confused with alligators, but are different from they in
A B C
a number of ways.
o

___ 20. As a concert violinist, conductor, and he composed both serious and popular music,
A B --c--
Leonard Bernstein achieved a series of remarkable successes.
o
 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 227

21. It is a chemical called capsaicin that gives hot peppers their spice flavor.
A B -C- --n-

___ 22. Flying snakes can launch itself from the top of one tree and glide to another.
A -B- C n

___ 23. A basic knowledge of social studies such as history and geography are considered an
-A- B <=
important part of the education of every child.
-n-

24. The black walnut tree is grown principally for its lumber, which is used for cabinets and
A B C
furnitures.
n

___ 25. Plymouth was the soonest of the five colonies established by the Pilgrims in
A B C D
Massachusetts.
 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 257

MINI-TEST 7: WRITIEN EXPRESSION

Directions: The sentences below have four underlined words or phrases, (A), (B), (C), and (D). You
must identify the one underlined expression that must be changed for the sentence to be correct.
Then find the Ilumber of the question Oil your answer sheet and fill in the space corresponding to the
letter.
Time: 15 minutes

5. Commercial bakeries can make thousands of loaves of bread on one time by using
A -B- C -r-)-

automated equipment.

2. North America is a third largest of the seven continents.

ABC 0

___ 3. Neither humans or dogs can hear as well as cats.

A Il c:---O

4. The astronomer George Hale was a pioneer in the art of photograph the Sun.
A i l e 0

5. Trucks can be used transport a wide variety of cargoes.

--A- B --C- --0-

6. Pikes Peak, named for explorer Zebulon Pike, is Colorado's most famous but not its
A B C

most highest mountain.

D

___ 7. Identical colors may appear to be quite different when are they viewed against different
A -B-·- C D

backgrounds.
258 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression

S. Oceanography is not a singl~ science and rather a group of disciplines wit~ a common
A n c
focus.
-0-

9. Until 1960, Maine was unique in that it held presidential and congressional elections on
A --n- <=
September, two months earlier than the rest of the nation.
o

10. Snowshoes allow a person walking on snow without sinking into it because they
A B C

distribute the person's weight over a wide area.

I)

11. Fuel injection engines employ injectors instead a carburetor to spray fuel into the
A B C 0

cylinders.

12. Ocean currents have a enormous effect on life on this planet.

--A- B --c- D

___ 13. Hydraulic elevators are still used in some old buildings. but all almost new buildings are
--n-- B- C

equipped with electrical elevators.

o

14. Diaries and journals writing during colonial times provide the best records of that era.
A B C D

15. Frequently, the combination of several spices will result of a more pleasing flavor than
A B C J)

the use of just one.

___ 16. Gold topaz is much rare than either white or blue topaz.
A -n- --C->- ----0

___ 17. A mosaic is picture made from small bits of colored glass or tile.
A -B- C D

IS. Reclamation is the successful attempt to mak~ deserts, marshlands, or other unusable
A B
land suitable of farming or building.
C 0

___ 19. A successful salesperson must have an intuitive understanding of psychology human.
A B C 0
 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 259

20. The University of Wisconsin was the first school to make a serious effort teach students
A B c
public administration.
D

21. Some underground water is enough safe to drink, but all surface water must be treated.
-A- B [) D

22. A feeding animal will usually allow competitors approaching only within a certain
A B --c-
distance, the boundaries of which are called its feeding territory.
D

___ 23. Most familiar type of pump in use today is the piston pump.
A B C D

24. The term "forgetting" refers to the loss, whether temporary and long-term, of material
A B C
that has previously been learned.
D

25. Dieticians urge people to eat the banana a day to get enough potassium in their diet.
-A- B C D