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ROLE AND EMP OF ENGRS

1. What is the role of engrs?

(a) Engrs carry out imp functions in the prep period of war to enable effective
launch of the field forces in battle, the rationale for their existence stems from
the sp they provides during the actual conduct of ops.
(b) The engr sp plan is an integral part of the fmn cdr’s plans from bde to
theatre army.
(c) The role of the mil engrs in war is to apply engineering knowledge, skill and
resources for the furtherance of the cdr’s plan.
(d) Implicit in this role is his responsibility for advising the cdr with regards To
tac and strategic opportunities and limitations arising out of engineering
considerations and capabilities.
(e) Engrs are an imp element of the combined arms teams performing a host of
tasks in the combat zone that enable deployed forces to “live, move and fight
better”.
(f) Basically this role involves maint of or restoring own mobility in the btlfd and
restricting that of the en.
(g) Engr org for combat are designed to carry out combat engr tasks which may
be broadly categorized under three generic heads:-

(a) Mobility tasks.

(i) Creation of passageway across obsts. These may range from

simple inf safe lane across minefds to complex composite crossings
across a belt of obsts which may incl minefds, waterways,
inundated areas and cratered terrain.
(ii) Constr and maint of opnl tracks, railways, advanced landing
grnds and helipads required for maint the tac and opnl mobility of
own forces.
(iii) Provide engr elements with airborne, air tpted or heliborne forces
inserted into en territory IOT accelerate tempo of ops, the engr
being tasked to defuse/neutralize planned en dmls.
(iv) Repair and maint of roads, bridges, railways and airfields both
along the L of C in the combat zone.

(b) Counter-mobility tasks. In the same way as en would seek to degrade

mobility of own forces, it will be our attempt to degrade mobility of en
forces through:-
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(i) Creation of obsts belts by:-

a) Laying minefds (incl responsive and reactive minefds)

independently or in conjunction with existing waterways and
channels.
b) Creation of a-tk ditches.
c) Dmls and denial of existing rail and road crossing both in the
LOC and in the combat zone.

(ii) Plans for rendering critical installations like airfields, depots and
comn facilities in own territory unusable in the event of their
capture by the en.
(iii) Provide engr elements with airborne, air tpted or heliborne forces
inserted for interdiction of en forces, the engr being tasked to
deny/demolish critical facilities like airfield or bridges in en
territory.

(c) Survivability tasks. These will correspond to tasks that enable the
field forces in the combat zone ‘to live and fight better’. Some of these
tasks are:-

(i) Assistance in the devt of field fortifications and wpn pits.

(ii) Constr of underground comd and con facilities.
(iii) Constr of shelters for stores and eqpt and for habitation of tps
during protracted ops or in inhospitable terrain and uncongenial
climate.
(iv) Field water supply incl laying of pipelines. This may extend to
semi-permanent water supply scheme for tps garrisoned for long
periods along the borders prior to or in the aftermath of war.
(v) Provision of field electricity to essential comd and con elements
which may extend to semi-permanent schemes to be operated for
long periods.
(vi) Design and manufacture of field of expedients.
(vii) Monitoring and detection of NBC attack and advisory functions
for def against such attk.

DPLY OF ENGRS IN VARIOUS OPS OF WAR

1. What is an engr task force? How are they deployed?

(a) Dply of engrs for the battle task takes place in two stages:-
(i) First, the entire engr force is grouped with the division for the opn.
(ii) Thereafter, each individual task force is deployed on its allotted task.
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(b) An engr task force is a composn of a certain no. of tps and eqpt suitably
formed to accomplish a certain engr task.
(c) The reqt of tps and eqpt for various types of engr tasks differ, and sometime
even for the same task, from site to site.
(d) The rqmt of task force will vary depending upon the opnl situation and the
task envisaged.
(e) The task force is generally located either with the brigades or in the engr assy
As or harbor.
(f) Arrangement should be made to ensure reasonable security of the task force
at the work site.

Sequence of Events

(a) Acquisition and marshalling of data.

(b) Appre of engr sp.
(c) Engr advice to the cdr and acceptance by him of an agreed list of engr tasks.
(d) Ordering and exec of recce.
(e) Finalization of engr plan and issue of orders.
(f) Making of engr plan for specified tasks, prep and issue of orders.
(g) Assembly, conc and marrying up of various components, ie, the HQs engrs ,
the task forces, the res and the stores org.
(h) Controlling the exec of the engr plan in conformity with the overall opnl plan.

Dply of Task force

(a) Task forces are deployed by adopting a dply procedure for a task so that time
in commencement and completion of work is saved; Task force is divided into
different functional groups and the dply procedure involves simultaneous
action by these different functional groups which are;

(i) Recce group.

(ii) Order group.
(iii) Working group.
(iv) Store group.
(v) Admin group.

(b) In offensive ops, task forces have to be closely married up with the sped
forces; therefore each of these groups will have to be integrated with the
corresponding component of the sped forces.
(c) A task may be a recurring reqmt in an area of ops and therefore worthy of a
drill.
(d) However, it may never occur in another area; the need for a drill should
therefore, be judged on its own merits.
(e) Only those aspects of a drill which are not standard should form the
substance of standing orders.
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2. Discuss the dply of engrs for the major tasks in various ops of war.

Advance

(a) To maintain the momentum of advance.

(b) Forecast engrs task accurately.
(c) Group taskforce accurately.
(d) Cater for unforeseen.

Major tasks in advance

(a) Opening of routes. "Rush job for “(tr/wheel veh) leading element and
more permanent job for the rest of the fmn for rush job involve followings:-

(i) Detour or making ramps, to deal with craters, demolished culvert or

short stretches of axial mining/ road denial. Plant (preferable wheeled)
should be moved well forward for this.
(ii) asslt bridging
(iii) removal of mines
(iv) Selection of laterals.

(b) Breaching of obsts. As speed is the main consideration, the use of asslt
engr eqpt like mine trawls and heavy mobile bridges becomes imp.

(c) Seizing of Bridge Intact. A suitable size of sapper party grouped with the
force for this task. It will be their duty to neutralize the charges to facilitate
the capture the bridges intact.
(d) Ensuring water supply to advancing tps.
(e) Constr of Helipad & airstrips.

Attack

(a) The dply of engr should start from the engr assy A or harbor in the vicinity of
brigade assy As, before they go off to work or marry up with brigades.

(b) The main engr tasks are;

(i) Patrolling to ascertain the str and extent of en defence and obst.
(ii) Constr of tracks for the dply of the attacking forces.
(iii) Breaching of minefds and other obsts.
(iv) Constr of br.
(v) Constr of landing strips and helipads.
(vi) Mine laying and devt of obsts during reorg stage.
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(i) Patrolling.

a) To ascertain the strength and extent of enemy defence and obst.

b) It is carried out in the prep stage to ascertain details about minefd
and other obsts and to confirm breaching sites done purely engr
ptl or mixed ptls.
c) Aerial photograph & recce also provide most of the info.

(ii) Constr of tracks.

a) For dply of attacking force. Tracks from main axis to assy A

normally one per brigade during prep stage.
b) Tracks from assy A and FUP, appch tracks and laterals at few
hours before H-hrs.
c) Tracks betn FUPs and the objs will have to be made almost
immediately after H-hour.

(iii) Breaching of minefds and other obsts.

a) The mine breaching task is organized in various groupings like;

(i) The breaching force. This consists of the engr HQs, tps,
plant and eqpt allotted to the asslting to the fmn specifically
for the breaching ops. This is grouped with and is ‘in sp’ of
the asslting bde or Bdes.

(ii) The breaching force cdr. He is the engr officer in comd of

the breaching force and has his HQ near the asslting fmn. He
is the engr adviser to the cdr of the asslting fmn and should
always be aval to him and to the minefd control centre.

(iii) The breach cdr. One or more lanes on a bn frontage

constitute a ‘breach’. A breach cdr is resp for the clearance
of safe lanes in his breach. He posns himself near the asslting
bn cdr who is normally in or near FUP, watching the
progress of his bn asslt, and joins his own tps just before the
breaching ops starts. He keeps the breaching force cdr
informed of the progress of the breaching. He is in constant
touch by radio with the breaching force cdr and his own lane
cdr during breaching.

(iv) Lane cdr. The breaching party for safe lane is comded by
a lane cdr during breaching.
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b) One or more lanes on a bn frontage constitute a "breach",

Breaching should start after initial success of the asslting tps.
Defense - main tasks

(a) Laying of minefds and other obsts.

(b) Constr of field fortifications.
(c) Constr of tracks to defended areas.
(d) Issue of defense store to other arms.
(e) Sp in counter attack.
(f) Water obst, ditch obst and flooding.
(g) Constr of landing strip and helipads.
(h) Fighting as Inf.

(a) Laying of Minefd and other obsts.

(i) Whenever possible engrs should be deployed under centralized engr

control.
(ii) Since the mine laying is likely to be large, inf working parties would be
needed to supplement engr effort.
(iii) In our context when two or more brigades are deployed together then
CO of engr bn will exercise central control.

(b) Water obsts. Deny the roads and tracks leading to the water obst on the far
bank. However most of the effort will be used to improve the near bank.

(c) Ditch obst and flooding. More applicable in plains where water canal exists.
This requires considerable time and effort to construct.

(d) Counter attack. Improving tracks and rds so that CA force can be launched
from an unexpected direction. Prior to CA assistance would be required for
making gaps through minefd.

(e) Fighting as Inf. Unless tps are very short, Engr should not be used to hold
def posns due to their heavy commitment on engr tasks. However if they have
to be used, the following considerations should be kept in mind:-

(i) Their ground holding task should not be on objectives likely to come
under initial asslt, as they would not have enough time to prepare their
defence.
(ii) When employed as inf, field companies should be organized on lines
similar to rifle companies by giving them machine gun, a-tk wpns and
mortars.
(iii) Arty fire sp and forward obsn officer should also be allotted.
(iv) All vehicles, eqpt and plant should be sent back to the field park
company in the DAA.
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Withdrawal- Main tasks

(a) Keeping the withdrawal route open.

(b) Dmls of obst belts and reserve dml.
(c) Engr work to strengthen delaying and intermediate posns
(d) Attack the enemy's morale, by use of mines and explosive.
(e) Scorching the earth: Planned and coordinated at the highest level. It covers
the action to dislocate a specified public utility/industrial system by
destroying, wrecking, damaging, mining & booby trapping its components.
(f) Hasty withdrawal. In this case all the obst plan has to be based mainly on
dml.

River Crossing

(a) River crossing opn is a specialized kind of offensive opn.

(b) In this opn engrs are the main adviser to the opn cdr and provide all types of
eqpt and manpower, a large scale river crossing will require a wide range of
eqpt suited to various phases of an opn.
(c) The eqpt will include small boats for asslting inf and eqpt parties; asslt raft
and bridges for rapid crossing of armor and essential vehicles and finally a
bridge capable of carrying the heaviest mil loads.

Engr Recce and Plg.

(a) The area chosen for an asslt crossing will be influenced, if not dictated by the
choice of raft and bridge sites.
(b) Therefore; engr int must be collected well in adv from air photograph,
civilian sources, tech data etc.
(c) Int must be confirmed by engr recce party before the final choice of the site is
made.

(d) Recce must cover:-

(i) Both banks of the river to ensure that the eqpt will suit a natural
condition.
(ii) Suitable appch and exit route for tracks and/or wheel betn the nearest
road and the river banks.
(iii) Marshalling harbor and assy As for eqpt and engr tps.

(e) In order to make the best use of engr tps and river crossing eqpt aval, it is
imp that engr plg is coordinated at the highest possible level.
(f) Considerable time as needed for engr recce, plg and prepn for a deliberate
crossing.
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(g) If an encounter crossing is envisaged max info must be collected in advance

and plan made before reaching the river.

3. What are the responsibilities of all arms other than Engrs in various engineering
task?

(a) All arms other than engrs, are capable of doing many field-engineering tasks.

(b) But some of the engr tasks are;

(i) Constr of light shelter, protective works and their camouflaging.

(ii) Constr of simple obsts.
(iii) Protective minefds.
(iv) Improvement of tracks.
(v) Constr and opn of inf sp raft in asslt river crossing.

(c) For this every inf units and sub-units must have few personnel to train and do
the above mentioned engineering tasks.
(d) In NA, we have all arms field engr qualified officers/JCO and other ranks in
every units/sub-units.
(e) A team of engrs in every units/sub-units on ERE duty provide engrs trg and
manage other opnl and admin matter.

4. Discuss the staff responsibilities to achieve the optimum engr sp.

(a) To achieve the best engrs sp, co-opn betn the sped fmn and engrs must exist.
(b) For this the staff must do the followings:

(i) Keep the engr adviser in the complete picture of anticipated opn and
ensure all the aval info is fed to him.
(ii) Involve engr adviser in plg of all opn right from the beginning.
(iii) Involve engrs in the patrol team when required by informing engrs
about the patrol as early as possible.
(iv) Ensure all arms pass back the info of engr interest.
(v) Clearly lay down the priorities of engr tasks.
(vi) Provide extra logistic back up in terms of tpt, wireless and labor.
(vii) Arrange protection.
(viii) Ensure all arms are capable of carrying out their share of minor engr
tasks.
(ix) Provide engr rqmts of air photos and other info.
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5. What are the staff responsibilities towards engrs?

(a) Keep the engr cdr fully informed at all times and obtained for him any
additional info reqd for engr plg.
(b) Consult the engr adviser before plg matters requiring engr plg.
(c) Informed the engr as early as possible of any ptl which, by att of engr recce
parties, might yield use full engr info.
(d) Impress upon all arms the imp of passing back info of engr interest.
(e) Clearly letdown priorities of engr tasks.
(f) Arrange for the provision of tpt , labor & extra wireless sets as reqd.
(g) Arrange for the protection of engr working parties & eqpt , where necessary.
(h) Ensure that all arms are capable of carrying out their share of minor engr
tasks & that, where both engr & other arms are concerned; their respective
responsibilities are laid down clearly.
(i) Include & provide engr reqd of air photos.

PROTECTIVE WORKS AND OBST

1. Different protective works and obsts

(a) Obsts

The aim of all obsts is to assist in the destruction of the enemy by the
following means.

(i) Delaying him under fire.

(ii) Dis-orgn his plan or attack
(iii) Restricting his power of mnvr and forcing him into posns where he will
be vulnerable to fire and offensive action.

(b) Protective work.

(i) To facilitate the handling of wpns under enemy fire

(ii) To protect manpower and eqpt .
(iii) To maintain surprise in the defense by concealment and deception.

2. What is the Essential Characteristics and capabilities of obst?

(a) Impose the greatest delay.

(b) Withstand enemy attempt to overcome.
(c) With coordinated defense plane.
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(d) Capable of being covered by fire.

(e) Achieve surprise.

3. What are the types of obsts

(a) Inf Obst.

(i) Artificial Obst.

a) Wire Obst
b) Anti Personal Minefds
c) Thorn Fence
d) Punji Fields
e) Wall
f) Ditch

(ii) Natural Obst.

a) Marshes
b) River
c) Cliff, Steep Slope
d) Dense Growth Bushes

(b) Vehicle And A-tkObsts

(i) Anti Tank Minefd

(ii) Physical Obst

a) Steep slopes-60 Deg,15 m long

b) Vertical Steps-5 ft
c) Ditch-width-1 foot,5 ft
d) Water-1.5m width and 2 m deep water

(iii) Craters. 2 to 4 meter deep, 8 to 16 meter in dia.

(iv) Special Steel and Concrete Obst

(c) Types of obst system.

(i) Axial

a) Designed to deny routes of advance.

b) Also called as road denial.
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(ii) Lateral

a) Laterally covers and entire frontage of a fmn.

b) It is called a lateral obst belt.

(d) Categories of obst belt. In an organized defense or wdl, obst belts are of the
fol two categories:-

(i) Primary belt. Continuous across the whole front and selected by
highest cdr.
(ii) Subsidiary belt. Normally selected at Div level to supplement the
primary belt.

4. What are the various types of wire obst? Which types are suitable for op wiring?

(a) Low Wire Entanglement. Laid to slow the speed of movt of en tps. It is
suitable in plain terrain. It is prepared by using barbed wire. Frontage and
depth of this type of wire obst depends on the type of terrain and resources
aval.

(i) Dist betn rows - 4 pace

(ii) Dist betn picket - 4 pace
(iii) Max 8 rows and min 5 rows
(iv) Height of wire 22cm to 75cm
(v) Height of picket 25cm to 8ocm
(vi) First row picket in 700 angle and other are in 900 vertical.
(vii) Don't fence first row.
(viii) Depth - min 12mtr to max 21mtr

(b) Double Apron Fence. can be prepared by using barbed wire and can halt
en’s movt. It is suitable for both plain and mtn trn. Frontage depends upon
the frontage of the defence and rqmt of cdr.

(i) Dist betn long picket - 3 pace

(ii) Dist from long picket to short picket - 2 pace
(iii) Dist from long picket to anchorage picket - 2 pace
(iv) Total depth 4 pace
(v) Height 1.35mtr
(vi) Number of wire row 11 to 13.

(c) Cat Wire Fence Type – A. prepared by using concertina wire and barbed
wire and can halt the en’s move. is plain and hilly trn.

(i) Dist betn row - 1 pace

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(ii) Dist betn picket - 4 pace

(iii) Height of Fence - 1.8mtr
(iv) Height of Picket - 1.35mtr

(d) Cat Wire Fence Type – B. Same as type-I with double concertina wire and
with more delay potential. It is prepared when enough resources are avail.

(i) Dist betn row - 1 pace

(ii) Dist betn picket - 4 pace
(iii)Height of fence - 1.8mtr
(iv) Height of picket - 1.35mtr
.
5. Suitable type of wiring at op

As the purpose of op is not to fight any def battle; no specific type of wire obst is
req. However, for the perfection of the personals of op and also prevent any
interference from wild animals, following types of wires can be used in op-

(a) Barbed wire

(b) Punch tape
(c) Concertina wire

6. Defence Brick

(a) The composn of new brick is based on the following parameters

(i) Constr of fd def for a bde gp for apprx seven days. Only emergency
items catered.
(ii) Constr of 115 bunkers with 3 ft earth cover. Sufficient for all MMGs
and a portion of LMGs and ops.
(iii) Revetment and splinter proof OHPs for all fire trenches and wpn pits.
(iv) Approx 130 shelters with 3 ft earth cover for comd posts, ads and such
reqmt.
(v) 5400m of LWE & 1800m cat wire fence type II.

(b) Point of be noted

(i) Responsibility. Since large number of the items is of ordnance origin,

engrs should not be burdened with the DEFENSE BRICK. The store
section of the field park company caters only for the stores rqmts.

(ii) Plg For Defense Store. The DEFENSE BRICK should not be used for the
plg purpose below the comd or rarely core level. At all other level
DEFENSE STORE must be catered for on item basis.
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(c) The Number and Type of Field Fortification.

(i) Fire trenches with splinter proof shelter-1100

(ii) The following wpns pit with splinter proof shelters:

a) 60 mm mortar …………. 36
b) 81 mm mortar ………….. 18
c) RL ………….. 36

(iii) MMG Pits ………….. 24

(iv) Gun emplacement ………… 60
(v) Comd post ………… 130
(vi) Bunker for MMG and some LMGs and OPS …115

(d) Weight. The weight of the new defense brick is 540 ton and it can be carried
in 180*3 ton vehicle.
7. What are the purposes of obst and what their kinds?

Assist in destruction of en by:-

(a) Impose max delay on en under fire.

(b) disorganize en’s plan of attk
(c) Restrict en’s power of mnvr by forcing into vulnerable posn.
(d) Canalize the en into pre selected killing grnd.
(e) Separate en’s inf and armored while in asslt.
(f) To surprise the en.
(g) Prevent en’s obsn into own def posn.
(h) Slow down en’s momentum of attk.

8. What are the principles to be observed while siting and designing of obst?

(a) Continuous
(b) Cover by fire
(c) Concealment
(d) Depth
(e) En’s likely appch
(f) Masking of fire
(g) Effective
(h) Security and secrecy
(i) Confirm with Natural obst.
(j) En’s breaching capability
(k) Co-ord

9. How is an obst plan conceived at Bn level?

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(a) Obst plan at Bn level will be as follows :

(i) Mine field. Protective mine fd in front of def area is laid down by Bn
cdr and coordinated by bde Cdr. The frontage of the mine fd is as per
the defended area. Depending on the terrain and other rqmt, depth may
be min 600m to 1000m. the density of mine fd depends upon the
resources avail, amount of delay to be imposed and the policy laid down
by the higher cdr.

(ii) Other mine fd. When the Bn is taking def as a part of the higher fmn,
other types of mine fds like def, tac, nuisance, dummy mine fds are laid
in front of defence by the higher fmn to delay, canalize, disorganize the
en attack.

(iii) Wire Obst. Wire obst covering the def is laid just in front of the fdl
and behind the minefd. The depth of the wire obst may be approx 35m.
The wire obst may depend upon the resources avail, trn condition and
the amount of delay to be imposed.

(iv) Natural obst. Natural features like hills, mtn, rivers, flood, and
swamps may act as natural obst. They should be suitably exploited in
the bn obst plan.

(v) Other artificial obst. They can be created in front of def area in
conjunction with natural obst, mixed and wire obst to achieve more
effects. The obst may be –
a) Inundation
b) Craters
c) Ditches
d) Rd block
10. In view of the large no of tasks reqd to be completed for the exec of an effective
obst plan and the shortage of types, how would you plan these under fd
circumstances?

Following should be done for proper management of tps:

(a) Detail plg and foresightedness

(b) Proper division of work
(c) Use of Inf and asslt pnr as much as possible
(d) Priorities the tasks
(e) Improvisation
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11. What is the principle of mine laying?

(a) Continuous

(b) Depth

(i) Prevent hand breaching in one ni and expl breach in one ni.
(ii) Should be covered by fire.
(iii) Prevent aimed firing by tks at ni.
(iv) Obscure fwd edge using short strip (IOE).

(c) Covered by fire.

(d) Coord.
(e) Density.
(f) Surprise.
(g) ALD and linked mine.
(h) Trip flare.

ROLE, ORG AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF SIGS

Roles of Signal

To the Cdr- Cdrs rqrs efficient and reliable coms for effective command and con of battle.

To the Staff- Signals are vital for his job and he must understand their characteristics and
limitations.

The provision of comns is the basic function of signal.

Function of Signal
 Keep in touch with the sit in his sphere of comd.
 Keep in touch with higher HQ and flk fmn HQ.
 Obtain rapid sp, for ex- armr, arty and air.
 Con and administer his force.

1. What are the role and responsibilities of SIGNALS with reference to the NA?

(a) Provision of signal comns down to infantry battalion or equivalent level and static
army installations.
(b) Provision of signal comns ex-Nepal as ordered by the general staff at Army HQ.
(c) Provision of non-scheduled dispatch service forward of Div HQ.
(d) Provision of advice and co-ordination of electronic warfare.
(e) Control and issue of codes and ciphers.
(f) Control and co-ord of radio frequencies within the army.
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(g) Co-ord of all signal comns within the Army incl gen responsibility about
suitability of signal eqpt used by all arms.
(h) Advice and technical assistance to other arms.
(i) Advice to general staff on policy matters, issue of detailed instructions and
maintenance of watch on signal security.
(j) Technical advice to cdrs and their staff at all levels on signal matters.
(k) Plg, co-ord and progress for implementation of electronic data processing system
in the Army.
(l) R1 and R2 repair of all signal eqpts held by signal units and battery charging in
static and field signal units and non-signal units of Army.
(m) Field repair of static signal eqpts.
(n) Training of all Signals personnel including higher technical training of offrs.
(o) Training of regimental signal instructors.
(p) Development, procurement and introduction of signal eqpts as under:-

(i) Drafting and initiating of general staff policy statements.

(ii) Initiating and progressing design and development projects.
(iii) Advice on plg, procurement, provisioning and disposal of signal eqpts.
(iv) Initiation of statement of cases for modifications and changes in scales or
status.

(r) Representation on behalf of the Army on various committees concerning comn

matters.
(s) Liaison with the Nepal Telecom and other agencies providing comn facilities.

2. Opal Components. Opal components comprise the following:-

(a) Comn provision éléments.

(b) Comn mgt éléments.
(c) Comn maint éléments.

3. Comn Provision Elements. These consist of three basic types of comn dets as
under:-

(a) Radio relay dets.

(b) Line dets.
(c) Radio dets.
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COMMUNICATION SECURITY

1. What do you understand by the term ‘Comn Security’ and why is there a need to
maintain it?

Comn security is the ensuring of denial to the en of own info through lapses in comn.
Therefore the need to maintain it. (Op Plan, maintain continuous, reliable and secure
comn)

2. What are the methods of acquiring/obtaining Comn Int?

(a) Interception.
(b) Tfc analysis.
(c) Crypto analysis.
(d) Direction finding
(e) Capture or salvage of signal comns eqpt of sy value for example cryptographic
docs and machines.
(f) Theft, espionage, observation and photography.

3. What are the basic measures to be adopted to achieve comn security?

(a) Radio

(i) Strict adherence to STD procedure.

(ii) Use of min Tx-msn power.
(iii) Use of codes and ciphers.
(iv) Control of the volume of tfc and proportion of precedence tfc.
(v) Min essential use of radio.
(vi) Use of secrecy eqpt.

(b) Line

(i) Cl of line ccts to restrict the nature of comns that can be passed over them.
(ii) All tele conversations are prone to interception unless secrecy eqpt a
provided.
(iii) Physical safe guarding of line routes.

(c) Ciphers. Careful and judicious use of correct grade of cipher.

(d) Monitoring
(e) To check breaches of sy instructions and procedures.
(f) Bring out the weakness in current procedure with a view to enhance its security.
(g) Assess state of sy in a fmn or of the sig comn system.
(h) Check adherence by own radio stations to frequencies assigned.
 18

4. How Enemy Obtains Intelligence

(a) Interception.
(b) Traffic Analysis.
(c) Crypto-Analysis.
(d) Direction Finding.
(e) Capture or salvage of signal comns eqpt of security value for example
cryptographic docs and machines.
(f) Theft, espionage, observation and photography.

Armour

1. WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ARMR?

Mobility

Tanks by virtue of their ability to move with speed cross country or on roads posses a high
degree of mobility. Armoured formations/units have adequate organic transport for their
equipment, stores and personnel to be moved in one load. Their ability to undertake moves
over extended distances by day and night, concentrate, deploy for battle and engage the enemy
allows commanders to :-

(i) Achieve surprise.

(ii) Concentrate maximum force at the critical point at the correct time and if necessary,
regroup it and shift its fire power rapidly.

(iii) Maintain speed and momentum in an attack.

(iv) Exploit fleeting opportunities and success to the maximum.

Fire power

Fire Power. Armour possesses the ability to bring to bear heavy and accurate fire on a target
with great speed. Its fire power is extremely flexible both in terms of application and type in
that it can be switched rapidly from one target to another or the type of ammunition changed
to suit the target. Modern tanks with computerised fire control systems and thermal imaging
and image intensifier, stabilized gun control equipment can fire on the move with remarkable
accuracy. Search lights and other night fighting devices permit and enable tanks to acquire and
engage targets accurately at night also

Protection

This characteristic is a product of mobility, efficient and reliable radio communications and
sound organisations. Grouping, issue of orders, implementation of such orders and passage of
 19

information can be carried out at great speed. Thus tasks can be altered by a commander with
little delay, and reorganisation effected in order to meet a changing tactical situation. This
characteristic, therefore, multiplies the effective strength of an armoured unit, which can be
applied against the enemy at several points within a short space of time. It is vital to inculcate
this concept of flexibility as a state of mind in armour commanders at all levels.

Shock Action

Shock Action is the cumulative physical and psychological effect produced by the violent
impact of mobile and armour protected fire power upon the enemy. This is achieved by full
exploitation of the characteristics of mobility, fire power and armour protection. The tank, as a
whole, as opposed to merely its armament must, therefore, be regarded as a weapon. The
effect of shock action multiplies as the number of tanks employed enmasse increases.

Flexibility

This characteristic affords the tanks comparative immunity to hostile artillery and mortars,
complete immunity to small arms fire and a high degree of protection against anti-tank
weapons and ground attack aircraft. The armour of a tank, in addition, provides a very
significant degree of protection against the effects of nuclear weapons. Its tracks and belly are,
however, vulnerable to mines. Such immunity as armour protection provides the tank
considerable freedom of movement on the battlefield, and enables it to close in with the
enemy

2. WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPLE OF EMPL OF ARMR?

The Principles of employment are discussed in the following paragraphs.

(a) Integration-The Combined Arms Team Concept. The combat potential of the division
is derived from its inherent ability to integrate various elements of combat power, combat
support and logistics from within the division as also additional resources allotted to it, into
combat commands, combat groups and combat teams, tailored to achieve their missions.
Success of this concept hinges upon a high standard of integrated training, permitting rapid
regrouping of forces during the conduct of operations.

(b) Concentration. The division should be employed concentrated to produce decisive

results. The commander must endeavour to fight with his force as a whole single unit, under
all conditions. If dispersal is unavoidable in the initial stages of battle, he must ensure that he
retains the capability to concentrate his troops at the selected time and place. Concentration is
required in time and not space. Concentration does not imply that a commander keeps his
entire force together all the time. The force may be so deployed that it can develop its full fire
power in the minimum possible time before the enemy can do so.

(c) Economy of Force. It is a corollary to the principle of concentration; it implies appropriate

allocation of resources for the accomplishment of tasks. The divisional commander must
carefully assess his primary and secondary tasks and allocate resources in such a way that
maximum force can be committed at the point of decision.
 20

(d) Grouping and Regrouping. The initial grouping of various elements of the division are
mission and task oriented; related to time, space and the consequent phasing of operations.
Due to changes in the task, the battle situation or a wide separation of the mechanised forces,
regrouping is ordered. Short term regrouping poses few problems but long term regrouping
needs anticipation and planning. Both, however, require correct reading of the battle by
commanders at all level. In fluid operations, regrouping will be a common phenomenon. It
will affect tactical orientation of commanders command and control, signal communication
and logistics support. It requires detailed staff coordination and efficient standard operating
procedures to ensure speedy execution with minimum orders. Training to meet and accept
these changes as routine will enhance the combat power of the regrouped task force as well as
the Armoured Division.

(e) Initiative. The division commander must retain/seize every opportunity to gain the
initiative at the very beginning and thereafter retain it. Bold action, achieving surprise and
exploitation of enemy weaknesses will help to seize the initiative. The initiative should be
retained by continuous application of force against enemy formations/units which are most
vulnerable, acting/ reacting faster than the enemy’s decision cycle and interfering with his
mobile reserves, thereby denying him the means to influence the battle. The exploits of
Rommel in North Africa are a good example of this attribute in practice.

(f) Mental Mobility of Commanders. Mobility in combat is largely based on mental

mobility, which means primarily, the ability of commanders to adapt themselves flexibly to
each change in the situation, never to be at a loss for expedients and to act and command
with sound judgement. Mobility should therefore not be confused with purely fast movement
of vehicles. It expresses itself in a smooth transition from one type of combat to another, in
rapid deployment and concentration of forces, in flexible leadership, in quickly shifting the
point of decision, in the reciprocal effects of fire and move/manoeuvre and in the skillful
management of administration. Mental mobility is enhanced by detailed contingency planning
by commanders at all levels as also by the application of principle of directive control. This
assumes importance due to the increased role of electronic warfare today.

(g) Armour Protection. Tanks, infantry combat vehicles(ICVs), self propelled field and air
defence guns of the division are provided with varying degree of armour protection. The
fighting echelons of the division are comparatively immune to hostile artillery fire, completely
immune to small arms fire and possess limited degree of protection against anti tank mines.
Neutralisation of enemy anti-tank weapons and circumvention/breaching of minefields should
generally form the essential ingredients of the plan to enable the assault echelons to close with
and destroy the enemy. The psychological advantage which the division enjoys by virtue of its
armour protection- the ability to advance in the face of hostile tank and antitank weapons fire-
should be exploited to the full by making aggressive use of armour in closing with and
destroying the enemy.

(h) Intelligence and Information. Combat intelligence of the enemy, terrain and information
about own plans and progress of operation are often localised and not disseminated. Within
the division, the successful conduct of operations will be faster and with fewer casualties if the
available information of own and enemy is quickly disseminated as a matter of drill. It will
enable anticipatory planning at lower levels, foster initiative and help in exploitation based on
 21

actual locations on the ground, reduce chances of engaging own troops and motivate
aggressive action at all levels. As a rule of thumb, combat group commander should be able to
plan to 8 to 12 hours ahead, combat command commanders 24 hours and the divisional
commander upto 48 hours ahead. Training of commanders and staff to understand and ensure
this principle in practice is an essential pre-requisite.

(j) Speed of Operations. Speed in execution of operations is of vital importance to exploit

fleeting opportunities which occur due to unexpected success of own operations, loss in
momentum of enemy’s operations and/or collapse of enemy resistance. The three contributing
ingredients are:-

(i) Speed in Decision Making. This will invariably decide the final outcome of the battle.
Commanders must operate well forward so that they can assess the situation and take
decisions on the spot. The reconnaissance and intelligence system should be so organized that
the commanders get latest and accurate information about the enemy by the fastest means. In a
mobile battle, it will seldom be possible to build up a complete intelligence picture. The
commanders should therefore learn to take quick decisions based on scanty information,
keeping in view the overall capabilities of the enemy.

(ii) Speed in Issue of Orders. Before the commencement of operations, the division
commander should, if the situation permits, brief his commanders down to combat group
level. After the verbal briefing, written instructions to combat commanders and heads of arms
and services are issued. Once the division is committed to battle, all orders and instructions
are passed on the radio. These orders are mission type and fragmentary in nature. Such orders
indicate the mission and terms of reference, if any. Detailed execution is left to the
subordinate commanders who are allowed as much freedom of action as possible.

(iii) Speed in Execution. Quick response to command, complete coordination and speed of
manoeuvre in executing an operation are vital to success. The main criterion for the division
commander is to ensure that the assigned missions are accomplished within the stipulated
time. Speed in execution is achieved by good battle procedure, well rehearsed battle drill and
exploiting fleeting opportunities in battle.

(k) Logistics Support. An armoured division has a large number of A and B vehicles. The
consumption of FOL and ammunition is heavy. The wear and tear on equipment and A and B
vehicle casualties during battle impose a heavy drain on the division’s logistic resources. A
sound system of logistic support, tailored to support the combat command/combat groups, is a
primary pre-requisite for the successful launching of the division in battle.
 22

3. DISCUSS ORG OF ARMR DIV, BDE AND REGT.

OUTLINE OF THE ARMOURED DIVISION

Div HQ

(HQ Sqn &3 Recce

HQ Sqn LRW Recce Regt Sqns

Armed Bde Armed Bde Armed Bde HQ Arty Engr Sig ASC Med Fd
(Armed Regts -2 (Armed Regts -2 (Armed Regts -2 Bde Regt Regt Bn Amb (2)
Mech Bns-2) Mech Bns-1 Mech Bns-1

4 x Med Regts AD Lt AD Air OP Flt

(SP) Regt(SP) Regt (att)

HQ Coy MT Coys (3) Sup Coy (4 Tk Tptr Coys (2)

(Total 10 Pls) Comp pls) Type B (each 3
Pls)

AOC Int & FS Sec Pro Unit Div PU GL Secs (4)

EME Bn
(HQ & 6 Secs Div FPO-2 Type C

HQ

Armd BDe Armd Wksp AD Regt Div Tps Tk Tpter

Wksp (3) (Arty Bde) Wksp Wksp Wksp

Notes: - The organization of the Mechanized Divisions is identical except that:-

(a) Instead of three armoured brigades Mechanized division has three

Mechanized Brigades comprising of one armoured regiment and two
Mechanized battalions each.

(b) Instead of a Reconnaissance Regiment the Mechanized division has an

independent reconnaissance squadron (Ref to Appendix A3) of Part 5 chapter
IV.

4. DISCUSS THE COMBINED ARMS TEAM CONCEPT ?

a) Concept of combined arms battle groups

b) Based on all arms for specific tac msns

 23

c) Nucleus armd regt / mech inf bn / or armd sqn / mech coy

d) Composn of force based on proportion reqd for task

e) No std composition / org

f) Composn provides flexibility

Factors affecting grouping

a. En disposns

b. Str

c. Composn

d. Tac

e. Deg of opposition

f. Availability of tps and resources

g. Availability of time for exec

h. Task

i. Trn

CC

Temp grouping of all arms incl AHs

Based on an armd bde or a mech inf bde HQ

May be retained as pure units (armr or mech inf)

Composn. Flexible and depending upon the no of units, a CC may be :-

Bal. Equal number of armd regts and mech inf bns

Armr Predominant. More armd regts than mech inf bns

Mech Inf Predominant. More mech inf bns than armd regts
 24

Combat Group

 CG basic tac unit for mob W

 Temp grouping of all arms incl AHs

 Based on armd regt or a mech bn HQ for specific msn

 Sub units may be retained as pure sub units or org into CTs

 Composn.

 Bal. Tk sqns and mech inf coys in equal proportions

 Armr Predominant. More tk sqns than mech coy

 Mech Inf Predominant. More mech coys than tk sqns

COMBAT TEAM.
 25

Combat Team

 Tac grouping of all arms incl AHs

 Based on an armd sqn or a mech coy HQ

 Normally C T comprises of a sub-unit of a CG

 Composn

 Bal. Equal proportion of tk tps and mech inf pls

 Armr Predominant. More tank tps than mech inf pls

 Mech Inf Predominant. More mech inf pls than tk tps

 What is the grouping of sp arms in a CG/ CT?

 BC and OP parties

 Med bty (SP)

 Tp / Bty AD (SP)

 CGTF

 BLT

 Tp trawls / FWMP

 ACT with tcl

 Kolos Tatra veh for IRG

 Tr Amb

 Three FRTs and one MCRT from wksp

CT Grouping

 FOO

 Engr recce parties

 BLT

 Trawl tks/ FWMP/ EMP

 ACT with tcl

 Mount AD (SP)

 FRT / MCRT from wksp

 Adm elements, if CT is allotted indep msn

 26

Degegnation of Combat grouping

CC

• Designated by suffixing the No of the controlling bde HQ

• 14 (Indep) Armd Bde – CC 14

CG

• Designated by suffixing the designation of the controlling unit HQ

• 72 Armd Regt – CG 72 or CG Alpha

CT

• Designated by suffixing the alphabetic letter of the sqn/coy or at times the name of the
CT Cdr

• Alpha Sqn – CT A or CT Sandy

Factors affecting comd and control

• Msn and battle grouping

• Method of exec of task

• Cdr’s personality

Essentials for success

a. Org and eqpt enable smooth cross att

b. Team work

c. Common drills and procedures

d. Trg

e. Compatible mob, preferably all elements be tr

f. Flexibility. Grouping and regrouping

BATTLE FMNS : IMP CHARACTERISTICS

 Decided by the cdr of the unit/sub-unit

 NOT dictated by the fmn adopted by the next higher level.

 Fmn has some or all of the fwg :-

 Maneuverability
 27

 Utilization of fire power

 Readiness for action

 Protection against surprise

 Frontage of obsn

 Fmn is based on :-

 Task

 Grnd

 Tac Sit

 Two factors that decide the fmn- Posn of Cdr and Visibility

 Line ahead

 Double line ahead

 One up

 Two up

 Protection left / right / rear (CT only)

 Extended / aslt fmn

 Diamond

 Box
 28

double

Double line ahead fmn

 29

 Fmn emp for mov

 Used for mov in a sit when chance encounter not anticipated.

 Mov at ni

 Rapid mov for quick dply

 During day / ni mov by tps other than leading CTs and leading tk tps
 30

One up fmn

• Used both at CG & CT level

• At CG level, one CT leads and deploys for action

• At CT level one troop leads

• Uses.

During adv

Less force committed on initial encounter

 31


 32

Two fmn up

 At CG level, two CTs move ahead dply for action

 At CT level, adv lead by two tps dply for action

 Uses.

 Covers the allotted extent of search

 Devp max fire power and shock action and adequate res

 Enables recce on wide front

 Force the en to dissipate his reactions

 33

Line Fmn.

 All tks and ICVs of CT dply abreast.

Double Line Fmn.

 All tks and ICVs of CT dply in two lines

 The first line is occupied by tanks and second by ICVs

Uses.

 Bring down max fire power to the front.

 During aslt

DIST AND INTERVALS : CG

 Dist / intervals will be specified.

 Lateral dist between CTs specified by axes of adv/ Thrust Lines or by laying down
bdys between CTs.

 Vertical intervals specified between CTs either in terms of dist or time.

 Dist between tp / pl dply in the front or flk or rear will be one tac bd

 Depends upon suitable fire posn and trn

 Gen varies from 400-600m in open trn and 200-400m in close country
 34

 As a guide the distance between two tks should be 500m

 Pts to be borne in mind :-

 Within visual control of the cdr.

 At least one tk / ICV in vis contact

 Sub units moving must be in mut sp.

1. What do you understand by Combined Arms ?

 It means combination of all arms.

 In mobile ops specially in Obst Ridden Trn and desert trn there is necessary of combine
arm

 Armr has good protection, mobility and fire power. But armr cannot win the battle alone.
It also need infantry. Hence infantry is required. To match the mobility mechanized
infantry is required.

 Since armr is good tgt of air and arty hence need of arty SP to match mobility and AD SP
to match the mobility.

 It also need IRG to match mobility

2. Discuss on the evolution of Combined Arms?

 1915- tank

 Plan 1919- mil strategist JFC fuller.

 1927- British experimental mechanized infantry.

 1940-43- North African campaign used by UK and got succeed.

 35

3. What is the importance of Combined Arms?

• To match the mobility

• To exploit the fleeting opportunities.
• Cohesive arm effort
• Synergy of Effort
• 3D eff

4. Why Combined Arms is needed in Modern Day Battlefield?

 Fast fluid ops.

 To cope with uncertainty

 Mvre Warfare

 Minimize the gaps and overlaps of other arms

5. What are the requirements of Combined Arms?

• Compatibility
• Interoperability
• Collaboration- Combined trg
• Trn Factors Consi
• Battlefd Management System
• Matching Mobility
• Lgs Arrangement (IRG, EVC)

Arty
TERMINOLOGIES

 Fire Discipline
 FSE
 Interdiction
 36

 Degradation
 MRSI
 Shoot and Scoot
 Counter Bombardment
 SATA
 Superimposed and Reinforcing Arty
 Precision Shoot
 OP’s

CLASSIFICATION OF ARTY WEAPONS

 LIGHT/ FIELD 120 MM OR LESS

 MEDIUM 160 MM OR LESS
 HEAVY 161 MM TO 210 MM
 SUPER HY 211 MM & OVER
SAFETY DISTANCES

ARTY GUNS & MOR OVER HD ENFILADE

• IM 200 M 150 M
• FD REGT 105 MM 250 M 250 M
• MED 130MM 350 M 300 M

• MED BOFORS 300 M 300 M

• LT REGT 120 MM 350 M 350 M
AIR
 37

• GUNS 200 M
• RKTS 400 M
• NAPALM 1000 M

• BOMB 2000 M
EFFECTS OF ARTY FIRE

 Destruction
 Neutralization
 Harassment
 Demoralization
PRINCIPLES OF EMP

• Cooperation
• Concentration
• Coordination
• Flexibility
• Surprise
• Economy of force
• Info superiority
• Strike effectiveness
SCALES OF AMMUNITION

EQPT FIRST LINE SECOND LINE

120 mm 120 136*

160mm 110 74*

105/122mm 100 50*

130mm 90 45 *

155mm 96 48

EXCL SMK, ILL HEAT, AP

Amn Calculation formula

 38

 ATTACK.
DURATION x RATE OF FIRE x No OF FUs ENGAGING

TOTAL No OF FUs AVAILABLE

 DEF.
RGF x No OF TIMES RPTD x No OF FUs ENGAGING

TOTAL No OF FUs AVAILABLE

THE ARTY VISION

To attack by fire power, in all stages of the battle, in conjunction with all other combat
power resources, so as to achieve favorable conditions ie, to shape the battlefield, for the
decisive defeat of the enemy.

• Primary Role: To support other arms

• This dictates number & nature of FUs
• Basic arrangement within Arty units and liaison with other arms
Fundamental principles

• Conc of arty fire at right time and place

• Capabilities to adapt itself to the grouping of the arm it is supporting
• Ability to provide liaison to units and sub units level
Therefore arty should be organized

Be flexible, so that it can be controlled centrally

Max conc vis a vis intimate support
Provide each cdr with at least one arty offr
Arty offr to be cdr of the unit or sub unit to which it will be affiliated
Arty org

• Battery/ Troops
• Bty as basic FU
• Troops fire used for regn purpose
• Standard of six guns in bty
• Regiment / Battalion
• 3 x Bty of same equipment
• Div Arty Bde
 39

• Div as the basic fighting fmn

• Consists of Light, Field & Med Regts
• At least 3 x Fd Regts organic to the 3 x Inf Bdes of the Div
• Concept of Armored Div, Mountain Div & Inf Div
• Corp Arty Bde
• Mediums, SP & Rockets
• Arty Bde (I)
• Medium, SP & Rockets
• Gen UC of Corps or Cmd HQ
• Arty Div
• Comprises of Composite Arty Bdes
• Concept of Arty Group in PLA
• Offensive / Defensive ops
• All Arty resources divided into groups
• Each group consisting of 3 to 4 Battalions of varied equipments
• PLA Arty: More than 50% of PLA Army consists of Arty
ROLE OF ARTILLERY

Synergised and orchestrated application of all fire assets, aimed at the destruction,
neutralization or suppression of the enemy, leading to the disruption of his combat potential,
thereby, ultimately breaking his will to fight

TYPES OF GUN POSITIONS

• Main. The locations from which the major fire plans or tasks for a battle are fired
• Temporary. The location from which guns may fire before the main positions are
occupied.
Main position is not disclosed to the enemy in the early stages of a battle
Fire can be brought to bear on the targets out of range of the main position and may also
be required during preliminary phases of an operation, such as support of covering
troops and screens
• Alternative. Reconnoitered and, if possible prepared gun positions, to which a unit or
sub unit may move, usually to avoid enemy CB
• Roving. Gun positions occupied for a comparatively short time to carry out a specific
task
 40

• Dummy. A gun position prepared as a means of deception. It is important to simulate

activity in dummy positions
CONSIDERATIONS FOR EMPLOYMENT OF ARTY IN VARIOUS OPS OF WAR

DEFENCE

• Predominant role in def

• Before battle is joined achieve interdiction
• Support the battle of security elements like covering troops & screen
• When attack develops; prevent penetrations inside localities and support CA
• To acquire intelligence of the enemy’s build up
• To harass and delay the enemy’s approach
• To disorganize the assembly and forming up of the enemy by defensive fire task in
depth
• To engage assaulting troops by close defensive fire (SOS) tasks
• Counter-bombardment to neutralize enemy mortars and guns
• To assist in counter-penetration
• To support counter attacks by prearranged fire plans

ATTACK

• Allotment of effort for various phases must be decided before hand

• Artillery should be deployed forward to cover the exploitation phase of the attack
• All targets must be adequately covered. Supported arm commander must decide the
percentage of casualties required to be caused on each target.
• FOOs must be provided where needed and some kept in reserve. Static observation
posts should also be provided
• The location of enemy guns must be ascertained if possible and fire effort earmarked
• The fire support plan must be simple and must primarily aim at getting the supported
troops on the objective and keeping them there
• Coordination between the artillery and air support is essential
• The wide variety of artillery weapons and ammunition available must be utilized to the
fullest advantage
• Artillery effort must always conform of the amount of surprise that is required to be
achieved
 41

• Modification to fire plans should be catered for and measures taken to implement these
without delay
• Should opportunities present themselves for advance after the attack, the artillery
support must cater for such eventualities
• Some fire units must be superimposed to cater for impromptu targets
ADVANCE

• Unless mutually supporting, each axis of advance must have artillery allotted
• Command of the artillery must be decentralized sufficiently to ensure quick support
against light opposition
• Artillery must be so disposed that control can be centralized with speed
• Reconnaissance parties including survey parties should be correctly placed in the order
of March for quick deployment
• The major portion of artillery including medium should be well forward
WITHDRAWAL

• Enable rearward movement to be carried out by achieving a clean break in an orderly

manner and according to plan
• Impose maximum attrition on the enemy at each successive position
• Enable rear positions to be prepared and partially occupied, before the position in front
is abandoned
• Use of the range of artillery to force the enemy to deploy at long range
• Continuous support must be available. This is ensured by the use of successive
positions
• Early reconnaissance of successive positions is necessary, if guns are to come into
action on arrival
• Maximum artillery support be provided at each successive intermediate position
• Ammunition should be dumped at each successive position, likely to be occupied by
guns in support of withdrawing troops
COUNTER GUERILLA OPS

• Support offensive operations against guerrillas, such as raids on guerilla bases

• To inflict causalities on encircled guerrillas with massed fire during “tightening the
noose” operations. This is particularly effective once it reaches a point where a
“critical mass” is achieved
• Support patrol action
 42

• Support static security posts and operational bases against guerrilla attack by engaging
preplanned defensive fire tasks
• Harass guerrillas during periods of reduced patrolling activity by own troops
• Providing protection of convoys against ambushes
• Flush guerrillas out of areas of limited or difficult accessibility into pre-planned
ambushes
• Deceive the guerrilla force as to the plans of counter guerrilla action by bringing down
fire in areas other then where an operation is planned
• Provide illumination during hours of darkness

PART III

COMMAND & CONTROL IN ARTY

• Disrupt enemy cohesion

• Degrade en combat potential
• Be a dissuasive force; in terms of LICO max destruction with min collateral
damage
Q. WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY COMD AND CONT AS APPLICABLE TO
FD BRANCH OF ARTY ?

• COMD
• Mov, adm, dply & siting of guns
• CONT
• Cont of fire of guns
• COMD & CONT
• Cont of dply
• When & to what place to mov guns
• Who has cont of fire
• COMD
• Scope of comd over arty fmn.
• Power to mov and dply.
• Alloted but not grouped cannot be moved.
• Under comd, under comd for mov and under comd for adm.
 43

• CONTROL
• Tech cont of arty fire.
• Level at which fire plans are made and issued.
• Any spec auth to order conc of fire.

Q. WHAT IS THE IMPLICATION OF ARTY BEING PLACED ‘UNDER COMD’,

‘UNDER COMD FOR MOV’ AND ‘UNDER COMD FOR ADM’?

IMPLICATION

Arty cdrs at various fmn HQ’s have the power to move guns and dply them in conformity
with plans of their fmn cdrs
GROUPING FOR COMMAND

Under comd
Under comd for move
Under comd for adm
Q. WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY CONTROL IN TERMS OF ARTY?

• In arty, control implies the tech cont of arty fire

• EX BY
• Preplanned
• Impromptu Allotment
• Issue of FP orders
• Auth OP
Q. WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY ALLOTMENT IN ARTY?

• Term referring to the fire power of arty units

• Even UC of one fmn, still may be in position to provide spt to another
• Fire power may be allotted wo moving the guns
• Over all allotment made by tac cdr
• Arty cdr wks out detailed allotment for phases
• Guns thus deployed to spt parent fmn can also provide fire support to other fmns and
units
 44

Q. WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY THE FOLLOWING FORMS OF

ALLOTMENT OF ARTY SP ?

IN DIRECT SP

IN SP

AT PRIORITY CALL

IN DIRECT SP

 Fire is guaranteed, ie, intimate fire spt

 Direct sp unit will provide obsn, comn and liaison
 It will be responsible for cont of fire of addl arty, if allotted
AT PRIORITY CALL

 Fire is guaranteed, whenever called

 Normally obsn, comn and liaison is not provided
 Same fire unit cannot be in direct sp to one unit and at priority call to another,
at the same time
IN SP

 Fire is not guaranteed. It will be provided only when fire of such a fire unit is
not called by the unit having priority rights over its fire
 However, in attack fire will be guaranteed, but pd/ phase/op and amn will
normally be given
 obsn, comn and liaison will not be provided to the unit in sp to whom it has
been placed
Q. WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY ORDINARY, AUTH OP ANCHOR OP AND
FOO ?

 ORDINARY OP
 Auth to call for fire of his own bty with out ref to higher auth
 Can call for fire of higher conc by ref to appropriate auth
 AUTH OP
 Selected op at the regt /div level
 Auth to call for fire wo ref to hr auth
 Amn is normally laid down
 ANCHOR OP
 Used during attack
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 Any OP offr can be tasked to act as anchor OP

 Assist the FOO in calling and adjusting fire on to the obj
 FOO
 Accompanies the tps going in for aslt
 Has comn with inf cdr, anchor OP and guns
 Can call for impromptu fire if reqd
Q. WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY ‘SUPERIMPOSED ARTY’ AND
‘REINFORCING ARTY’ ?

SUPERIMPOSED ARTY

 Some portion of arty placed in direct sp to a fmn/unit.

 Used to thicken up the fire on the obj
 Its fire can be lifted by the FOO to deal with impromptu tgts
 FOO has direct radio comn with SI guns
 REINFORCING ARTY
 Arty detailed from another fmn to reinforce the arty of a particular fmn
 To meet addl fire requirements
 Reinforcing arty gen remains under comd of its parent fmn
Q. WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPLES OF EMPLOYMENT FOR ARTILLERY?

Coord of wpn

• Coord between arty & other arms wpn sys

• Coord between organic & supporting arty units
• Coord with AD & Air wpn sys
• Coord of guidance of laser guided wpn sys
Coop

• Arty is most important battle winning factor, it cannot, however, win wars on its own
• A requirement for close co-operation between the arty and the supported arms
Concentration

• Applies equally to the concentration of artillery fire power as to all other resources at
the disposal of a cdr
• Does not necessarily imply deployment of arty wpns at one place
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• Deployed to cover the whole front, yet being able to speedily conc max fire of all
calibres in critical areas when required
FLEXIBILITY

• Concentration and flexibility are inter related

• Flexibility implies ability to shift fire rapidly form one point to another over a wide
front
• Flexibility & concentration are achieved by mobility, range of the wpns,
communications and fire control set up
Economy of force

• Effort allotted to any task should not exceed that which is necessary to produce the
desired effect
• Arty fire should ordinarily be concentrated on those essential tgts which cannot be
engaged with equal or greater effect by other wpns
Surprise

• More casualties are caused by surprise fire than otherwise

• Surprise is achieved by delivering unexpected volume of fire from unexpected
directions
• Maximum use of FSE (First Salvo Effectiveness)
Principle of employment

• CO-OPERATION
• COORDINATION
• CONCENTRATION
• FLEXIBILITY
• ECONOMY OF EFFORT
• SURPRISE
• STRIKE EFFECTIVENESS
• INFO SUPERIORITY
PART IV

APPLICATION OF ARTY FIRE

• Various types of eqpt and amn avail

• Cdr must make correct choice of unit, wpn and amn
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• Supported arms cdr to have intimate knowledge on tgt analysis, effects of arty fire and
types of arty spt they can count on
Q. WHAT ARE THE VARIOUS EFFECTS OF ARTY FIRE?

DESTRUCTION

Fire physically damages the target to such an extent that it is rendered useless to the enemy
A casualty rate of 50 to 60 % or more should be taken as a guide
Destruction may be accomplished by penetration, blast effect, incendiary action, fragments or
by a combination of these
Destruction of enemy def work is difficult to achieve

NEUTRALIZATION

This is achieved when artillery fire prevents the enemy from using his wpns effectively
This results in restricting his observation and/or hampering his mobility
It must be at least sufficiently lethal to inflict 15 to 20 % casualties
The area to be neutralized must be effectively covered by fire
Neutralization is temporary effect which continues only while the shells are falling. Fire must
therefore continue as long as neutralization required
HARASSMENT

Harassing fire inflicts losses or by the threat of losses disturbs the enemy, curtails movement
and in general lowers morale
Harassing fire is of less intensity than that intended to accomplish neutralization

DEMORALIZATION

Demoralization fire breaks the enemy's will to resist.

The results of such bombardment will depend to a great extent on factors like morale, state of
his defence and the accuracy with which his dispositions are known and located

TYPES OF FIRE POWER

Offn ops

• PREP BOMBARDMENT
• COVERING FIRE
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• DEFENSIVE FIRE
• INTERDICTION
Def ops

• DEFENSIVE FIRE
• DF IN DEPTH
• DF CLOSE
• DF (SOS)
• COVERING FIRE IN SPT OF CA
Offn and def ops

• HARASSING FIRE
• COUNTER BOMBARDMENT
• SMK SCREENS
• INDICATION OF TGT
• BATTLE FIELD ILLUMINATION
Type of fire

Prep Bombardment

• To weaken the enemy's resistance by inflicting casualties by destroying his defence

works or by disrupting his communications
• To demoralize the enemy so that he will offer little or no resistance for assault
Covering Fire

• Objective is to neutralize the enemy's direct firing weapons which can engage our
assaulting troops during attack or counter attack
• It is very important and should be planned foremost and requisite ammunition catered
for
Defensive fire

• Objective firstly is to disorganize the enemy's preparation for assault and secondly to
break up his assault
DF IN DEPTH :Striking at enemy HQs and reserves when attack is launched. Eg AA
CLOSE DEFENSIVE FIRE : Breaking up the enemy attack when it is forming up or
during assault
DEFENSIVE FIRE SOS : Those close defensive fire tasks covering the most dangerous
approaches are selected as Defensive Fire (SOS)
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Interdiction

• Implies inflicting damage to targets in depth and isolation of the battlefield

• During prep period in attack, max use of long range guns, rockets and SSMs to isolate
the battlefield
• During def it would imply destroying en soft tgts like C2 systems, logs units, reserves
etc
Smoke Screen

• Screen is created in between our own forces and en so that he is blinded and to hide
our own movements in the battlefield. Coloured smoke are used to indicate the tgts as
well
• Harassing Fire
• Keeping en on the run at all times, making sure he gets no rest and is forced to
deploy more often than necessary
• CB
• The aim is to ensure that the arty wpns, fire control equipments and locating
devices of the en are neutralized and cannot be used against us in ops
• Proactive and reactive CB
PART V

FIRE PLANNING

Q. What do you understand by the term “Fire Plan”?

• It is the coordinated use of fire of all available wpns in sp of a tac op

• Covers all forms of fire spt avail
• It is initiated by the cdr of a unit or fmn, assisted and advised by such cdrs of sp arms
as he may require
Q. Essentials of fire plan

• Fire plan flows out of tac plan. Not an isolated effort

• Team wk together, from inception of a tac plan
• Concept change with wpn sys, graduate from neutr to destr which is the essence of
term `fire aslt’
Q. Who do you think is responsible for producing Fire Plan?

• Cdr of spted arms unit/ fmn

• Arty cdr for coord of all forms of fire spt avail, and for translating spted arms fire plan
rqmnt into orders
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• In case of CB and Harrassing Fire spted arm cdr only gives policy which arty cdr
incorporates into fire plan
• Spted arm cdr to give out certain infos like
• Where fire is reqd (tgt) ?
• In which form it is needed (type of fire spt) ?
• What is to be achieved (effect of fire) ?
• When it is to be applied (timings) ?
• Arty cdr to advice on all these aspects
Q. What are the principles for making a Fire Plan?

• Coop
• Conc
• Flexibility
• Simplicity
• Surprise
Cooperation

• Integration of all resources to incl

• Air
• AH
• Arty
• Armr
• Inf mor & sp wpns
• Naval guns (where applicable)
Concentration

• When FUs are insufficient, fire to be concentrated as per priority of tgts

• Less imp tgts placed on call
• Ops phased to provide sufficient arty to all tgts
• Conc enhanced by using rates of fire
Flexibility

• Delegate auth to mod

• Good mod drills
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• Good comns
• SI Arty
• Res amn
Simplicity

• Simple plan
• Auth OP
• Simple to arng
• Easy to mod
• Less liable to corrn
• Have as few serials as possible
• Should not be involving too much change in amn and rates of fire
Surprise

• More casualty by surprise fire

• Max use of F.S.E. (First Salvo Effectiveness)
• Unexpected vol of fire from unexpected direction
• Stereotype plan to be avoided
FIRE PLAN: ATTACK

• Attack plan is based on fire and movement

• Simplest method for providing fire spt should be chosen
• Effect of fire carefully thought of
• Distribution of fire on both known and unknown en positions
• Two types of fire plan
Q. What are the types of Fire Plan for attack?

Quick Deliberate

Level Bde or lower Bde or higher

Guns Bty / Regt More than regt

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Responsibility Direct sp BC/ Regt CO Detailed plan by cdr arty & arty co.

Coord By CO in case more than Cdr arty

one bty

Issue of Orders By bty cdr direct to guns Orders are issued at the level of op
planned (Arty HQ)

Outline fire plan

Out line tac plan - Bn cdr in consultation with BC

Stg 1 (Tgt Eval)

• Tgts with priorities

• Stg at which interfere tgts to be engaged
Stage 2 Quick Fire plan

•Air: No of FB msn
•AH: No of msn
•Arty: No of FUs & amn
•Armr: Sub units
•IM: No & amn
•MMG: Secs
•Any other wpn system
Stg 3. Allocation of resources to tgt as per priorities and suitability of wpn

Stg 4. Working of time as per mov plan ie, (Dist SL- Obj, safety dist, rate of adv etc)

Stg 5. Arng for FOO, comn & mod

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Q. What do you think is the sequence for making a Deliberate Fire Plan?

Div Task

• Div cdr states his task

• C Arty allots resources to inf bdes and DCBO
Out line tac plan

• Inf bde cdr makes his tac plan advised by regt cdr
Detailed tac plan.

• Bn cdr makes detailed tac plan advised by BCs

• BCs take marked map and task table to CO arty regt
Detailed FP

• Regt cdr based on BCs plan will make detailed FP and task table in coord with
bde cdr
• Coord addl guns and amn reqd
• Coord for task such as prep bomb, cov fire & CB/ CN
Q. How is the Fire Plan controlled?

• Timed pgme (By phases)

• Concentrations on known localities
• Smoke to blind localities which might interfere
• On call (Suspected tgt coming alive)
• Obsn ( By FOO on unexpected opposition)
• Combination of above
Allotment of amn

Total Reqmt

Worked out based on concept of sp and mvre plan

Sub allotment for a particular ops is made as under

Fixed: By higher HQ. Normally this is the case

Addl bids: Higher HQ asks for reasonable bids and after scrutiny, allots addl amn

Amn Expenditure

• Arty cdr to think on foll reqmt before allocating amn

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• Pre H hr bombardment
• CB
• Assault
• Reorg
• Reserve to meet the unforeseen eventualities
Points for discussion with commander

• Objs, FUP, SL, dist SL - Obj, H hr, rate of adv, units/su assaulting
• Priority of eng
• Timing of eng
• Prep B or any Pre H hr fire reqd
• DFs during re-org
• Time for regn
• Reqmt of FOOs
• Interfering tgts and duration of interference
DEFENSIVE FIRE PLAN

• Fire power primary means of countering en’s mnvre in def

• Arty to be capable of massing fire on critical tgts
• Strike en hard as far fwd as possible to reduce his effectiveness
• Disorg en prep for attk and break up attk when delivered
DF DEPTH

• Selected off the map by bde cdr

• Engaged by arty as out of rg of organic wpns
• Auth to fire may be delegated to bn cdr
• Lack of svl may preclude accurate and timely eng
DF CLOSE

• Selected by bn cdr
• Aim of impeding en attack through out the affected sect and break up asslt
when del
DF SOS

• The most dangerous Close DF

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• Min 1 FU to be alloted per DF SOS

• IM should be alloted only one SOS
• Number of DF SOS restd to number of direct sp and priority call FUs
• When not otherwise eng tgts, FUs are usually laid on DF SOS
Q. How many DF Tasks can be accorded to an Inf Bn?

• No limit in planning
• But too many will defeat the aim of the planning
• For a battalion a reasonable no. might be 6 to 8 DF tasks
• One third of these would be selected in the depth
• For a div front should not normally exceed than 75 DF tasks
Q. What are forms of engagement of DF Tasks?

• DF tasks in depth, as per group of tgts, provided tgt acqn capability exists, FUs are
concentrated
• For Close DF tasks, on multiple fronts the fire units split
• Btn FUP and fwd def localities "belts of fire" are created which aslt tps has to cross
• En annihilation by "final protective fire" (DF SOS)
Production of DF plan

• DEGREE OF DF PLANNING (ARTY CDR)

• Own frontage
• En tactis
• Quantum of arty avail
• FOUR DEGREE OF DF PLAN
• A tgt list
• Tgt list and task table for gped tgts
• Tgt list and task table for all tgts
• A tgt trace
• AMN
• Arty bde HQ/ unit SOP lays down amn scale
• Min 2 rgf followed by 2 min normal or
• 3 rgf rpt or scale
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• SVL OF DF
• PTLS ,SBP, AIR OP, UAV….
• EXEC OF DF
• Tgt list
• Tgt list and task table
• Tgt list and task table for grouped tgts
• Tgt list and tgt trace

PART VII

CONCEPT OF SATA &

RADAR TECH IN ARTY

Gen

• Targets must be detected, identified and acquired in time to allow artillery fire to the
planned and executed
• Detected by continuous observation of the battle area by all arms
• Fire supremacy on the battlefield is of paramount importance
• Winning of the battle in depth
• Once the targets in depth are effectively neutralized the enemy will find it difficult to
sustain his troops in contact no matter how well they are fortified
• Pre-requisite to the destruction/neutralization is accurate location
• Target acquisition enables a cdr to know the accurate location of the en and CB
enables him to achieve destruction of the targets so located

Aim of SATA

• To provide information about the en with particular ref to the location, strength
identification, arcs of fire, move and activity of enemy weapons
• To use this information to direct the fire of own weapons, including the Air Force, on
to the enemy weapons so as to neutralize or destroy them
How can aim can achieved?

• Sources to gather information

• Staff to collect, collate and disseminate the information
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• Retaliatory fire produced on orders based on the above information

Concept of SATA

• At Corps Level: SATA Regiment

• At Div Level: SATA Bty