BANANA CULTIVATION AND RURAL ECONOMY: A CASE STUDY OF

THOTTIYODU VILLAGE OF KANNIYAKUMARI DISTRICT

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

India is an agriculture country nearly 65% of people live in rural areas and
only 55% of them live in the urban areas. Agriculture plays an important role in the
economic development of India and considered as the backbone of Indian
economic system. Agriculture helps to increase food supplies and export of
agricultural goods to earn foreign exchange and thereby to develop industries in
the economy.

From time to time, the banana is still one of the most popular crops in the
world based on the Food and Agriculture Organization Statistical Database (FAO
Stats), the total worldwide production of bananas reaches 135 million tons with a
harvested area of 5.9 million hectares. Its demand has increased from time to time.
It can be seen that the world production of bananas has an upward trend from 1980
to 2022. In 1980, the world’s banana production was just 37 million tons with
harvested areas of around 2.7 million hectares. In 2022, the production has
increased into 135 million tons with harvested areas of around 5.9 million hectares.

Agriculture requires small amount of capital as compared to industries. The

surplus earned from agricultural may be used for the development of another
sector. In India, contribution of agriculture to national income is 18%-19%.
Development in agriculture sector helps to increase the purchasing power of the
people and reduces inequalities of income.

The science of fruit growing is called pomology. The term pomology is

associated with Botany, which studies about plant including the cultivation of fruit
1
crops and vegetables. Horticulture is one of the branches of Botany. Horticulture
studies primarily about garden crops. One of the important crops grown in gardens
is banana.

Horticulture:

Horticulture may be described as the practice of growing main plants in a

relatively intensive manner. In ancient times the gardens of large estates were
surrounded by high walls or similar structure and the crops usually cultivated with
in these areas are tree fruits such as apple, pear, peach, dates pomegranate or fig
and (or many) vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants. As a result the term
horticulture in the original sense referred to the cultivation of crops within a
protected enclosure. Thus horticulture is referred to as the culture of crops grown
in gardens.

Horticulture is a wide field and includes a great variety and diversity of

crops especially fruit crops. Crops are grown for the food and or vitamins and
mineral content for eg: Tea and coffee for beatification of the environment (for eg.
The grasses of well-kept lawn and to express human sentiments example cut roses
and miscellaneous (group) including crops grown for perfume or spices.

The growth in the production of fruits and vegetables assumes importance

now a days due to the increase in the demand generated by the rapid increase in
population and has been accelerated further by the rise in the levels of income of
the people and the consequent change in the pattern.

Micropropagation and biotechnology in banana cultivation help in

overcoming issues like disease resistance and improving yield. Integrated pest
management (IPM), proper irrigation, and the use of organic farming techniques

2
are essential to sustainable banana farming. Post-harvest handling and value
addition play a crucial role in reducing losses and increasing profitability.

Banana:

Banana is one of the important horticulture crops. It is a special crop with

its peculiarities such as non-seasonal character, one-year gestation period, single
punch output and perishable in a short period of seven and ten days. In addition to
this banana, thought it is a food crops are cultivated purely on commercial basis
irrespective of size of holiday. Banana is natural wonder fruit. It is the most
nutritious of all fruits. Banana is an integral part of our culture Indian and an
important happy and healthy life. In the changing social contest today, more and
more people are eating banana for health and convenience. These two attributes
come together better in a banana than any other fruit. Consequently, bananas are
destined to become the most favoured fruit of the future.

In India, banana has been cultivated from time immemorial. There are at
least fifty varieties being commercially cultivation in more than 4,64,000 hectares
throughout the length and breadth of India. India produces largest number of
bananas in the world.

Banana is a rich source of carbohydrates, vitamin and minerals which are

essential for human diet. Banana are cultivated in India for over 4000 years and
now founded in all tropical countries. In India, banana has different names in the
different state in hindu. 'Kela' in Nepalese and Singhalese. 'Kodali' in Nagaland
'Kadu' in Telugu, 'Arati' in Kanada 'Bale' in Malayalam, 'Vazhapazham' in Tamil.

K. R. Anurag and S. M. Yadav (2024) focuses on the economic aspects of

banana farming, analyzing the input-output ratio and overall profitability. The
authors define the economic efficiency of banana production through better

3
resource management, including fertilization, irrigation, and pest management.
They also address the importance of post-harvest technologies to reduce losses,
which can significantly improve the financial viability of banana farming. Market
access, transportation infrastructure, and processing opportunities are identified as
key factors in maximizing profits.

Importance of Banana:

Bananas are a nutrient-rich fruit that offers numerous health benefits. They
are an excellent source of potassium, an essential mineral that helps maintain
healthy blood pressure, promotes bone health, and supports muscle function.
Bananas are also a good source of dietary fiber, which can help regulate bowel
movements, prevent constipation, and support healthy gut bacteria. Additionally,
bananas contain antioxidants, such as vitamin C and phenolic compounds, that help
protect the body against free radicals and oxidative stress. The health benefits of
bananas include supporting heart health, aiding in weight management, and
promoting healthy bones. They can also help manage blood sugar levels, support
healthy gut bacteria, and even reduce stress and anxiety. Overall, bananas are a
nutritious and versatile fruit that can be enjoyed as a snack, added to oatmeal or
yogurt, or blended into a smoothie, making them a great addition to a healthy diet.

R. K. S. Reddy, G. K. Rao, A. K. Sharma 2023, defines the challenges

in banana cultivation in India, including pest control, disease management, and
water management. It highlights micropropagation techniques as a potential
solution to increase banana yield and resistance to diseases.

Economic importance of Banana:

Bananas are of significant economic importance globally due to their

widespread production, export, and role in food security. They are one of the most

4
commonly produced fruits, with major producers including India, China, and
Brazil. In many tropical and subtropical countries, bananas serve as a staple food
and a major agricultural product, supporting millions of smallholder farmers. The
banana industry is also a key source of export revenue for countries like Ecuador,
Costa Rica, and Colombia, where bananas contribute significantly to their
economies.

Furthermore, the banana sector creates jobs across various stages of

production, from farming to distribution, packaging, and retail, providing
employment to millions worldwide. It is also essential for food security, as bananas
are an affordable, nutritious food source. In some regions, banana cultivation
supports rural development and economic stability. Additionally, eco-tourism
linked to banana plantations provides further economic benefits. Thus, bananas
play a vital role not only in food supply but also in supporting local economies and
international trade.

Use of Banana:

Bananas are a versatile fruit with a multitude of uses. In addition to being a

nutritious and convenient snack, bananas can be used in a variety of culinary
applications. They can be added to oatmeal or yogurt for a burst of flavor and
nutrition, blended into smoothies for a quick and easy breakfast, or baked into
bread, muffins, and cakes. Bananas can also be used as a topping for pancakes,
waffles, and ice cream, or as a filling for crepes and pastries. Furthermore, bananas
have several non-culinary uses, such as being used as a face mask to soften and
brighten the skin, or as a hair treatment to nourish and moisturize the hair. Bananas
can also be used as a natural remedy for ailments such as heartburn and insect
bites. Overall, the uses of bananas are diverse and numerous, making them a
valuable and versatile fruit to have in the kitchen and beyond.
5
 Banana leaves are a versatile and eco-friendly resource with a multitude of
uses. In many tropical cultures, banana leaves are used as a natural wrapping
material for food, replacing plastic wrap and aluminium foil. They can be used to
wrap snacks, meals, and even desserts, adding a touch of traditional flair to any
dish. Banana leaves can also be used as a plate or serving dish, providing a
biodegradable and compostable alternative to disposable plates. In addition to their
culinary uses, banana leaves have medicinal properties and can be used to treat
wounds, reduce inflammation, and even lower fever. They can also be used in
traditional rituals and ceremonies, such as weddings and festivals, where they are
often used as decorations or offerings. Furthermore, banana leaves can be used as a
natural fertilizer, adding nutrients to the soil and promoting healthy plant growth.
Overall, the uses of banana leaves are diverse and creative, making them a valuable
and sustainable resource.

Banana production in world level:

Banana production is a significant industry worldwide, with millions of

tons of bananas being produced every year. According to the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, global banana production exceeded 144
million tons in 2020, with a total value of over $12 billion. The top banana-
producing countries are India, China, Brazil, Indonesia, and the Philippines, which
together account for over 50% of global production. Other major banana-producing
countries include Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, and Guatemala. The majority of
bananas produced worldwide are consumed locally, with only a small percentage
being exported to other countries. The global banana industry is dominated by a
few large multinational companies, such as Chiquita, Dole, and Del Monte, which
control a significant share of the global market. Despite the challenges faced by the
industry, including diseases, pests, and climate change, banana production

6
continues to play an important role in the economies and food systems of many
countries around the world.

Table 1.1 Banana Production in world 2022

State Production

India 34528000
China 12111644
Indonesia 9245427
Nigeria 8019203
Brazil 6854222
Euator 6078789
Philipines 5899705
Guatemela 4762667
Angola 4589099
United republic of Tanzania 3500880
Mexico 2600602
Colombia 2521733
Source: Department of Economics and Statistics, Chennai-6

7
 Figure No:1 – Banana Production in world 2022

Source: Department of Economics and Statistics, Chennai-6

8
 Table 1.2 Production of Banana in India in 2022-23

State Production
Andhra Pradesh 5684.47
Maharashtra 4966.33
Tamil Nadu 4236.96
Gujarat 3971.56
Karnataka 3430.22
Uttar Pradesh 3391.01
Madhya Pradesh 2258.48
Bihar 1968.21
West Bengal 1203.73
Assam 1108.08
Kerela 878.13
Chattisgarh 587.40
Odisha 504.05
Mizoram 140.50
Tripura 111.52
Meghalaya 96.41
Nagaland 94.56
Manipur 86.94
Telegana 66.73
Jharkhand 33.54
Arunachal Pradesh 16.29
Punjab 11.36
Sikkim 6.89
Rajasthan 0.40
9
Himachal Pradesh 0.13
Haryana 0.00
Jammu and Kashmir 0.00
Uttarakhand 0.00
Others 54.39
Source: Union Govt
Figure No: 2 – Production of Banana

Production
6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
h a u t a h h ar l m la h a ra a d ur a d h b m n h a ir d rs
des shtr ad jara tak des des Bih nga ssa ere gar dish ram ipu lay alan nip gan han des unja ikki tha des yan hm han the
a N u a a a
Pr ra il G arn r Pr Pr B e A K ttis O izo Tr gha ag Ma Tele ark Pra P S ajas Pra Har Kas rak O
ra aha am K a a e st
Ch
a M e N Jh hal R hal d a
dh M T Utt ad
hy
W
M
a c a c an Utt
n u
A M un Hi
m m
Ar m
Ja

Source: Union Govt

CHAPTER – II
10
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Rajith M R (2025); in his article “An Analysis of Banana Cultivation in

Wayanad District, Kerala” analyse area and production, to examine the
production, cost performance and socio-economic problems of banana
cultivation in Wayanad district in Kerala.

Backyarani Sudandiram and Anuradha 2022; in their article “Genomic

Designing for Biotic Stress Resistant Banana” explains Banana and plantains
provide nutrition and food security and are the most important traded fruits with
export value higher than any other fruit crops.

Shuvadeep Halder 2020; in their article “Biotechnological Approach on

Banana Breeding” defines Banana (Musa sp.) , one of the oldest fruits
cultivated by human being is a important member of Musaceae family and play
a vital role as a major staple food for millions of people throughout the world.

N Bharathi Raja, P Selvi Rajendran in their article, “An efficient banana

plant leaf disease classification using optimal ensemble deep transfer network”
explains that Plants are a major source of food all around the world, and they
are mainly affected by diseases caused by pathogens, insects, and parasitic
plants.

Lal Bahadur, Damandeep Singh Anmol, and Shailesh Kumar Singh 2020;
in their article “A review on successful protected cultivation of banana (Musa)”
says Banana is preferably grown under tropical condition where it is well
adopted to tropical climate in the warm and humid parts of Asia.

11
Shija Shilunga Lucas, and K Jomanga 2021; in their article “The status of
banana production in Tanzania; a review of threats and opportunities” reviews
Banana production in Tanzania is faced with many challenges including major
pests (weevil and nematode) and diseases (fusarium wilt disease, black
sigatoka, and banana xanthomonas wilt disease), poor soil fertility, moisture
stress, poor management practices, lack of improved banana varieties and many
social economic factors.

Gregory J Scott 2021; in their article “ A review of root, tuber and banana
crops in developing countries: past, present and future” reveals that For many of
the developing world’s poorest farmers and food-insecure people, roots, tubers,
bananas and plantain crops (RTBs) serve as a critical source of food, nutrition
and cash income.

Priyanka Sahu, Amit Prakash Singh, Anuradha Chug, and Dinesh Singh
2022; in their article “A systematic literature review of machine learning
techniques deployed in agriculture: A case study of banana crop” reveals that
Agricultural productivity is the asset on which the world’s economy thoroughly
relies. This is one of the major causes that disease identification in fruits and
plants occupies a salient role in farming space, as having disease disorders in
them is obvious.

Amrit Warshini, AA Raut, and DK Jaiswal 2022; in their article “Adoption

of banana production technology among banana growers in Vaishali district of
Bihar” the findings revealed that majority (66%) of the farmers had medium
level of overall knowledge regarding recommended banana production
technologies.

12
Chandan Kumar Panda, Peddabudi Bhuvan Sagar, and Anil Paswan 2024;
in their article “Extent of Adoption of Banana Cultivation Technology by
Farmers of Bihar” explains Banana cultivation holds significant economic
importance worldwide, serving as a major fruit crop and a significant source of
income for farmers while contributing substantially to agricultural trade.

N Kowshika, T Sankar, and C Pradipa 2020; in their article “Evaluating

banana and mango cultivation in Tamil Nadu to determine their efficient
cropping zones” reveals that Tamilnadu holds a prime place in production and
changes in the share of these crops could affect the national GDP.

Abdul Ghani, Manjeet Kaur, Kashish Arora, Shaikh Mohd Mouzam, and
Rohit Saini 2023; in their article “Evaluating the performance, export
competitiveness and direction of trade of Indian banana in the international
market”, examined the changing pattern of international trade in bananas
globally and in India at a macro level from 2000 to 2020.

S Nazreen Hassan, R Swarna Priya, K Kavitha, A Selvarani, R Latha, and

S Suresh 2023; in their article Utilization Pattern of TNAU Banana Expert
System among Nendren Banana Growers in Kanyakumari District explains that
Use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for transmission of
localized information and services has increased towards making farming
socially, economically and environmentally sustainable by Digital Agriculture.

B C Tan 2022; in their article “Can banana be a success story for Malaysia”
explains Bananas are an important commercial fruit and a major export
commodity in the tropics. The growing global demand for bananas has caused
its harvested area to expand.

13
M Vignesh, R Selvakumar, and R Azhagesan 2022; in their article “ An
Economic Analysis of Trend, Cost And Returns of Banana in Kanniyakumari
District of Tamil Nadu” reveals that In recent years, considering the adverse
impact of indiscriminate use of chemicals, new trend for organic production of
banana is increasing in this country.

P Muthumurugan 2021; in his article “ Regional differences of agricultural

development in Tamil Nadu: A district-wise analysis” states The northern and
northeastern part of the state was found to be highly developed whereas some of
the western and southern districts of Tamil Nadu were low developed”.

R Paramasivam, P Paramasivam, M Umanath, and R Balasubramanian

2021; in their article “Assessment of potassium nutrient balance in agricultural
farming system: a pathway to sustainable production of crops” explains
Sustainable soil nutrient management is essential for achieving food security,
ecosystem sustainability, employment generation and economic development.

T C Supriya, and Keladi Shivappa Nayaka 2023; in their article “Influence

of foiler application of secondary nutrients and banana special on yield and
quality of Banana . Ney poovan under hill zone of Karnataka” explains Banana
(Musa paradisiaca L.) is one of the major fruit crops in the tropics and
subtropics and makes a vital contribution to the economies of a number of
countries.

J Bhuvaneswari, G Thiyagarajan, M Manikandan, SK Natarajan, and S

Thenmozhi 2020; in their article “ Evaluation of Drip Fertigation in Banana in
Kugulur Distributary of LBP Canal Command Area” states Banana in India is
cheap, nutritious and available all round the year. It is an important fruit crop
grown in India next to mango.

14
Gayatri Phulara, Janaki Budha, Chiranjibi Puri, and Prakash Pant 2020;
in their article “Economics of production and marketing of banana in kailali,
Nepal”, reveals that Banana is the major contributing sector of the national
economy accounting around 27 percent of the gross domestic product and
provides employment and livelihood to 65.6 percent of economically active
population (MOAD, 2017).

15
Reference:

1. Rajith M R, “An Analysis of Banana Cultivation in Wayanad District,

Kerala”, ‘International Journal of ‘Scientific Research in Engeneering and

Management’, DOI: 10.55041/IJSREM41398, 2025, PP NO: 1-9.
2. Backyarani Suthanthiram, C Anuradha, S Unmarried, “Geomic Designing

for Biotic stress Resistance Banana”, book of ‘Geomic Designing for Biotic
Stress resistance fruit crops’ DOI: 10.10071978-3-030-91802-6_2, 2022, PP
NO: 25-74.

3. Shuvadeep Halder, “Biotecnological Approach on Banana Breeding”

Journal of ‘Agriculture Letters’ Article ID: 20/12/0108185, 2020, PP NO:
67-69.

4. N Bharathi Raja, P Selvi Rajendran, “An efficient banana plant leaf disease

classification using optimal ensemble deep transfer network”, Journal of

‘Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence’, DOI:
10.1080/0952813X.2023.2241867, 2023 PP NO: 1-24.

5. Lal Bahadur, Damandeep Singh Anmol and Shailesh Kumar Singh, “a

review on successful protected cultivation of banana ( Musa), Journal of

‘plant archives’ Vol.No: 20, Issue No: 2, 2020, PP NO: 1580-1573.

6. Shija Shilunga Lucas, and K Jomanga, “The status of banana production in

Tanzania; a review of threats and opportunities”, ‘International review of

16
 current science research and review’, Vol No: 4, Issue No: 10, 2021, PP NO:
1260-1275.
7. Gregory J Scott, “A review of root, tuber and banana crops in developing

countries: past, present and future”, ‘International Journal of Food food

Science and Technology’, Vol No: 56, Issue No: 3, 2021, PP NO: 1093-1114.

8. Priyanka Sahu, Amit Prakash Singh, Anuradha Chug and Dinesh Singh, “A

systematic literature review of machine learning techniques deployed in

agriculture: A case study of banana crop”, IEEE Access 10, 2022, PP NO:
87333-87360.
9. Amrit Warshini, AA Raut and DK Jaiswal, “Adoption of banana production

technology among banana growers in vaishali district of Bihar”, ‘Indian

Research Journal of Extension Education’, Vol No: 22, Issue No: 5, 2022, PP
NO: 137-141.

10. Chandan Kumar Panda, Peddabudi Bhuvan Sagar and Anil Paswan, “Extent

of Adoption of Banana Cultivation Technology by Farmers of Bihar”, ‘New

Delhi Publishers’, Vol No: 23, Issue No: 1, 2024, PP NO: 6-12.

11. N Kowsika, T Sankar and C Pradipa, “evaluating banana and mango

cultivation in Tamilnadu to determine their efficient cropping zones”,

‘International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Science’, Vol No: 2,
Issue No: 4, 2020, PP NO: 298-306.

12. Abdul Ghani, Manjeet Kaur, Kashish Arora, Shaikh Mohd Mouzam, Rohit

Saini, “Evaluating the performance, export competitiveness and direction of

trade of Indian banana in the international market”, Indian Journal of
‘Economics and Development’, Vol NO: 19, Issue NO: 4, PP NO: 699-711.

17
13. S Nazreen Hassan, R Swarna Priya, K Kavitha, A Selvarani, R Latha, S

Suresh, “Utilization Pattern of TNAU Banana Export System among

Nendran Banana Growers in kanyakumari District”, Asian J Agric. Ext.
Econ. Soc, Vol No: 41, Issue No: 7, 2023, PP NO: 23-28.

14. BC Tan, “Can banana be a success story for Malaysia”, Journal of

‘Agribusiness Marketing’, Vol NO: 9, Issue NO: 1, 2022, PP NO: 13-22.

15. M Vignesh, R Selvakumar, R Azhagesan, “An Economic analysis of trend,

cost and returns of Banana in kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, Journal of

‘ Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research’ vol.No:9, issue No:9,
2022 PP NO: 223-229.
16. P Muthumurugan, “Regional differences of agriculture development in

TamilNadu: A district-wise analysis”, ‘Indian Journal of Economics and

Development’, Vol No: 9, Issue No: 1, 2021, PP NO: 1-9.

17. R Paramasivam, P Paramasivam, M Umanath, R Balasubramaniam,

“Assestment of potassium nutrient balance in agricultural farming system: a

pathway to sustainable production of crops”, Journal of ‘Sustainable
Bioeconomy: Pathways to Sustainable Development Goals’, DOI:
10.1007/978-981-15-7321-7, 2021, PP NO: 325-337.

18. T C Supriya and Keladi Shivappa Nayaka, “Influence of foiler application of

secondary nutrients and banana special on yield and quality of Banana”,

‘College of Horticulture, Mudigere, Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University of
Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga’, 2023.

19. J Bhuvaneshwari, G Thyagarajan, M Manikandan, SK Natarajan and S

Thenmozhi, “Evaluation of Drip Fertigation in Banana in Kugulur

Distributary of LBP Canal Command Area”, ‘International journal of current

18
 on microbiology And applied sciences’, Vol No: 9, Issue No: 6, 2020, PP.
2319-7706.

20. Gayatri Phulara, Janaki Budha, Chiranjibi Puri, and Prakash Pant,

“Economics of production and marketing of banana in kailali, Nepal”,

Journal of ‘Food & Agribusiness Management (FABM)’, Vol No: 1, Issue
No: 1, 2020, PP NO: 43-46.
CHAPTER -III

METHODOLOGY AND AREA PROFILE

Methodology refers to a system of methods, principles, or procedures used

in a particular project.

3.1.2. Statement of the Problem:

Despite the significant role banana cultivation plays in the local economy
of Thottiyodu, farmers face challenges such as fluctuating market prices, lack of
modern farming techniques, inadequate irrigation facilities, and limited access to
credit. These issues impact the productivity and profitability of banana farming,
making it difficult for farmers to sustain their livelihoods and meet the increasing
demand for bananas. There is a need for improved agricultural practices, better
market access, and financial support to enhance the sustainability and growth of
banana cultivation in the village.

3.1.3.Objectives:

1. Socio economic condition of Banana farmers in study area.

2. To know about the varieties of Banana Cultivated in study area.

19
 3. To know income generation in study area.

3.1.4. Selection of Sample:

The data on banana cultivation in Thottiyodu involves choosing a

representative group of farmers or stakeholders from the village to gather relevant
data.

3.1.5. Primary Data:

Primary data for a study on banana cultivation in Thottiyodu collected

directly from farmers through methods such as surveys, interviews, and
observations. This data could include information on farming practices, crop
yields, challenges faced, market conditions, and financial aspects like access to
credit and pricing.

3.1.6. Secondary Data:

The data on banana cultivation in Thottiyodu collected from existing

sources such as, agricultural surveys, research papers, and data from internes. This
data include historical trends in banana production, market prices, government
policies, and previous studies on agricultural practices in the region. Secondary
data provides background information and context, complementing primary data
and helping to analyze broader.

3.1.7. Statistical Tool:

Interview schedule was used to collect primary data. For measuring full
analysis of data table percentage and average has been used.

3.1.8. Limitations:

20
 1. They are excess bias while collecting information from the respondents
2. The study period is very short.
3. The study is based on reference of Thottiyodu village only.

3.1.9. Period of Study:

The period of study of the research worker is December to March 2025.

3.1.10. Method of Sampling:

For collecting primary data, sample respondent wear selected on

convenient random sampling method.

21
 AREA PROFILE

3.2.1. Profile of Kanyakumari District and Thottiyodu Village:

Kanyakumari district, at India’s southern tip, is known for its coastal beauty
and cultural richness. Thottiyodu, a small village within the district, reflects its
rural charm, greenery, and traditional lifestyle.

3.2.2. Physical Features:

Kanniyakumari district is the smallest in Tamil Nadu, covering an area of

1,672 square kilometres. Despite its size, it has the highest population density in
the state, with 1,111 people per square kilometre, next to Chennai. It is the lands
end of the Indian Peninsula where water of Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean and Bay of
Bengal embrace one another in this cape. It is the only place in the entire world
where one can simultaneously see the sun setting in the west and the moon rising
up in the east on a full Monday.

3.2.3. Population:

According to the 2011 Census of India, Kanyakumari district in Tamil Nadu

had a population of 1,870,374, with 926,345 males and 944,029 females.

22
3.2.4. Revenue Justification:

The district is divided into two Revenue Divisions (Padmanabhapuram and

Nagercoil) having the headquarters at Thuckalai and Nagercoil respectively. There
are four taluks, namely, Vilavancode, Kalkulam, Agasteeswaram and Thovalai.
There are 50 town panchayats in this district where as there are only 613 town
panchayats throughout the state. The district comprises of seven assembly
segments and one Parliamentary Constituency and the Kanyakumari assembly
segment forms part of Tiruchendur Parliamentary constituency.

3.2.5. Climate:

The district has a pleasant climate. The factors that influence the climate
conditions are the two monsoons, proximity to the seas and the slopping height of
the Western Ghats. Though the period of hot season prevails from mach to June,
there is no extreme temperature.

3.2.6. Profile of Thottiyode Village:

Thottiyode is a village in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, known

for its agricultural activities, including the cultivation of bananas, cashews, and
other crops. The primary livelihood of its residents is farming, with some engaged
in small businesses. The village is well-connected to Nagercoil, the district’s
administrative hub, and has basic infrastructure like schools and healthcare
facilities. Thottiyode, part of the coastal and agrarian region of Kanyakumari, is
governed by a Panchayat, which ensures access to public services and
development.

3.2.7. Location:

23
 Thottiyode is located in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, India. It
lies near the town of Nagercoil, which is approximately 10 kilometres away. The
village is situated in the southernmost part of India, close to the Kerala border. Its
geographical coordinates are approximately 8.1887° N latitude and 77.3831° E
longitude. Thottiyode is well-connected by road and is part of the coastal and
agricultural landscape of the region.

3.2.8. Population:

The exact population of Thottiyode village is not readily available in public

records, but it falls under the administrative jurisdiction of Kanyakumari district,
which has a population of approximately 1.87 million (according to the 2011
Census). For more specific data regarding Thottiyode’s population, local
government sources or the most recent census data might provide precise numbers.

3.2.9. Literacy Rate:

The literacy rate of Thottiyode village is likely to be similar to the overall

literacy rate of Kanyakumari district, which is around 90.81% (as per the 2011
Census). This reflects a relatively high level of education in the village, with both
male and female literacy rates being significantly above the national average.

3.2.10. Credit Institution:

In Thottiyode, credit creation primarily occurs through local cooperative

banks, regional rural banks, and self-help groups. These institutions provide loans
to farmers and small businesses, stimulating local economic activity. By offering
credit for agricultural activities, small-scale industries, and personal needs, these

24
financial services contribute to the development and growth of the village’s
economy.

3.2.11. Transportation:

Thottiyode village is well-connected by road, with local buses linking it to

Nagercoil and nearby towns. The nearest railway station is Nagercoil Junction,
providing access to major cities. National Highway 66 (NH 66) also passes through
the area, connecting it to Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Auto-rickshaws and private
vehicles are commonly used for local travel.

3.2.12. Small Scale Industry

Thottiyode village, like many rural areas in Kanyakumari, supports small-

scale industries primarily related to agriculture and local craftsmanship. These
industries include food processing, such as banana chips production, which is
popular in the region, and coir products made from coconut husks. Additionally,
handicrafts and weaving are practiced by local artisans. These small-scale
industries contribute to the local economy by providing employment and
promoting the region’s agricultural products.

3.2.13. Basic Facilities:

Thottiyode village has basic facilities including schools, healthcare centers,

local markets, drinking water supply, and electricity. It is connected by road with
public transportation options like buses. Basic sanitation services are also
available, though further development may be needed in some areas.

25
 CHAPTER : IV

DATA ANALYSIS

4.1. Age composition :

In Thottiyodu banana cultivation is classified according to the age

of workers. The samples lie in the following age group.

Table 4.1 Age composition of sample respondents

Age No. of. Respondents Percentage

Below 20 1 2

20-30 1 2

30-40 3 6

26
 40-50 18 36

Above 50 27 54

Total 50 100

Source: primary data

Figure No:3 – Age of the sample respondents

Age of the Respondent

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
Below 20 20-30 30-40 40-50 Above 50 Total

No. of. Respondents Percentage

Source: primary data

.The above table explains the age distributions of the workers under 4 categories

27
In the above, out of the total 50 respondent 54 percentage of them belongs to above
60 age group. 36 percentage of them belongs to 40-50 Age group. 6 percentage of
them belongs to 30 to 40 age group. 2 percentage of them belongs to 20-30 and
below 20 age group.

4.2. Sex of the workers:

Sex refers to the state of being male or female. The sex wise
classification of the respondence where represented in the following table.

Table 4.2 Sex of the workers of sample respondents

Sex No. of. Respondents Percentage

Male 40 80
Female 10 20
Total 50 100
Source: primary data

The above table shows the gender of the workers. 80 percentage of the responded
are the male and the remaining 20 percentage of the respondents are female.

4.3. Education status of the workers

The following table reveals the educational qualification of the respondents.

Education refers to the teaching or training of people especially in schools. The
educational qualification of the respondent differs from one respondent to another
respondent. The educational statuses of the respondents are presented in the
following table.

Table 4.3 Educational status of sample respondents

Education No. of. Respondents Percentage

28
Below SSLC 29 58

SSLC 23 46

12th 7 14

Degree Holders 1 2

Total 50 100

Source: Primary data.

Figure No:4 – Education qualification of the sample respondents

Education
120 60

100 50

80 40

60 30

40 20

20 10

0 0
Below SSLC SSLC 12th Degree Holders Total

No. of. Respondents Percentage

29
The above table explains the education level of workers. 57 percentage of the them
are below SSLC level. 23 percentage of the them have studied up to SSLC. 14
percentage of the respondents have studied up to 12th and 2 percentage studied
graduate.

4.4. Martial Status

The marital statuses of the beneficiaries are examined by the researcher for
the purpose of analyzing socio economic conditions and selected industrial
relations aspects of workers. The martial statuses of the beneficiaries are explained
with the help of the given table.

Table 4.4 Marital Status of sample respondents

Martial status No. of Respondents Percentage

Married 48 96
Unmarried 2 4
Total 50 100
Source: Primary data.

The above table shows that out of 50 workers, 96 percentage are

married and 4 percentage are unmarried.

4.5. Religious Composition

Religion is an important factor. The religion wise classifications of

the workers are given in the following table.

Table 4.5 Religious composition of sample respondents

Religious No. of Respondents Percentage

Christian - -
Hindu 50 100

30
 Muslim - -
Total 50 100
Source: primary data

It is very clear from the contents of the above table that 50 respondent of them are
belongs to Hindu religious. No one belongs to Christian or Muslim.

4.6. Family Structure:

Families are classified into two types as Joint Family and Nuclear Family. The
following table shows that the family structure of Banana Cultivators in
Thottiyodu.

Table 4.6 Family structure of sample respondents

Family Structure No. of Respondents Percentage

Joint Family 29 58
Nuclear Family 21 42
Total 50 100
Source: Primary Data

The above table reviews about the sample response nature of family. Nature of the
family consists of two viz., Joint Family and Nuclear Family. Among the 50
respondent 58 percentage of them where living as a Joint Family and 42 percentage
of them were living in the Nuclear Family.

4.7. Possession of area of Land:

Most of the assets of the respondents include land, house and buildings. The
following table shows the provision of area of Land of banana cultivators in
Thottiyodu village.

31
 Table 4.7 Possession of area of land of sample respondents

Possession of Land No of Respondents Percentage

Below 1 acre 29 58

1-2 acre 18 36

2-3 acre 2 4

3-4 acre 1 2

Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data

Figure No:5 – Possession area of Land sample respondents

32
 Possession area of Land

29

50

18

1 2

Below 1 acre 1-2 acre 2-3 acre 3-4 acre Total

The above table reveals that out of 50 respondent 58 percentage of them have
below 1 acre. 36 percentage of them have 1-2 acres. Four percentage have 2-3 acre
and 2 percentage of them have 3-4 acre.

4.8. Sources of Irrigation :

Table 4.8 Sources of Irrigation of sample respondents

Irrigation No. of Respondents Percentage

Well 3 6

33
 Pond 45 90

Bore well 2 4

Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data

The above table reveals about the source of irrigation of banana cultivators in
Thottiyodu Village. Out of 50 respondent 90 percentage of them irrigate through
pond. 6 percentage and 4 percentage age of them if we get through Well and Bore
well.

4.9. Housing facilities:

Table 4.9 Housing facilities of sample respondents

Housing No. of Respondent Percentage

Own House 47 93

Rented House 3 6

Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data

34
The above table reveals about the sample respondents ownership of housing.
Among 50 respondents 93 percentage of respondents live in their own house and 6
percentage of the respondents live in the rented house.

4.10. Varieties of Banana :

Table 4.10 Varieties of Banana of sample respondents

Banana No. of Respondents Percentage

Rasakkathali 15 30

Palayankodan 03 06

Karpuravalli 01 02

Red Banana 02 04

Nendran 28 56

Robusta (morris) 01 02

Total 50 100
Source: Primary Data

35
 Figure No: 6 – Varieties of Banana Cultivated

Varities of Banana
120

100

80

60

40

20

0
Rasakkathali Palayankodan Karpuravalli Red Banana Nendran Robusta (morris) Total

No.of.Respondents Percentage

The above table reveals the nature of varieties of Banana cultivated in to

Thottiyodu village. Out of 50 respondents 56 percentage of them cultivate
Nendran. 30% age of them cultivate Rasakathali. 6 percentage, 4 percentage, 2
percentage cultivate Palayankodan, Red Banana and Robusta respectively.

4.11. Sources of land ownership:

Table 4.11 land ownership of sample respondents

Land No. of Respondents Percentage

Own Land 40 80
Lease Land 10 20
Total 50 100
Source: Primary Data

The above table reveals then nature of land ownership. Among the 50 respondent
80 percentage have Own Land and 20 percentage Lease land.

36
4.12. Annual income of Banana production:

Table 4.12 Annual income of sample respondents

Annual Income No of Respondents Percentage

Below 25000 4 8
25100-50000 9 18
50100-100000 18 36
100100-125000 9 18
125000-150000 2 4
150100-175000 3 6
Above 17500 5 10
Total 50 100
Source: Primary Data

Figure No:7 – Annual Income of the sample respondents

Annual income
120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

No.of.Respondents Percentage

The above table reveals the annual income of banana cultivators. Out of 50
respondents 36 percentage have 50100-100000 income annually. 18 percentage
have 25100-50000 and 100100-125000. 10 percentage, 8 percentage, 6 percentage
and 4 percentage of them comes under other income group.
37
4.13. Annual banana expenses:

Table 4.13 Annual Banana Expenses of sample respondents

Expenses No. of Respondents Percentage

Below 10000 4 8
10100- 20000 10 20

20100-30000 13 26
30100-40000 9 18
40100-50000 10 20
Above 50000 4 8
Total 50 100
Source: Primary Data

The above table reveals the annual expenses of banana cultivators. 26 percentage
have 20100-30000. 20 percentage have 10100-20000 and 40100-50000. 18
percentage of them expenses is 30100-40000.

4.14. Total profit:

Table 4.14 Total Profit of sample respondents

38
 Profit No. of Respondents Percentage
Below 20000 12 24
20100-40000 12 24
40100-60000 11 22
60100-80000 8 16
80000-100000 3 6
100000-200000 4 8
Above 200000
Total 50 100
Source: Primary Data

The above reveals the total profit is banana cultivators in Thottiyodu. Out of 50
respondents 24 percentage gets profit up to 40000. 22 percentage earn profit
40100-60009. 16 percentage earns profit 60100-80000. 6 percentage and 8
percentage earn profit form 80000 to 200000 respectively.

4.15. Transportation cost:

Table 4.15 Transportation Cost of sample respondents

39
Transportation cost No. of Respondents Percentage
Below 1000 13 26
1100-3000 13 26
3100-5000 15 30
5100-7000 7 14
Above 7000 2 4
Total 50 100
Source: Primary Data

The above table revise the transportation cost. Among 50 respondents 30

percentage transport cost is 3100-5000. 26 percentage of the respondents
transportation cost is up to 3000. 14 percentage of the respondence transportation
cost is 5100-7000. 4 percentage of the respondence transportation cost is above
7000.

4.16.Mode of Sale:

Table 4.16 Mode of Sale of sample respondents

Sale No. of Respondents Percentage

Direct Sale 2 4
Retailer 16 32
Wholesaler 26 52
Cooperate societies 5 10
Exports 1 2
Total 50 100
Source: Primary Data

The above table shows the nature of mode of sale. Out of 50 respondents 52
percentage of the respondence sells to wholesalers. 32 percentage of the

40
respondents sells to retailer. 10 percentage of the respondents sells to corporate
Societies. Four percentage and two percentage of the respondent sells to direct sale
and exports respectively.

4.17. Mode of Transport:

Table 4.17 Mode of Transport of sample respondents

Mode of Transport No. of Respondents Percentage

Own 12 24
Govt. Transport 6 12
Private 15 30
Local Trucks 7 14
Total 50 100
Source: Primary Data

The above table shows the mode of transport. Among 50 respondent 30 percentage
of the respondents transport is private. 24 percentage of the respondents has own
transport. 14 percentage of the respondents uses local trucks and 12 percentage of
the respondent uses government transport.

4.18. Sources of Borrowing:

Table 4.18 Sources of Borrowing of sample respondents

41
Sources of Borrowing No. of Respondents Percentage
Commercial 7 14
Village money lenders 14 28
Cooperate societies 19 38
Friends and Relatives 10 20
Total 50 100
Source: Primary Data

The above shows the sources of borrowing. Out of 50 respondents 38 percentage

of the respondents borrows from corporate societies. 28 percentage of the
responding borrows from village money lenders. 20 percentage is of the
respondents borrows from friends and relatives and 14 percentage of the
respondent borrows from commercial.

4.19. Nature of Indebtedness:

Table 4.19 Nature of Indebtedness of sample respondents

Nature of Indebtedness No. of Respondents Percentage

Indebtedness 34 68
Non- Indebtedness 16 32
Total 50 100
Source: Primary Data

The other table riving the nature of Indebtedness. Among 50 respondents 68

percentage of the respondents are Indebtedness and 32 percentage of the
respondents are non-Indebtedness. .

4.20. Challenges on banana cultivation:

Table 4.20 Challenges of Banana Cultivation of sample respondents

42
 Challenges banana
No. of Respondents Percentage
cultivation

Natural disaster 19 38

Irrigation 14 28

In seeds 1 2

Insects 2 4

Labours 14 28

Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data

The above table reveals the challenges is of banana cultivators. Out of 50

respondents 38 percentage of the respondents faces natural disaster challenges. 28
percentage of the respondent face is challenges in irrigation and labour. 4
percentage and 2 percentage of the responding faces challenges in insect and in
seeds respectively.

4.21. Marketing Problems:

Table 4.21 Marketing Problems of sample respondents

43
 Marketing Problems No. of Respondents Percentage

Price fluctuations 10 20

Demand 10 20

Competition for
10 20
others

Lack of Storage 10 20

Entrance Fees 07 14

Commission agent 03 06

Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data

Figure No: 8 – Marketing Problems of sample respondents

44
 Marketing Problems
120
100
100

80

60 50
40
20 20 20 20
20 10 10 10 10 14
7 3 6
0
Price fluctua- Demand Competition Lack of Storage Entrance Fees Commission Total
tions for others agent

No. of Respondents Linear (No. of Respondents)

Percentage

The above shows the marketing problem in banana cultivation. Among 50

respondent 20 percentage age of the respondents market problem is price
fluctuation, demand, competition for others and lack of storage. 14 percentage and
6 percentage age of the respondents faces marketing problem like entrance fees
and commission agent respectively.

4.22. Technologies:

Table 4.22 Technologies used of sample respondents

Technologies No. of Respondents Percentage

Tractor 27 54
Irrigation management 8 16
system
Other 3 6
Total 50 100
Source: Primary Data

45
The about table rivers technologies used. Among 50 respondents 54% of the
respondents uses tractor. 16% of the respondents uses irrigation management
system. And 6 percentage of the respondent uses other technologies.

4.23. Employees:

Table 4.23. Employees taken Place of sample respondents

Employees No. of Respondents Percentage

1-5 20 40

6-10 19 38

11-15 06 12

16-20 04 08

21-25 01 02

Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data

46
4.24. Banana Cultivation

Table 4.24-Interest of Banana Cultivation of sample respondents

Cultivation No. of Respondents Percentage

Yes 50 100

No - -

Total 50 100

Source: Primary Data

The above table reveals the interest of banana cultivators. Out of 50 respondent all
of them are interested in banana cultivation.

47
 CHAPTER – V

SUMMARY, FINDING, SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION

SUMMARY:

Thottiyodu, a village in Tamil Nadu, has a favorable tropical climate and

loamy soil, making it ideal for banana cultivation. Farmers grow varieties like
Robusta, Nendran, and Rasthali et., Bananas mature in 10-12 months, with an
average yield of 30-40 tonnes per hectare. The crop supports the local economy
through sales in nearby markets. Challenges include fluctuating prices, climate
variations, and the need for sustainable farming practices. Despite these, banana
farming remains a key livelihood for Thottiyodu’s farmers.

FINDINGS:

 27 of the respondents belongs to above 50 age group.

 80 percentage of the Banana Cultivation comes under the control of category

of males. Women contribution is only 20 percentage.

 29 percent of them were studied Below SSLC.

 Out of 50 respondents, 48 percent of them are married.

 The religion wise distribution of sample respondent was viewed out of the
50 respondents, 100 percent of them were Hindus.

 29 percentage of the respondents lives in Joint Family.

 In the nature of possession of area is land wise distribution, among 50

respondents 58 percentage of the respondents own 1-2 acre.

 In the Sources of Irrigation wise distribution of 50 respondents, 90

percentage of the respondents irrigate through pond.
48
 94 percentage of them lives in own house.

 In the varieties of Banana Cultivated, out of 50 respondents 56 percentage

and 30 percentage of the respondents cultivates Nendran and Rasakkathali
respectively.

 In the Land Ownership wise distribution, among 50 respondents 80

percentage of the respondents has own land.

 36 percentage of the respondents earn 50100-100000 annually.

 26 percentage of the respondence annual banana expenses is 20100-30000.

 In the total profit was distribution among 50 respondents 24 percentage of

the response them earn profit up to 40000.

 26 percentage of the respondents transportation causes up to 3000.

 In the mode of sale wise distribution out of 50 respondent 52 percentage of

the respondent sells to wholesaler.

 50 percentage of the respondents uses private transport.

 38 percentage of the respondents borrows in corporate societies.

 68 percentage of the respondents are Indebtedness.

 38 percentage and 28 percentage of the people faces challenges like Natural

Disaster, Irrigation and lack of Labours.

 24 percentage of the responder faces market problem in price fluctuations.

26 percentage problems like competition for other fruits and rest like lack of
storage, Entrance Fees, Commission agent.

49
  In the technology used wise distribution 54 percentage of the respondent
uses tractors

 40 percentage of the respondents have 1-5 employees. The employees are up

to 25 member.

 Out of 50 respondent all of them are willing to do Banana Cultivation.

SUGGESTION:

1. The banana cultivators in Thottiyodu village, lack in technology. Thus, they

need awareness program of technology advancement.

2. There is lack of transportation facilities.

3. The banana cultivators are facing problems on Deb crisis

4. Banana Cultivators are facing the serious problem of inadequate revenue. To

tackle this problem a proper pricing policies should be strictly implemented.

CONCLUSION:

Banana farming in Thottiyodu is crucial for the local economy, supported

by favorable climate and soil. Despite challenges like price fluctuations and pests,
sustainable practices can enhance productivity and ensure long-term agricultural
growth.

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50
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21.https://www.scienceagri.com/2024/03/10-worlds-biggest-banana-
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54
 BANANA CULTIVATION AND RURAL ECONOMY: A CASE STUDY IN
THOTTIYODU VILLAGE OF KANNIYAKUMARI DISTRICT.

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE

1.GENERAL INFORMATION :

1. Name:

2. Age:

 Below 20

 20-30

 30-40

 40-50

 50 above

3. Sex:

 Male

 Female

4. Educational Qualification:

 Below SSLC

 SSLC

 Degree Holders

5. Martial Status: Married / Unmarried

6. Religious Composition: Christian / Hindu / Muslim

55
7. Family Structure: Joint Family / Nuclear Family

8. Land Ownership: Own Land / Lease Land

9. Housing Facilities: Own House / Rented House

10.Varieties of Banana Cultivated: Rasakkathali

Palayankodan

Karpuravalli

Red Banana

Nendran

Robusta (morris)

11.Possession of area of Land : Below 1 acre

2-3acre

3-4 acre

3-4 acre

Above 4 acre

12.Annual Income: Below 25000

25100-50000

50100-100000

100100-125000

125100-150000

150100-175000

56
 Above 175000

13. Annual Banana Expenses: Below 10000

10100-20000

20100-30000

30100-40000

40100-50000

Above 50000

14.Total Profit: Below 20000

20100-40000

40100-60000

60100-80000

80100-100000

100000-200000

Above 2000000

15.Transportation Cost : Below 1000

1100-3000

3100-5000

5100-7000

Above 7000

57
16. Sources of Borrowing: Commercial / Village Money Lenders / Corporate
Societies / Friends and Relatives
17. Sources of Irrigation: Well / Pond / Bore well
18. Mode of Sale: Direct Sale / Retailer / Wholesaler / Coperate societies /
Exports
19. Mode of Transport: Own / Govt. Transport / Private
20. Nature of Indebtedness: Indebtedness / Non-Indebtedness
21. Challenges of Banana Cultivation: Natural Disaster / Irrigation / In
seeds/Labours / Insects
22. Marketing Problems : Price Fluctuations / Demand / Competition for
others / Lack of Storage / Entrance Fees / Commission agent
23. Technologies used: Tractor / Irrigation management system / Other
24. How many Employees taken place:
25. Do you like Banana Cultivation: Yes / No

58