A

MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON

IoT-Based Highway Lights Control

Based on Density
Submitted to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad

in partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRONICS AN COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by

G. Sravan Kumar - 229P1A0436

D. Kushalove - 229P1A0440

S. Ashok - 229P1A0405

B. Raghavendra - 239P5A0404

Under the guidance of

Dr.M V RAGHAVENDRA
ASSIST PROFESSOR & PHD

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SREE DATTHA GROUP INSTITUTIONS
Sagar Road,Sheriguda(village),Ibrahimpatnam(mandal)

Ranga Reddy Dt., Telangana-501510

2022-2026
 SREE DATTHA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled. IoT-Based Highway Lights
Control
Based on Density that is being submitted by

G. Sravan Kumar - 229P1A0436

D. Kushalove - 229P1A0440

S. Ashok - 229P1A0405

B. Raghavendra - 239P5A0404

in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics

&Communication Engineering to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Hyderabad is a record of bonafide work carried out by them under my guidance and
supervision. The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to
any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Dr. M V RAGARENDRA Dr. P Rama Koteswara Rao

Assistant professor Professor & Head

External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank Chairman sir G. Panduranga Reddy Garu and Vice
chairmen sir G. N. Vibhav Reddy Garu for providing all the facilities to complete
our project with in time.

We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to our principal Dr. M Senthil
Kumar Garu, Sree Dattha Group of Institutions, for his continuous effort in creating
a competitive environment in our college and encouraging through this course .

Working and writing our thesis in exchange at Sree Dattha Group of Institutions ,
was a great opportunity and we would like to thank from the bottom of our heart to
the respected Dr.P RamaKoteswaraRao, HOD, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering for providing it to us. There was never such a
resourceful and enriching time in our life.

We are thankful to Dr. M V Raghavendra, Asst.Professor in the Department of

Electronics and Communication Engineering, for giving us this opportunity to work
under him and lending every support at every stage of this project work. We truly
appreciate and value his esteemed guidance and encouragement from the beginning
to the end of this thesis. We are indebted to his for having helped us to shape the
problem and providing insights towards the solution. His trust and support inspired
us in the most important moments of making right decisions and we are glad to work
with him.

PROJECT ASSOCIATES

G.Sravan Kumar 229P1A0436

D.Kushalove 229P1A0440

S.Ashok 229P1A0405

B.Raghavendra 239P5A0404
 SREE DATTHA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DECLARATION

This is to certify that the work reported in the present project . IoT-Based
Highway Lights Control Based on Density is a record work done by us in
the Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sree Dattha Group of
Institutions.
No part of thesis is copied from books/journals/internet and where ever
portion is taken, the same has been duly referred in the text the report
is based on major project done entirely by us, not copied from any other
source.

PRPOJECT ASSOCIATES

G.Sravan Kumar 229P1A0436

D.Kushalove 229P1A0440

S.Ashok 229P1A0405

B.Raghavendra 239P5A0404

Internal guide Head of the department

Dr. M V Raghavendra Dr. P Rama Koteswara Rao

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE Page no.

ABSTRACT i

LIST OF TABLES ii

LIST OF FIGURES iii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview 1

1.2 Need for Iot street light control 2

1.3 Objective of project 3
1.4 Organisation of documentation 3

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Introduction 4
2.2 Survey 4
2.3 Existing system 5
2.4 Drawbacks in the existing system 6
2.5 Proposed system 6
3. OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT
3.1 Introduction 7
3.2 System Architecture 8
3.3 Block Diagram 10
3.3.1 Control and Reader Section 10
3.4 Power Supply
3.4.1 Circuit Diagram 11
3.4.2 Circuit Explanation 12
3.5 Pin Diagram of ESP 8266 22
3.5.1 Working Of ESP8266 23
3.5.2 Featues of ESP8266 24
 3.5.3 Arduino Microcontroller 28
3.6 Pin Description of Arduino UNO 29
3.6.1 Working of Arduino Uno 30
3.6.2 Technical specifications of Arduino Uno 32
4. HARDWARE DESIGN
4.1 Introduction 33
4.2 Schematic Diagram of control section 33
4.2.1 Hardware Interface of control section 33
4.3 Interfacing of Arduino uno with ESP8266 36
5 SOFTWARE DESIGN
5.2 Introduction 43
5.3 Flow Chart 43
5.4 Software Tools
5.4.1 Arduino IDE 44
5.4.2 Embedded C Language 45
5.5 Key Functions 46
5.6 Key Command
5.6.1 LCD Commands 47
5.6.2 ESP8266 Commands 48
6 IMPLEMENTATION
6.2 Introduction 49
6.3 Methods of Implementation 49
6.4 Forms and Output screens 49
7 RESULT
7.2 Introduction 58
7.3 EnergynEfficiency through Smart Lighting Control 58
8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
8.2 Conclusion 61
8.3 Future Scope 61
REFERENCE 62
 ABSTRACT

White Light Emitting Diodes (LED) replaces HID lamps in street lighting system to include
dimming feature. An Arduino board is used to control the intensity by developing pulse
width modulated signals that drives a MOSFET to switch the LEDs according to achieve
desired operation. In the present system, mostly the lightning up of highways is done
through High Intensity Discharge lamps (HID), whose energy consumption is high.

Its intensity cannot be controlled according to the requirement so there is a need to switch
on to an alternative method of lightning system i.e., by using LEDs. This system is build to
overcome the present day drawbacks of HID lamps. This system demonstrates the usage of
the LED’s (light emitting diodes) as the light source and its variable intensity control,
according to the requirement.

LED’s consume less power and its life time is more, as compared to the conventional HID
lamps. The more important and interesting feature is its intensity can be controlled
according to the requirement during non peak hours which is not feasible in HID lamps. A
cluster of LEDs are used to form a street light. The Arduino board contains programmable
instructions which controls the intensity of lights based on the PWM (Pulse width
modulation) signals generated.

The intensity of lights are kept high during the peak hours, as the traffic on the roads tend
to decrease slowly in the late nights, the intensity also decreases progressively till morning.
Final it completely shuts down at morning 6, and again resumes at 6pm in the evening. The
process is repeated. This concept in future can be enhanced by integrating it with the solar
panel, which converts the solar intensity into corresponding voltage, and this energy is used
to feed up the highway lights. This project deals with “Development of an embedded system
for automatic street light controlling while vehicle passing” using micro controller
AT89S52 and IR transmitter and receiver are used for informing vehicle passing on road
and corresponding front lights are glowing ,while vehicle passed away back street lights are
off.LDR is used for light intensity if light intensity is low when the vehicles passing on the
road corresponding light will be ON. If light intensity is high all lights are off.

i
 List of Tables

Table No Table Name Page No

3.5.1 Pin Table of ESP 8266 22

3.6.2 Pin Description of Arduino Uno 30

3.6.4 Technical Specifications of Arduino Uno 32

5.1 LCD commands used in code 47

5.2 Wi-Fi Module ESP8266 Commands 48

ii
 List of Figures

Figure no. Figure Name Page no.

3.1 System Architecture 8

3.2 Block Diagram 10

3.3.1 Power Supply Circuit Diagram 11

3.4 Block Diagram of a Rugulated Power Supply System 12

3.4.1 Output Waveform of transformer 13

3.4.2 Rectifier circuit 14

3.4.3 Output of the Rectifier 14

3.4.4 Smoothing action of capacitor 15

3.4.5 Waveform of the rectified output smoothing 15

3.4.6 Regulator 16

3.5.1 ESP 8266 Pin Diagram 22

3.5.5: Arduino Uno Development Boa 28

3.6.1 Arduino Uno Pin Diagram 29

4.1 Schematic Diagram of control section 33

4.2 Hardware Interface of Control Section 34

4.3 Interfacing Arduino Uno with ESP8266 35

4.4: Arduino Uno Interfacing with 16x2 LCD 36

5.1 Flow Chart 43

iii
 List of Abbreviations
ICSP In-circuit Serial programming

DIP Dual In-line Package

TTL Transistor - Transistor Logic

UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver / Transmitter

SPI Serial Peripheral Interface

USB Universal Serial Bus

LED Light Emitting Diode

LDR Light Dependent Resistor

MCU Microcontroller Unit

GSM Gobal System for Mobile communication

GPS Global Positioning System

RTC Real-Time Clock

PIR Passive Infrared Sensor

IR Infrared (Sensor or LED)

PCB Printed Circuit Board

iv
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and

software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a
specific function. A good example is the microwave oven. Almost every household
has one, and tens of millions of them are used everyday, but very few people realize
that a processor and software are involved in the preparation of their lunch or dinner.

This is in direct contrast to the personal computer in the family room. It

too is comprised of computer hardware and software and mechanical components (disk
drives, for example). However, a personal computer is not designed to perform a
specific function rather; it is able to do many different things. Many people use the
term general-purpose computer to make this distinction clear. As shipped, a general-
purpose computer is a blank slate; the manufacturer does not know what the customer
will do wish it. One customer may use it for a network file server another may use it
exclusively for playing games, and a third may use it to write the next great American
novel.

Frequently, an embedded system is a component within some larger

system. For example, modern cars and trucks contain many embedded systems. One
embedded system controls the anti-lock brakes, other monitors and controls the
vehicle's emissions, and a third displays information on the dashboard. In some cases,
these embedded systems are connected by some sort of a communication network, but
that is certainly not a requirement.

At the possible risk of confusing you, it is important to point out that

a general-purpose computer is itself made up of numerous embedded systems. For
example, my computer consists of a keyboard, mouse, video card, modem, hard drive,
floppy drive, and sound card-each of which is an embedded system. Each of these
devices contains a processor and software and is designed to perform a specific
function. For example, the modem is designed to send and receive digital data over
analog telephone line. That's it and all of the other devices can be summarized in a
single sentence as well.

1
1.2 NEED FOR IOT HIGHWAY STREET LIGHT CONTROL BASED
ON DENSITY

: 1. Energy Efficiency

 Traditional street lights stay on regardless of traffic or ambient light.

 IoT systems allow automatic control (on/off/dimming) based on traffic movement,
time of day, and weather, significantly reducing energy consumption.

2. Cost Reduction

 IoT enables intelligent usage, reducing electricity bills and maintenance costs by
identifying faulty lights automatically.
 Reduces manpower requirements for manual monitoring and switching.

3. Smart Maintenance

 Sensors and networked lights can report faults or outages in real-time.

 Maintenance teams can be dispatched proactively with exact locations.

4. Environmental Benefits

 Lower energy use results in reduced carbon emissions.

 Promotes sustainable urban infrastructure.

□ 5. Intelligent Automation

 IoT allows lights to:

o Automatically dim during low traffic hours.
o Brighten when motion is detected (e.g., vehicles approaching).
o Adapt to weather conditions (e.g., fog, rain).

6. Centralized Monitoring and Control

 A central dashboard can manage and monitor thousands of lights across highways in
real-time.
 Remote control and scheduling reduce the need for physical interve

2
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
The main objective of this project is to design and implement a smart, energy-
efficient, and automated street lighting system for highways using IoT
technologies. This system aims to reduce energy consumption, minimize manual
intervention, and enhance road safety by intelligently controlling street lights based
on real-time conditions
1.4 ORGANIZATION OF DOCUMENTATION
Chapter 1: This chapter discusses about the overview of the project, the need for Iot
based highway street light control. It also defines the objectives of the project.
Chapter 2: This chapter discusses about the existing system of the project and
explains about their drawbacks. To avoid these disadvantages how proposed system
was being implemented. Chapter 3: This chapter discusses about the overview of the
proposed system of the project and explains about the Block Diagram. It also gives the
brief details about each and every block along with its functionality, features and
operation.
Chapter 4: This chapter discusses about the hardware design, Pin description of each
component and their functioning, Interfacing of different hardware components with
each other.
Chapter 5: This chapter discusses about the software design, Flowchart and its
explanation, the software tools, commands and the functions.
Chapter 6: This chapter discusses about the methods of Implementation, Steps for
setting up Arduino uno, ThingSpeak server and for creating app in MIT App Inventor.
It also shows the pictorial guide to follow the steps.
Chapter 7: This chapter discusses about the ending topic of the project that is nothing
but the result. Outcome, consequence of a problem is discussed. This chapter also
includes the output view of the project in the form of figures and the analysed output
will be shown as screenshot of results in the mobile application.
Chapter 8: This chapter discusses about the conclusion statement of the project and
the modifications and updates that can be done to this project to make it more effective
in future.

3
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses about the existing system of the project and explains about their
drawbacks. To avoid these disadvantages how proposed system was being
implemented.

2.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

1. Traditional Street Lighting Systems

 Conventional street lighting uses manual switching or time-based automation.
 These systems lack responsiveness to real-time environmental changes and are energy
inefficient.
 Maintenance is reactive, requiring manual inspection, leading to delays in fault detection.

2. Sensor-Based Lighting Systems

 Some studies introduced PIR (Passive Infrared) or LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) based
systems.
 These systems improved efficiency by turning lights ON/OFF based on motion detection
or ambient light.
 However, they often operated standalone and lacked network integration for centralized
monitoring.

Reference Example:

 S. Ahmed et al., “Energy Efficient Street Lighting System Using PIR Sensor”, IEEE 2016:
Proposed a motion-based lighting control but lacked IoT integration and scalability.

3. IoT in Street Lighting

 Recent research focuses on using IoT platforms (like NodeMCU, Arduino, Raspberry Pi)
for smart lighting systems.
 These systems use cloud connectivity, mobile/web interfaces, and real-time data analysis.
 They enable centralized monitoring, automated control, and predictive maintenance.

Reference Example:

 P. Kumar et al., “Smart Street Light System using IoT”, IJERT 2019: Demonstrated an
IoT-enabled system with cloud control, achieving significant power savings.

4
4. Communication Technologies Used

 Projects have used Wi-Fi, Zigbee, LoRa, and GSM for communication between lights and
central servers.
 LoRa is preferred for long-distance, low-power applications like highway lighting.
 Wi-Fi is suitable for local, urban environments but limited in rural highways.

5. Data Analytics and AI Integration

 Advanced systems use data analytics to monitor traffic patterns, predict peak hours, and
optimize light usage.
 Some proposals include to enhance automation and learn patterns over time.

Reference Example:

 R. Patel et al., “Machine Learning Approach to Smart Street Lighting”, IEEE Xplore
2021: Introduced traffic prediction for intelligent lighting decisions.

2.3 EXISTING SYSTEM

Existing Systems in Highway Light Control Conventional Timed Lighting Systems o

Streetlights are programmed to turn on/off at fixed times, usually based on sunset and
sunrise schedules. o Limitations: Does not adapt to real-time traffic or weather
conditions; energy wastage during low or no traffic periods. Manual Control Systems
o Operators manually control lighting in specific areas. o Limitations: Labor-intensive,
lacks responsiveness, prone to human error. Sensor-Based Street Lighting (Non-IoT) o
Basic motion or presence sensors are used to activate lights when vehicles or
pedestrians are detected. o Limitations: Limited to individual pole response; no
centralized or networked intelligence; lacks data logging or prediction capabilities.
Smart Street Lighting Systems o Uses embedded systems with sensors and sometimes
wireless communication (Zigbee, LoRa, etc.) to automate lighting. o Strengths: Some
level of automation, partial remote control. o Limitations: Often not integrated with
cloud analytics or traffic density assessment; may not scale well on highways. Adaptive
Traffic Control Systems (ATCS) o These are mainly used for traffic signal management
but can be linked to lighting in smart cities. o Limitations: More focused on urban traffic
management than highway lighting.

5
2.4 DRAWBACKS IN THE EXISTING SYSTEM

1. Limited Network Coverage

 Issue: Remote highways may lack strong or stable internet/cellular connectivity.

 Impact: Real-time communication and control become unreliable, leading to delayed
responses or failures in operation.

2. Power Dependency

 Issue: IoT sensors and communication modules rely on a continuous power supply or
batteries.
 Impact: Battery-powered nodes may fail if not maintained; solar-powered systems may
struggle in adverse weather.

3. Lack of Intelligent Decision-Making

 Issue: Many systems use basic ON/OFF automation (e.g., based on LDR or timers)
without adaptive intelligence.
 Impact: Cannot adjust brightness based on traffic density or weather conditions, leading
to energy waste or poor visibility.

2.5 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Traffic Density Detection Module o Sensors: Infrared (IR), ultrasonic, radar, or

camerabased sensors are installed along the highway to count vehicles and measure

traffic flow. o Microcontroller: Devices like Arduino, ESP32, or Raspberry Pi process

sensor data locally. IoT Connectivity o Communication Modules: Wi-Fi, GSM, LoRa,

or NBIoT are used to transmit data to a central server or cloud. o Data Aggregation: All

traffic data is sent in real-time to a centralized system for analysis and control

decisions.Control Algorithm o The system analyzes traffic density data to decide

lighting levels High density → Full brightness Medium density → 50% brightness Low

or no density → Lights OFF or minimal brightness o May include thresholds or

machine learning algorithms for smarter predictions.

6
 CHAPTER 3

OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses about the overview of the proposed system of the project and
explains about the Block Diagram. It also gives the brief details about each and every block
along with its functionality, features and operation.

3.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Even though there is a large number of different types of microcontrollers and even
more programs created for their use only, all of them have many things in common.
Thus, if you learn to handle one of them you will be able to handle them all. A typical
scenario on the basis of which it all functions is as follows:

1. Power supply is turned off and everything is still…the program is loaded into
the microcontroller, nothing indicates what is about to come…
2. Power supply is turned on and everything starts to happen at high speed! The
control logic unit keeps everything under control. It disables all other circuits
except quartz crystal to operate. While the preparations are in progress, the first
milliseconds go by.
3. Power supply voltage reaches its maximum and oscillator frequency becomes
stable. SFRs are being filled with bits reflecting the state of all circuits within
the microcontroller. All pins are configured as inputs. The overall electronis
starts operation in rhythm with pulse sequence. From now on the time is
measured in micro and nanoseconds.
4. Program Counter is set to zero. Instruction from that address is sent to
instruction decoder which recognizes it, after which it is executed with
immediate effect.
5. The value of the Program Counter is incremented by 1 and the whole process
is repeated...several million times per second.

7
What is what in the microcontroller?
As you can see, all the operations within the microcontroller are performed at high
speed and quite simply, but the microcontroller itself would not be so useful if there
are not special circuits which make it complete. In continuation, we are going to call
your attention to them.

Read Only Memory (ROM)

Read Only Memory (ROM) is a type of memory used to permanently save the program
being executed. The size of the program that can be written depends on the size of this
memory. ROM can be built in the microcontroller or added as an external chip, which
depends on the type of the microcontroller. Both options have some disadvantages. If
ROM is added as an external chip, the microcontroller is cheaper and the program can
be considerably longer. At the same time, a number of available pins is reduced as the
microcontroller uses its own input/output ports for connection to the chip. The internal
ROM is usually smaller and more expensive, but leaves more pins available for
connecting to peripheral environment. The size of ROM ranges from 512B to 64KB.

8
Random Access Memory (RAM)

Random Access Memory (RAM) is a type of memory used for temporary

storing data and intermediate results created and used during the operation of the
microcontrollers. The content of this memory is cleared once the power supply is off.
For example, if the program performes an addition, it is necessary to have a register
standing for what in everyday life is called the “sum” . For that purpose, one of the
registers in RAM is called the "sum" and used for storing results of addition. The size
of RAM goes up to a few KBs.

Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM)

The EEPROM is a special type of memory not contained in all microcontrollers. Its
contents may be changed during program execution (similar to RAM ), but remains
permanently saved even after the loss of power (similar to ROM). It is often used to
store values, created and used during operation (such as calibration values, codes,
values to count up to etc.), which must be saved after turning the power supply off. A
disadvantage of this memory is that the process of programming is relatively slow. It
is measured in miliseconds.

Special Function Registers (SFR)

Special function registers are part of RAM memory. Their purpose is predefined by
the manufacturer and cannot be changed therefore. Since their bits are physically
connected to particular circuits within the microcontroller, such as A/D converter,
serial communication module etc., any change of their state directly affects the
operation of the microcontroller or some of the circuits. For example, writing zero or
one to the SFR controlling an input/output port causes the appropriate port pin to be
configured as input or output. In other words, each bit of this register controls the
function of one single pin.

Program Counter

Program Counter is an engine running the program and points to the

memory address containing the next instruction to execute. After each instruction
execution, the value of the counter is incremented by 1. For this reason, the program

9
 executes only one instruction at a time just as it is written. However…the value of the
program counter can be changed at any moment, which causes a “jump” to a new
memory location. This is how subroutines and branch instructions are executed. After
jumping, the counter resumes even and monotonous automatic counting +1, +1, +1…

3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIG 3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF STREE LIGHT CONTROL

Hardware Requirements

• ARDUINO UNO

• POWER SUPPLAY

• LEDS

• LDR

• IR TAX AND RX

• IOT MODULE

10
 3.4 POWER SUPPLY

3.4.1 CIRCIT DIAGRAM

Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that

supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power

supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to

mechanical ones, and rarely to others. This power supply section is required to convert AC signal to

DC signal and also to reduce the amplitude of the signal. The available voltage signal from the mains

is 230V/50Hz which is an AC voltage, but the required is DC voltage (no frequency) with the

amplitude of +5V and +12V for various applications. In this section we have Transformer, Bridge

rectifier, are connected serially and voltage regulators for +5V and +12V (7805 and 7812) via a

capacitor (1000µF) in parallel are connected parallel as shown in the circuit diagram below. Each

voltage regulator output is again is connected to the capacitors of values (100µF, 10µF, 1 µF, 0.1 µF)

are connected parallel through which the corresponding output (+5V or +12V) are taken into

consideration.

LDR

Fig.3.3.1 power supply circuit diagram

11
3.4.2 CIRCUIT OPERATION

CIRCUIT OPERATION
In our daily life we are observing street lights still on night even if vehicles are not
presented, In this type of conditions are more effected the electricity board by
electricity.

This project deals the how to avoid this condition using embedded. The project
presented here to on/off the street lights automatically when the vehicle moving in
nights automatically.

Here we are mainly using the sensor for detect the IR(Infra red rays).The
Microcontroller was used to control the whole system, it monitors the sensor out put
and according to the sensor condition the street lights operated. The whole program
written in embedded c and burned into the microcontroller ROM.

The ARDUNIO UNO is an 8-bit microcontroller with 8k bytes of flash ROM, 256 bytes of
RAM and is preferred in using this micro due to its quick programming and ease of use.

There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high
voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics circuits
and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each
of which performs a particular function. For example a 5V regulated supply can be
shown as below

Fig 3.1: Block Diagram of a Regulated Power Supply System

Similarly, 12v regulated supply can also be produced by suitable

selection of the individual elements. Each of the blocks is described in detail
below and the power supplies made from these blocks are described below
with a circuit diagram and a graph of their output:

12
Transformer:

A transformer steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.

Here we are using a center-tap transformer whose output will be sinusoidal
with 36volts peak to peak value.

Fig: 3.4.1 Output Waveform of transformer

The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and special
AC motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a
rectifier and a smoothing capacitor. The transformer output is given to the
rectifier circuit.

Rectifier:

A rectifier converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying. There are several types
of rectifiers; here we use a bridge rectifier.

The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc

voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier
circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a
bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the
bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the
bridge.

For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3
conduct, whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting
diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current
flows through RL.
13
 For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4
conduct whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4
will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the current flows through
RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional
wave is converted into unidirectional.

Figure 3.4.2 Rectifier circuit

Now the output of the rectifier shown in Figure 3.3 is shown below in Figure
3.4

Figure:3.4.3 Output of the Rectifier

The varying DC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and standard

motors. It is not suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors. It is not
suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a smoothing capacitor.

14
Smoothing:
The smoothing block smoothes the DC from varying greatly to a small
ripple and the ripple voltage is defined as the deviation of the load voltage from
its DC value. Smoothing is also named as filtering.

Filtering is frequently effected by shunting the load with a capacitor.

The action of this system depends on the fact that the capacitor stores energy
during the conduction period and delivers this energy to the loads during the
no conducting period. In this way, the time during which the current passes
through the load is prolonging Ted, and the ripple is considerably decreased.
The action of the capacitor is shown with the help of waveform.

1) Figure:3.4.4 Smoothing action of capacitor

Figure:3.4.5 Waveform of the rectified output smoothing

15
Regulator:
Regulator eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.
Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5V, 12V and 15V) or
variable output voltages. Negative voltage regulators are also available

Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads (input, output and high
impedance). They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary. Zener
diode is an example of fixed regulator which is shown here.

Figure: 3.4.6 Regulator

LDR
Working :

A photo resistor or Light Dependent Resistor or CdS Cell is a resistor whose

resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It can also be referred to
as a photoconductor. A photo resistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. If
light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the
semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band.

16
The resulting free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering
resistance.

A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic

semiconductor has its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, e.g.
silicon. In intrinsic devices the only available electrons are in the valence band, and
hence the photon must have enough energy to excite the electron across the entire band
gap. Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called dopants, added whose ground state
energy is closer to the conduction band; since the electrons don't have as far to jump,
lower energy photons (i.e., longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient
to trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by
phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra electrons available for conduction.
This is an example of an extrinsic semiconductor.

A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR, photoconductor, or photocell) is a device which

has a resistance which varies according to the amount of light falling on its surface. They will
be having a resistance of 1 MOhm in total darkness, and a resistance of a 1 to 10 of kOhm in
bright light. A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic.

Applications:

An LDR can even be used in a simple remote control circuit using the backlight of a
mobile phone to turn on a device - call the mobile from anywhere in the world, it lights up the
LDR, and lighting can be turned on remotely!

17
 There are two basic circuits using light dependent resistors - the first is activated by
darkness, the second is activated by light.

In the circuit diagram on the left, the led lights up whenever the LDR is in darkness.
The 10K variable resistor is used to fine-tune the level of darkness required before the LED
lights up. The 10K standard resistor can be changed as required to achieve the desired effect,
although any replacement must be at least 1K to protect the transistor from being damaged by
excessive current.

By swapping the LDR over with the 10K and 10K variable resistors , the circuit will
be activated instead by light. Whenever sufficient light falls on the LDR (manually fine-tuned
using the 10K variable resistor), the LED will light up.

18
 The circuits shown above are not practically useful. In a real world circuit, the
LED (and resistor) between the positive voltage input (Vin) and the collector (C) of
the transistor would be replaced with the device to be powered.

Typically a relay is used - particularly when the low voltage light detecting circuit is used to
switch on (or off) a 240V mains powered device. A diagram of that part of the circuit is shown
above. When darkness falls (if the LDR circuit is configured that way around), the relay is
triggered and the 240V device - for example a security light - switches on.

Measure Light Intensity using Light Dependent Resistor (LDR):

The relationship between the resistance RL and light intensity Lux for a typical LDR
is

RL = 500 / Lux Kohm

With the LDR connected to 5V through a 3.3K resistor, the output voltage of the LDR
is
Vo = 5*RL / (RL+3.3)

Reworking the equation, we obtain the light intensity Lux = (2500/Vo - 500)/3

19
IR LEDs

An electroluminescent IR LED is a product which requires care in use. IR

LEDs are fabricated from narrow band heterostructures with energy gap from 0.25 to
0.4 eV. That's why the bias used to initiate current flow is low compared to the well
known visible or NIR LEDs.
Typical forward bias is V~0.1- 1 V only for mid-IR LEDs!

Be sure not to exceed I*max which is given in each LED specification and do not use
test instrument that contain sources/batteries with voltage greater that Vcw max given
in specification. For LED current restriction and further LED current measurement we
recommend to use resistor (1-5 Ohms) connected in serial to LED. This is important
to note that un-grounded devices (e.g. computers) can give V=1-5 V that is enough to
destroy the LED!
It is highly desirable that the user has I-V meter for small currents (10-100 x10-6 A).
We guarantee the existence of the LED output as long as V-I characteristic shows
saturation in the reverse bias (10-100 x10-6 A).
We recommend activating pulse generator prior connecting LED to generator. On
switching off the procedure is reversed: disconnect LED, switch off pulse generator.
Long wires connecting LED with pulse generator may be the reason for LED failure
because of unexpected voltage surges when switching on and off the LED supply.
Please test all elements and circuits before applying voltage to LED. Remember that
ground (T0-18 or another holder) should be biased positively (if not specially
designed). Usually the negative electrode is made shorter than the positive one.
The expected signal is not very big and it is important to test and eliminate noise in
the detector circuits.

20
In some cases it is possible to increase pulse duration. Imax in such cases can be
estimated using the following equation: Imax=I* max /20*SQRT(f*t), where f-is the
frequency (Hz), tis the pulse duration (s), I* max-is the maximum current (A) for t=5
us and f=500 Hz. The equation gives an order of magnitude and may be used for t<
0.1 ms only. Pulses with t > 0.15 ms should be considered as adequate to CW operation
and Imax and Vmax should be taken close to CW operation parameters. Please, note
that long pulses can increase heat dissipation and the chip temperature. This effect
decreases LED emission power and can be traced due to the LED resistance decrease
during each pulse. CW power often decreases with time due to heatsink temperature
increase.
Micro immersion LEDs are made with chalcogenide glass that have low melting
temperature (50-70oC). That’s why, please, avoid any heater source close to the LED.
Even sunlight concentrated onto the lens can melt glass the lens. That’s why we
recommend vertical position for the LEDs at the initial stage of the research work. We
are working now to increase the glass melting temperature or/and to strengthen its
position and shape.
Be patient in adjusting the optical system. It is only experience that allows fast work.
Lifetime Tests

Room temperature lifetime tests

were performed with InGaAs
homojunction diodes,
unencapsulated and encapsulated at
current pulses of 2A, duration 50 µs
and repetition rate of 30 Hz. Lower
figure presents data on the long-
term variation of the properties of
the uncoated InGaAs homojunction
LED s at high temperatures. The
upper graph shows the times for which the LEDs under study operated at several

21
 ambient temperatures. The samples operated at currents I = 0, 0.5, 1, 2 A for 150
h at room temperature, 450 h at T = 130°C, and 800 h at T =180°C. The LEDs
were cooled to room temperature and heated again to T = 130°C eight times and
to 180°C three times.
The lower graph shows the output
power as a function of the working
time. As can be seen, the output
power decreased, on average, by
25% after 1400 h of operation. It is
noteworthy that the operating
current strength has no effect on the
degradation of the LEDs. With
increasing operating time, the
reverse currents at a bias U = 1 V
increased from 0.5–1 mA (0 h) to
3–4 mA (1400 h). On “cleaning” the sample surface by etching in CP-4, the reverse
current returned to its initial values, and the output power tended to regain its initial
value: P(1400 h) = (0.85–0.9)P(0 h).
This confirms that LED encapsulation or by protection with window should increase
LED lifetime at elevated temperatures.

3.5 PIN DIAGRAM OF ESP 8266:

Fig.3.5.1 ESP 8266 PIN DIAGRAM

22
 Pin Pin Name Alternate Normally used for Alternate purpose
Number Name

1 Ground - Connected to the ground of -

the circuit

2 TX GPIO – 1 Connected to Rx pin of Can act as a General

programmer/uC to upload purpose Input/output
program pin when not used as
TX

3 GPIO-2 - General purpose -

Input/output pin

4 CH_EN - Chip Enable – Active high -

5 GPIO – 0 Flash General purpose Takes module into

Input/output pin serial programming
when held low
during start up

6 Reset - Resets the module -

7 RX GPIO - 3 General purpose Can act as a General

Input/output pin purpose Input/output
pin when not used as
RX

8 Vcc - Connect to +3.3V only

3.5.1 WORKING OF ESP8266

There are so many methods and IDEs available to interface with ESP modules,
but the most commonly used on is the Arduino IDE. The ESP8266 module works with
3.3V only, anything more than 3.7V would kill the module hence be cautions with your
circuits. The best way to program an ESP-01 is by using the FTDI board that supports
3.3V programming. If you don‟t have one it is recommended to buy one or for time
being you can also use an Arduino board. One commonly problem that everyone faces
with ESP-01 is the powering up problem. The module is a bit power hungry while
programming and hence you can power it with a 3.3V pin on Arduino or just use a
potential divider. So it is important to make a small voltage regulator for

23
3.5.2 FEATURES OF ESP8266

1. Low cost, compact and powerful Wi-Fi Module.

2. Power Supply: +3.3V only.
3. Current Consumption: 100mA.
4. I/O Voltage: 3.6V (max).
5. I/O source current: 12mA (max).
6. Built-in low power 32-bit MCU @ 80MHz.
7. 512kB Flash Memory.
8. Can be used as Station or Access Point or both combined.
9. Supports Deep sleep (<10uA).
10. Supports serial communication hence compatible with many
development platforms like Arduino.
11. Can be programmed using Arduino IDE or AT-commands or Lua Script.

The chip first came to the attention of western makers in August 2014 with the ESP-
01 module, made by a third-party manufacturer, AI-Thinker. This small module allows
microcontrollers to connect to a Wi-Fi network and make simple TCP/IP connections
using Hayes-style commands. However, at the time there was almost no English-
language documentation on the chip and the commands it accepted. The very low price
and the fact that there were very few external components on the module which
suggests that it could eventually be very inexpensive in volume, attracted many
hackers to explore the module, chip, and the software on it, as well as to translate the
Chinese documentation.

The ESP8285 is an ESP8266 with 1 MB of built-in flash, allowing for single-chip

devices capable of connecting to Wi-Fi. The successor to these module(s) is ESP32.
This is the series of ESP8266-based modules made by Espressif.

Active Form Dimensions Name Pitch LEDs Antenna

Shielded? Notes pins factor (mm)
ESP-
2×9 FCC ID 2AC7Z-

24
 PCB
No Yes
WROOM- 18 0.1" 18 × 20 trace
DIL ESPWROOM02
02

In the table above (and the two tables which follow), "Active pins" include the GPIO
and ADC pins with which you can attach external devices to the ESP8266 MCU. The
"Pitch" is the space between pins on the ESP8266 module, which is important to know
if you are going to breadboard the device. The "Form factor" also describes the module
packaging as "2 x 9 DIL", meaning two rows of 9 pins arranged "Dual In Line", like
the pins of DIP ICs. Many ESP-xx modules include a small on-board LED which can
be programmed to blink and thereby indicate activity. There are several antenna
options for ESP-xx boards including a trace antenna, an on-board ceramic antenna,
and an external connector which allows you to attach an external Wi-Fi antenna. Since
Wi-Fi communications generates a lot of RFI (Radio Frequency Interference),
governmental bodies like the FCC like shielded electronics to minimize interference
with other devices. Some of the ESP-xx modules come housed within a metal box with
an FCC seal of approval stamped on it. First and second world markets will likely
demand FCC approval and shielded Wi-Fi devices.

AI-Thinker modules

ESP-01 module

These are the first series of modules made with the ESP8266 by the third-party
manufacturer AI-Thinker and remain the most widely available. They are collectively
referred to as "ESPxx modules". To form a workable development system they require
additional components, especially a serial TTL-to-USB adapter (sometimes called a
USB-to-UART bridge) and an external 3.3 Volt power supply. Novice ESP-8266
developers are encouraged to consider larger ESP8266 Wi-Fi development boards like
the Node MCU which includes the USBtoUART bridge and a Micro-USB connector

25
coupled with a 3.3 Volt power regulator already built into the board. When project
development is complete, you may not need these components and can consider using
these cheaper ESP-xx modules as a lower power, smaller footprint option for your
production runs.

This is the series of ESP8266-based modules made by Espressif.

Active Form Dimensions Name Pitch LEDs Antenna

Shielded? Notes pins factor (mm)

ESP- 2×9 FCC ID PCB 2AC7Z18 0.1" 18 × 20

trace
WROOM- DIL ESPWROOM02 No Yes 02

In the table above (and the two tables which follow),

"Active pins" include the GPIO and ADC pins with which you can attach external
devices to the ESP8266 MCU. The "Pitch" is the space between pins on the ESP8266
module, which is important to know if you are going to breadboard the device. The
"Form factor" also describes the module packaging as "2 x 9 DIL", meaning two rows
of 9 pins arranged "Dual In Line", like the pins of DIP ICs. Many ESP-xx modules
include a small on-board LED which can be programmed to blink and thereby indicate
activity. There are several antenna options for ESP-xx boards including a trace
antenna, an on-board ceramic antenna, and an external connector which allows you to
attach an external Wi-Fi antenna. Since Wi-Fi communications generates a lot of RFI
(Radio Frequency Interference), governmental bodies like the FCC like shielded
electronics to minimize interference with other devices. Some of the ESP-xx modules
come housed within a metal box with an FCC seal of approval stamped on it. First and
second world markets will likely demand FCC approval and shielded Wi-Fi devices.

AI-Thinker modules

ESP-01 module
26
These are the first series of modules made with the ESP8266 by the third-party
manufacturer AI-Thinker and remain the most widely available. They are collectively
referred to as "ESPxx modules". To form a workable development system they require
additional components, especially a serial TTL-to-USB adapter (sometimes called a
USB-to-UART bridge) and an external 3.3 Volt power supply. Novice ESP-8266
developers are encouraged to consider larger ESP8266 Wi-Fi development boards like
the Node MCU which includes the USBtoUART bridge and a Micro-USB connector
coupled with a 3.3 Volt power regulator already built into the board. When project
development is complete, you may not need these components and can consider using
these cheaper ESP-xx modules as a lower power, smaller footprint option for your
production runs.

ESP8266 offers a complete and self-contained Wi-Fi networking solution, allowing it

to either host the application or to offload all Wi-Fi networking functions from another
application processor.

When ESP8266 hosts the application, and when it is the only application processor in
the device, it is able to boot up directly from an external flash. It has integrated cache
to improve the performance of the system in such applications, and to minimize the
memory requirements.
Alternately, serving as a Wi-Fi adapter, wireless internet access can be added to any
microcontroller-based design with simple connectivity through UART interface or the
CPU AHB bridge interface.

The popularity of many of these "other boards" over the earlier ESP-xx modules is the
inclusion of an on-board USB-to-UART bridge (like the Silicon Labs' CP2102 or the
WCH CH340G) and a Micro-USB connector coupled with a 3.3 Volt regulator to
provide both power to the board and connectivity to the host (software development)
computer commonly referred to as the console. With earlier ESP-xx modules, these
two items (the USB-to-Serial adaptor and a 3.3 Volt regulator) had to be purchased
separately and be wired into the ESPxx circuit. Modern ESP8266 boards like the Node
MCU boards are a lot less painful and offer more GPIO pins to play with. Most of
these "other boards" are based on the ESP-12E module, but new modules are being
introduced seemingly every few months.

27
 3.5.3 ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER

Arduino is open source physical processing which is based on a microcontroller

board and an incorporated development environment for the board to be programmed.
Arduino gains a few inputs, for example, switches or sensors and control a few multiple
outputs, for example, lights, engine and others. Arduino program can run on Windows,
Macintosh and Linux operating systems (OS) opposite to most microcontrollers‟
frameworks which run only on Windows.
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328
(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PW
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP

header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply

connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get

started. The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial

driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. "Uno"

means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and

version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino.

Fig.3.5.5: Arduino Uno Development Boa

28
3.6 PIN DESCRIPTION OF ARDUINO UNO

Fig.3.6.1: Arduino Uno Pin Diagram

29
 Pin Category Pin Name Details

Power Vin, 3.3V, 5V, Vin: Input voltage to Arduino when using an
GND external power source. 5V: Regulated power
supply used to power microcontroller and other
components on the board. 3.3V: 3.3V supply
generated by on-board voltage regulator.
Maximum current draw is 50mA.
GND: ground pins.

Reset Reset Resets the microcontroller.

Analog Pins A0 – A5 Used to provide Analog input in the range of 0-

5V

Input/output Digital Pins 0 - 13 Can be used as input or output pins.

Pins

Serial 0(Rx), 1(TX) Used to receive and transmit TTL serial data.

External 2, 3 To trigger an interrupt.

Interrupts

PWM 3, 5, 6, 9, 11 Provides 8-bit PWM output.

SPI 10(SS),11(MOSI), Used for SPI communication.

12(MISO),13(SCK)

Inbuilt LED 13 To turn on the inbuilt LED.

TWI A4(SDA),A5(SCA) Used for TWI communication.

AREF AREF To provide reference voltage for input voltage.

Table 3.6.2: Pin Description of Arduino Uno

WORKING OF ARDUINO UNO

Communication: Arduino can be used to communicate with a computer, another

Arduino board or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328P microcontroller provides
UART TTL (5V) serial communication which can be done using digital pin 0 (Rx) and
digital pin 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication

30
computer. The ATmega16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external
driver is needed. However, on Windows, an .inf file is required. The Arduino software includes
a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board.
There are two RX and TX LEDs on the Arduino board which will flash when data is being
transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (not for serial
communication on pins 0 and 1). A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on
any of the Uno's digital pins. The ATmega328P also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI
communication.
Software: Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is required to
program the Arduino Uno board.
Programming of Arduino Uno: Once Arduino IDE is installed on the computer,
connect the board with computer using USB cable. Now open the Arduino IDE and
choose the correct board by selecting Tools>Boards>Arduino/Genuino Uno, and
choose the correct Port by selecting Tools>Port. Arduino Uno is programmed using
Arduino programming language based on Wiring. To get it started with Arduino Uno
board and blink the built-in LED, load the example code by selecting
Files>Examples>Basics>Blink. Once the example code (also shown below) is loaded
into your IDE, click on the „upload‟ button given on the top bar. Once the upload is
finished, you should see the Arduino‟s built-in LED blinking.

Below is the example code for blinking:

// the setup function runs once when you press reset or power
the board

pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, // initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN as an

Void loop () {

digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)

delay(1000); // wait for a second

digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the

voltage LOW
delay(1000); }

Fig.3.6.3: Programming Arduino Uno

31
3.6.4 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF ARDUINO UNO

Microcontroller ATmega328P – 8 bit AVR family microcontroller

Operating Voltage 5V

Recommended Input 7-12V

Voltage

Input Voltage Limits 6-20V

Analog Input Pins 6 (A0 – A5)

Digital I/O Pins 14 (Out of which 6 provide PWM output)

DC Current on I/O Pins 40 mA

DC Current on 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (0.5 KB is used for Boot loader)

SRAM 2 KB

EEPROM 1 KB

Frequency (Clock Speed) 16 MHz

Table 3.6.4: Technical Specifications of Arduino Uno

32
 CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE DESIGN

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses about the Hardware Design and the operation of each and every
part of the schematic diagram. A schematic diagram is a representation of the elements
of a system using abstract, graphic symbols rather than realistic pictures.

4.2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF CONTROL SECTION

The schematic diagram of the Control Section of “IOT BASED HIGHWAY
STREET ” which is carried by the worker is shown in the below Fig.4.2

Fig.4.2: Schematic Diagram of control section

The heart of our project is Arduino Uno and here "Uno" means one in Italian
and is named to mark the release of Arduino 1.0 board. It is based on the ATmega328
(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack,
an ICSP header, and a reset button. These pins act as the input-output pins of Arduino
Uno. These are bidirectional and used for multipurpose. And coming to the power
supply, it contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it
to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or

33
 battery to get started. The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If
supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the
board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and
damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The Atmega328 has 32 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 0, 5 KB
is used for the boot loader); it has also 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which
can be read and written with the EEPROM library). Each of the 14 digital pins on the
Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and
digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a
maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-
50 KΩ.
We are using a Wi-Fi module ESP8266 to send the data over internet.ESP8266
is a complete Wi-Fi system on chip that incorporates a 32-bit processor, some RAM and
depending on the vendor between 512KB and 4MB of flash memory. Depending on the
specific module variant (ESP-1 to ESP-12 at the time of this thesis) between 0 and 7
General Purpose Input/output (GPIO) pins are available, in addition to Rx and TX pins
of the UART, making the module very suitable for IoT applications. It consists of LCD
display which displays the bin number that is being scanned. The 16×2 Character LCD
uses 8 data bus lines (D0/DB0 – D7/DB7) and 3 control signals (E: Enable, RS: Register
Select, R/W: Read/Write).

4.3 HARDWARE INTERFACE OF CONTROL SECTION

Fig.4.2.1: Hardware Interface of Control Section

34
 To communicate with the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, microcontroller needs to use
set of AT commands. Microcontroller communicates with ESP8266-01 Wi-Fi module
using UART having specified Baud rate (Default 115200).

Fig.4.3: Interfacing Arduino Uno with ESP8266

The ESP8266 Module works on 3.3V Power Supply and anything greater than
that, like 5V for example, will kill the SoC. So, the VCC Pin and CH_PD Pin of
ESP8266 ESP-01 Module are connected to a 3.3V Supply. The ESP8266 Wi-Fi
Module has two modes of operation: Programming Mode and Normal Mode.
In Programming Mode, you can upload the program or firmware to the ESP8266
Module and in Normal Mode, the uploaded program or firmware will run normally. In
order to enable the Programming Mode, the GPIO0 pin must be connected to GND. In
the circuit diagram, I‟ve connected a SPDT switch to the GPIO0 pin. Toggling the lever
of SPDT will switch the ESP8266 between Programming mode (GPIO0 is connected to
GND) and normal mode (GPIO0 acts as a GPIO Pin). Also, the RST (Reset) will play
an important role in enabling Programming Mode. The RST pin is an active LOW pin
and hence, it is connected to GND through a Push Button. So, whenever the button is
pressed, the ESP8266 Module will reset. The RX and TX pins of the ESP8266 Module
are connected to RX

35
 and TX Pins on the Arduino board. Since the ESP8266 SoC cannot tolerate 5V, the
RX Pin of Arduino is connected through a level converter consisting of a 1KΩ and a
2.2KΩ Resistor.

1. VCC – – > 3.3V

2. GND – – > GND
3. CH_PD – – > 3.3V
4. RST – – > Normally Open; GND to Reset
5. GPIO0 – – > GND
6. TX – – > TX of Arduino
7. RX – – > RX of Arduino (through level converter)
Make sure that all the above mentioned connections are properly made. After
connecting and configuring the ESP8266 in Programming Mode (GPIO0 is connected
to GND), connect the Arduino to the system.

4.3.2 INTERFACING OF ARDUINO UNO WITH LCD

Fig.4.4: Arduino Uno Interfacing with 16x2 LCD

To interface a LCD to the ARDUINO UNO, First we need to enable the

header file („#include <LiquidCrystal.h>‟), this header file has instructions
written in it, which enables the user to interface an LCD to UNO in 4 bit mode
without any fuzz. With this header file we need not have to send data to LCD bit
36
 by bit, this will all be taken care of and we don‟t have to write a program for
sending data or a command to LCD bit by bit. Second we need to tell the board
which type of LCD we are using here. Since we have so many different types of
LCD (like 20x4, 16x2, 16x1 etc.). Here we are going to interface a 16x2 LCD to
the UNO so we get „lcd.begin (16, 2);‟ For 16x1 we get „lcd.begin (16, 1);‟

In this instruction we are going to tell the board where we connected the
pins. The pins which are connected need to be represented in order as “RS, En,
D4, D5, D6, and D7”. These pins are to be represented correctly. Since we have
connected RS to PIN0 and so on as show in the circuit diagram, we represent the
pin number to board as “LiquidCrystal lcd(0, 1, 8, 9, 10, 11);”. The data which
needs to be displayed in LCD should be written as “cd.print ("hello, world!");”
With this command the LCD displays „hello, world!‟
Real Time Systems:

One subclass of embedded is worthy of an introduction at this point. As

commonly defined, a real-time system is a computer system that has timing
constraints. In other words, a real-time system is partly specified in terms of its ability
to make certain calculations or decisions in a timely manner. These important
calculations are said to have deadlines for completion. And, for all practical purposes,
a missed deadline is just as bad as a wrong answer.

The issue of what if a deadline is missed is a crucial one. For example, if the real-
time system is part of an airplane's flight control system, it is possible for the lives
of the passengers and crew to be endangered by a single missed deadline. However,
if instead the system is involved in satellite communication, the damage could be
limited to a single corrupt data packet. The more severe the consequences, the more
likely it will be said that the deadline is "hard" and thus, the system is a hard real-
time system. Real-time systems at the other end of this discussion are said to have
"soft" deadlines.

All of the topics and examples presented in this book are applicable to the
designers of real-time system who is more delight in his work. He must guarantee
37
reliable operation of the software and hardware under all the possible conditions and
to the degree that human lives depend upon three system's proper execution,
engineering calculations and descriptive paperwork.

Application Areas:

Nearly 99 per cent of the processors manufactured end up in embedded

systems. The embedded system market is one of the highest growth areas as these
systems are used in very market segment- consumer electronics, office automation,
industrial automation, biomedical engineering, wireless communication, data
communication, telecommunications, transportation, military and so on.

Consumer appliances:

At home we use a number of embedded systems which include digital

camera, digital diary, DVD player, electronic toys, microwave oven, remote controls
for TV and airconditioner, VCO player, video game consoles, video recorders etc.
Today’s high-tech car has about 20 embedded systems for transmission control, engine
spark control, airconditioning, navigation etc. Even wristwatches are now becoming
embedded systems. The palmtops are powerful embedded systems using which we can
carry out many generalpurpose tasks such as playing games and word processing.

Office automation:

The office automation products using em embedded systems are copying

machine, fax machine, key telephone, modem, printer, scanner etc.

Industrial automation:

Today a lot of industries use embedded systems for process control. These
include pharmaceutical, cement, sugar, oil exploration, nuclear energy, electricity
generation and transmission. The embedded systems for industrial use are designed to
carry out specific tasks such as monitoring the temperature, pressure, humidity,
voltage, current etc., and then take appropriate action based on the monitored levels to
control other devices or to send information to a centralized monitoring station. In
hazardous industrial environment, where human presence has to be avoided, robots
38
are used, which are programmed to do specific jobs. The robots are now becoming
very powerful and carry out many interesting and complicated tasks such as hardware
assembly.

Medical electronics:

Almost every medical equipment in the hospital is an embedded system.

These equipments include diagnostic aids such as ECG, EEG, blood pressure
measuring devices, Xray scanners; equipment used in blood analysis, radiation,
colonscopy, endoscopy etc.
Developments in medical electronics have paved way for more accurate diagnosis of
diseases.

Computer networking:

Computer networking products such as bridges, routers, Integrated

Services Digital Networks (ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and
frame relay switches are embedded systems which implement the necessary data
communication protocols. For example, a router interconnects two networks. The two
networks may be running different protocol stacks. The router’s function is to obtain
the data packets from incoming pores, analyze the packets and send them towards the
destination after doing necessary protocol conversion. Most networking equipments,
other than the end systems (desktop computers) we use to access the networks, are
embedded systems

Telecommunications:

In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can be

categorized as subscriber terminals and network equipment. The subscriber terminals
such as key telephones, ISDN phones, terminal adapters, web cameras are embedded
systems. The network equipment includes multiplexers, multiple access systems,
Packet Assemblers Dissemblers (PADs), sate11ite modems etc. IP phone, IP gateway,
IP gatekeeper etc. are the latest embedded systems that provide very low-cost voice
communication over the Internet

39
Wireless technologies:

Advances in mobile communications are paving way for many

interesting applications using embedded systems. The mobile phone is one of the
marvels of the last decade of the 20’h century. It is a very powerful embedded system
that provides voice communication while we are on the move. The Personal Digital
Assistants and the palmtops can now be used to access multimedia services over the
Internet. Mobile communication infrastructure such as base station controllers, mobile
switching centers are also powerful embedded systems.

Security:

Security of persons and information has always been a major issue.

We need to protect our homes and offices; and also the information we transmit and
store. Developing embedded systems for security applications is one of the most
lucrative businesses nowadays. Security devices at homes, offices, airports etc. for
authentication and verification are embedded systems. Encryption devices are nearly
99 per cent of the processors that are manufactured end up in~ embedded systems.
Embedded systems find applications in . every industrial segment- consumer
electronics, transportation, avionics, biomedical engineering, manufacturing,
process control and industrial automation, data communication,
telecommunication, defense, security etc. Used to encrypt the data/voice being
transmitted on communication links such as telephone lines. Biometric systems
using fingerprint and face recognition are now being extensively used for user
authentication in banking applications as well as for access control in high security
buildings.

40
Finance:

Financial dealing through cash and cheques are now slowly paving way for
transactions using smart cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, also expanded
as Any Time Money) machines. Smart card, of the size of a credit card, has a small
micro-controller and memory; and it interacts with the smart card reader! ATM
machine and acts as an electronic wallet. Smart card technology has the capability of
ushering in a cashless society. Well, the list goes on. It is no exaggeration to say that
eyes wherever you go, you can see, or at least feel, the work of an embedded system!

What are microcontrollers and what are they used for?

Like all good things, this powerful component is basically very simple. It is made by
mixing tested and high- quality "ingredients" (components) as per following receipt:

1. The simplest computer processor is used as the "brain" of the future system.
2. Depending on the taste of the manufacturer, a bit of memory, a few A/D
converters, timers, input/output lines etc. are added
3. All that is placed in some of the standard packages.
4. A simple software able to control it all and which everyone can easily learn
about has been developed.

On the basis of these rules, numerous types of microcontrollers were designed and they
quickly became man's invisible companion. Their incredible simplicity and flexibility
conquered us a long time ago and if you try to invent something about them, you should
know that you are probably late, someone before you has either done it or at least has
tried to do it.

The following things have had a crucial influence on development and success of the
microcontrollers:

• Powerful and carefully chosen electronics embedded in the microcontrollers

can independetly or via input/output devices (switches, push buttons, sensors,
LCD displays, relays etc.), control various processes and devices such as
industrial automation, electric current, temperature, engine performance etc.
• Very low prices enable them to be embedded in such devices in which, until
recent time it was not worthwhile to embed anything. Thanks to that, the world

41
 is overwhelmed today with cheap automatic devices and various “smart”
appliences.
• Prior knowledge is hardly needed for programming. It is sufficient to have a
PC (software in use is not demanding at all and is easy to learn) and a simple
device (called the programmer) used for “loading” raedy-to-use programs into
the microcontroller.

So, if you are infected with a virus called electronics, there is nothing left for you to
do but to learn how to use and control its power.

42
 CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE DESIGN

5.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses about the software design. It briefly describe about the flowchart
and its explanation. Next the software tools that are being used in the project like Arduino
IDE, ThingSpeak server, MIT App Inventor. A brief discussion on the embedded c
language. Why it is preferred when compared to others. Commands and functions that
are being used in the project.

5.2 FLOW CHART

Fig.5.1: Flow Chart

43
The flowchart illustrates the working of an Automated Solar Street Light System for Highway
Applications, based on both LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) and ultrasonic sensors. The system
begins its operation when a button is pressed, i.e., when the IS BUTTON == HIGH condition is
met.

From this point, the system can proceed through one of two primary paths. In the first path (left
side), the system uses an LDR sensor to detect ambient light. It switches on the LED light, reads
the LDR value, and again switches on the LED (redundantly). After reading the LDR value
again, it sends an SMS alert and displays the information on an LCD screen.

In the second path (right side), the system reads the value from an ultrasonic sensor to detect the
presence of any obstacle, such as a vehicle. If an obstacle is detected, the LED is switched on,
and the system checks the time duration. If the time exceeds a set threshold, an SMS is sent and
information is displayed on the LCD. If the time is below the threshold, the system continues to
monitor the obstacle.

If no obstacle is detected in this path, the system still checks the time. If the time exceeds one
unit (possibly one second or minute), the LED is switched off. If not, the system continues
checking.

Overall, the flowchart presents a semi-automated street lighting system that operates based on
light intensity and object detection, along with real-time feedback via SMS and LCD display.
However, some redundancy and inefficiencies are evident in the logic flow.

5.1 SOFTWARE TOOLS

5.1.1 ADUINO IDE
Arduino IDE is open source software that is mainly used for writing and
compiling the code into the Arduino Module. It is official Arduino software, making
code compilation too easy that even a common person with no prior technical
knowledge can get their feet wet with the learning process. It is easily available for
operating systems like MAC, Windows, and Linux and runs on the Java Platform that
comes with inbuilt functions and commands that play a vital role for debugging, editing
and compiling the code in the environment. A range of Arduino modules available
including Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega, Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Micro and many
44
more. Each of them contains a microcontroller on the board that is actually programmed
and accepts the information in the form of code. The main code, also known as a sketch,
created on the IDE platform will ultimately generate a Hex File which is then transferred
and uploaded in the controller on the board. The IDE environment mainly contains two
basic parts: Editor and Compiler where former is used for writing the required code and
later is used for compiling and uploading the code into the given Arduino Module.This
environment supports both C and C++ languages.

5.1.2 EMBEDDED C LANGUAGE

The language that is being used in the project is Embedded C. Embedded
C is a set of language extensions for the C Programming language by the C Standards
committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for
different embedded systems. Historically, embedded C programming require
committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for
different embedded systems. Historically, embedded C programming requires
nonstandard extensions to the C language in order to support exotic features such
as fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations. In
2008, the C Standards Committee extended the C language to address these issues by
providing a common standard for all implementations to adhere to. It includes a
number of features not available in normal C, such as, fixed-point arithmetic, named
address spaces, and basic I/O hardware addressing. Embedded C uses most of the
syntax and semantics of standard C, e.g., main () function, variable definition, data
type declaration, conditional statements (if, switch case), loops (while, for), functions,

arrays and strings, structures and union, bit operations, macros, etc .

During immature years of microprocessor based systems, programs were developed

using assemblers and fused into the EPROMs. There used to be no mechanism to find
what the program was doing. LEDs, switches, etc. were used to check for correct
execution of the program. Only a select few developers had In- Circuit Emulator's
(ICE's), but they were too costly and were not very reliable. As time progressed, use
of microprocessor-specific assembly-only as the programming language reduced and
embedded systems moved onto C as the embedded programming language of choice.
C is the most widely used programming language for embedded

45
 processors/controllers. Assembly is also used but mainly to implement those portions
of the code where very high timing accuracy, code size efficiency, etc. are prime
requirements. As assembly language programs are specific to a processor, assembly
language didn‟t offer portability across systems. To overcome this disadvantage,
several high level languages, including C, came up.

5.4 Key Functions

1. Manual System Activation

o The system starts its operation when the BUTTON is pressed (BUTTON ==
HIGH).
o This acts as a manual trigger to initiate the light control process.

2. Ambient Light Detection using LDR

o Reads LDR sensor value to detect surrounding light intensity.
o Turns on LEDs automatically in low-light conditions (e.g., at night).
o Useful for energy-saving and time-based automation.

3. Obstacle Detection using Ultrasonic Sensor

o Detects vehicles or objects on the road using ultrasonic sensor values.
o Switches on street lights only when an obstacle (e.g., a car) is present.

46
KEY COMMANDS

Key Commands is nothing but representing a character or a word with a short cut. And here in
this project there are few commands for LCD and IoT Module. They are shown below.

5.5.1 LCD COMMANDS

Code (Hex) Command to LCD Instruction Register

1 Clear display screen
2 Return home
4 Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left)
6 Increment cursor (shift cursor to right)
5 Shift display right
7 Shift display left
8 Display off, cursor off
C Display on, cursor off
E Display on, cursor blinking
10 Shift cursor position to left
14 Shift cursor position to right
18 Shift the entire display to the left
1C Shift the entire display to the right

80 Focus cursor to beginning to 1st line

C0 Focus cursor to beginning to 2nd line
38 2 lines and 5x7 matrix

Table.5.1: LCD commands used in code

47
5.5.2 ESP8266 COMMANDS

AT+CIPMUX = 1 Enable single (0) or multiple connections (1) to the web

server.

AT+CWMODE = 3 Set Wi-Fi mode: 1 is station mode (ESP8266 is client), 2 is AP

mode (ESP8266 acts like a Wi-Fi where your phone or PC can
connect), 3 is AP+station mode (make the ESP8266 do both)

AT+CWJAP = “<your- Connect to your Wi-Fi. Provide your SSID name and
ssid>”,”<your-pw>” password inside the double quotes...

AT+CIFSR This returns the IP address of the module, indicating that it

has successfully connected to your Wi-Fi router.

Start TCP or UDP connection. Here, the first parameter (0) is

the id of the connection, “TCP” means we‟re using TCP instead
AT+CIPSTART=0,"TCP", of UDP, and then followed by the address (or of the web server
then the port number.

Command to tell the module data is ready to be sent. “0”

here is the connection id, and 16 is the length of the data
AT+CIPSEND=0,16 to be sent. After this command, the ESP8266 will reply
with the “>” character to tell us that it will be waiting for
the data to be sent. If successful, the module will reply with
“SEND OK”“0” here is the connection id, and 16 is the
length of the data to be sent. After this command, the
ESP8266 will reply with the “>” character to tell us that it
will be waiting for the data to be sent. If successful, the
module will reply with “SEND OK”.

Table 5.2: Wi-Fi Module ESP8266 Commands

48
 CHAPTER 6
IMPLEMENTATION

6.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses about the dumping process of both hardware and
software. There will be a brief discussion about the implementation and the steps
involved in it and their output screens.

6.2 METHODS OF IMPLEMENTATION

In this project the implementation is done by using different software‟s like:

 Arduino IDE
- Editor, Compiler, Debugger, Converter
 ThingSpeak Server
- Profile in account, Display of waveforms, Talkback profile
 MIT App Inventor
In the project as WI-FI plays an important role, because this is the source through
which the information is carried to the mobile application.

6.3 FORMS AND OUTPUT SCREENS

This will discuss about the step by step procedure from hardware and software
interfacing to the output screens.

6.3.1 STEPS FOR SETTING UP ARDUINO IDE

1. You can download the Software from Arduino main website. The sois available for
common operating systems like Linux, Windows, and MAX. The IDE environment is
mainly distributed into three sections-Menu Bar, Text Editor, and Output Pane. As you
download and open the IDE software, it will appear like an image below.
2. The bar appearing on the top is called Menu Bar. Go to File and open a new window
for writing the code or open an existing one.
3. Open editor for writing the required code. Arduino C language works similar to the
regular C language used for any embedded system microcontroller, however, there are
some dedicated libraries used for calling and executing specific functions on the board.

49
 Fig.6.1: Arduino IDE Window 1
4. As you click the Include Library and add the respective library it will on the top of
the sketch with #include sign. Suppose, I Include the EEPROM library, it will appear
on the text editor as #include <EEPROM.h>. Most of the libraries are preinstalled and
come with the Arduino software. However, you can also download them from the
external sources.

Fig.6.2: Arduino IDE Window2

5. In order to upload the sketch, you need to select the relevant board you are using and
the ports for that operating system. As you click the Tools on the Menu, it will open
port window. Just go to the “Board” section and select the board you aim to
50
work on. Similarly, COM1, COM2, COM4, COM5, COM7 or higher are reserved for
the serial and USB board. You can look for the USB serial device in the ports section
of the Windows Device Manager. Following figure shows the COM4 that I have used
for my project, indicating the Arduino Uno with COM4 port at the right bottom corner
of the screen.

Fig.6.3: Arduino IDE Window 3

6. After correct selection of both Board and Serial Port, you can go to the Sketch section
and press verify/compile. The sketch is written in the text editor and is then saved with
the file extension .ino.

Fig.6.4: Arduino IDE Window 4

51
 7. The bottom of the main screen is described as an Output Pane that mainly highlights
the compilation status of the running code: the memory used by the code, and errors
occurred in the program. You need to fix those errors. And at the end of compilation, it
will show you the hex file it has generated for the recent sketch that will send to the
Arduino Board for the specific task you aim to achieve. It is important to note that the
recent Arduino Modules will reset automatically as you compile and press the upload
button.

6.3.2 STEPS FOR SETTING UP THINGSPEAK SERVER

The parameter readings will be sending to the concerned authority from IoT
Module through WI-FI. We created an account in a web site named “Speak Things.com”
our parameter values will be displayed as a graph in our mobile application. If we share
our application SSID and password to the officials, they will be continually monitoring
our parameter values. The below figures shows the account that is being created in the
free web space. Those are: Profile in the account, Display of waveforms, Talkback
profile.

Fig.6.5: Profile of the Account in ThingSpeak Server

52

52
 Fig.6.6: Different Apps in ThingSpeak server

Fig.6.7: Command Box in ThingSpeak server

6.3.3 STEPS FOR CREATING APP IN MIT APP INVENENTOR

1. To get started, go to ai2.appinventor.mit.edu, or click the orange "Create" button
from the App Inventor website.

53
 Fig.6.8: Getting Started

2. Log in to App Inventor with a Gmail (or Google) user name and password.
3. Start new project.

Fig.6.9: Creating New Project

4. The Design Window is where you lay out the look and feel of your app, and specify
what functionalities it should have. You choose things for the user interface things like
Buttons, Images, and Text boxes, and functionalities like Sensors, and GPS.

54
 Fig.6.10: Design Window

5. Click and hold on the word "Button" in the palette. Drag your mouse over to the
Viewer. Drop the button and a new button will appear on the Viewer.

Fig.6.11: Adding Component

6. Connect App Inventor to your phone for live testing.

Fig.6.12: Connecting to Mobile

55
7. Get the MIT AI2 Companion from the Play Store and install it on your phone.

8. Start the AI Companion on your device. Get the Connection Code from App Inventor
and scan it into your Companion app. See your app on the connected device.

Fig.6.13: Launching MIT AI2 on mobile

9. Add different events to the button to make it function as switch etc. and program the
event to the added component.

Fig.6.14: Creating action

10. Finally test the working of that button.

56
11. Add different events to the button to make it function as switch etc. and program the
event to the added component.

Fig.6.14: Creating action

57
 CHAPTER 7

RESULTS
7.1 INTRODUCTION

The IoT-based highway street light control system was successfully implemented and tested to
demonstrate intelligent, automated lighting control using sensors and microcontroller logic. The system
responded effectively to changes in environmental light and the presence of vehicles, enabling smart
control of LED street lights. Upon activation, the system continuously monitored ambient light using the
LDR sensor and detected obstacles or vehicles using the ultrasonic sensor. During low-light conditions
(e.g., at night or cloudy weather), the LDR sensor triggered the LED lights to turn ON automatically.
The lights remained OFF during the daytime, ensuring energy conservation. Simultaneously, the
ultrasonic sensor detected vehicle presence on the highway. When a vehicle came within the sensor
range, the street light turned ON and remained active for a specified time. If the vehicle persisted
beyond the threshold, the system successfully sent an SMS alert and displayed real-time status on an
LCD screen. This demonstrated the seamless integration of hardware components and software logic to
achieve responsive, sensor-based street lighting.

Key Result 1: Energy Efficiency through Smart Lighting Control

The system significantly reduced energy consumption by lighting only when necessary—during
darkness or when a vehicle was detected—unlike traditional systems that stay ON all night regardless of
traffic.

Key Result 2: Real-Time Communication and Monitoring

The inclusion of GSM-based SMS alerts and an LCD display for system status provided effective real-
time communication and local monitoring capabilities, enhancing the system’s usability for remote or
highway applications.

Overall, the experiment proved that the proposed IoT-based system can provide a reliable, cost-
effective, and intelligent solution for managing highway street lights, with the potential to be scaled for
broader smart city and sustainable infrastructure initiatives.

58
Fig 7.9: Output 1

59
60
 CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

8.1 CONCLUSION

The implementation of an IoT-based highway street light control system offers a significant
improvement over conventional street lighting methods by providing intelligent, automated, and energy-
efficient lighting solutions. Through the integration of sensors, microcontrollers, and wireless
communication, this system ensures that street lights operate only when required—based on traffic
movement and ambient light conditions. This not only leads to substantial energy savings but also
enhances road safety and reduces maintenance costs by enabling real-time fault detection and centralized
monitoring. The project demonstrates how smart infrastructure can contribute to sustainability and
operational efficiency in urban and highway environments.

8.2 FUTURE SCOPE

Looking ahead, the future scope of this system is promising. Advanced technologies such as Artificial
Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) can be integrated to predict traffic patterns and optimize
lighting schedules automatically. The system can be scaled and customized for use in cities, rural areas,
and industrial zones. Moreover, integration with renewable energy sources like solar panels can further
improve sustainability. With the continued growth of smart cities and IoT ecosystems, such intelligent
street lighting solutions will play a crucial role in building safer, greener, and more efficient urban
infrastructure.

61
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