NAME KAUTILYA KUMAR DUBEY

ROLL NUMBER 2214511619

PROGRAM BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)

SEMESTER 5th

COURSE NAME & CODE E-COMMERCE & DBB3113

 Assignment Set 1
Answer 1
E-commerce -
E-commerce which stands for electronic commerce involves buying and selling products and
services through the Internet, It combines commercial activities with digital technology offering
both customers and businesses enhanced convenience and a global marketplace. Activities
associated with commerce encompass online shopping, digital money transfer, and management
of the supply chain facilitating a smooth transaction process. Notable E-Commerce platforms
like Amazon Com and eBay present consumers with a plethora of choices while ensuring a
seamless shopping experience.
Benefit of E-commerce: E commerce offers numerous advantages for businesses, consumers,
and society at large –
a) Expanded Option and Convenience: Shoppers can explore a vast array of products
from all over the world they can purchase items at any time and from the comfort of their
homes enhancing flexibility in their shopping experience.
b) Cost Saving: Online retailers benefit from reduced overhead costs such as rent and
utility expenses which allows them to offer lower prices to consumers.
c) Personalization: Through the information provided by customers items can be tailored
to meet individual preferences, creating a more customized shopping journey.
d) Direct Selling: manufacturers can sell directories to customers without intermediaries
saving both time and resources.
e) Global Outreach: Companies can market their products internationally, overcoming
geographical limitations and expanding their customer base.
f) Streamlined Operation: E-commerce helps decrease costs associated with inventory
and transportation by facilitating digital payment and efficient supply chain
management.
g) Information Availability: Customers can compare products, prices, and reviews via the
Internet leading to more informed purchasing decisions.
h) Enhanced Export Opportunities: E-commerce simplifies the process of international
trade enabling even small businesses to access the global market easily.
Disadvantages of E- e-commerce: Despite its advantages e e-commerce comes with some
challenges-
a) Absence of Physical Interaction: Shoppers can not physically inspect or handle
products before buying, which may raise concerns regarding product quality and
reliability.
b) Digital Inequality: Individuals lacking Internet access or digital literacy may find
themselves excluded from e-commerce opportunities, particularly in developing nations.
 c) Regulatory and Technical Hurdles: Many countries do not have moderate payment
systems or legal frameworks for online commerce which can hinder the growth of e-
commerce.
d) Security and Privacy Issues: Online transactions necessitate sharing sensitive financial
information, increasing the risk of fraud.
e) Intense Competition: Smaller businesses obtain phase challenges competing against
larger corporations that allocate substantial resources to marketing and branding.
f) Shipping Delays: Increased demand can create logistical challenges, resulting in delays
in product delivery.
In summary, while it revolves around how businesses operate at consumer shops it also brings
forth new challenges such as trust concerns digital disparities, and issues regarding privacy
striking a balance between its advantages and challenges is vital for sustainable development and
adoption.
Answer 2
E-commerce refers to online transactions conducted for business purposes, making it a highly
flexible and convenient way to buy and sell products and services worldwide. Below are the key
functions of E-commerce elaborated in detail -
a) Adjusting to Evolving Market Conditions: E-commerce empowers businesses to adapt
to your changing global landscape, organizations must stay versatile regarding
partnership, distribution channels and platforms as globalization and liberalization
progresses. By leveraging E-commerce companies can forge secure electronic
connections with customers, suppliers, and distributors enhancing communication
expanding their market presence, and reinforcing their long-term competitive stance.
These technologies allow firms to create a responsive and user-centric environment that
caters to all involved parties.
b) Delivering User-Centric: The goal of E-commerce is to enhance the shopping process
by making it hassle-free around the
 Clock accessibility: Shoppers can purchase whenever and wherever they choose,
removing the restrictions associated with in-store hours.
 Intuitive Navigation: Accessible websites enable users to easily locate products
across various devices, such as smartphones and tablets.
 Convenient Product Comparisons: Instant access to product comparisons
allows shoppers to make more informed decisions, evaluating price, equality, and
features surpassing what is available in physical stores.
c) Customer’s relationship management focus: E-commerce centers on nurturing
enduring customer relationships by prioritizing satisfaction, Openness, and Timely
delivery. Teachers like real-time tracking and innovative service strategies to help
address customer needs. Companies aim to boost profitability through data-centric
approaches that discern customer preparation while minimizing costs.
d) Strong communication and engagement: Effective communication is crucial in e-
commerce settings. Companies use their online platforms to address customer queries
 and gather feedback from users. Advanced technologies, including business intelligence
tools, facilitate data collection and analysis, empowering businesses to make quicker and
better-informed choices.
e) Management of supply chain and logistics: E-commerce employs state-of-the-art
software solutions to ensure proficient logistics and supply chain operation. Is
technology provides shipment tracking, optimizes delivery parts, and helps reduce cost
tracking systems.
f) Order Processing and Inventory Oversight: Efficient order management is essential
for timely operations E-Commerce guarantees that orders are handled flawlessly from
entry to delivery verification similarly, the inventory system keeps on stock levels avert
shortage and maintains an ideal stock balance to meet customer demand.
g) Integration of Technology: E-commerce enterprises deploy automated systems for
processes such as shipping, packing, and delivery. Enterprise resource planning solutions
integrate various functions including sales, human resource management, and production
to streamline operations and provide easy information access.

Answer 3
This chapter delays into several key online business models each characterized by its unique
method of generating revenue and engaging with consumers below is a summary of the primary
business model-
a) Social Media Model: Platforms like Facebook and Twitter use this model to offer
complementary services to their users, revenue is generated through the sale of targeted
advertisements to companies which are charged based on the number of user interactions
there adds receive. This strategy is effective due to the extensive user engagement on
these platforms making them attractive marketing venues for advertisers.
b) Affiliate Model: This model involves businesses teaming up with affiliates either
individuals or companies to promote and sell their offerings. Affiliates earn a commission
for every sale or customer they refer. A notable example is the Amazon affiliate program
where affiliates utilize distinct links to direct traffic to Amazon sites and earn money
when purchases are made through those links.
c) Subscription Model: Users are required to pay a recurring fee either monthly or annually
to access a service or product under this model. Netflix and Spotify exemplify this with
their subscription offering for movies and music, respectively this approach ensures a
steady revenue stream for the company and is commonly found in the media and software
sectors.
d) Merchant Model: This strategy is employed by companies like Walmart and Amazon
which sell products directly to consumers via their online platforms. One advantage of
this model is that it allows merchants to reach a larger customer base online
circumventing the limitations of physical stores. Its popularity is rooted in the
straightforward access it provides for shoppers.
e) Advertising Model: In this framework, businesses offer users free access to content or
services in exchange for advertising revenue. A prime example is Google which provides
no-cost search services while profiting from ads displayed in search results. As the
platform's user base expands advertisers are inclined to pay more for ad placement.
f) Business to Business (B2B): This model entails one company selling goods or services
to another entity for instance wholesaler deliver products directly to retail outlets, B to B
operation can be categorized as vertical targeting specific industries or horizontal
providing general services like maintenance supplies.
g) Business to Consumer (B2C): The B2C model consists of businesses selling directly to
Individual Consumers Online, whether through their website or via an online
marketplace.
h) Consumer to Consumer (C2C): In this model, individuals sell their goods or services
directly to other consumers, typically through intermediary platforms like eBay or
Craigslist.
Assignment Set 2
Answer 4 –
Cryptography is a method utilized to keep information secure by converting it into a form
that is unreadable to unauthorized users. This integrated process involves multiple steps and
various techniques, each contributing significantly to the protection of data.
a) Symmetric key Cryptography: This approach involves both the encryption and
decryption of data using the same confidential key both parties intending to
communicate securely must supply this key. Notable algorithms that use symmetric
keys include AES and DES although this is quick and proficient in handling large
data amounts the primary challenge lies in ensuring the secure transmission of the
key to both participants while shielding it from potential hackers.
b) Asymmetric key Cryptography: Also referred to as public key cryptography this
technique utilizes two different keys a public key which is openly shared and a
private key which remains confidential. Data encrypted with the public key can only
be decrypted by the corresponding private key and the reverse is also true. This
method is particularly useful in scenarios where transmitting a private key securely
presents difficulties. Common examples are RSA and elliptic curve cryptography
(ECC).
c) Hash Fashion: Hash functions take input data such as a message and transform it
into a fixed-size output called a hash or message digest. Even a minor alteration in
the input generates a completely different hash output. These characteristics is
crucial for verifying data integrity such as ensuring that a message has not been
modified.
d) Digital Signatures: Digital signatures provide authenticity and integrity to electronic
communication, they utilize asymmetric cryptography where the sender encodes the
hash of a message with their private key. The recipient can confirm this signature
using the sender’s public key. This process assures that the message has not been
 alerted and verifies the sender’s identity digital signature plays a key role in
establishing the sender's authenticity.
e) Key Exchange Protocols: These protocols facilitate an agreement on a shared secret
key between two parties without transmitting it over an insecure channel. Protocols
such as Diffie Hellman allow secure key exchanges, even in scenarios where
communication are potentially monitored by malicious entities.
f) Secure Hashed Message Authentication (HMAC): HMAC is a protocol that
combines a hash function with a secret key to authenticate the integrity and reliability
of a message. This method is extensively applied in secure communication to
confirm that the transmitted data remains unchanged.
Answer 5
E-marketing refers to the utilization of electronic devices the Internet and various digital
platforms to advertise and sell products and services. It capitalizes on technology such as cloud
services, social networks, search engines, email communication, and websites to connect with
and engage audiences worldwide. The core concept of E e-marketing is to enable businesses to
conduct transactions and establish relationships with customers online, thus removing
geographical constraints and streamlining the buying and selling experience.
The popularity of E marketing has surged due to the growing dependence of consumers on the
Internet which has seamlessly integrated into their everyday routines. Companies leverage E-
marketing to provide an extensive selection of products at competitive prices, making it possible
to engage consumers anytime and anywhere. This approach fosters immediate interactions with
customers, tailored communication, and focused marketing strategies. Furthermore, E-marketing
equips businesses with accurate data and analytics which simplifies the evaluation of marketing
effectiveness and allows for strategy adjustment.
On the other hand, traditional marketing encompasses non-digital methods for promoting goods
and services this includes print media such as newspapers and magazines broadcasting channels
like radio outdoor advertisements like billboards direct mail campaigns, and telemarketing
efforts.
The key differences between E-marketing and traditional marketing include:
a) Targeting: E-marketing enables organizations to focus on specific audience segments
based on criteria like demographics, location, preferences, and behaviors. For instance,
an online clothing store can direct its advertising towards women between the ages of 25
and 40 residing in a specific region. Conversely, traditional marketing typically casts a
wider net which can lead to inefficiency in spending. An example of this would be a TV
ad reaching a large viewership but not necessarily resonating with the intended audience.
b) Reach accessibility: E-marketing empowers businesses to sell to a global market at any
hour of the day, every day of the week. Traditional marketing in contrast is often
constrained by time and location with ads available only during certain times or in
specific Venues like billboards.
 c) Interactivity: E-marketing facilitates direct communication between businesses and
their customers allowing for the addressing of inquiries and obtaining quick feedback.
Traditional marketing lacks this level of interactivity as it primarily relies on a passive
format for advertisement.
d) Cost: Generally E marketing tends to be more cost-effective compared to traditional
avenues for instance executing social media campaigns or sending targeted emails can be
substantially less expensive than airing TV commercials or printing brochures.

Answer 6
Mobile commerce often referred to as M-Commerce, leverages wireless technologies to facilitate
business transactions and portable devices, Such as smartphones and tablets this domain
encompasses various activities, including mobile shopping, banking, and payment solutions. M-
commerce allows consumers to engage with E-commerce services whenever and wherever they
choose. This innovation has enhanced customer interaction by making transactions quicker more
user friendly and readily available below are the key elements of M-commerce.
1. Mobile Commerce Software: These applications are essential for enabling m-commerce
activities. They consist of both client-side and server-side components. The client-side
application functions similarly to the mobile browser interface, enabling user interaction
with the app, while the server-side handles data storage, processes, and transaction
management. Through these applications, users can shop, manage bank transactions, and
perform various tasks from virtually anywhere.
2. Mobile Devices: Smartphones and tablets serve as mobile interfaces for m-commerce.
These mobile devices allow users to initiate a request such as searching for an item or
processing a payment and receive feedback. However, challenges arise from their
limitations, including small displays, limited processing capacity, and short battery life
which can affect functionality. Mobile devices remain the primary means for users to
engage in M-commerce.
3. Middleware Solution: Mobile middleware ever plays a crucial role in connecting mobile
devices to the Internet and additional online platforms. It acts as an intermediary between
the client-side mobile device and the server. The most commonly utilized middleware are
WAP and I mode. Additionally, middleware ensures secured data transmission by
employing encryption and another security measures during transaction.
4. Wireless Communication Network: The backbone of m-commerce consists of wireless
LANs, MANs, and WANs. These networks facilitate the wireless exchange of data
between mobile devices and servers, without the presence of these wireless networks
conducting transactions remotely would not be feasible, as they provide the necessary
connectivity for users.
5. Wired Communication Network: Although wireless networks are vital, wired
networks such as traditional Internet connections can also play a role in M-Commerce, in
certain scenarios, user requests to servers may travel through wired networks which offer
 enhanced security and transmission capabilities. While not always necessary, wired
networks can complement wireless systems for specific transactions.
6. Server Infrastructure: These powerful servers are responsible for storing and
processing data related to M-commerce applications. They manage backend operations
which include wave servers, database servers, and application software.

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